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Schirner K, Marles-Wright J, Lewis RJ, Errington J. Distinct and essential morphogenic functions for wall- and lipo-teichoic acids in Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J 2009; 28:830-42. [PMID: 19229300 PMCID: PMC2670855 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Teichoic acids (TAs) are anionic polymers that constitute a major component of the cell wall in most Gram-positive bacteria. Despite decades of study, their function has remained unclear. TAs are covalently linked either to the cell wall peptidoglycan (wall TA (WTA)) or to the membrane (lipo-TA (LTA)). We have characterized the key enzyme of LTA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis, LTA synthase (LtaS). We show that LTA is needed for divalent cation homoeostasis and that its absence has severe effects on cell morphogenesis and cell division. Inactivation of both LTA and WTA is lethal and comparison of the individual mutants suggests that they have differentiated roles in elongation (WTA) and division (LTA). B. subtilis has four ltaS paralogues and we show how their roles are partially differentiated. Two paralogues have a redundant role in LTA synthesis during sporulation and their absence gives a novel absolute block in sporulation. The crystal structure of the extracytoplasmic part of LtaS, solved at 2.4-A resolution, reveals a phosphorylated threonine residue, which provides clues about the catalytic mechanism and identifies the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schirner
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Scheffers DJ. Dynamic localization of penicillin-binding proteins during spore development in Bacillus subtilis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:999-1012. [PMID: 15758244 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During Bacillus subtilis spore formation, many membrane proteins that function in spore development localize to the prespore septum and, subsequently, to the outer prespore membrane. Recently, it was shown that the cell-division-specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1 and 2b localize to the asymmetric prespore septum. Here, the author studied the localization of other PBPs, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), during spore formation. Fusions to PBPs 4, 2c, 2d, 2a, 3, H, 4b, 5, 4a, 4* and X were expressed during vegetative growth, and their localization was monitored during sporulation. Of these PBPs, 2c, 2d, 4b and 4* have been implicated as having a function in sporulation. It was found that PBP2c, 2d and X changed their localization, while the other PBPs tested were not affected. The putative endopeptidase PbpX appears to spiral out in a pattern that resembles FtsZ redistribution during sporulation, but a pbpX knockout strain had no distinguishable phenotype. PBP2c and 2d localize to the prespore septum and follow the membrane during engulfment, and so are redistributed to the prespore membrane. A similar pattern was observed when GFP-PBP2c was expressed in the mother cell from a sporulation-specific promoter. This work shows that various PBPs known to function during sporulation are redistributed from the cytoplasmic membrane to the prespore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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3
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Abstract
Bacillus subtilis penicillin-binding protein PBP1 has been implicated in cell division. We show here that a PBP1 knockout strain is affected in the formation of the asymmetric sporulation septum and that green fluorescent protein-PBP1 localizes to the sporulation septum. Localization of PBP1 to the vegetative septum is dependent on various cell division proteins. This study proves that PBP1 forms part of the B. subtilis cell division machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Bhatti AR, Alvi A, Chaudhry GR. Evidence on the presence of two distinct alkaline phosphatases in Serratia marcescens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 182:131-5. [PMID: 10612744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of Serratia marcescens synthesized two different types of alkaline phosphatase (APase), constitutive (CAPase) and inducible (IAPase) APases, in low phosphate medium. Synthesis of the IAPase was repressed in the presence of high phosphate. Purification and separation of these electrophoretically distinct APases was achieved by using fractional (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation, adsorption on a DEAE-cellulose column and elution of enzymes by a linear sodium chloride gradient. Starch gel electrophoresis of certain fractions revealed the separation of not only IAPase from CAPase but its separation into four distinct isozymes. CAPase gave maximum enzyme activity around pH 9.5, whereas for IAPase a broad range of enzyme activity was found between pH 8.5 and 10.5. Reversible inactivation at low pH occurred for IAPase but very little with CAPase. CAPase was more thermolabile than IAPase at 95 degrees C. The two APases were found to be distinct in their kinetic as well as immunological properties, suggesting two distinct enzyme species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bhatti
- Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, T1A 8K6, Medicine Hat, Alta., Canada.
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5
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Bursík M, Nĕmec M. Alkaline phosphatase production during sporulation of Bacillus cereus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1999; 44:90-2. [PMID: 10489697 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-bound alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus cereus was produced during vegetative growth and sporulation in a complex medium. Addition of glucose repressed the sporulation process and the amount of enzyme synthesized increased. The time course of alkaline phosphatase production is very similar in both sporulating and non-sporulating cells. Irrespective of sporulation, alkaline phosphatase level shows a peak of activity in the exponential phase, and another in the stationary phase of growth. This preliminary data indicates differences between B. cereus, and B. subtilis in alkaline phosphatase characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bursík
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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6
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Dong G, Zeikus JG. Purification and characterization of alkaline phosphatase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997; 21:335-40. [PMID: 9322373 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A hyperthermophilic alkaline phosphatase was purified from Thermotoga neapolitana by heat treatment at 100 degrees C in the presence of Co2+ followed by ion-exchange and affinity chromatographies. The enzyme was purified 2,880-fold with 44% yield. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band of M(r) 45,000 on SDS-PAGE and an apparent molecular weight of 87,000 estimated by gel filtration chromatography. This suggested a homogenous dimer structure. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 9.9 and 85 degrees C, respectively. Under optimal conditions, T. neapolitana alkaline phosphatase displayed 30% higher activity than calf intestine alkaline phosphatase did with p-nitrophenyl-phosphate as substrate. The hyperthermostable enzyme had a half-life of 238 min at 90 degrees C and K(m) and Vmax values of 183 microM and 1,352 U mg-1, respectively. Co2+ enhanced the enzyme activity, thermostability, and ligand affinity during column chromatography. The alkaline phosphatase was twice as active with Co2+ than with either Zn2+ or Mn2+ as the metal cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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7
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Whalen MB, Piggot PJ. Gain-of-function mutation of sapB that affects formation of alkaline phosphatase by Bacillus subtilis in sporulation conditions. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 2):577-583. [PMID: 9043134 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-2-577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sapB locus was defined by mutations that render sporulation alkaline phosphatase formation independent of sigma F and sigma E without affecting the temporal control of formation. The sapB locus has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced polypeptide is 232 amino acids long, with a molecular mass of 26 kDa. It is very similar to four sequences in the database, none of which has a known function. Analysis of the transcription of sapB indicates that it is induced during late exponential phase, and that maximum expression is reached during the first hour of stationary phase, both under sporulation and non-sporulation conditions. The defining mutations of the locus, sapB2 and sapB10, have been sequenced and found to contain the same change, a G-->A transition resulting in an Ala111 Thr switch. This mutation apparently results in a gain-of-function, as sapB null mutants are indistinguishable from sap+ strains in terms of their APase production during sporulation.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/biosynthesis
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bacillus subtilis/enzymology
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus subtilis/growth & development
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, Bacterial
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spores, Bacterial/enzymology
- Spores, Bacterial/genetics
- Spores, Bacterial/growth & development
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Whalen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Patrick J Piggot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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8
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Abstract
Sporulation-induced alkaline phosphatases (APases) of Bacillus subtilis require the products of the sporulation stage-0 genes and certain stage-II genes, including the spoIIA operon, for induction. Mutations in either sapA or sapB bypass this requirement [Piggot and Taylor, J. Gen. Microbiol. 10 (1977) 69-80], resulting in APase production in a spoIIA sapA or spoIIA sapB strain, under sporulation conditions. B. subtilis has multiple structural genes encoding APases, which are induced either by phosphate starvation or during sporulation, or under both conditions. We report studies designed to determine which APase(s) were being expressed in the sap mutants, and from which promoters. phoB (formerly phoAIII), one of the structural genes encoding an APase in B. subtilis, is expressed under both sporulation and phosphate starvation conditions, but from separate promoters [Chesnut et al., Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 2181-2190]. The spoIIA sapA and spoIIA sapB strains express phoB under sporulation conditions. Interestingly, the expression of phoB during sporulation was from Pv, the phosphate starvation-inducible promoter of phoB, rather than from Ps, the sporulation-specific promoter. Since the induction of phosphate starvation-inducible promoters during phosphate limitation requires the phoPR operon [Miki et al., Genetics 52 (1965) 1093-1100], we asked if the phoPR products were involved in regulating Pv expression under sporulation conditions. The phoPR genes are transcribed under sporulation conditions, regulated by sapA and sapB under sporulation conditions, and required for expression from Pv under sporulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Birkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607
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9
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Errington J, Illing N. Establishment of cell-specific transcription during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:689-95. [PMID: 1573998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing questions posed by bacterial spore formation concerns the establishment of cell-specific gene expression in the prespore and mother cell. Recent results now suggest that sigma factors, in addition to their temporal roles in the control of gene expression, may also be the key determinants of differential gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. The genes encoding two sporulation-specific sigma factors, sigma E and sigma F, are expressed soon after the initiation of sporulation, before the formation of the spore septum that separates the prespore and mother cell compartments. It now appears that sigma E and sigma F direct transcription only after septation and then in a specific cell type, suggesting that the segregation of the sigma activities after septation is a key event in the establishment of differential gene expression. The mechanism responsible for this segregation is complex, involving at least seven other gene products. We discuss possible models for the interactions between the sigma factors and the establishment of cell-specific transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Errington
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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10
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Chesnut RS, Bookstein C, Hulett FM. Separate promoters direct expression of phoAIII, a member of the Bacillus subtilis alkaline phosphatase multigene family, during phosphate starvation and sporulation. Mol Microbiol 1991; 5:2181-90. [PMID: 1766385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (APase) expression can be induced in Bacillus subtilis by phosphate starvation or by sporulation. We have recently shown that there are multiple APase structural genes contributing to the total alkaline phosphatase expression in B. subtilis. The expression of the alkaline phosphatase III gene (phoAIII) was analysed under both phosphate-starvation induction and sporulation induction conditions. phoAII is transcribed from two promoter regions, PV and PS. The PV promoter initiated transcription 37 bp before the translation initiation codon and was used to transcribe phoAIII during phosphate-starvation induction in vegetative cells. The PS promoter initiated transcription 119 bp before the translation initiation codon and was used during sporulation induction. Genes which have previously been shown to affect total vegatative APase, pho regulon genes phoP, phoR and phoS, affected expression of phoAIII during phosphate starvation. Genes known to affect expression of total sporulation APase, i.e. spoIIA, spoIIG and spoIIE, affected phoAIII expression during sporulation induction. Our data show that one member of the APase multigene family, phoAIII, contributes to the total APase expression both during phosphate-starvation induction and sporulation induction, and that the mechanism of regulation includes two promoters, each requiring different regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chesnut
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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11
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Sugahara T, Konno Y, Ohta H, Ito K, Kaneko J, Kamio Y, Izaki K. Purification and properties of two membrane alkaline phosphatases from Bacillus subtilis 168. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:1824-6. [PMID: 1847911 PMCID: PMC207338 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.5.1824-1826.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alkaline phosphatases were extracted from the membranes of Bacillus subtilis 168 stationary-phase cells and purified as homogeneous proteins by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Alkaline phosphatases I and II differed in several properties such as subunit molecular weight, substrate specificity, thermostability, Km, pH stability, and peptide maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugahara
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Bacillus subtilis alkaline phosphatases III and IV. Cloning, sequencing, and comparisons of deduced amino acid sequence with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase three-dimensional structure. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Kapp NV, Edwards CW, Chesnut RS, Hulett FM. The Bacillus subtilis phoAIV gene: effects of in vitro inactivation on total alkaline phosphatase production. Gene 1990; 96:95-100. [PMID: 2125017 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90346-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A degenerative oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe deduced from the first 19 amino acids of the mature alkaline phosphatase IV (APase IV) protein was used to clone a DNA fragment internal to the coding region of the phoAIV gene of Bacillus subtilis. An insertional mutation was constructed in the phoAIV locus using the integrative plasmid, pJM103, containing the cloned DNA fragment. The strain with the interrupted phoAIV gene showed no detectable APase IV product on Western-blot analysis. The impact of the phoAIV interruption on total APase production in B. subtilis 168 was analyzed under both phosphate starvation and sporulation culturing conditions. The mutation in phoAIV reduced total APase-specific activity by 75% in phosphate-starved cells, and resulted in the elimination of a salt-extractable membrane APase, as well as the secreted APase IV. Analysis of this membrane APase indicated that it is a phoAIV gene product which is localized within the membrane fraction of the lysed cell and not secreted. There was no effect on the production of sporulation APase. The phoAIV::pJM103 insertion was mapped and determined to be located at approx. 73 degrees on the B. subtilis 360 degrees chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kapp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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14
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Bookstein C, Edwards CW, Kapp NV, Hulett FM. The Bacillus subtilis 168 alkaline phosphatase III gene: impact of a phoAIII mutation on total alkaline phosphatase synthesis. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:3730-7. [PMID: 2113910 PMCID: PMC213351 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.7.3730-3737.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first alkaline phosphatase (APase) structural gene mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 was constructed by using a clone identified by hybridization to a synthetic degenerative oligonucleotide. The design of the probe was based on the first 29 amino acids of the sequenced mature APase III protein, which had been isolated from the secreted fraction of vegetative, phosphate-starved cells. DNA sequencing of the clone revealed the first 80 amino acids of the APase III protein, including a typical procaryotic signal sequence of 32 amino acids preceding the start of the mature protein. The 29 amino acids encoded by the predicted open reading frame immediately following the signal sequence are identical to the first 29 amino acids of the sequenced mature protein. This region shows 80% identity to strand A of the beta sheet that is very well conserved in Escherichia coli and mammalian APases. A phoAIII structural mutant was constructed by insertional mutagenesis with a fragment internal to the coding region. The effects of this mutation on APase production in B. subtilis 168 were analyzed under both phosphate starvation and sporulation conditions. The mutation in APase III reduced the total vegetative APase specific activity by approximately 40% and sporulation APase specific activity by approximately 45%. An APase protein was isolated from sporulating cells at stage III and was identified as APase III by protein sequencing of the amino terminus and by its absence in the phoAIII mutant. The APase III gene has been mapped to approximately 50 degrees on the B. subtilis chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bookstein
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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15
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Hulett FM, Bookstein C, Jensen K. Evidence for two structural genes for alkaline phosphatase in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:735-40. [PMID: 2105301 PMCID: PMC208500 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.2.735-740.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two secreted alkaline phosphatase proteins were purified from cultures of Bacillus subtilis JH646MS. The two proteins showed slight differences in subunit molecular weight, substrate specificity, and charge characteristics. A total of 62% of the first 22 amino-terminal amino acids were identical. Both sequences showed conservation of structural features identified in Escherichia coli and human alkaline phosphatases. One alkaline phosphatase was a monomer and the other was a dimer. Southern analysis of genomic DNA with degenerative oligomers based on the amino acid sequences suggest that there are two structural genes for alkaline phosphatase in the genome of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Hulett
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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16
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Hulett FM, Jensen K. Critical roles of spo0A and spo0H in vegetative alkaline phosphatase production in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3765-8. [PMID: 3136148 PMCID: PMC211360 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.8.3765-3768.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth conditions established to optimize vegetative alkaline phosphatase production and stability in Bacillus subtilis were used to compare alkaline phosphatase synthesis and secretion in isogenic strains JH646 (spo0A12) and JH646MS (spo0A12 abrB15). A mutation in spo0A blocked vegetative alkaline phosphatase production, and a second mutation at the abrB locus resulted in hyperinduction of vegetative alkaline phosphatase. Phosphate regulation of vegetative alkaline phosphatase synthesis was unaffected in the double mutant. spo0H, on a multicopy plasmid, partially overcame the spo0A effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Hulett
- Laboratory for Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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17
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Seki T, Yoshikawa H, Takahashi H, Saito H. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of phoP, the regulatory gene for alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:2913-6. [PMID: 3036763 PMCID: PMC212326 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.7.2913-2916.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two DNA fragments which complement the alkaline phosphatase-negative mutation phoP of Bacillus subtilis were cloned from a B. subtilis chromosome with the prophage vector phi CM (a derivative of phi 105). One of the fragments contained the regulatory gene phoR in addition to phoP. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the phoP region revealed that the phoP gene product consists of 241-amino-acid residues and that the sequence of these amino acids is extensively homologous with the sequence of the phoB gene product. This protein is the positive regulator for the phosphate regulon in Escherichia coli. It therefore appears that phoP is a regulatory gene for alkaline phosphatase synthesis in B. subtilis.
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18
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Vinter V, Smíd F, Smrcková I. Factors influencing the activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase during growth and sporulation of Bacillus cereus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1987; 32:89-95. [PMID: 3108119 DOI: 10.1007/bf02883233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) is synthesized in media with a low phosphate concentration (0.37 mM of total and 19 microM of inorganic phosphate, respectively) already during the exponential phase of growth of Bacillus cereus. The enzyme is repressed by higher phosphate concentrations (3.7 mM) during the whole growth period; during sporogenesis the enzyme activity in cells slightly increases even under these conditions. During growth the enzyme is not secreted into the medium, a minor amount being released after cessation of growth. The enzyme activity can be increased by adding Zn2+ ions (10 microM). When during growth without phosphate the pH of the medium decreases below 5.0, the enzyme activity temporarily decreases and growth is slowed down, followed by a subsequent increase of the enzyme activity. In this case the onset of sporulation is also delayed.
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Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared in Streptomyces noursei strain IMET 43,716 when cultures were shifted to phosphate limitation. By using p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate, the activity detected at pH 9.4 was cell-bound, as long as young mycelia were studied. Supernatant fluids of the cultures were only active, if partial mycelial lysis had taken place after incubation for several days under the influence of shear forces. After cytochemical staining the phosphatase reaction products were microscopically visible as grains distributed rather homogeneously within the hyphal lumen. The frequency of grains was correlated to the rate of nourseothricin production. Electron microscopy of thin sections showed the phosphatase reaction products to be only present in the cytoplasm.
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Abstract
The properties of a teichoic acid degrading enzyme (teichoicase) isolated from Bacillus subtilis Marburg are described. The purified enzyme showed phosphodiesterase activity but not phosphomonoesterase activity, and it had an absolute substrate specificity for alpha-glucosylated glycerol teichoic acid, the endogenous cell wall teichoic acid of the enzyme-producing cell. The substrate was degraded by an exo-mechanism yielding the monomer alpha-D-glucose 1 leads to 2 (sn)glycero-3-phosphate. When B. subtilis Marburg was grown in a rich medium, enzyme activity was detected in extracts from sporulating cells. Teichoicase activity was present in a mutant blocked in stage II of the sporulation process but was absent in a mutant blocked in stage O. It was concluded that teichoicase is active on enzyme-producing cells since the reaction product could be detected in their culture supernatant. Attempts to demonstrate analogous enzyme activity in other Bacillus strains failed. The enzyme could be used for the rapid detection of alpha-glucosylated glycerol teichoic acid and for the controlled alteration of native bacterial cell surfaces exhibiting the appropriate structure.
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22
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Burke WF, Slinker BS. Extracellular exonuclease as a stage 0 biochemical marker in Bacillus subtilis sporulation. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:768-70. [PMID: 6276370 PMCID: PMC216570 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.2.768-770.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent exonuclease activity was produced by sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis 168. Nuclease activity was released into the culture medium at approximately the same time as sporulation proteases, and production of these enzymes was tied to DNA replication. Results suggest that nuclease production is a function of the spo0H locus.
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Abstract
Cultures of Bacillus subtilis were treated during sporulation with antibiotics (bacitracin and vancomycin) that affect peptidoglycan synthesis. The cells were resistant to the effects of the antibiotics only when the drugs were added about 2 h after the beginning of sporulation. This was about 1 h later than the escape time of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant that is unable to complete prespore septation. Similar experiments were done with a mutant temperature sensitive for peptidoglycan synthesis. This showed an escape curve similar to that shown by the antibiotics. When sporulating cells were treated with antibiotics, they produced alkaline phosphatase earlier than normal. Enzyme production was unaffected by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Sporulation mutants that are unable to make alkaline phosphatase under normal conditions were able to make it in the presence of bacitracin. The alkaline phosphatase made under these conditions was under "sporulation-type" control since its synthesis was repressible by casein hydrolysate and unaffected by inorganic phosphate. When cells were treated with bacitracin in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium, alkaline phosphatase synthesis was at the same level as in an untreated control. A number of other antibiotics and surfactants were tested for the ability to cause premature production of the phosphatase of those tested, only taurodeoxycholate whowed this behavior. Moreover, incubation of cells with taurodeoxycholate in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium prevented premature enzyme production.
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26
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Cannon JG, Bott KF. Spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis with altered sporulation properties. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 174:149-62. [PMID: 158699 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis show three different types of alterations in sporulation ability. Class 1 mutants can both grow and sporulate in the presence of spectinomycin. Class 2 mutants can grow in the presence of spectinomycin, but are unable to sporulate in either the presence or absence of spectinomycin. Class 3 mutants have a conditional phenotype, and are able to sporulate in the absence of spectinomycin, but not in its presence. The ability of these strains to produce alkaline phosphatase, a biochemical marker for early sporulation events, is correlated with the ability to sporulate in the presence or absence of antibiotic. All of the spectinomycin-resistance mutations could be genetically linked to the cysA marker, and a mutational alteration of a protein of the 30S ribosomal subunit has been identified in one of the Class 3 strains (Spc 1-11). Fine-structure mapping of the spectinomycin resistance mutation of strain Spc 1-11 confirmed its location in the cluster of genes for ribosomal components on the B. subtilis genetic map. Genetic analysis indicated that the properties of the Class 1 and Class 2 mutants result from more than one mutation. The spectinomycin-resistance and altered sporulation properties of the two Class 3 mutants probably result from a single genetic lesion.
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27
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Akrigg A, Mandelstam J. Extracellular manganese-stimulated deoxyribonuclease as a marker event in sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Biochem J 1978; 172:63-7. [PMID: 418778 PMCID: PMC1185662 DOI: 10.1042/bj1720063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A considerable amount of Mn2+-stimulated DNAase (deoxyribonuclease) activity is released by Bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation in a glucose-deficient medium; much smaller amounts are released during starvation for phosphate or nitrogen. Protein synthesis is required. Two forms of evidence are presented that production of the DNAase is associated with events late in stage II of sporulation. 19 Thymidine starvation, which inhibits the biochemical events associated with sporulation, also inhibits release of the DNAase. 2. Several asporogenous mutants blocked at stage II or earlier and unable to produce alkaline phosphatase (a stage-II event) do not produce the enzyme. Mutants blocked towards the end of stage II or later produce both enzymes. During sporulation of the wild-type strain, the DNAase appears about 1 h after alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that production of the DNAase is controlled by a still-undiscovered stage-II genetic locus.
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Yamane K, Maruo B. Alkaline phosphatase possessing alkaline phosphodiesterase activity and other phosphodiesterases in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1978; 134:108-14. [PMID: 77271 PMCID: PMC222224 DOI: 10.1128/jb.134.1.108-114.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain, single-point mutations in the phoP locus brought about simultaneous losses of the major activities of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and alkaline phosphodiesterase (APDase). Revertants recovered the two activities. APases with APDase activity were purified from the membrane fraction of B. subtilis 6160-BC6 and from the culture fluid of an APase-secreting B. subtilis mutant strain, RAN 1. In addition to these major APases with APDase activity, at least two kinds of phosphodiesterase (PDase) without phosphatase activity were found in the cytoplasmic supernatants of RAN 1 and an APase-less B. subtilis mutant strain, SP25. Another minor APase with a molecular weight of about 80,000, which had almost no PDase activity, was isolated from the membrane fraction of strain 6160-BC6. Enzyme distribution in subcellular fractions from various strains cultured in high- and low-phosphate media was analyzed. The PDases did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum against the RAN 1 APase with APDase activity. The main component of the PDases had a molecular weight of about 80,000 and was most active at pH 8.0. These results suggest that APase with APDase activity is different from PDases detected in cytoplasmic supernatants and that phoP is the structural gene for the phosphate-repressible APase with APDase activity.
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29
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Yamane K, Maruo B. Purification and characterization of extracellular soluble and membrane-bound insoluble alkaline phosphatases possessing phosphodiesterase activities in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1978; 134:100-7. [PMID: 25878 PMCID: PMC222223 DOI: 10.1128/jb.134.1.100-107.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A membrane-bound insoluble alkaline phosphatase (APase) and an extracellular soluble APase were purified, respectively, from a membrane preparation of Bacillus subtilis 6160-BC6, which carries a mutation to produce APase constitutively, and from a culture fluid of a mutant strain. RAN 1, isolated from strain 6160-BC6, which produces an extracellular soluble APase. The two preparations were homogeneous, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate discontinuous gel electrophoresis and by gel electrophoreses in the presence of 8 M urea at pH 9.3 and 4.3. RAN 1 APase was crystallized. Both preparations possessed phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities, and their pH optima were both at 9.5. They were competitively inhibited by phosphate or arsenate and were activated by the addition of Ca2+ but not by Zn2+. The APase and alkaline phosphodiesterase activities seemed to be contained in the same protein molecule. The molecular weight of 6160-BC6 APase was estimated to be 46,000 +/- 1,000, and that of RAN 1 APase was estimated to be 45,000 +/- 1,000. The largest difference between the 6160-BC6 and RAN 1 APase's was in solubility in low-ionic-strength solutions. Present results suggest that each enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain and that 6160-BC6 APase aggregates in solutions of low ionic strength.
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31
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Interrelationship of carbohydrate metabolism and alkaline phosphatase synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis 749/c. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Gould GW. Recent advances in the understanding of resistance and dormancy in bacterial spores. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1977; 42:297-309. [PMID: 18433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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34
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Some properties of a neutral phosphatase of a bacterium isolated from a trickling filter effluent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01385439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Fitt PS, Peterkin PI. Isolation and properties of a small manganese-ion-stimulated bacterial alkaline phosphatase. Biochem J 1976; 157:161-7. [PMID: 822841 PMCID: PMC1163827 DOI: 10.1042/bj1570161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. An alkaline phosphatase was partially purified from extracts of Halobacterium cutirubrum. 2. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 15 500 and is therefore less than one-quarter of the size of other known bacterial alkaline phosphatases. 3. It is stimulated up to ten-fold by Mn2+, but not by Ca2+ or Mg2+. 4. The activities with and without Mn2+ cannot be separated by gel filtration and have similar restricted substrate specificities. 5. The only substrates for the enzyme that have so far been found are p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 5'-dATP, 5'-dTMP and 5'-dTTP.
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36
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37
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Glenn AR, Coote JG. Cytochemical studies on alkaline phosphatase production during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Biochem J 1975; 152:85-9. [PMID: 813636 PMCID: PMC1172442 DOI: 10.1042/bj1520085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168 there is an increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase in the presence of Pi. This enzyme was shown by cytochemical techniques to be associated with the cytoplasmic membrane of the mother cell and also with the membranes of the developing prespore. There is a strong correlation between an increasing number of electron-dense deposits due to phosphatase activity and the formation of the spore septum, i.e. stage II of sporulation. Cytochemical and biochemical evidence shows that cells well advanced in spore formation can be derepressed to produce the very much higher amounts of alkaline phosphatase characteristic of phosphate-starved vegetative cells.
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38
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39
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40
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41
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Le Hégarat JC, Anagnostopoulos C. Purification, subunit structure and properties of two repressible phosphohydrolases of Bacillus subtilis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 39:525-39. [PMID: 4359630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Bhatti AR. Separation and partial characterization of two types of alkaline phosphatase from Serratia marcescens. Biochem J 1973; 135:537-8. [PMID: 4589393 PMCID: PMC1165856 DOI: 10.1042/bj1350537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purification and separation of two electrophoretically distinct and chemically different alkaline phosphatases from Serratia marcescens is described.
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43
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Lehman JF, Gleason MK, Ahlgren SK, Metzenberg RL. Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa. Characterization of regulatory mutants. Genetics 1973; 75:61-73. [PMID: 4271653 PMCID: PMC1213002 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/75.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutant of Neurospora crassa, called UW-6, differs from wild type in being partially constitutive for synthesis of a species of alkaline phosphatase, and also for a species of phosphate permease that has a high affinity for phosphate at high pH. UW-6 is possibly allelic with a mutant called nuc-2 that was previously isolated by Ishikawa. nuc-2 has the converse phenotype, in that it cannot be derepressed for either of these two activities. UW-6 is co-dominant with its wild-type allele in heterokaryons and in partial diploids. An unlinked mutant, nuc-1, is like nuc-2 in that it fails to make the alkaline phosphatase or the permease referred to above. nuc-1 is epistatic to UW-6 in the double mutant. The control of phosphorus metabolism is discussed, and is compared with some other control systems in filamentous fungi.
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Abstract
Neurospora crassa ascospores normally do not contain aryl sulfatase even when formed under conditions of sulfur limitation. However, when one of the parental strains is the nonrepressible mutant scon(c), the resulting (mixed) ascospores contain significant levels of aryl sulfatase even when formed under conditions of sulfur abundance.
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45
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Ghosh A, Ghosh BK. Changes in the membrane bound alkaline phosphatase of glucose and lactate grown vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis SB15. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49:906-15. [PMID: 4629811 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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46
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Wood DA. Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Properties and time of synthesis of alkali-soluble protein of the spore coat. Biochem J 1972; 130:505-14. [PMID: 4198082 PMCID: PMC1174430 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An alkali-extractable protein fraction comprising 6% of the dry weight of the spore can be removed from spores of Bacillus subtilis 168. Three different extraction procedures each yield at least one similar protein. Extracted protein behaved as a single species on ion-exchange chromatography or gel filtration, but two polypeptides were found on electrophoresis. Comparison of molecular weights on electrophoresis and by sucrosegradient analysis suggests that the protein(s) undergo aggregation into multimers. Extracted spores remain viable, but are altered in density and lysozyme sensitivity and they aggregate together. Electron microscopy of extracted spores shows that loss of material seems to occur from the outer coat layers. Extraction therefore probably removes a specific fraction of the spore-coat protein, but without impairment to the spore protoplast. This protein can first be detected immunologically 4h after the initiation of sporulation, and the synthesis of this protein is sensitive to chloramphenicol, actinomycin D and rifamycin. Labelling experiments also show that the protein begins to be synthesized early in sporulation. Examination of the ability of asporogenous mutants to produce cross-reacting material indicates that some event in stage II of sporulation determines its production.
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47
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Ghosh A, Ghosh BK. Alkaline phosphatase derepression in vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis by glucose and its reversal by lactate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:296-304. [PMID: 4621354 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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49
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Glatron MF, Rapoport G. Biosynthesis of the parasporal inclusion of Bacillus thuringiensis: half-life of its corresponding messenger RNA. Biochimie 1972; 54:1291-301. [PMID: 4347536 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(72)80070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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