1
|
Dao NV, Ercole F, Kaminskas LM, Davis TP, Sloan EK, Whittaker MR, Quinn JF. Trisulfide-Bearing PEG Brush Polymers Donate Hydrogen Sulfide and Ameliorate Cellular Oxidative Stress. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5292-5305. [PMID: 33210534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A potential approach to combat cellular dysfunction is to manipulate cell communication and signaling pathways to restore physiological functions while protecting unaffected cells. For instance, delivering the signaling molecule H2S to certain cells has been shown to restore cell viability and re-normalize cell behavior. We have previously demonstrated the ability to incorporate a trisulfide-based H2S-donating moiety into linear polymers with good in vitro releasing profiles and demonstrated their potential for ameliorating oxidative stress. Herein, we report two novel series of brush polymers decorated with higher numbers of H2S-releasing segments. These materials contain two trisulfide-based monomers co-polymerized with oligo(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. The macromolecules were characterized to have a range of trisulfide densities with similar, well-defined molecular weight distribution, good H2S-releasing profiles, and high cellular tolerance. Using an amperometric technique, the H2S liberated and total sulfide release were found to depend on concentrations and chemical nature of triggering molecules (glutathione and cysteine) and, importantly, the position of reactive groups within the brush structure. Notably, when introduced to cells at well-tolerated doses, two macromolecular donors which have the same proportion as of the H2S-donating monomer (30%) but differ in releasing moiety location show similar cellular H2S-releasing kinetics. These donors can restore reactive oxygen species levels to baseline values, when polymer pretreated cells are exposed to exogenous oxidants (H2O2). Our work opens up a new aspect in preparing H2S macromolecule donors and their application to arresting cellular oxidative cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam V Dao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Physical Chemistry and Physics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Francesca Ercole
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John F Quinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dailey HA, Dailey TA, Gerdes S, Jahn D, Jahn M, O'Brian MR, Warren MJ. Prokaryotic Heme Biosynthesis: Multiple Pathways to a Common Essential Product. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00048-16. [PMID: 28123057 PMCID: PMC5312243 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00048-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of heme during evolution allowed organisms possessing this compound to safely and efficiently carry out a variety of chemical reactions that otherwise were difficult or impossible. While it was long assumed that a single heme biosynthetic pathway existed in nature, over the past decade, it has become clear that there are three distinct pathways among prokaryotes, although all three pathways utilize a common initial core of three enzymes to produce the intermediate uroporphyrinogen III. The most ancient pathway and the only one found in the Archaea converts siroheme to protoheme via an oxygen-independent four-enzyme-step process. Bacteria utilize the initial core pathway but then add one additional common step to produce coproporphyrinogen III. Following this step, Gram-positive organisms oxidize coproporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrin III, insert iron to make coproheme, and finally decarboxylate coproheme to protoheme, whereas Gram-negative bacteria first decarboxylate coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX and then oxidize this to protoporphyrin IX prior to metal insertion to make protoheme. In order to adapt to oxygen-deficient conditions, two steps in the bacterial pathways have multiple forms to accommodate oxidative reactions in an anaerobic environment. The regulation of these pathways reflects the diversity of bacterial metabolism. This diversity, along with the late recognition that three pathways exist, has significantly slowed advances in this field such that no single organism's heme synthesis pathway regulation is currently completely characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamara A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, Illinois, USA
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martina Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark R O'Brian
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Martin J Warren
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ercole F, Whittaker MR, Halls ML, Boyd BJ, Davis TP, Quinn JF. Garlic-inspired trisulfide linkers for thiol-stimulated H2S release. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8030-8033. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03820h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Garlic-inspired cholesterol-mPEG conjugates incorporating a trisulfide linkage have the ability to cleave upon exposure to thiols with a concomitant release of H2S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ercole
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Michelle L. Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics Theme
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This review is focused on formation and biological significance of hydropersulfides, i.e. S-sulfhydration process. Biogenesis and properties of reactive sulfur species and their role in redox signaling are presented. The effect of S-sulfhydration on protein function is discussed. For many years reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) have been recognized as key messengers in the process of thiol-based redox regulation. Relatively recently, literature reports began to mention reactive sulfur species (RSS) and their role in thiol regulation. This review is focused on biogenesis and biological properties of RSS, including: hydropersulfides, polysulfides and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Based on the most up-to-date literature data, the paper presents biological significance of S-sulfhydration process. In this reaction, sulfane sulfur is transferred to the–SH groups forming hydropersulfides. Protein cysteine residues, called ‘redox switches’ are susceptible to such reversible modifications. In line with the most recent reports, it was emphasized that sulfane sulfur-containing compounds (mainly hydrogen persulfides and polysulfides) are real and better mediators of S-sulfhydration-based signalling than H2S. We also overviewed proteins participating in the formation and transport of RSS and in mitochondrial H2S oxidation. In addition, we reviewed many reports about proteins unrelated to sulfur metabolism which are modified by S-sulfhydration that influences their catalytic activity. We also addressed the problem of the regulatory function of S-sulfhydration reaction in the activation of KATP channels (vasorelaxant) and transcription factors (e.g. NFκB) as well as in the mechanism of therapeutic action of garlic-derived sulfur compounds. Some aspects of comparison between RNS and RSS are also discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dailey HA, Gerdes S. HemQ: An iron-coproporphyrin oxidative decarboxylase for protoheme synthesis in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 574:27-35. [PMID: 25711532 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes for chlorite dismutase-like proteins are found widely among heme-synthesizing bacteria and some Archaea. It is now known that among the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria these proteins do not possess chlorite dismutase activity but instead are essential for heme synthesis. These proteins, named HemQ, are iron-coproporphyrin (coproheme) decarboxylases that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of coproheme III into protoheme IX. As purified, HemQs do not contain bound heme, but readily bind exogeneously supplied heme with low micromolar affinity. The heme-bound form of HemQ has low peroxidase activity and in the presence of peroxide the bound heme may be destroyed. Thus, it is possible that HemQ may serve a dual role as a decarboxylase in heme biosynthesis and a regulatory protein in heme homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Lancaster JR. Chemical foundations of hydrogen sulfide biology. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:21-34. [PMID: 23850631 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) and carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide (or its newer systematic name sulfane, H2S) became the third small molecule that can be both toxic and beneficial depending on the concentration. In spite of its impressive therapeutic potential, the underlying mechanisms for its beneficial effects remain unclear. Any novel mechanism has to obey fundamental chemical principles. H2S chemistry was studied long before its biological relevance was discovered, however, with a few exceptions, these past works have received relatively little attention in the path of exploring the mechanistic conundrum of H2S biological functions. This review calls attention to the basic physical and chemical properties of H2S, focuses on the chemistry between H2S and its three potential biological targets: oxidants, metals and thiol derivatives, discusses the applications of these basics into H2S biology and methodology, and introduces the standard terminology to this youthful field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fukuto JM, Carrington SJ, Tantillo DJ, Harrison JG, Ignarro LJ, Freeman BA, Chen A, Wink DA. Small molecule signaling agents: the integrated chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogen oxides, oxides of carbon, dioxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and their derived species. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:769-93. [PMID: 22263838 PMCID: PMC4061765 DOI: 10.1021/tx2005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several small molecule species formally known primarily as toxic gases have, over the past 20 years, been shown to be endogenously generated signaling molecules. The biological signaling associated with the small molecules NO, CO, H₂S (and the nonendogenously generated O₂), and their derived species have become a topic of extreme interest. It has become increasingly clear that these small molecule signaling agents form an integrated signaling web that affects/regulates numerous physiological processes. The chemical interactions between these species and each other or biological targets is an important factor in their roles as signaling agents. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of these molecules is essential to understanding their biological/physiological utility. This review focuses on this chemistry and attempts to establish the chemical basis for their signaling functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vinther TN, Ribel U, Åskov Pedersen T, Kjeldsen TB, Jensen KJ, Hubálek F. Identification of Anchor Points for Chemical Modification of a Small Cysteine-Rich Protein by Using a Cysteine Scan. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2448-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Ayodele ET, Hudson HR, Ojo IA, Pianka M. ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL FUNGICIDES: THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME SUBSTITUTED BENZYL 2-HYDROXYETHYL OLIGOSULFIDES. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500008043656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel T. Ayodele
- a School of Applied Chemistry, University of North London , Holloway Road, London , N7 8DB , United Kingdom
| | - Harry R. Hudson
- a School of Applied Chemistry, University of North London , Holloway Road, London , N7 8DB , United Kingdom
| | - Isaac A.O. Ojo
- a School of Applied Chemistry, University of North London , Holloway Road, London , N7 8DB , United Kingdom
- b Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-lfe, Nigeria
| | - Max Pianka
- a School of Applied Chemistry, University of North London , Holloway Road, London , N7 8DB , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banudevi S, Arunkumar A, Sharmila M, Senthilkumar J, Balasubramanian K, Srinivasan N, Aruldhas MM, Arunakaran J. Diallyl Disulfide-Induced Modulation of a Few Phase I and II Drug Metabolizing Enzymes on Aroclor 1254 Toxicity in Rattus norvegicus Liver and Ventral Prostate. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.36.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
12
|
Bolt EL, Kryszak L, Zeilstra-Ryalls J, Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Warren MJ. Characterization of the rhodobacter sphaeroides 5-aminolaevulinic acid synthase isoenzymes, HemA and HemT, isolated from recombinant Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:290-9. [PMID: 10491185 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hemA and hemT genes encoding 5-aminolaevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, were cloned to allow high expression in Escherichia coli. Both HemA and HemT appeared to be active in vivo as plasmids carrying the respective genes complemented an E. coli hemA strain (glutamyl-tRNA reductase deficient). The over-expressed isoenzymes were isolated and purified to homogeneity. Isolated HemA was soluble and catalytically active whereas HemT was largely insoluble and failed to show any activity ex vivo. Pure HemA was recovered in yields of 5-7 mg x L-1 of starting bacterial culture and pure HemT at 10 mg x L-1 x HemA has a final specific activity of 13 U x mg-1 with 1 unit defined as 1 micromol of 5-aminolaevulinic acid formed per hour at 37 degrees C. The Km values for HemA are 1.9 mM for glycine and 17 microM for succinyl-CoA, with the enzyme showing a turnover number of 430 h-1. In common with other ALASs the recombinant R. sphaeroides HemA requires pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor for catalysis. Removal of this cofactor resulted in inactive apo-ALAS. Similarly, reduction of the HemA-PLP complex using sodium borohydride led to > 90% inactivation of the enzyme. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy with HemA suggested the presence of an aldimine linkage between the enzyme and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate that was not observed when HemT was incubated with the cofactor. HemA was found to be sensitive to reagents that modify histidine, arginine and cysteine amino acid residues and the enzyme was also highly sensitive to tryptic cleavage between Arg151 and Ser152 in the presence or absence of PLP and substrates. Antibodies were raised to both HemA and HemT but the respective antisera were not only found to bind both enzymes but also to cross-react with mouse ALAS, indicating that all of the proteins have conserved epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Bolt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen L, Zoulíková I, Slaninová J, Barany G. Synthesis and pharmacology of novel analogues of oxytocin and deaminooxytocin: directed methods for the construction of disulfide and trisulfide bridges in peptides. J Med Chem 1997; 40:864-76. [PMID: 9083475 DOI: 10.1021/jm9607156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using as models the neurohypophyseal nonapeptide hormone oxytocin and its analogue deaminooxytocin, several directed routes to formation of sulfur-sulfur bridges have been developed and evaluated. The linear sequences (through common octapeptide-resin intermediates) were assembled smoothly on tris(alkoxy)benzylamide (PAL) poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS) graft supports, using stepwise Fmoc solid-phase chemistry. Side-chain protection of beta-mercaptopropionic acid (Mpa) and/or cysteine (Cys) was provided by S-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl (Tmob), S-acetamidomethyl (Acm), and/or a series of sulfenyl thiocarbonate and carbamoylsulfenyl protecting/activating groups: S-(methoxycarbonyl)sulfenyl (Scm), S-(methoxycarbonyl)disulfanyl (Sscm), S-(N-methyl-N-phenylcarbamoyl)sulfenyl (Snm), and S-(N-methyl-N-phenylcarbamoyl)disulfanyl (Ssnm). Thiolytic displacement of S-Snm (preferred) or S-Scm provided intramolecular cyclized peptide disulfides, and homologation of the chemistry with S-Ssnm (again preferred) and S-Sscm provided the corresponding trisulfides along with smaller amounts of disulfides and tetrasulfides. These chemistries could be implemented both in solution and in solid-phase modes. Various parameters were studied systematically and optimized, and the novel trisulfides of oxytocin and deaminooxytocin were synthesized and purified to homogeneity. The trisulfide compounds were evaluated in three assays: uterotonic in vitro, uterotonic in vivo, and pressor tests, and they showed substantial potencies, ranging from 5% to 40% of the parent (disulfide) activities, as well as protracted actions. The affinities of the peptide trisulfides to uterine membrane receptors were only 3.3-3.6-fold lower than those of the parent disulfides. Possible explanations of the biological results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Canova-Davis E, Baldonado IP, Chloupek RC, Ling VT, Gehant R, Olson K, Gillece-Castro BL. Confirmation by mass spectrometry of a trisulfide variant in methionyl human growth hormone biosynthesized in Escherichia coli. Anal Chem 1996; 68:4044-51. [PMID: 8916456 DOI: 10.1021/ac9605915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A sulfur-containing compound found in acid hydrolysates of proteins was identified 30 years ago as a trisulfide: bis-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) trisulfide (cysteine2S3). At that time, studies concerning the chemistry of sulfur-transferring enzyme systems suggested that cysteine2S3 also existed in biological systems. Two decades later, a cystine trisulfide structure was postulated in the regulator protein molecule for the activation of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. Recently, a trisulfide bond was reported to occur in the minor loop disulfide at Cys182-Cys189 in human growth hormone. We have detected a trisulfide structure in methionyl human growth hormone in the major loop disulfide Cys53-Cys165. The development of mass spectral analyses of high molecular weight molecules, such as proteins, led to the eventual identification of the modification. A tandem mass spectral analysis on a Sciex electrospray instrument localized an addition of 32 Da to the Cys53-Cys165 fragment. Elemental composition was determined by accurate mass measurement obtained by peak matching to a synthetic peptide and established that an extra sulfur atom was involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Canova-Davis
- Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neidle EL, Kaplan S. Expression of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides hemA and hemT genes, encoding two 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase isozymes. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:2292-303. [PMID: 8468290 PMCID: PMC204517 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.8.2292-2303.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides hemA and hemT genes, encoding 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase isozymes, were determined. ALA synthase catalyzes the condensation of glycine and succinyl coenzyme A, the first and rate-limiting step in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. The hemA and hemT structural gene sequences were 65% identical to each other, and the deduced HemA and HemT polypeptide sequences were 53% identical, with an additional 16% of aligned amino acids being similar. HemA and HemT were homologous to all characterized ALA synthases, including two human ALA synthase isozymes. In addition, they were evolutionarily related to 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase (BioF) and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase (Kbl), enzymes which catalyze similar reactions. Two hemA transcripts were identified, both expressed under photosynthetic conditions at levels approximately three times higher than those found under aerobic conditions. A single transcriptional start point was identified for both transcripts, and a consensus sequence at this location indicated that an Fnr-like protein may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of hemA. Transcription of hemT was not detected in wild-type cells under the physiological growth conditions tested. In a mutant strain in which the hemA gene had been inactivated, however, hemT was expressed. In this mutant, hemT transcripts were characterized by Northern (RNA) hybridization, primer extension, and ribonuclease protection techniques. A small open reading frame of unknown function was identified upstream of, and transcribed in the same direction as, hemA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Neidle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Neidle EL, Kaplan S. 5-Aminolevulinic acid availability and control of spectral complex formation in hemA and hemT mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:2304-13. [PMID: 8468291 PMCID: PMC204518 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.8.2304-2313.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, two genes, hemA and hemT, each encode a distinct 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase isozyme (E. L. Neidle and S. Kaplan, J. Bacteriol. 175:2292-2303, 1993). This enzyme catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in a branched pathway for tetrapyrrole formation, leading to the biosynthesis of hemes, bacteriochlorophylls, and corrinoids. In an attempt to determine the functions of hemA and hemT, mutant strains were constructed with specific chromosomal disruptions. These chromosomal disruption allowed hemA and hemT to be precisely localized on the larger and smaller of two R. sphaeroides chromosomes, respectively. Mutants carrying a single hemA or hemT disruption grew well without the addition of ALA, whereas a mutant, HemAT1, in which hemA and hemT had both been inactivated required exogenous ALA for growth. The growth rates, ALA synthase enzyme levels, and the amounts of bacteriochlorophyll-containing intracytoplasmic membrane spectral complexes of all strains were compared. Under photosynthetic growth conditions, the levels of bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, and B800-850 and B875 light-harvesting complexes were significantly lower in the Hem mutants than in the wild type. In the mutant strains, available bacteriochlorophyll appeared to be preferentially targeted to the B875 light-harvesting complex relative to the B800-850 complex. In strain HemAT1, the amount of B800-850 complex varied with the concentration of ALA added to the growth medium, and under conditions of ALA limitation, no B800-850 complexes could be detected. In the Hem mutants, there were aberrant transcript levels corresponding to the puc and puf operons encoding structural polypeptides of the B800-850 and B875 complexes. These results suggest that hemA and hemT expression is coupled to the genetic control of the R. sphaeroides photosynthetic apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Neidle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Simultaneous scission of CS and SS bonds of bis(trifluoromethyl)trisulfide by Grignard reagents. J Fluor Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)80206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Javor GT, Febre EF. Enzymatic basis of thiol-stimulated secretion of porphyrins by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:1072-5. [PMID: 1732201 PMCID: PMC206203 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.3.1072-1075.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Thioglycerol (TG) stimulates the synthesis of porphyrin in aerobically growing Escherichia coli. Here the levels of delta-aminolevulinate biosynthetic enzymes in untreated and TG-treated E. coli THU and PUC2 (a mutant of THU which overproduces porphyrins in the presence of thiols) cells were determined. TG treatment elevated the activity of glutamyl-tRNA reductase in both strains. The increased activity was not caused by activation of preexisting enzymes by thiols or by oxidizing agents but was dependent on new protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G T Javor
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 92350
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Drolet M, Sasarman A. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the hemA gene of Agrobacterium radiobacter. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 226:250-6. [PMID: 2034217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemA gene of Agrobacterium radiobacter ATCC4718 was identified by hybridization with a hemA probe from Rhizobium meliloti and cloned by complementation of a hemA mutant of Escherichia coli K12. E. coli hemA transformants carrying the hemA gene of Agrobacterium showed delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (delta-ALAS) activity in vitro. The hemA gene was carried on a 4.4 kb EcoRI fragment which could be reduced to a 2.6 kb EcoRI-SstI fragment without affecting its complementing or delta-ALAS activity. The sequence of the hemA gene showed an open reading frame of 1215 nucleotides, which could code for a protein of 44,361 Da. This is very close to the molecular weight of the HemA protein obtained using an in vitro coupled transcription-translation system (45,000 Da). Comparison of amino acid sequences of the delta-ALAS of A. radiobacter and Bradyrhizobium japonicum showed strong homology between the two enzymes; less, but still significant, homology was observed when A. radiobacter and human delta-ALAS were compared. Primer extension experiments enabled us to identify two promoters for the hemA gene of A. radiobacter. One of these promoters shows some similarity to the first promoter of the hemA gene of R. meliloti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Drolet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hornberger U, Liebetanz R, Tichy HV, Drews G. Cloning and sequencing of the hemA gene of Rhodobacter capsulatus and isolation of a delta-aminolevulinic acid-dependent mutant strain. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1990; 221:371-8. [PMID: 2381418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00259402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Rhodobacter capsulatus hemA gene, coding for the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), was isolated from a genome bank by hybridization with a hemT probe from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Subcloning of the initial 3.9 kb HindIII fragment allowed the isolation of a 2.5 kb HindIII-BglII fragment which was able to complement the delta-aminolevulinic acid-requiring (ALA-requiring) Escherichia coli mutant SHSP19. DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame coding for a protein with 401 amino acids which displayed similarity to the amino acid sequences of other known ALASs. However, no resemblance was seen to the HemA protein of E. coli K12. Based on the sequence data, an ALA-requiring mutant strain of R. capsulatus was constructed by site-directed insertion mutagenesis. Introduction of a plasmid, containing the hemA gene of R. capsulatus on the 3.9 kb HindIII fragment, restored ALA-independent growth of the mutant indicating that there is only one gene for ALA biosynthesis in R. capsulatus. Transfer of the R' factor pRPS404 and hybridization analysis revealed that the ALAS gene is not located within the major photosynthetic gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Hornberger
- Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- J I Toohey
- Cytoregulation Research, Elgin, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hargrove JL. Persulfide generated from L-cysteine inactivates tyrosine aminotransferase. Requirement for a protein with cysteine oxidase activity and gamma-cystathionase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
25
|
|
26
|
Monge A, Martinez-Merino V, Fernández-Alvarez E. Synthesis of 2,2′-dithiobis- and 2,2′-trithiobis-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives as new potential radiosensitizers/radioprotectors. J Heterocycl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570250103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
27
|
Hargrove JL, Wichman RD. A cystine-dependent inactivator of tyrosine aminotransferase co-purifies with gamma-cystathionase (cystine desulfurase). J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
28
|
Wright MS, Cardin RD, Biel AJ. Isolation and characterization of an aminolevulinate-requiring Rhodobacter capsulatus mutant. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:961-6. [PMID: 3029039 PMCID: PMC211887 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.3.961-966.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using transposon Tn5 mutagenesis, we isolated a mutant strain of Rhodobacter capsulatus that requires aminolevulinate for growth. Southern blot analysis indicated that this strain has a single Tn5 insertion. The addition of 0.1 mM aminolevulinate to the medium allowed the mutant to grow either aerobically or photosynthetically with generation times similar to those of the parental strain. When grown photosynthetically, bacteriochlorophyll accumulation increased with increasing aminolevulinate concentration. The mutant strain had only 10% of the normal aminolevulinate synthase activity, but it had a normal level of porphobilinogen synthase activity. The requirement for aminolevulinate could be satisfied by porphobilinogen, hemin, or protoporphyrin. While the mutant grew well on agar plates containing any of these substrates, growth in liquid media containing hemin or protoporphyrin was poor. Introduction of an R' factor containing all the known R. capsulatus bch genes into the mutant strain did not relieve the requirement for aminolevulinate, suggesting that the Tn5 insertion is not within the bch region.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kučera I, Matyášek R, Dvořáková J, Dadák V. Anaerobic adaptation ofParacoccus denitrificans: Sequential formation of denitrification pathway and changes in activity of 5-aminolevulinate synthase and catalase. Curr Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Abstract
The metabolism of L-thiocystine [bis(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) trisulfide] by Escherichia coli was studied by using L-[sulfane-35S]thiocystine. This compound was found to serve as a source of sulfur for E. coli grown on a defined medium free of other sulfur sources and to incorporate its labeled sulfur into cysteine as well as the other sulfur-containing cellular components. For determination of the extent of the synthesis of new cysteine in these cells, cells were grown with [3,3-2H2]serine and L-[sulfane-34S]thiocystine, and the extent of incorporation of both deuterium and 34S into the cellular cysteine was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that approximately 50% of the cysteine which is incorporated into cellular macromolecules is derived from the thiocystine without cleavage of the carbon-sulfur bond, the remaining portion being newly biosynthesized from serine and 34S-enriched H2S. These results suggest that the first step in the metabolism of thiocystine by E. coli involves the beta elimination of pyruvate. This type of reaction is characteristic of the cleavage reactions catalyzed by beta-cystathionase.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wood JL. Biochemical functions of persulfides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 148:327-42. [PMID: 7124527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9281-5_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
34
|
Kreit J. Control of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in phototrophic facultative bacteria. Purification and some properties of the enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Biochimie 1981; 63:439-44. [PMID: 6786365 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(81)80018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
Clement-Metral JD. Activation of ALA synthetase by reduced thioredoxin in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides Y. FEBS Lett 1979; 101:116-20. [PMID: 109312 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
39
|
Abdolrasulnia R, Wood JL. Transfer of persulfide sulfur from thiocystine to rhodanese. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 567:135-43. [PMID: 454618 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
THiocystine (bis-[2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]trisulfide) is a natural substrate for rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1). Analogs of thiocystine were prepared by eliminating the carboxyl or amino group or by lengthening the carbon chain. Of these only homothiocystine (bis-[2-amino-2-carboxypropyl]trisulfide) had appreciable activity as a substrate. At pH 8.6, the optimum for rhodanese, transfer of sulfane sulfur to cyanide in the presence of rhodanese was nonspecific. Only the sulfane sulfur of 35S-labeled thiocystine was transferred to rhodanese. Thus, thiocystine and thiosulfate both produce a rhodanese persulfide as a stable intermediate in sulfur transfer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Davies RC, Neuberger A. Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Purification and properties of the high-activity form of the enzyme. Biochem J 1979; 177:649-59. [PMID: 312101 PMCID: PMC1186416 DOI: 10.1042/bj1770649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The high-activity form of aminolaevulinate synthetase has been prepared from extracts of semi-anaerobically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, which were allowed to become activated in air. Specific activity was 130 000--170 000 nmol of aminolaevulinate/h per mg of protein at 37 degree C. 2. Enzyme fraction Ia prepared on DEAE-Sephadex was a mixture of four active enzymes, pI5.55, 5.45, 5.35 and 5.2, when prepared in either Tris or phosphate buffers and when extracts were activated by air or by cystine trisulphide. 3. The enzyme was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in imidazole/veronal buffer, pH 7.6, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and concentration with DEAE-Sephadex. 4. The most active enzyme, pI 5.55, ran as a single protein band, mol.wt. 49 000, in sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The apparent molecular weight under non-denaturing conditions was 62 000--68 000 on Sephadex G-100 or G-200, pH 7.5, and on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, pH 8.5, at enzyme concentrations below 10 000 units/ml, i.e. less than 60 microgram of protein/ml, and the enzyme was mainly monomeric. 5. The enzyme was homogeneous by gel disc electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and 7.6, but a slightly more diffuse band of protein was obtained during electrophoresis in glycine buffer, pH 7.4. 6. Enzyme samples possessed an intrinsic yellow fluorescence when viewed under u.v. light and this fluorescence coincided exactly with enzymic activity on gel electrophoresis. Fluorescence maxima were 420 nm (excitation) and 495 nm (emission). 7. Radioactive 35S-labelled enzyme had 14 atoms of sulphur/mol of protein (or/40 leucine residues) of which 5--6 residues were cyst(e)ine and 8--9 residues were methionine. 8. Mo carbohydrate was detected apart from glucose, which prevented accurate determination of tryptophan with methanesulphonic acid and tryptamine.
Collapse
|
41
|
Davies RC, Neuberger A. Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Binding of pyridoxal phosphate to 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase. Biochem J 1979; 177:661-71. [PMID: 312102 PMCID: PMC1186417 DOI: 10.1042/bj1770661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a cofactor essential for the enzymic activity of aminolaevulinate synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. It also aids activation of the low-activity enzyme by trisulphides such as cystine trisulphide, whereas inactivation of enzyme is facilitated by its absence. 2. The fluorescence spectrum of purified high-activity enzyme is that expected for a pyridoxal phosphate--Schiff base, but the firmly bound cofactor does not appear to be at the active centre. In dilute solutions of enzyme this grouping is inaccessible to nucleophiles such as glycine, hydroxylamine, borohydride and cyanide, at pH 7.4. 3. An active-centre Schiff base is formed between enzyne and added pyridoxal phosphate, which is accessible to nucleophiles. Concentrated solutions of this enzyme--Schiff base on treatment with glycine yield apo- and semi-apoenzyme, which can re-bind pyridoxal phosphate. 4. Two types of binding of pyridoxal phosphate are distinguishable in dilute solution of enzyme, but these become indistinguishable when concentrated solutions are treated with cofactor. A change occurs in the susceptibility towards borohydride of the fluorescence of the "structural" pyridoxal phosphate. 5. One or two molecules of cofactor are bound per subunit of mol. wt. 50 000 in semiapo- or holo-enzyme. The fluorescence of pyridoxamine phosphate covalently bound to enzyme also indicates one to two nmol of reducible Schiff base per 7000 units of activity in purified and partially purified samples of enzyme. 6. Cyanide does not convert high-activity into low-activity enzyme, but with the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex it forms a yellow fluorescent derivative that is enzymically active.
Collapse
|
42
|
Astin AM, Haslam JM. The manipulation of cellular cytochrome and lipid composition in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 1977; 166:275-85. [PMID: 334161 PMCID: PMC1165004 DOI: 10.1042/bj1660275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an early lesion in the pathway of porphyrin biosynthesis. 2. This results in the loss of all haem-containing enzymes, including the mitochondrial cytochromes, and prevents the synthesis of components whose formation requires haem-containing enzymes, including unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol and methionine. 3. The pleiotropic effects of the primary lesion are reversed by growing mutant ole-3 aerobically in the presence of intermediates of the porphyrin-biosynthetic pathway, and the present work reports the degree of manipulation of lipid and respiratory-cytochrome composition. 4. Supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate in the range 0.5--500 mg/l result in a progressive increase in the cellular content of unsaturated fatty acids and respiratory cytochromes, cause the replacement of lanosterol and squalene by ergosterol, and an increase in total sterol content. 5. Haematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX have similar but less extensive effects on cellular composition, whereas haematin allows unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and some sterol synthesis, but has no effect on the formation of respiratory cytochromes. 6. These results suggest that growth of the organism in the presence of defined amounts of delta-aminolaevulinate will be useful in the investigation of the role of lipids and cytochromes in the function and assembly of mitochondrial membranes.
Collapse
|
43
|
Labbe-Bois R, Volland C. Protoheme synthesis system in the cytoplastic "petite" mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimie 1977; 59:539-41. [PMID: 329896 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
44
|
Labbe-Bois R, Volland C. Changes in the activities of the protoheme-synthesizing system during the growth of yeast under different conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 179:565-77. [PMID: 192152 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|