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Martínez de Paz A, Josefowicz SZ. Signaling-to-chromatin pathways in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:37-53. [PMID: 33644906 PMCID: PMC8548991 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Complex organisms are able to respond to diverse environmental cues by rapidly inducing specific transcriptional programs comprising a few dozen genes among thousands. The highly complex environment within the nucleus-a crowded milieu containing large genomes tightly condensed with histone proteins in the form of chromatin-makes inducible transcription a challenge for the cell, akin to the proverbial needle in a haystack. The different signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the transmission of information from the cell surface to the nucleus have been readily explored, but not so much the specific mechanisms employed by the cell to ultimately instruct the chromatin changes necessary for a fast and robust transcription activation. Signaling pathways rely on cascades of protein kinases that, in addition to activating transcription factors can also activate the chromatin template by phosphorylating histone proteins, what we refer to as "signaling-to-chromatin." These pathways appear to be selectively employed and especially critical for driving inducible transcription in macrophages and likely in diverse other immune cell populations. Here, we discuss signaling-to-chromatin pathways with potential relevance in diverse immune cell populations together with chromatin related mechanisms that help to "solve" the needle in a haystack challenge of robust chromatin activation and inducible transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Martínez de Paz
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Zvi Josefowicz
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Itkes AV, Severin ES. Regulation of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate system by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 59:213-40. [PMID: 3028055 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123058.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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3
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Kaminski NE, Koh WS, Yang KH, Lee M, Kessler FK. Suppression of the humoral immune response by cannabinoids is partially mediated through inhibition of adenylate cyclase by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein coupled mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1899-908. [PMID: 7986201 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid compounds, including the major psychoactive component of marihuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), have been widely established as being inhibitory on a broad array of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The presence of cannabinoid receptors has been identified recently on mouse spleen cells, which possess structural and functional characteristics similar to those of the G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor originally identified in rat brain. These findings, together with those demonstrating that delta 9-THC inhibits adenylate cyclase in splenocytes, strongly suggest that certain aspects of immune inhibition by cannabinoids may be mediated through a cannabinoid receptor-associated mechanism. The objective of the present studies was to determine whether inhibition of adenylate cyclase is relevant to mouse spleen cell immune function and, if so, whether this inhibition is mediated through a Gi-protein coupled mechanism as previously described in neuronal tissue. Spleen cell activation by the phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), plus the calcium ionophore ionomycin, produced a rapid but transient increase in cytosolic cAMP, which was inhibited completely by immunosuppressive concentrations of delta 9-THC (22 microM) and the synthetic bicyclic cannabinoid CP-55940 (5.2 microM), which produced no effect on cell viability. Inhibition by cannabinoids of lymphocyte proliferative responses to PMA plus ionomycin and sheep erythrocyte (sRBC) IgM antibody-forming cell (AFC) response, was abrogated completely by low concentrations of dibutyryl-cAMP (10-100 microM). Inhibition of the sRBC AFC response by both delta 9-THC (22 microM) and CP-55940 (5.2 microM) was also abrogated by preincubation of splenocytes for 24 hr with pertussis toxin (0.1-100 ng/mL). Pertussis toxin pretreatment of spleen cells was also found to directly abrogate cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase, as measured by forskolin-stimulated accumulation of intracellular cAMP. These results indicate that inhibition of the sRBC AFC response by cannabinoids is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of adenylate cyclase through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor. Additionally, these studies further support the premise that cAMP is an important mediator of lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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White AG, Raju KT, Keddie S, Abouna GM. Lymphocyte activation: changes in intracellular adenosine triphosphate and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Immunol Lett 1989; 22:47-50. [PMID: 2777334 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(89)90141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of human lymphocytes from 20 individuals with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) for 60 min resulted in a fall in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of 35% compared to unstimulated controls of 19% (p less than 0.001). There was a significant (p less than 0.01) correlation (r = 0.57) between ATP decrease at 60 min and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis at 72 h in PHA-stimulated cells. The technique described here is simple, rapid and has possible application in immunodiagnosis and immunologic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G White
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University
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Poteat HT, Kadison P, McGuire K, Park L, Park RE, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Response of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat to cyclic AMP. J Virol 1989; 63:1604-11. [PMID: 2538645 PMCID: PMC248402 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1604-1611.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequences that control transcriptional initiation of the provirus of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are shown to be responsive to intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. A heptanucleotide sequence present within the 21-nucleotide repeat sequence that is similar to the cyclic AMP-responsive consensus (CRE) sequence was required for cyclic AMP-mediated increase in gene expression. Although the CRE-like sequences were contained within sequences that were responsive to the virally encoded trans-activator (tax), the evidence presented indicates that the mechanisms of promoter induction by the tax product and cyclic AMP are independent. The implication of cyclic AMP stimulation of HTLV-1 provirus gene expression for long-term persistence of infected T cells and for virus-induced transformation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Poteat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Whitfield JF, Durkin JP, Franks DJ, Kleine LP, Raptis L, Rixon RH, Sikorska M, Walker PR. Calcium, cyclic AMP and protein kinase C--partners in mitogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1987; 5:205-50. [PMID: 3030578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00046999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is steadily mounting that the proto-oncogenes, whose products organize and start the programs that drive normal eukaryotic cells through their chromosome replication/mitosis cycles, are transiently stimulated by sequential signals from a multi-purpose, receptor-operated mechanism (consisting of internal surges of Ca2+ and bursts of protein kinase C activity resulting from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate breakdown and the opening of membrane Ca2+ channels induced by receptor-associated tyrosine-protein kinase activity) and bursts of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase activity. The bypassing or subversion of the receptor-operated Ca2+/phospholipid breakdown/protein kinase C signalling mechanism is probably the basis of the freeing of cell proliferation from external controls that characterizes all neoplastic transformations.
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Otani S, Matsui-Yuasa I, Hashikawa K, Kasai S, Matsui K, Morisawa S. Synergistic induction of ornithine decarboxylase by diacylglycerol, A23187, and cholera toxin in guinea pig lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 130:389-95. [PMID: 2992466 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
When guinea pig lymphocytes were cultured with 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG), A23187, and cholera toxin, ornithine decarboxylase activity was induced synergistically, peaking at 6 h. Addition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), A23187, and dibutyryl cAMP caused the same kind of induction. Cholera toxin potentiated the ability of A23187 to induce ornithine decarboxylase, but not that of OAG. Dibutyryl cAMP augmented the induction caused by A23187 but not by TPA. These results suggest that both the activation of Ca++-sensitive, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and the increase in intracellular levels of Ca++ and cAMP are necessary for this induction. cAMP may potentiate the induction by modulating a Ca++ messenger system other than that for protein kinase C activation.
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Itkes AV, Kartasheva ON, Tunitskaya VL, Turpaev KT, Kafiani CA, Severin ES. Activities of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and enzymes of 2',5'-oligoadenylate metabolism in NIH 3T3 cells deepening into the resting state. Exp Cell Res 1985; 157:335-42. [PMID: 2984026 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was found to increase continuously in the NIH 3T3 cells, deepening into the resting state. The increase correlated with intracellular level of heat-stable protein inhibitor of the protein kinase rather than with the cAMP content. The elevation of 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase activity and the decrease in 2'-phosphodiesterase activity were also observed in the cells sinking into the resting state. The variations in enzyme activities were similar to those caused by the increase in the intracellular cAMP content described elsewhere. These results agree with the idea that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase is involved in the regulation of the enzymes of 2',5'-oligo(A) metabolism.
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The influence of ribose 5-phosphate availability on purine synthesis of cultured human lymphoblasts and mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Rampini C, Dubois C, Barbu V. Phosphate depletion decrease mitogen-mediated stimulation of phospholipid synthesis in human peripheral lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 118:371-7. [PMID: 6696764 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Concanavalin A-mediated stimulation of 32P-phosphate incorporation into phospholipids of human peripheral lymphocytes is comparatively studied in normal and phosphate-depleted media. In the phosphate-depleted medium, 2 hours after the start of cell activation, the stimulation sharply decreases for phosphatidylinositol (6.5-fold) and for phosphatidylcholine (in the latter case, the stimulation is even replaced by a slight inhibition of the incorporation). These results must be related to the rate-limiting effect of inorganic phosphate on ATP formation and thus on phospholipid synthesis, an effect which may be particularly pronounced when there is both phosphate depletion and cell activation.
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Yamaguchi N, Kawai K. Factors affecting the CEA secretion of human adenocarcinoma cell lines into the spent medium. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1983; 18:428-35. [PMID: 6317508 DOI: 10.1007/bf02776581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CEA producing cell lines were established from human gastric cancer (HGC-Y1), pancreatic cancer (HPC-Y9) and lung cancer (HLC-Y1). The culture medium was used RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The secretion of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) into the spent medium from these cultured cell lines was modified by several factors, such as theophylline, cyclic AMP (cAMP), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP), Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and human interferon (INF). CEA secretion was enhanced by theophylline, cAMP, PGE2 and INF. Theophylline had an optimal dose to maximally enhance CEA secretion. cAMP and INF apparently enhanced CEA secretion dose dependently. PGE2 appeared to enhance CEA secretion, although cell growth was markedly suppressed dose dependently, dbcAMP, DMSO and BrdUrd did not affect CEA secretion. Here, the kinetics of CEA secretion was discussed.
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Richert JR, Kies MW, Alvord EC. Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02834133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mednieks MI, Jungmann RA. Selective expression of type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in subcellular fractions of concanavalin A-stimulated rat thymocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 213:127-38. [PMID: 6277249 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Weber W, Schwoch G, Wielckens K, Gartemann A, Hilz H. cAMP receptor proteins and protein kinases in human lymphocytes: fundamental alterations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 120:585-92. [PMID: 6977446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Lymphocytes were labelled by incubation with [32P]Pi and their plasma membranes isolated. Analysis by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed a small number of strongly phosphorylated polypeptides. Two of these were especially prominent; they had molecular weights of about 52000 and 90000, were acidic and were apparently not glycosylated. Similar patterns were obtained for quiescent T- and B-lymphocytes from different species and for cultured lymphoblastoid cells, although the relative amounts of the labelled polypeptides varied. Immunoprecipitation analyses of the detergent-solubilized 32P-labelled plasma membranes indicated that the glycosylated polypeptide of the human major transplantation (HLA-A and HLA-B) antigens and its mouse and pig counterparts are phosphorylated. In contrast, no phosphorylation of the membrane-associated immunoglobulin, the mouse Thy-1 antigen or the human HLA-DRw(Ia) antigen was detected. The phosphorylation patterns of human peripheral blood and nude-mouse spleen lymphocytes did not change during the period 5-30min after mitogen stimulation. Therefore a change in the phosphorylation of plasma-membrane protein(s) is probably not an early biochemical event in the initiation of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte growth, although a rapid transient change cannot be ruled out. Similar plasma-membrane phosphorylation patterns were also obtained by incubating the purified plasma membrane with [gamma-32P]ATP. The phosphorylation of the 90000-mol.wt. polypeptide was particularly rapid and was stimulated by the addition of cyclic AMP.
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Russell DH, Haddox MK. Cyclic AMP-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase in normal and neoplastic growth. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1979; 17:61-79. [PMID: 230710 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(79)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Wang T, Sheppard JR, Foker JE. Rise and fall of cyclic AMP required for onset of lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Science 1978; 201:155-7. [PMID: 208147 DOI: 10.1126/science.208147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels of mouse lymphocytes rose and fell sharply 10 hours after stimulation with concanavalin A. Treatment of the cells with indomethacin reversibly prevented the increase in cyclic AMP and the subsequent onset of DNA synthesis. When the heightened cyclic AMP before S phase was maintained by either inhibiting phosphodiesterase or by adding the 8-bromo derivative of cyclic AMP, DNA synthesis was also blocked. Both the increase and decrease in cyclic AMP appear to be required for progression of lymphocytes into the S phase of growth.
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Kay JE, Benzie CR, Dicker P, Lindahl-Kiessling K. Inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by a factor present in lymphocyte cytoplasm. FEBS Lett 1978; 91:40-4. [PMID: 668908 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The role of adenosine -3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate in the origin and development of tumors. Pharm Chem J 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00779038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Malkinson AM, Wang T, Foker JE. Increased phosphorylation of a specific protein in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 1978; 113:442-5. [PMID: 299654 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of proteins from murine splenic lymphocytes was studied. When the phosphorylation of proteins in extracts from Concanavalin A (ConA)-treated lymphocytes was compared with that of resting lymphocytes, there was only one detectable difference between them. A protein of 135,000 mol. wt was highly phosphorylatable in extracts from ConA-treated cells while phosphate incorporation into this protein was slight in extracts from untreated cells. This effect could be observed 12 h after ConA treatment and was maximal during S phase. This soluble protein was also phosphorylated in intact lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkinson
- Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Ramagopal S, Huang B, Marcus A. Modulation of protein synthesis during the growth cycle of a culture of scarlet rose. J Cell Physiol 1977; 93:319-29. [PMID: 304062 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040930302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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DiPasquale A, McGuire J. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP arrests the growth of cultivated Cloudman melanoma cells in the late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 1977; 93:395-405. [PMID: 201651 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040930311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DBcAMP reversibly arrests cultivated Cloudman melanoma cells in the late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. This is supported by the measurement of DNA synthesis by autoradiography and measurement of cellular DNA by two methods--the diphenylamine reaction and microspectrophotometry of Feulgen stained cells. We also present evidence that (1) cell division is prevented if DBcAMP is added as late in the cycle as early S phase. (2) The inhibition of cell division does not appear to be caused by products of tyrosine oxidation. (3) The increase in cell size that occurs in the presence of DBcAMP reflects continued synthesis of protein in the absence of cell division.
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Yasmeen D, Laird AJ, Hume DA, Weidemann MJ. Activation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport in rat thymus lymphocytes by concanavalin A. Temperature and calcium ion dependence and sensitivity to puromycin but to cycloheximide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 500:89-102. [PMID: 303526 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Byus CV, Klimpel GR, Lucas DO, Russell DH. Type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase as opposite effectors of lymphocyte mitogenesis. Nature 1977; 268:63-4. [PMID: 196201 DOI: 10.1038/268063a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fónagy A, Ord MG, Stocken LA. Phosphorylation of rat thymus histones, its control and the effects thereon of gamma-irradiation. Biochem J 1977; 162:171-81. [PMID: 192208 PMCID: PMC1164580 DOI: 10.1042/bj1620171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phosphate content of rat thymus histones was determined. As expected for a replicating tissue, histones 1 and 2B were more phosphorylated and had higher 32P uptakes than did histones from resting liver nuclei; the other histones all showed 32P uptake, but the phosphate content and uptake of histone 2A was about half that for liver histone 2A. When thymus nuclei were incubated in a slightly hypo-osmotic medium, non-histone proteins and phosphorylated histones were released into solution; this was enhanced if ATP was present in the medium. [gamma-32P]ATP was incorporated into non-histone proteins, including protein P1, and into the ADP-ribosylated form of histone 1; negligible 32P was incprporated into the other, bound, histones. Histones 1 and 2B added to the incubation medium were extensively, and histones 2A and 4 slightly, phosphorylated. Histones released by increasing the ionic strength of the medium were phosphorylated. Added lysozyme and cytochrome c were neither bound nor phosphorylated, but added non-histone protein P1 was phosphorylated, causing other histones to be released from the nuclei, especially histones 2A and 3. The released histones were phosphorylated. gamma-Irradiation decreased 32P uptake into the non-ADP-ribosylated histones 1 and 4; phosphorylation of histone 1 in vitro was unaffected. The importance of non-histone proteins, ATP availability and nuclear protein kinases to the control of histone phosphorylation in vivo is discussed.
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Horenstein A, Piras MM, Mordoh J, Piras R. Protein phosphokinase activities of resting and proliferating human lymphocytes. Changes upon phytohemagglutinin stimulation and in acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells. Exp Cell Res 1976; 101:260-6. [PMID: 183966 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Culvenor JG, Weidemann MJ. Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of rat thymus lymphocytes glycolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 437:354-63. [PMID: 1085166 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose disappearance and lactate production by the rat thymocytes are stimulated significantly 45 min after addition of phytohaemagglutinin or concanavalin A and the stimulated rate is sustained for at least 8 h. Changes in the steady-state concentration of glycolytic intermediates that occur at non-equilibrium steps during the increased rate of glycolytic flux indicate that the glucose carrier, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are potentially regulatory steps that undergo nearly simultaneous or tightly sequential activation following interaction of the cells with the mitogen.
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Greene WC, Parker CM, Parker CW. Opposing effects of mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins on lymphocyte activation. Evidence that wheat germ agglutinin produces a negative signal. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Freedman MH, Gelfand EW. Post recognition ion dependent events in mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation and in cytotoxic effector cell responses. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1976; 5:517-34. [PMID: 825446 DOI: 10.3109/08820137609033864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the increased permeability and enhanced uptake transport of monovalent and divalent cations following mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The observed Ca2+ uptake is discussed in terms of gated Ca2+ channels. The importance of divalent cations, particularly Ca2+, is discussed in terms of triggering of cytotoxic effector cell responses for three model systems (antibody dependent cytotoxicity, mitogen-induced cytotoxicity and cell mediated cytotoxicity); (85).
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Parker CW. Cyclic nucleotide metabolism of reticuloendothelial cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 73 PT-A:131-8. [PMID: 187026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3297-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Faragó A, Antoni F, Fábián F. Histone kinases and cyclic AMP-binding capacity of nuclei of human tonsillar lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 370:459-67. [PMID: 4374243 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Whitfield JF, MacManus JP, Boynton AL, Gillan DJ, Isaacs RJ. Concanavalin A and the initiation of thymic lymphoblast DNA synthesis and proliferation by a calcium-dependent increase in cyclic GMP level. J Cell Physiol 1974; 84:445-58. [PMID: 4373488 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040840312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Johnson EM, Karn J, Allfrey VG. Early Nuclear Events in the Induction of Lymphocyte Proliferation by Mitogens. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Webb DR, Stites DP, Perlman JD, Austin KE, Fudenberg HH. Control of mitogen--induced lymphocyte activation. I. The effect of cyclic AMP on DNA and RNA synthesis in PHA--stimulated cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1974; 2:322-32. [PMID: 4363669 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(74)90050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pogo BG, Katz JR. Early events in lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin. 2. Synthesis and phosphorylation of nuclear proteins. Differentiation 1974; 2:119-24. [PMID: 4435313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1974.tb00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abell CW, Monahan TM. The role of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the regulation of mammalian cell division. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 59:549-58. [PMID: 4361656 PMCID: PMC2109118 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.59.3.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Mendelsohn J, Multer MM, Boone RF. Enhanced effects of prostaglandin E1 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP upon human lymphocytes in the presence of cortisol. J Clin Invest 1973; 52:2129-37. [PMID: 4353772 PMCID: PMC333013 DOI: 10.1172/jci107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of cortisol and agents acting through a cyclic AMP-mediated mechanism have been studied in cultures of highly purified human peripheral lymphocytes. Incubation with prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)), dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or cortisol results in a concentration-dependent inhibition of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation by both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes, and PHA-induced morphologic transformation is prevented. When cortisol and PGE(1) (or dibutyryl cyclic AMP) are added together to lymphocyte cultures, enhanced inhibitory effects are observed. Incubation of unstimulated or PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with PGE(1) results in an elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels within 20 min. The concentration of cyclic AMP gradually returns to base-line levels over a 1-6 h period of time. Cortisol alone does not significantly alter cyclic AMP concentrations. However, incubation with PGE(1) in the presence of cortisol results in a greater stimulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels than that observed with PGE(1) alone. These findings suggest that cortisol may act synergistically with PGE(1) to elevate lymphocyte cyclic AMP levels and to regulate [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and transformation.
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Gurley LR, Walters RA, Tobey RA. Histone phosphorylation in late interphase and mitosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 50:744-50. [PMID: 4734678 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Webb DR, Stites DP, Fudenberg HH. Effects of cyclic AMP and theophylline on mitogen-induced RNA synthesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1973; 2:353-60. [PMID: 4355422 DOI: 10.3109/08820137309022806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Macmanus JP, Franks DJ, Youdale T, Braceland BM. Increases in rat liver cyclic AMP concentrations prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis following partial hepatectomy or hormone infusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49:1201-7. [PMID: 4345670 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Whitney RB, Sutherland RM. Requirement for calcium ions in lymphocyte transformation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. J Cell Physiol 1972; 80:329-37. [PMID: 4630640 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Murray AW, Froscio M, Kemp BE. Histone phosphatase and cyclic nucleotide-stimulated protein kinase from human lymphocytes. Biochem J 1972; 129:995-1002. [PMID: 4348170 PMCID: PMC1174257 DOI: 10.1042/bj1290995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Extracts of human peripheral blood lymphocytes contained a histone phosphatase that catalysed the release of P(i) from phosphorylated whole thymus histone. 2. Stimulation of the phosphatase was obtained by concentrations of KCl and NaCl of up to 75mm, and by MgCl(2); CaCl(2) inhibited the enzymic activity. 3. In the absence of MgCl(2), phosphoenol-pyruvate inhibited histone phosphatase activity; this inhibition could be partially reversed by adding MgCl(2) to assays. 4. Lymphocyte extracts contained a protein kinase activity which was maximally stimulated by 1mum-cyclic AMP (adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate) or by 0.1mm-cyclic GMP (guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate). 5. Incubation of the enzyme with histone in the absence of ATP or MgCl(2) resulted in the dissociation of the enzyme into a lower-molecular-weight species that was not stimulated by cyclic AMP. This effect could be prevented if ATP and MgCl(2) were present in reaction mixtures before histone and enzyme were allowed to interact. 6. Cyclic AMP also dissociated the kinase into a lower-molecular-weight species. 7. In the presence of 1mum-AMP, half-maximal activities were obtained with 0.92mm-MgCl(2), 6.0mum-ATP and 0.23mg of whole thymus histone/ml.
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Rosenfeld MG, Abrass JB, Mendelsohn J, Ross BA, Boone RF, Garren LD. Control of transcription of RNA rich in polyadenylic acid in human lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:2306-11. [PMID: 4340753 PMCID: PMC426923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.8.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly labeled polyribosomal RNA rich in poly(A) has been isolated from cultures of highly purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Messenger RNA function for this RNA is suggested by its ability to direct [3H]Met-tRNA binding to ribosomes and incorporation of amino acids into protein in a cell-free preparation. Phytohemagglutinin and low concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP (40 nM) increase poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis 40% within 2 hr, and 100-300% by 12 hr; the percent poly(A) content and the size of the poly(A)-rich portion remain constant. Higher concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP (1 nM), which prevent morphological transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin, inhibit synthesis of poly(A)-rich RNA in phytohemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes without damaging cells. Cortisol (0.1 mM), which also prevents lymphocyte transformation, inhibits poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis by 80%. Cycloheximide (5 micro/ml), which decreases protein synthesis by 90%, decreases poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis 80% in cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. These studies demonstrate that, as part of the early molecular events of their action, phytohemagglutinin and cortisol regulate transcription of adenylate-rich RNA in human lymphocytes, and that similar transcriptional effects can be produced by dibutyryl cAMP.
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