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Santana IGC, Almeida LDS, Moreira LKDS, de Carvalho FS, Menegatti R, da Rocha ALB, Mazurok TA, Vaz BG, Lião LM, Brito AF, Fajemiroye JO, Costa EA, Carvalho PG. Structure-activity relationship of three new piperazine derivates with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:521-533. [PMID: 35395172 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are common mental disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Unsatisfactory clinical outcomes with the use of the available pharmacological interventions among some patients demand newer drugs with proven efficacy, safety, and tolerability profile. In this study, the LQFM211, LQFM213, and LQFM214 were designed from the piperazine scaffold and administered orally in mice. These mice were later evaluated in the open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests to assess the exploratory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like activities, respectively. The mechanism of action of these new derivatives was evaluated using Flumazenil (benzodiazepine antagonist) and WAY100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Unlike LQFM214, the LQFM211 and LQFM213 elicited anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. The blockade of the effect of LQFM213 by WAY100635 suggests the involvement of the serotonergic pathway. Keywords: anxiety, behavioral pharmacology, depression, medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Faculty of Pharmacy, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Chemistry Institute, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Chemistry Institute, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
| | - Adriane Ferreira Brito
- Goiânia Flamboyant Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Department of Pharmacology, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
| | - James O Fajemiroye
- Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Department of Pharmacology, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
| | - E A Costa
- Universidade Federal de Goias, 67824, Goiania, GO, Brazil;
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Abou-Hadeed AH, Mohamed AT, Hegab DY, Ghoneim MH. Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene Distrub the Hematological Parameters and Induce Structural and Functional Alterations in Liver of Rats. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1765-1776. [PMID: 35546987 PMCID: PMC9083870 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356439.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The current experiment aimed to assess the effect of the synthetic antioxidants ethoxyquin (EQ) and/or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the liver function tests, hematological parameters, and liver histoarchitecture in rats. A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals per group. The first group served as the control and did not receive any treatments, and the second group served as the vehicle control and was orally administrated 1 ml of corn oil day after day for consecutive 45 and 90 days. The third group (EQ) was orally administered 1 ml of EQ dissolved in corn oil day after day for consecutive 45 and 90 days in a dose of 1/5 LD50, and the fourth group (BHT) was orally received 1 ml of BHT dissolved in corn oil day after day for consecutive 45 and 90 days in a dose of 1/5 LD50. The fifth group (combination group) was orally administered both EQ and BHT at the same doses and durations described above. The present results showed that the final body weight was significantly decreased in the EQ- or BHT-treated group particularly at 90 days of exposure to both compounds. Furthermore, the liver weight was significantly elevated in EQ, BHT, and co-exposed groups at 45 and 90 days of exposure, compared to the control group. Moreover, EQ, BHT, and their co-exposure caused a significant elevation in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes, as well as total bilirubin at 45 and 90 days of exposure. On the other hand, there was no significant change in the total albumin. Hemoglobin value, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and differential leucocyte count at 45 and 90 days of exposure were significantly decreased. Histopathological significant findings in the liver were observed as vascular congestions, vacuolations, hydropic degenerations, lipidosis, and swelling, particularly in the co-exposed group for 90 days. These findings confirmed the hepatotoxic potential of EQ and BHT; therefore, it is recommended to control and limit the utilization of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H Abou-Hadeed
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - A. T Mohamed
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - D. Y Hegab
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - M. H Ghoneim
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Deciphering Key Interactions of Ligands with CYP3A4-Template* system. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:10-21. [PMID: 33791186 PMCID: PMC8008454 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-20-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolisms are often associated with biological and toxicological events of chemicals. A major hepatic enzyme, CYP3A4, showed clear distinctions on their catalyses even among ligands having resemble structures. To better understand mechanisms of their distinct catalyses, possible associations of ligand interactions at specific parts of CYP3A4 residues were investigated using CYP3A4-Template system developed (DMPK 2019 and 2020). A placement was available selectively for CYP3A4-mediated R-thalidomide 5-oxidation on Template, but not for the 5’-oxidation and the S-isomer oxidations. Similar placements were generated for pomalidomide (4-amino-thalidomide), but not for a poor ligand, lenalidomide (3-deoxy-pomalidomide). The latter ligand took placements lacking IJK-Interaction or sticking the 4-amino part beyond the facial-side wall on Template. A placement was available for the tert-butyl oxidation of terfenadine, but not for an analog, ebastine. Their interactions with upper-Cavity-2 residue were expected to differ at their sites of oxygen substituents. Some phenolic antioxidants behave distinctly toward biological oxidations in vitro and in vivo. Butylated hydroxytoluene is oxidized to the peroxy-derivative in vitro, but solely to the oxidized metabolites at the benzyl and tert-butyl methyl positions in vivo. Involvement of CYP3A4 were suggested for all the three reactions from the placements on Template. Tocopherols were also applied on Template for the oxidations for chroman and side-chain terminals. The primary placement was suggested to undergo the futile-recycling through formation of the peroxide intermediate subsequently to lead the substantial lack of the CYP3A4-mediated oxidation. These data suggest the effectiveness of CYP3A4-Template assessment to understand the causal basis of poor oxidations and also to verify the in vivo contribution of CYP3A4-mediated peroxidative reactions.
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Zhang R, Li J, Cui X. Tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139862. [PMID: 32544679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As one typical synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) has been widely adopted in food and other human products, and considered as an emerging contaminant due to its toxic effects. Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism of BHT is crucial to evaluate its environmental fate and toxicity. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of BHT in mice were investigated. It was shown that BHT was prone to be accumulated in metabolism-related organs (i.e., liver and kidney) with AUC0-120 h (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 120 h) values of 206 h·μg/g in liver and 162 h·μg/g in kidney. For metabolites, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadione (BHT-quinol) was preferentially accumulated in liver, while 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH) was the major metabolite in excreta. The major excretion of BHT and metabolites was through feces with a value of 25.1 ± 0.16% of the initial dose compared with urine of 1.27 ± 0.05%. The possible metabolic pathways of BHT were elucidated as the oxidation of the para-methyl, tert-butyl groups, and aromatic ring based on the known and identified unknown metabolites by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The preferred accumulation of BHT and metabolites in liver implies their potential hepatotoxicity. Results here also suggested that considering the distribution and excretion of metabolites can better assess BHT's fate and risk in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 Prevents Neuronal Death from Ischemic Damage by Reducing Neuroinflammation in the Rabbit Spinal Cord. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197425. [PMID: 33050051 PMCID: PMC7582635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is a glycolytic enzyme that increases glycolytic flux in the brain. In the present study, we examined the effects of PGAM1 in conditions of oxidative stress and ischemic damage in motor neuron-like (NSC34) cells and the rabbit spinal cord. A Tat-PGAM1 fusion protein was prepared to allow easy crossing of the blood-brain barrier, and Control-PGAM1 was synthesized without the Tat peptide protein transduction domain. Intracellular delivery of Tat-PGAM1, not Control-PGAM1, was achieved in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the intracellular expression of Tat-PGAM1 in NSC34 cells. Tat-PGAM1, but not Control-PGAM1, significantly alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress, neuronal death, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and apoptosis-inducing factor expression in NSC34 cells. After ischemia induction in the spinal cord, Tat-PGAM1 treatment significantly improved ischemia-induced neurological impairments and ameliorated neuronal cell death in the ventral horn of the spinal cord 72 h after ischemia. Tat-PGAM1 treatment significantly mitigated the ischemia-induced increase in malondialdehyde and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α production in the spinal cord. In addition, Tat-PGAM1, but not Control-PGAM1, significantly decreased microglial activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced by ischemia in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These results suggest that Tat-PGAM1 can be used as a therapeutic agent to reduce spinal cord ischemia-induced neuronal damage by lowering the oxidative stress, microglial activation, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.
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6
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The food additive BHA modifies energy metabolism in the perfused rat liver. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Castro LDS, Bracht L, Comar JF, Peralta RM, Bracht A. A reappraisal of the proposed metabolic and antioxidant actions of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the liver. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Maringá; Maringá 87020900 Brazil
| | | | | | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Maringá; Maringá 87020900 Brazil
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Read-across for rat oral gavage repeated-dose toxicity for short-chain mono-alkylphenols: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Peinado MÁ, Hernández R, Peragón J, Ovelleiro D, Pedrosa JÁ, Blanco S. Proteomic characterization of nitrated cell targets after hypobaric hypoxia and reoxygenation in rat brain. J Proteomics 2014; 109:309-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
BHT is the recognized name in the cosmetics industry for butylated hydroxytoluene. BHT is used in a wide range of cosmetic formulations as an antioxidant at concentrations from 0.0002% to 0.5%. BHT does penetrate the skin, but the relatively low amount absorbed remains primarily in the skin. Oral studies demonstrate that BHT is metabolized. The major metabolites appear as the carboxylic acid of BHT and its glucuronide in urine. At acute doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg, some renal and hepatic damage was seen in male rats. Short-term repeated exposure to comparable doses produced hepatic toxic effects in male and female rats. Subchronic feeding and intraperitoneal studies in rats with BHT at lower doses produced increased liver weight, and decreased activity of several hepatic enzymes. In addition to liver and kidney effects, BHT applied to the skin was associated with toxic effects in lung tissue. BHT was not a reproductive or developmental toxin in animals. BHT has been found to enhance and to inhibit the humoral immune response in animals. BHT itself was not generally considered genotoxic, although it did modify the genotoxicity of other agents. BHT has been associated with hepatocellular and pulmonary adenomas in animals, but was not considered carcinogenic and actually was associated with a decreased incidence of neoplasms. BHT has been shown to have tumor promotion effects, to be anticarcinogenic, and to have no effect on other carcinogenic agents, depending on the target organ, exposure parameters, the carcinogen, and the animal tested. Various mechanism studies suggested that BHT toxicity is related to an electrophillic metabolite. In a predictive clinical test, 100% BHT was a mild irritant and a moderate sensitizer. In provocative skin tests, BHT (in the 1% to 2% concentration range) produced positive reactions in a small number of patients. Clinical testing did not find any depigmentation associated with dermal exposure to BHT, although a few case reports of depigmentation were found. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel recognized that oral exposure to BHT was associated with toxic effects in some studies and was negative in others. BHT applied to the skin, however, appears to remain in the skin or pass through only slowly and does not produce systemic exposures to BHT or its metabolites seen with oral exposures. Although there were only limited studies that evaluated the effect of BHT on the skin, the available studies, along with the case literature, demonstrate no significant irritation, sensitization, or photosensitization. Recognizing the low concentration at which this ingredient is currently used in cosmetic formulations, it was concluded that BHT is safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
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Katsaras J, Stinson RH, Davis JH, Kendall EJ. Location of two antioxidants in oriented model membranes. Small-angle x-ray diffraction study. Biophys J 1991; 59:645-53. [PMID: 2049525 PMCID: PMC1281229 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle x-ray diffraction has been applied in locating either butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or delta-tocopherol and their brominated analogues at a concentration of 40 mol% in oriented bilayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or DPPC + 15 mol% cholesterol at 20 degrees C. Phases were determined using swelling experiments with structure factors plotted in reciprocal space, creating a relatively smooth curve as the amount of water between the bilayers was changed. Continuous Fourier transforms were also calculated using sampling theory (Shannon, C. E. 1949. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. NY. 37:10-21) to further test the consistency of the phase assignments. Fourier synthesis of structure factors resulted in absolute electron density profiles for different bilayers to a resolution of 5-6 A. In addition, difference Patterson maps were constructed to confirm the positions of the bromine atoms in the unit cell. Analysis of the data indicates the following: (a) The BHT molecules are dispersed throughout the alkyl-chain region in DPPC samples with and without cholesterol. (b) The chromanol ring of delta-tocopherol is in the vicinity of the glycerol backbone-headgroup region in samples of DPPC or DPPC + 15 mol% cholesterol. (c) Difference Patterson maps confirm the localization of bromine atoms in the various delta-tocopherol samples and lack of bromine localization in the various BHT samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Katsaras
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Witschi H, Malkinson AM, Thompson JA. Metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Pharmacol Ther 1989; 42:89-113. [PMID: 2657809 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(89)90023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Witschi
- Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program, University of California, Davis 95616
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Thompson DC, Trush MA. Studies on the mechanism of enhancement of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung toxicity by butylated hydroxyanisole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988; 96:122-31. [PMID: 3188017 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(88)90254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The studies described in this report were designed to probe possible mechanisms whereby butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is able to enhance butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced mouse lung toxicity. In experiments with mouse lung slices, BHA enhanced the covalent binding of BHT to protein, indicating that the interaction between BHA and BHT takes place in the lung. Subcutaneous administration of either BHA (250 mg/kg) or diethyl maleate (DEM, 1 ml/kg) to male CD-1 mice produced a similar enhancement of BHT-induced lung toxicity. In contrast to DEM, the administration of BHA (250 or 1500 mg/kg) did not decrease mouse lung glutathione levels, suggesting that the effect of BHA is not due to the depletion of glutathione levels. We previously observed that in the presence of model peroxidases a unique interaction occurs between BHA and BHT, resulting in the increased metabolic activation of BHT. Upon the addition of hydrogen peroxide or various hydroperoxides to mouse lung microsomes, BHA significantly increased the covalent binding of BHT to protein. BHA also stimulated the rate of formation of hydrogen peroxide by 4.7-fold in mouse lung microsomes. Likewise, hydrogen peroxide resulting from the NADPH cytochrome P-450 (c) reductase-catalyzed redox cycling of tert-butylhydroquinone, a microsomal metabolite of BHA, supported the peroxidase-dependent BHA-enhanced formation of BHT-quinone methide. These results suggest that BHA could facilitate the activation of BHT in the lung as a result of both the increased formation of hydrogen peroxide and the subsequent peroxidase-dependent formation of BHT-quinone methide from the direct interaction of BHA with BHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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14
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Thompson DC, Trush MA. The toxicological implications of the interaction of butylated hydroxytoluene with other antioxidants and phenolic chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24:1189-95. [PMID: 3804121 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(86)90307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) enhanced both the in vitro peroxidase-catalysed covalent binding of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to microsomal protein and the formation of BHT-quinone methide. Eugenol, methylparaben, vanillin, guaiacol, ferulic acid and several other phenolic compounds commonly used in food and cosmetic products also enhanced the metabolic activation of BHT. BHA was the most effective compound tested. Microsomes from lung, bladder, kidney medulla and small intestine of various animal species, including man, were also able to support this interaction of BHA and BHT using either hydrogen peroxide or arachidonic acid as the substrate. These in vitro observations were extended to an in vivo mouse lung model. Subcutaneous injections of BHA significantly enhanced the lung/body weight ratio of mice given intraperitoneal injections of subthreshold doses of BHT. The toxicological implications of the interactions of BHT with other antioxidants and phenolic chemicals and their potential relevance to human risk are discussed.
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15
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Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed rearrangement of a peroxyquinol derived from butylated hydroxytoluene. Involvement of radical and cationic intermediates. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Mechanism of the initial step of biotransformation of ionol (BHT). Pharm Chem J 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00776322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Wand MD, Thompson JA. Mechanism of the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed isomerization of hydroperoxides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 197:337-46. [PMID: 3766266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5134-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Terao J, Magarian RA, Brueggemann G, King MM. Methods of extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of butylated hydroxytoluene from the tissues and serum of rats. Anal Biochem 1985; 151:445-54. [PMID: 4096383 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a phenolic antioxidant which is widely used in foods and has been shown to inhibit chemical carcinogenesis in the mammary gland induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. However, its mechanism of action as a tumor inhibitor is unclear. The purpose of this work was first to develop a method for extracting and quantitating BHT and then to determine the amounts that accumulate in the tissues and serum of rats as a starting point for looking at mechanistic possibilities in the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis. Methodology of extracting BHT from rat tissues and serum was developed using a modified lipid extraction procedure. The sensitive nature of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography proved useful in detecting and quantifying BHT after its extraction from biological tissues. All tissues were taken from animals consuming semipurified diets with and without 0.3% BHT for various periods of time (weeks). BHT was found in much higher levels in mammary tissue than in the liver and serum of rats. The lipid content in mammary tissue appears to be predictive of the amount of BHT found in this tissue, presumably because of the lipophilic character of the antioxidant.
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19
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Interaction of cytochrome P-450 with a hydroperoxide derived from butylated hydroxytoluene. Mechanism of isomerization. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Degterev IA, Zaikov GE. Ionol [BHT]: Distribution in the organism, metabolism, and biological effects. I. Distribution in the organism and metabolism (survey). Pharm Chem J 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00767821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Ito N, Fukushima S, Tsuda H. Carcinogenicity and modification of the carcinogenic response by BHA, BHT, and other antioxidants. Crit Rev Toxicol 1985; 15:109-50. [PMID: 3899519 DOI: 10.3109/10408448509029322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenicity tests showed that addition of the antioxidant BHA to the diet of F344 rats induced high incidences of papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach of both sexes. Male hamsters given BHA for 24 weeks also developed papilloma showing downward growth into the submucosa of the forestomach. These results indicate that BHA should be classified in the category of "sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity" as judged by IARC criteria. The 3-tert isomer of BHA seemed to be responsible for the carcinogenicity of crude BHA in the forestomach of rats. BHT was not found to be carcinogenic in rats or mice. In two-stage carcinogenesis in rats after appropriate initiation, BHA enhanced carcinogenesis in the forestomach and urinary bladder of rats, but inhibited carcinogenesis in the liver. BHT enhanced the induction of urinary bladder tumors and inhibited that of liver tumors, but had no effect on carcinogenesis in the forestomach. BHT could be a promoter of thyroid carcinogenesis. Sodium L-ascorbate enhanced forestomach and urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Ethoxyquin enhanced kidney and urinary bladder carcinogenesis, but inhibited liver carcinogenesis. Thus, these antioxidants modify two-stage chemical carcinogenesis in the forestomach, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, and thyroid, but show organ-specific differences in effects.
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22
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Furukawa K, Maeura Y, Furukawa NT, Williams GM. Induction by butylated hydroxytoluene of rat liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in comparison to expression in carcinogen-induced altered lesions. Chem Biol Interact 1984; 48:43-58. [PMID: 6141010 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(84)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at concentrations of 300-6000 ppm in the diet caused a dose-dependent increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in normal F344 male rat liver at 18 weeks. However, the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) of rat liver cytosol were enhanced only at concentrations of 3000 or 6000 ppm BHT. Histochemically, the enhanced GGT activity was localized to hepatocytes surrounding the portal areas. Autoradiographic measurements of DNA synthesis showed that dietary BHT did not increase the level of cell proliferation and the GGT-positive hepatocytes did not exhibit different rates of DNA synthesis from those of GGT-negative cells. Feeding of the liver carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide (FAA) induced foci and nodules of GGT-positive altered cells which exhibited higher rates of DNA synthesis than those of surrounding GGT-negative hepatocytes. Following iron loading, the periportal GGT-positive hepatocytes produced by BHT accumulated cellular iron, whereas the cells in FAA-induced lesions excluded iron. These results suggest that dietary BHT induces GGT activity in periportal hepatocytes without proliferation of the cells and that induction does not represent fetal expression or a preneoplastic alteration.
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Mizutani T, Yamamoto K, Tajima K. Isotope effects on the metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene in mice by deuteration of the 4-methyl group. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983; 69:283-90. [PMID: 6868090 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(83)90310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A comparative test in mice for pulmonary toxicity between butylated hydroxytoluene (2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol, BHT) and 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-[alpha, alpha, alpha-2H3]methylphenol (BHT-d3) showed a significantly lower toxic potency of the latter. The rate of in vitro BHT metabolism to 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-QM) was slowed by deuterating BHT in the 4-methyl group. On the other hand, the rate of in vitro metabolism to 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-OH) was increased with the deuteration. A similar isotope effect of the deuterium substitution on the in vivo metabolic rates of BHT was observed. These observations support the concept that the lung damage caused by BHT is mediated by BHT-QM. The pulmonary toxicity of 2-tert.-butyl-4-ethylphenol (4-EP) and their deuterated analogs was also compared. 2-tert.-Butyl-4-[1,1-2H2]ethylphenol (4-EP-d2) showed a significantly lower toxic potency than 4-EP, whereas 2-tert.-butyl-4-[2,2,2-2H3]ethylphenol (4-EP-d3) showed a toxic potency comparable to that of 4-EP. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that a quinone methide metabolite is responsible for the onset of lung damage produced by 4-EP as well as BHT.
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Takahashi O, Hiraga K. The role of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT quinone methide) in the metabolism of butylated hydroxytoluene. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21:279-83. [PMID: 6683224 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(83)90061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Male rats were fed 5.45 mmol/100 g diet butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (BHT alcohol) in either a standard or purified diet for 1 wk, after which their livers were analysed for levels of unconjugated BHT metabolites and their blood clotting times were assayed. The BHT quinone methide, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, was only found in appreciable concentrations (6-9 micrograms/g liver) in the livers of rats given BHT. For rats fed the purified diet, BHT and BHT alcohol caused significant reductions of the prothrombin index to 23 and 70%, respectively, of the control value, though rats fed the standard diet were not similarly affected. Liver concentrations of BHT in rats fed BHT alcohol also varied according to diet, indicating that the metabolic pathway may be affected by diet. Biliary excretion of the quinone methide was observed in rats given 140 mg BHT alcohol ip.
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Takahashi O, Hiraga K. Inhibition of phylloquinone epoxide-dependent carboxylation of microsomal proteins from rat liver by 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1981; 19:701-6. [PMID: 7327471 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(81)90523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Nakagawa Y, Hiraga K, Suga T. Biological fate of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): binding of BHT metabolites to cysteine in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:887-90. [PMID: 7247969 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(81)80012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Clement NR, Gould JM. Quantitative detection of hydrophobic antioxidants such as butylatedhydroxytoluene and butylatedhydroxyanisole in picomole amounts. Anal Biochem 1980; 101:299-304. [PMID: 7362025 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Takahashi O, Hiraga K. 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone: a hepatic metabolite of butylated hydroxytoluene in rats. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1979; 17:451-4. [PMID: 520979 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(79)90003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Malkinson AM. Prevention of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced lung damage in mice by cedar terpene administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 49:551-60. [PMID: 473220 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yeh SY, Krebs HA, Gorodetzky CW. Isolation and identification of morphine n-oxide alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines, beta- or gamma-isomorphine, and hydroxylated morphine as morphine metabolites in several mammalian species. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68:133-40. [PMID: 106104 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600680205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New morphine metabolites in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, cats, monkeys, and humans were isolated with column chromatography, solvent extraction, and TLC and identified with TLC, GLC, and GLC-mass spectrometry. In addition to the known morphine metabolites, morphine N-oxide was isolated from the urine of guinea pigs, and alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines were isolated or detected in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits. Monohydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, and cats. Dihydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and possibly, rabbits. Finally, beta- or gamma-isomorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs. The newly described morphine metabolites may be involved in some long lasting pharmacological effects of morphine.
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Takahashi O, Hiraga K. The relationship between hemorrhage induced by butylated hydroxytoluene and its antioxidant properties or structural characteristics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 46:811-4. [PMID: 746565 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(78)90326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Chen C, Tu M. Transannular dioxygenation of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene by cytochrome P-450 oxygenase of rat liver. Biochem J 1976; 160:805-8. [PMID: 13786 PMCID: PMC1164298 DOI: 10.1042/bj1600805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene is oxygenated by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 oxygenase to its 9,10-epidioxide. This transannular 1,4-peroxide is converted further into the diol by the microsomal preparation and NADPH. These two products constitute the majority of the metabolites found under the conditions described.
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