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Mukherjee S, Mo J, Paolella LM, Perry CE, Toth J, Hugo MM, Chu Q, Tong Q, Chellappa K, Baur JA. SIRT3 is required for liver regeneration but not for the beneficial effect of nicotinamide riboside. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147193. [PMID: 33690226 PMCID: PMC8119200 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is critical to survival after traumatic injuries, exposure to hepatotoxins, or surgical interventions, yet the underlying signaling and metabolic pathways remain unclear. In this study, we show that hepatocyte-specific loss of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 drastically impairs regeneration and worsens mitochondrial function after partial hepatectomy. Sirtuins, including SIRT3, require NAD as a cosubstrate. We previously showed that the NAD precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) promotes liver regeneration, but whether this involves sirtuins has not been tested. Here, we show that despite their NAD dependence and critical roles in regeneration, neither SIRT3 nor its nuclear counterpart SIRT1 is required for NR to enhance liver regeneration. NR improves mitochondrial respiration in regenerating WT or mutant livers and rapidly increases oxygen consumption and glucose output in cultured hepatocytes. Our data support a direct enhancement of mitochondrial redox metabolism as the mechanism mediating improved liver regeneration after NAD supplementation and exclude signaling via SIRT1 and SIRT3. Therefore, we provide the first evidence to our knowledge for an essential role for a mitochondrial sirtuin during liver regeneration and insight into the beneficial effects of NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Mo
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren M. Paolella
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline E. Perry
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jade Toth
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mindy M. Hugo
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiang Tong
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tatsumi S, Katai K, Kaneko I, Segawa H, Miyamoto KI. NAD metabolism and the SLC34 family: evidence for a liver-kidney axis regulating inorganic phosphate. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:109-122. [PMID: 30218374 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier 34 (SLC34) family of membrane transporters is a major contributor to Pi homeostasis. Many factors are involved in regulating the SLC34 family. The roles of the bone mineral metabolism factors parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in Pi homeostasis are well studied. Intracellular Pi is thought to be involved in energy metabolism, such as ATP production. Under certain conditions of altered energy metabolism, plasma Pi concentrations are affected by the regulation of a Pi shift into cells or release from the tissues. We recently investigated the mechanism of hepatectomy-related hypophosphatemia, which is thought to involve an unknown phosphaturic factor. Hepatectomy-related hypophosphatemia is due to impaired nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism through its effects on the SLC34 family in the liver-kidney axis. The oxidized form of NAD, NAD+, is an essential cofactor in various cellular biochemical reactions. Levels of NAD+ and its reduced form NADH vary with the availability of dietary energy and nutrients. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) generates a key NAD+ intermediate, nicotinamide mononucleotide, from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. The liver, an important organ of NAD metabolism, is thought to release metabolic products such as nicotinamide and may control NAD metabolism in other organs. Moreover, NAD is an important regulator of the circadian rhythm. Liver-specific Nampt-deficient mice and heterozygous Nampt mice have abnormal daily plasma Pi concentration oscillations. These data indicate that NAD metabolism in the intestine, liver, and kidney is closely related to Pi metabolism through the SLC34 family. Here, we review the relationship between the SLC34 family and NAD metabolism based on our recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Kanako Katai
- Faculty of Human Life and Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Mukherjee S, Chellappa K, Moffitt A, Ndungu J, Dellinger RW, Davis JG, Agarwal B, Baur JA. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis promotes liver regeneration. Hepatology 2017; 65:616-630. [PMID: 27809334 PMCID: PMC5258848 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the liver is essential for recovery from surgical resection or injuries induced by trauma or toxins. During liver regeneration, the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) falls, at least in part due to metabolic competition for precursors. To test whether NAD availability restricts the rate of liver regeneration, we supplied nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD precursor, in the drinking water of mice subjected to partial hepatectomy. NR increased DNA synthesis, mitotic index, and mass restoration in the regenerating livers. Intriguingly, NR also ameliorated the steatosis that normally accompanies liver regeneration. To distinguish the role of hepatocyte NAD levels from any systemic effects of NR, we generated mice overexpressing nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a rate-limiting enzyme for NAD synthesis, specifically in the liver. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase overexpressing mice were mildly hyperglycemic at baseline and, similar to mice treated with NR, exhibited enhanced liver regeneration and reduced steatosis following partial hepatectomy. Conversely, mice lacking nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in hepatocytes exhibited impaired regenerative capacity that was completely rescued by administering NR. CONCLUSION NAD availability is limiting during liver regeneration, and supplementation with precursors such as NR may be therapeutic in settings of acute liver injury. (Hepatology 2017;65:616-630).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andrea Moffitt
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joan Ndungu
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - James G. Davis
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Elucidating Metabolic and Epigenetic Mechanisms that Regulate Liver Regeneration. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Elias-Miró M, Mendes-Braz M, Cereijo R, Villarroya F, Jiménez-Castro MB, Gracia-Sancho J, Guixé-Muntet S, Massip-Salcedo M, Domingo JC, Bermudo R, Rodés J, Peralta C. Resistin and visfatin in steatotic and non-steatotic livers in the setting of partial hepatectomy under ischemia-reperfusion. J Hepatol 2014; 60:87-95. [PMID: 23968888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study examined whether the regulation of resistin and visfatin could reduce damage and improve regeneration in both steatotic and non-steatotic livers undergoing partial hepatectomy under ischemia-reperfusion, a procedure commonly applied in clinical practice to reduce bleeding. METHODS Resistin and visfatin were pharmacologically modulated in lean and obese animals undergoing partial hepatectomy under ischemia-reperfusion. RESULTS No evident role for these adipocytokines was observed in non-steatotic livers. However, obese animals undergoing liver surgery showed increased resistin in liver and plasma, without changes in adipose tissue, together with visfatin downregulation in liver and increment in plasma and adipose tissue. Endogenous resistin maintains low levels of visfatin in the liver by blocking its hepatic uptake from the circulation, thus regulating the visfatin detrimental effects on hepatic damage and regenerative failure. Indeed, the administration of anti-resistin antibodies increased hepatic accumulation of adipocyte-derived visfatin, exacerbating damage and regenerative failure. Interestingly, treatment with anti-visfatin antibodies protected steatotic livers, and similar results were obtained with the concomitant inhibition of resistin and visfatin. Thus, when visfatin was inhibited, the injurious effects of anti-resistin antibodies disappeared. Herein we show that upregulation of visfatin increased NAD levels in the remnant steatotic liver, whereas visfatin inhibition decreased them. These later observations suggest that visfatin may favour synthesis of NAD instead of DNA and induces alterations in amino acid metabolism-urea cycle and NO production, overall negatively affecting liver viability. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the clinical potential of visfatin blocking-based therapies in steatotic livers undergoing partial hepatectomy with ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elias-Miró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Mendes-Braz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruben Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, i Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBER Fisopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, i Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBER Fisopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain
| | - Mónica B Jiménez-Castro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massip-Salcedo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Rodés
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.
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Nomura K, Tatsumi S, Miyagawa A, Shiozaki Y, Sasaki S, Kaneko I, Ito M, Kido S, Segawa H, Sano M, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K, Miyamoto KI. Hepatectomy-related hypophosphatemia: a novel phosphaturic factor in the liver-kidney axis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:761-72. [PMID: 24262791 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked hypophosphatemia is common after major hepatic resection, but the pathophysiologic mechanism remains unknown. We used a partial hepatectomy (PH) rat model to investigate the molecular basis of hypophosphatemia. PH rats exhibited hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia. In renal and intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from PH rats, Na(+)-dependent phosphate (Pi) uptake decreased by 50%-60%. PH rats also exhibited significantly decreased levels of renal and intestinal Na(+)-dependent Pi transporter proteins (NaPi-IIa [NaPi-4], NaPi-IIb, and NaPi-IIc). Parathyroid hormone was elevated at 6 hours after PH. Hyperphosphaturia persisted, however, even after thyroparathyroidectomy in PH rats. Moreover, DNA microarray data revealed elevated levels of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) mRNA in the kidney after PH, and Nampt protein levels and total NAD concentration increased significantly in the proximal tubules. PH rats also exhibited markedly increased levels of the Nampt substrate, urinary nicotinamide (NAM), and NAM catabolites. In vitro analyses using opossum kidney cells revealed that NAM alone did not affect endogenous NaPi-4 levels. However, in cells overexpressing Nampt, the addition of NAM led to a marked decrease in cell surface expression of NaPi-4 that was blocked by treatment with FK866, a specific Nampt inhibitor. Furthermore, FK866-treated mice showed elevated renal Pi reabsorption and hypophosphaturia. These findings indicate that hepatectomy-induced hypophosphatemia is due to abnormal NAM metabolism, including Nampt activation in renal proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nomura
- Department of Molecular Nutrition Institution of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
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7
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Devin A, Nogueira V, Leverve X, Guérin B, Rigoulet M. Allosteric activation of pyruvate kinase via NAD+ in rat liver cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3943-9. [PMID: 11453987 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In isolated rat hepatocytes, it has previously been reported that a rise in the ATP content induces a proportional increase in cytosolic NAD+ concentration [Devin, A., Guérin, B. & Rigoulet, M. (1997) FEBS Lett. 410, 329-332]. This occurs under physiological conditions such as various substrates or different energetic states. To investigate the effect of a physiological rise in cytosolic [NAD+] per se on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, an increase in [NAD+] induced by exogenous nicotinamide addition was obtained without a change in redox potential, ATP/ADP ratio and ATP concentration. Using dihydroxyacetone as substrate, we found that an increase in cytosolic [NAD+] decreases gluconeogenesis and enhances glycolysis without significant alteration of dihydroxyacetone consumption rate. These modifications are the consequence of an allosteric activation of pyruvate kinase via cytosolic NAD+ content. Thus, in addition to the well-known thermodynamic control of glycolysis by pyridine-nucleotide redox status, our study points to a new mechanism of glycolytic flux regulation by NAD+ concentration at the level of pyruvate kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Devin
- NIH, NCI, Bldg 10, Room 6 N105, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Abstract
A sensitive and simple method was developed for the accurate measurement of NAD pyrophosphorylase (NMN adenylyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.1) activity in biological samples. The reaction product of [4-3H]NAD was separated from the substrates [4-3H]NMN and ATP by HPLC. Under the standardized conditions of the assay, the enzyme activity in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells was found mainly in the nucleus (97%) with a sp act of 183.5 +/- 3.5 nmol/h/mg protein. The Km's for substrates NMN and ATP were 0.11 +/- 0.01 mM and 0.55 +/- 0.04 mM, respectively. This technique is highly reproducible with a 5% variation (SD) in five separate determinations. The lowest number of cells used for this enzyme assay was 41,000 with a protein content of 4 micrograms. The range of NAD produced during the assay was 2 to 200 microM. NAD pyrophosphorylase activities in the mononuclear cells of leukemic patients, human ovarian carcinoma cells, and rat liver were assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paulik
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5200
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9
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Content of nicotinamide coenzymes in normal and regenerating rat liver. Bull Exp Biol Med 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00842737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Cummings AM, Yochim JM. Differentiation of the uterus in preparation for gestation: a model for the action of progesterone. J Theor Biol 1984; 106:353-74. [PMID: 6325823 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(84)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During the preimplantation stages of pregnancy, rising titers of progesterone alter the metabolism of the uterine endometrium to permit implantation of the blastocyst. In this model of progestational differentiation, it is proposed that endometrial pyridine nucleotide metabolism is a key target of progestogen action. The hormone may modulate NAD metabolism to promote NADP synthesis while inhibiting NAD breakdown to ADP ribose and nicotinamide. The result of such an action would impair uterine DNA synthesis and cell division, but provide increased NADP for coenzyme-limited synthetic processes and cytodifferentiation. As a result, the endometrium differentiates and becomes sensitive to decidual-inducing stimuli (the blastocyst). The decidual stimulus reverses the process by rapidly inhibiting NADP production, and by dramatically increasing poly ADP ribosylation of nuclear protein, thus facilitating DNA synthesis and the wave of cell division associated with the initiation of decidualization. The background information and evidence in support of this model are presented.
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Lowe G, Tansley G. The stereochemical course of nucleotidyl transfer catalysed by NAD pyrophosphorylase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 132:117-20. [PMID: 6301818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NAD pyrophosphorylase catalyses nucleotidyl transfer from adenosine (R)-5'-[alpha-17O]triphosphate to nicotinamide mononucleotide with inversion of configuration at the alpha-P giving (S)-[17O]NAD+. The simplest interpretation of this observation is that the adenylyl group is transferred directly from ATP to the co-substrate by an 'in line' mechanism. It is also shown that snake venom phosphodiesterase hydrolyses NAD+ regio-specifically at the adenylyl terminus of the pyrophosphate bond.
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Uhr ML, Smulson M. NMN adenylyltransferase: its association with chromatin and with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 128:435-43. [PMID: 6295757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear location of NMN adenylytransferase, which catalyses the formation of NAD and pyrophosphate from ATP and NMN, has been examined to ascertain if the enzyme is bound to the domains of chromatin which undergo poly(ADP-ribos)ylation. This latter reaction utilizes much of the cellular NAD. A radioisotope assay using [alpha-32P]ATP was developed to enable precise measurement of picomole amounts of NAD. With this assay, it appeared that the reaction catalysed by NMN adenylyltransferase proceeded with a rapid, early 'burst' of NAD before steady-state velocities were established. From this it was calculated that there could be 10- active sites of NMN adenylyltransferase per HeLa nucleus in asynchronously growing cells: that is, approximately one per 10-20 nucleosomes. Very little enzyme activity was liberated by digesting HeLa nuclei with micrococcal nuclease in 80 mM NaCl, and the enzyme which was solubilized was not bound to oligonucleosomes separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. In contrast, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was clearly demonstrated on these particles. The enzyme was readily liberated by DNase I digestion, especially when the digestion was carried out in low-ionic-strength buffer. The results demonstrated that the enzyme was neither bound to oligonucleosomes nor part of the nuclear envelope or matrix. Preliminary results suggested that there could be some direct channelling of NAD between the two enzymes in intact nuclei. It appears that NMN adenylyltransferase is bound within rather than to chromatin.
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Chapman ML, Zaun MR, Gracy RW. Effects of age on energy status and redox state of lymphocytes during blastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 98:303-10. [PMID: 7213389 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Tissue levels of NAD+ appear to be regulated primarily by the concentration of extracellular nicotinamide, which in turn is controlled by the liver in a hormone-sensitive manner. Hepatic regulation involves the conversion of excess serum nicotinamide to 'Storage NAD+' and inactive excretory products, and the replenishment of serum nicotinamide by the hydrolysis of 'Storage NAD+.' Tryptophan and nicotinic acid contribute to 'Storage NAD+,' and thus are additional sources of nicotinamide. In response to administered nicotinamide, there is a preferential utilization of ATP and PRPP (5-phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate) for the biosynthesis of NAD+. This biosynthetic priority, whose purpose appears to be the conservation of intracellular nicotinamide, may explain why nicotinamide inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis in regenerating tissues and why elevated nicotinamide levels are toxic to growing animals and to mammalian cells in culture.
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15
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Furneaux HM, Pearson CK. Intracellular NAD+ content and ADP-ribose polymerase activity of serum-stimulated baby hamster kidney fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1980; 105:401-7. [PMID: 6257735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a number of events relating to ADP-ribose metabolism during serum-stimulated growth of BHK-21/C13 fibroblasts. Both the intracellular NAD+ content and the ADP-ribose polymerase activity were found to increase after serum stimulation of cells that were previously arrested by growth in low-serum medium. NAD+ content increased about two-fold, reaching a maximum of 4.2 nmol/microgram of DNA 8 hr after serum steK-21/C13 fibroblasts. Both the intracellular NAD+ content and the ADP-ribose polymerase activity were found to increase after serum stimulation of cells that were previously arrested by growth in low-serum medium. NAD+ content inreased about two-fold, reaching a maximum of 4.2 nmol/microgram of DNA 8 hr after serum step-up. The polymerase exhibited a sharp rise in activity, reaching a peak at about 5 hr after step-up; the activity declined below initial values by 10 hr, and then increased again to reach a plateau at 20 hr. We also report evidence which suggests a possible effect of ADP-ribosylation on the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I. The activity of this enzyme is diminished in isolated nuclei, and in a subsequent (NH4)2SO4 extract, when the nuclei are incubated with NAD+, the substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. This inhibitory effect on the RNA polymerase is abolished when nuclei are incubated also with nicotinamide, a powerful inhibitor of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
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Bredehorst R, Klapproth K, Hilz H, Scheidegger C, Gerisch G. Protein-bound mono(ADP-ribose) residues in differentiating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1980; 9:95-103. [PMID: 7379135 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(80)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Changes in protein-bound mono(ADP-ribose) residues during development of Dictyostelium discoideum were determined. NAD(H) levels and the amounts of the NH2OH resistant and sensitive subfractions of mono(ADPR) were found not to be different between exponentially growing and aggregation-competent cells in which mitosis had ceased. Divergent changes occurred at the differentiation stages following aggregation as indicated by an increase in the ratio of these subfractions from approx. 1 during the growth plase and aggregation competent stage to 2 in the grex, a stage which follows cell aggregation. The fraction of NH2OH sensitive conjugates closely followed the changes in total cellular protein, while the NH2OH resistant ADPR protein conjugates, when based on protein, increased during the stages following aggregation. NAD(H) and NADP(H) levels per unit DNA decreased significantly during this period. The mono(ADPR) to DNA ratio in D. discoideum is comparable to that in proliferating Physarum polycephalum and to non-proliferating adult rat liver. The total amount of mono(ADPR) residues per nucleus is, however, approximately 70-fold higher in the liver, indicating that the quantity of mono(ADPR) residues is more closely related to the size of the eukaryotic genome than to cell proliferation.
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17
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Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Pyridine nucleotide levels as a function of growth in normal and transformed 3T3 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 175:627-34. [PMID: 8713 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blomquist CH, Larson KE, Taddeini L. Pyridine nucleotide coenzyme levels in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 1976; 100:447-50. [PMID: 7462 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hilz H, Stone P. Poly(ADP-ribose) and ADP-ribosylation of proteins. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 76:1-58, 177. [PMID: 185679 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ferro AM, Kuehl L. Adenosine triphosphate: nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of pig liver. Purification and properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 410:285-9. [PMID: 1090 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(75)90231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate : nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.1) has been purifiec approximately 3500-fold from an extract of pig liver nuclei to a specific activity of 40 mumol of NAD+ per min per mg protein. The enzyme was found to have a molecular weight of 203 000, a frictional ratio of 1.6 and an isoelectric point of approximately 5. Michaelis constants for ATP and NMN were 0.11 mM and 0.12 mM, respectively.
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Streffer C, Schmiebusch H. Letter: Nuclear enzymes of NAD metabolism in mouse tissues after whole-body-x-irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1975; 28:581-3. [PMID: 176121 DOI: 10.1080/09553007514551431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stone PR, Hilz H. Quantitation of hydroxylamine sensitive mono(adenosine diphosphate ribose) residues in different hepatic tissues. FEBS Lett 1975; 57:209-12. [PMID: 170137 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chang SC, Bernofsky C. Correlation between DNA synthesis and intracellular NAD in cultured human leukemic lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:539-45. [PMID: 167748 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK, Bernofsky C. NAD levels in 3T3 cells during exponential growth and density-dependent inhibition of growth. FEBS Lett 1974; 47:23-5. [PMID: 4372089 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Streffer C. DNA-synthesis in the spleen of mice after whole-body X-irradiation and its modification by 5-hydroxytryptamine and NADH. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1974; 25:425-35. [PMID: 4366947 DOI: 10.1080/09553007414550601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ferris GM, Clark JB. The control of nucleic acid and nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis in regenerating rat liver. Biochem J 1972; 128:869-77. [PMID: 4404767 PMCID: PMC1173907 DOI: 10.1042/bj1280869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of injecting nicotinamide on the incorporation of [(14)C]orotate into the hepatic nucleic acids of rats after partial hepatectomy was investigated. 2. At 3h after partial hepatectomy the rapid incorporation of [(14)C]orotate into RNA, and at 20h after partial hepatectomy the incorporation of [(14)C]orotate into both RNA and DNA, were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by the previous injection of nicotinamide. 3. The injection of nicotinamide at various times before the injection of [(14)C]orotate at 20h after partial hepatectomy revealed an inhibition of the incorporation of orotate into RNA and DNA which was non-linear with respect to the duration of nicotinamide pretreatment. 4. The induction of a hepatic ATP depletion by ethionine demonstrated that the synthesis of hepatic NAD and NADP in partially hepatectomized rats was more susceptible to an ATP deficiency than in control rats. 5. The total hepatic activity of ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase (EC 2.7.6.1) was assayed at various times after partial hepatectomy and found to be only marginally greater than the maximum rate of hepatic NAD synthesis induced in vivo by nicotinamide injection between 12 and 24h after partial hepatectomy. 6. It is suggested that a competition exists between NAD synthesis and purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis for available ATP and particularly 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. In regenerating liver the competition is normally in favour of the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors, at the expense of NAD synthesis. This situation may be reversed by the injection of nicotinamide with a subsequent inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.
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