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Muñoz E, Fuentes F, Felmer R, Arias ME, Yeste M. Effects of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species on Male Fertility. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:802-836. [PMID: 38019089 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Significance: In recent decades, male fertility has been severely reduced worldwide. The causes underlying this decline are multifactorial, and include, among others, genetic alterations, changes in the microbiome, and the impact of environmental pollutants. Such factors can dysregulate the physiological levels of reactive species of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) in the patient, generating oxidative and nitrosative stress that impairs fertility. Recent Advances: Recent studies have delved into other factors involved in the dysregulation of ROS and RNS levels, such as diet, obesity, persistent infections, environmental pollutants, and gut microbiota, thus leading to new strategies to solve male fertility problems, such as consuming prebiotics to regulate gut flora or treating psychological conditions. Critical Issues: The pathways where ROS or RNS may be involved as modulators are still under investigation. Moreover, the extent to which treatments can rescue male infertility as well as whether they may have side effects remains, in most cases, to be elucidated. For example, it is known that prescription of antioxidants to treat nitrosative stress can alter sperm chromatin condensation, which makes DNA more exposed to ROS and RNS, and may thus affect fertilization and early embryo development. Future Directions: The involvement of extracellular vesicles, which might play a crucial role in cell communication during spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, and the relevance of other factors such as sperm epigenetic signatures should be envisaged in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Muñoz
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Major in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernanda Fuentes
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Major in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ricardo Felmer
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - María Elena Arias
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Agricultural Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Li C, Nielsen SB, Engholm-Keller K, Lund MN. Oxidation of Whey Proteins during Thermal Treatment Characterized by a Site-Specific LC-MS/MS-Based Proteomic Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4391-4406. [PMID: 35380828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment is often employed in food processing to tailor product properties by manipulating the ingredient functionality, but these elevated temperatures may accelerate oxidation and nutrient loss. Here, oxidation of different whey protein systems [α-lactalbumin (α-LA), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), a mix of α-LA and β-LG (whey model), and a commercial whey protein isolate (WPI)] was investigated during heat treatment at 60-90 °C and a UHT-like treatment by LC-MS-based proteomic analysis. The relative modification levels of each oxidation site were calculated and compared among different heat treatments and sample systems. Oxidation increased significantly in protein systems after heating at ≥90 °C but decreased in systems with higher complexity [pure protein (α-LA > β-LG) > whey model > WPI]. In α-LA, Cys, Met, and Trp residues were found to be most prone to oxidation. In β-LG-containing protein systems, Cys residues were suggested to scavenge most of the reactive oxidants and undergo an oxidation-mediated disulfide rearrangement. The rearranged disulfide bonds contributed to protein aggregation, which was suggested to provide physical protection against oxidation. Overall, limited loss of amino acid residues was detected after acidic hydrolysis followed by UHPLC analysis, which showed only a minor effect of heat treatment on protein oxidation in these protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Li
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren B Nielsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Sønderupvej 26, 6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - Kasper Engholm-Keller
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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3
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Niu P, Rong Y, Wang Y, Ni H, Zhu M, Chen W, Liu X, Wei L, Song X. A bifunctional fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of GSH and H 2S n (n > 1) from different channels with long-wavelength emission. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 257:119789. [PMID: 33892246 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we presented a long-wavelength emission fluorescent probe DCM-Cou-SePh that can discriminatively detect glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n > 1) from green and red emission channels, respectively. With the addition of GSH, probe DCM-Cou-SePh displayed green fluorescence emission (λex/em = 430/530 nm). In the presence of H2Sn, the probe exhibited a significant fluorescence enhancement in red channel (λex/em = 560/680 nm). We also demonstrated that this probe was suitable to quantitatively detect GSH and H2Sn with low detection limits (0.12 μM for GSH, 0.19 μM for H2Sn). Furthermore, DCM-Cou-SePh can be used for sensing endogenous GSH and H2Sn in living cells by dual-color fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yifan Rong
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuyue Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Huijie Ni
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xingjiang Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China.
| | - Liuhe Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
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4
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Johns PW. Pink colour formation in hydrolysed casein. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Johns
- Abbott Laboratories Abbott Nutrition Division 3300 Stelzer Road Columbus OH43219USA
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5
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Cui J, Nathanael JG, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of S‐Containing Amino Acids by the Environmental Radical NO
3
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: A Kinetic, Product and Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Cui
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joses G. Nathanael
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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6
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Allicin, the Odor of Freshly Crushed Garlic: A Review of Recent Progress in Understanding Allicin's Effects on Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061505. [PMID: 33801955 PMCID: PMC8001868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile organic sulfur compound allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is produced as a defense substance when garlic (Allium sativum) tissues are damaged, for example by the activities of pathogens or pests. Allicin gives crushed garlic its characteristic odor, is membrane permeable and readily taken up by exposed cells. It is a reactive thiol-trapping sulfur compound that S-thioallylates accessible cysteine residues in proteins and low molecular weight thiols including the cellular redox buffer glutathione (GSH) in eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as bacillithiol (BSH) in Gram-positive firmicutes. Allicin shows dose-dependent antimicrobial activity. At higher doses in eukaryotes allicin can induce apoptosis or necrosis, whereas lower, biocompatible amounts can modulate the activity of redox-sensitive proteins and affect cellular signaling. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how bacterial and eukaryotic cells are specifically affected by, and respond to, allicin.
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Jiang S, Carroll L, Rasmussen LM, Davies MJ. Oxidation of protein disulfide bonds by singlet oxygen gives rise to glutathionylated proteins. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101822. [PMID: 33338920 PMCID: PMC7750407 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key function in determining the structure of proteins, and are the most strongly conserved compositional feature across proteomes. They are particularly common in extracellular environments, such as the extracellular matrix and plasma, and in proteins that have structural (e.g. matrix) or binding functions (e.g. receptors). Recent data indicate that disulfides vary markedly with regard to their rate of reaction with two-electron oxidants (e.g. HOCl, ONOOH), with some species being rapidly and readily oxidized. These reactions yielding thiosulfinates that can react further with a thiol to give thiolated products (e.g. glutathionylated proteins with glutathione, GSH). Here we show that these ‘oxidant-mediated thiol-disulfide exchange reactions’ also occur during photo-oxidation reactions involving singlet oxygen (1O2). Reaction of protein disulfides with 1O2 (generated by multiple sensitizers in the presence of visible light and O2), yields reactive intermediates, probably zwitterionic peroxyl adducts or thiosulfinates. Subsequent exposure to GSH, at concentrations down to 2 μM, yields thiolated adducts which have been characterized by both immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. The yield of GSH adducts is enhanced in D2O buffers, and requires the presence of the disulfide bond. This glutathionylation can be diminished by non-enzymatic (e.g. tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) and enzymatic (glutaredoxin) reducing systems. Photo-oxidation of human plasma and subsequent incubation with GSH yields similar glutathionylated products with these formed primarily on serum albumin and immunoglobulin chains, demonstrating potential in vivo relevance. These reactions provide a novel pathway to the formation of glutathionylated proteins, which are widely recognized as key signaling molecules, via photo-oxidation reactions. Disulfide bonds (DSBs) are critical to protein structure and function. DSBs are rapidly oxidized by singlet oxygen and other oxidants to reactive species. These DSB-derived intermediates react with GSH to give glutathionylated proteins. Glutathionylation can be diminished by reductants, but does not repair DSB damage. Oxidation of human plasma DSBs gives glutathionylated albumin and immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Carroll L, Jiang S, Irnstorfer J, Beneyto S, Ignasiak MT, Rasmussen LM, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Davies MJ. Oxidant-induced glutathionylation at protein disulfide bonds. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:513-525. [PMID: 32877736 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are a key determinant of protein structure and function, and highly conserved across proteomes. They are particularly abundant in extracellular proteins, including those with critical structural, ligand binding or receptor function. We demonstrate that oxidation of protein disulfides induces polymerization, and results in oxygen incorporation into the former disulfide via thiosulfinate generation. These intermediates, which have half-lives of several hours in vitro, undergo secondary reactions that cleave the disulfide bond, by irreversible hydrolysis to sulfinic and sulfonic acids, or reaction with thiols in a process that yields thiolated proteins (e.g. glutathionylated species in the case of reaction with glutathione). The adducts have been characterized by mass spectrometry (as ions corresponding to the addition of 306 and 712 Da for addition of one and two glutathione molecules, respectively) and immunoblotting. These modifications can be induced by multiple biologically-important oxidants, including HOCl, ONOOH, and H2O2, and on multiple proteins, demonstrating that this is a common disulfide modification pathway. Addition of glutathione to give glutathionylated proteins, can be reversed by reducing systems (e.g. tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine), but this does not repair the original disulfide bond. Exposure of human plasma to these modifying agents increases protein glutathionylation, demonstrating potential in vivo relevance. Overall these data provide evidence for a novel and facile route to glutathionylated proteins involving initial oxidation of a disulfide to a thiosulfinate followed by rapid reaction with GSH ('oxidant-mediated thiol-disulfide exchange'). These data elucidate a novel pathway for protein glutathionylation that may have significant implications for redox biology and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Irnstorfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergi Beneyto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta T Ignasiak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Wielkopolska Center for Advanced Technologies, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Fang H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Geng S, Yao S, Song D, He W, Guo Z. A dual-modal probe for NIR fluorogenic and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging of Cys/Hcy in vivo. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Tiwari MK, Hägglund PM, Møller IM, Davies MJ, Bjerrum MJ. Copper ion / H 2O 2 oxidation of Cu/Zn-Superoxide dismutase: Implications for enzymatic activity and antioxidant action. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101262. [PMID: 31284117 PMCID: PMC6614508 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper ion-catalyzed oxidation of yeast SOD1 (ySOD1) was examined to determine early oxidative modifications, including oxidation of a crucial disulfide bond, and the structural and functional repercussions of these events. The study used distinct oxidative conditions: Cu2+/H2O2, Cu2+/H2O2/AscH− and Cu2+/H2O2/glucose. Capillary electrophoresis experiments and quantification of protein carbonyls indicate that ySOD1 is highly susceptible to oxidative modification and that changes can be detected within 0.1 min of the initiation of the reaction. Oxidation-induced structural perturbations, characterized by circular dichroism, revealed the formation of partially-unfolded ySOD1 species in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these structural changes, pyrogallol assay indicates a partial loss of enzymatic activity. ESI-MS analyses showed seven distinct oxidized ySOD1 species under mild oxidation within 0.1 min. LC/MS analysis after proteolytic digestion demonstrated that the copper-coordinating active site histidine residues, His47 and His49, were converted into 2-oxo-histidine. Furthermore, the Cu and Zn bridging residue, His64 is converted into aspartate/asparagine. Importantly, the disulfide-bond Cys58-Cys147 which is critical for the structural and functional integrity of ySOD1 was detected as being oxidized at Cys147. We propose, based on LC/MS analyses, that disulfide-bond oxidation occurs without disulfide bond cleavage. Modifications were also detected at Met85 and five surface-exposed Lys residues. Based on these data we propose that the Cys58-Cys147 bond may act as a sacrificial target for oxidants and protect ySOD1 from oxidative inactivation arising from exposure to Cu2+/H2O2 and auto-inactivation during extended enzymatic turnover. Oxidation of yeast superoxide dismutase (ySOD1) by Cu2+/H2O2 is examined. Rapid modification of His, Met, Cys and Lys residues detected by LC-MS methods. Oxidation of active site His residues and partial protein unfolding are early events. The Cys58-Cys147 disulfide bond is oxidized and may act as a sacrificial target. Excess exogenous Cu2+ decreases protein damage and can reverse loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per M Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Heusler T, Bruno G, Bekeschus S, Lackmann JW, von Woedtke T, Wende K. Can the effect of cold physical plasma-derived oxidants be transported via thiol group oxidation? CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2019.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Zhang KY, Yu Q, Wei H, Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang W. Long-Lived Emissive Probes for Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Bioimaging and Biosensing. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1770-1839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huanjie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shaanxi
Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced
Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for
Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
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13
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Patel RN, Singh Y, Singh YP, Patel AK, Patel N, Singh R, Butcher RJ, Jasinski JP, Colacio E, Palacios MA. Varying structural motifs, unusual X-band electron paramagnetic spectra, DFT studies and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity of copper(ii) complexes with N′-[(E)-phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]benzohydrazide. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A diverse set of new copper(ii) complexes synthesized as possible models for antioxidant superoxide dismutase mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram N. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa
- India
| | | | | | | | - Neetu Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa
- India
| | - Rita Singh
- Department of Physics
- Govt. Model Science College
- Rewa
- India
| | - Raymond J. Butcher
- Department of Inorganic & Structural Chemistry
- Howard University
- Washington
- USA
| | | | - Enrique Colacio
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
| | - Maria A. Palacios
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
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14
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Krämer AC, Torreggiani A, Davies MJ. Effect of Oxidation and Protein Unfolding on Cross-Linking of β-Lactoglobulin and α-Lactalbumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10258-10269. [PMID: 29096436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation and heat treatment can initiate changes in the amino acid composition, structure, solubility, hydrophobicity, conformation, function, and susceptibility to proteolysis of proteins. These can result in adverse consequences for mammals, plants, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals. This study investigated whether and how individual or combined treatment with heat, a commonly encountered factor in industrial processing, and H2O2 alters the structure and composition of two major milk whey proteins, α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, and mixtures of these. Thermal treatment induced reducible cross-links in isolated β-lactoglobulin, but not isolated α-lactalbumin under the conditions employed. Cross-linking occurred at lower temperatures and to a greater extent in the presence of low concentrations of H2O2. H2O2 did not induce cross-linking in the absence of heat. Mixtures of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin showed similar behavior, except that mixed α-lactalbumin-β-lactoglobulin dimers were detected. Cross-linking was associated with formation of sulfenic acids (RS-OH species), oxidation of methionine residues, cleavage of disulfide bonds in α-lactalbumin, altered conformation of disulfide bonds in β-lactoglobulin, alterations in the fluorescence intensity and maximum emission wavelength of endogenous tryptophan residues, and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate. These data are consistent with increased unfolding and subsequent aggregation of the protein, with these changes being maximized in the presence of both heat and H2O2. The enhanced aggregation detected with H2O2 is consistent with additional pathways to aggregation above that induced by heat alone. These mechanistic insights provide potential strategies for modulating the extent and nature of protein modification induced by thermal and oxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Krämer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Armida Torreggiani
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattivita, ISOF-CNR, Area della Ricerca di Bologna , Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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15
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Singh Y, Patel RN, Singh YP, Patel AK, Patel N, Singh R, Butcher RJ, Jasinski JP, Colacio E, Palacios MA. Unprecedented tetranuclear complexes with “weighing balance shaped” topology: single crystal structures, unusual EPR spectra, magnetic properties and antioxidant activity. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11860-11874. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new copper(ii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa (M.P.)
- India
| | - Ram N. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa (M.P.)
- India
| | | | - Abhay K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa (M.P.)
- India
| | - Neetu Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- A.P.S. University
- Rewa (M.P.)
- India
| | - Rita Singh
- Department of Physics
- Govt. Model Science college
- Rewa (M.P.)
- India
| | - Raymond J. Butcher
- Department of Inorganic & Structural Chemistry
- Howard University
- Washington DC
- USA
| | | | - Enrique Colacio
- Departamento de QuimicaInorganica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
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16
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Karimi M, Ignasiak MT, Chan B, Croft AK, Radom L, Schiesser CH, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Reactivity of disulfide bonds is markedly affected by structure and environment: implications for protein modification and stability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38572. [PMID: 27941824 PMCID: PMC5150571 DOI: 10.1038/srep38572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key role in stabilizing protein structures, with disruption strongly associated with loss of protein function and activity. Previous data have suggested that disulfides show only modest reactivity with oxidants. In the current study, we report kinetic data indicating that selected disulfides react extremely rapidly, with a variation of 104 in rate constants. Five-membered ring disulfides are particularly reactive compared with acyclic (linear) disulfides or six-membered rings. Particular disulfides in proteins also show enhanced reactivity. This variation occurs with multiple oxidants and is shown to arise from favorable electrostatic stabilization of the incipient positive charge on the sulfur reaction center by remote groups, or by the neighboring sulfur for conformations in which the orbitals are suitably aligned. Controlling these factors should allow the design of efficient scavengers and high-stability proteins. These data are consistent with selective oxidative damage to particular disulfides, including those in some proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marta T Ignasiak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anna K Croft
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Britain
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carl H Schiesser
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This retrospective observational study investigates the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants and pregnancy adverse outcomes in low urbanization areas. METHODS We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate, in the Como province (2005-2012), the effects of NO(x), NO2, SO2, O3, CO, and PM10 on low birth weight (LBW), babies small for gestational age (SGA), and preterm birth (PTB). RESULTS PTB was inversely associated with high (5.5 μg/m³) exposure to SO2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.58-0.95) and to CO (1.8 mg/m³, aOR = 0.84, CI = 0.72-0.99). PTB risk increased with second trimester exposure to NO(x) (118.3 μg/m³, aOR = 1.53, CI = 1.25-1.87), while LBW risk increased with third trimester PM10 (56.1 μg/m³, aOR = 1.44, CI = 1.03-2.02). SGA was inversely associated with third trimester NO(x) (115.8 μg/m³, aOR = 0.89, CI = 0.79-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to SO2 and CO seems to postpone delivery: a longer gestation could compensate for maternal hypoxemic-hypoxic damage.
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18
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Zaccarin M, Bosello-Travain V, Di Paolo ML, Falda M, Maiorino M, Miotto G, Piccolo S, Roveri A, Ursini F, Venerando R, Toppo S. Redox status in a model of cancer stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:120-128. [PMID: 27638050 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reversible oxidation of Cys residues is a crucial element of redox homeostasis and signaling. According to a popular concept in oxidative stress signaling, the oxidation of targets of signals can only take place following an overwhelming of the cellular antioxidant capacity. This concept, however, ignores the activation of feedback mechanisms possibly leading to a paradoxical effect. In a model of cancer stem cells (CSC), stably overexpressing the TAZ oncogene, we observed that the increased formation of oxidants is associated with a globally more reduced state of proteins. Redox proteomics revealed that several proteins, capable of undergoing reversible redox transitions, are indeed more reduced while just few are more oxidized. Among the proteins more oxidized, G6PDH emerges as both more expressed and activated by oxidation. This accounts for the observed more reduced state of the NADPH/NADP+ couple. The dynamic redox flux generating this apparently paradoxical effect is rationalized in a computational system biology model highlighting the crucial role of G6PDH activity on the rate of redox transitions eventually leading to the reduction of reversible redox switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Falda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G.Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Signorella S, Daier V, Ledesma G, Palopoli C, Back DF, Lang ES, Kopp CR, Ebani P, Pereira MB, Giacomelli C, Piquini PC. Synthesis, structure and SOD activity of Mn complexes with symmetric Schiff base ligands derived from pyridoxal. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Carroll L, Davies MJ, Pattison DI. Reaction of low-molecular-mass organoselenium compounds (and their sulphur analogues) with inflammation-associated oxidants. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:750-67. [PMID: 25854915 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1018247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element in mammals, with the majority specifically encoded as seleno-L-cysteine into a range of selenoproteins. Many of these proteins play a key role in modulating oxidative stress, via either direct detoxification of biological oxidants, or repair of oxidised residues. Both selenium- and sulphur-containing residues react readily with the wide range of oxidants (including hydrogen peroxide, radicals, singlet oxygen and hypochlorous, hypobromous, hypothiocyanous and peroxynitrous acids) that are produced during inflammation and have been implicated in the development of a range of inflammatory diseases. Whilst selenium has similar properties to sulphur, it typically exhibits greater reactivity with most oxidants, and there are considerable differences in the subsequent reactivity and ease of repair of the oxidised species that are formed. This review discusses the chemistry of low-molecular-mass organoselenium compounds (e.g. selenoethers, diselenides and selenols) with inflammatory oxidants, with a particular focus on the reaction kinetics and product studies, with the differences in reactivity between selenium and sulphur analogues described in the selected examples. These data provide insight into the therapeutic potential of low-molecular-mass selenium-containing compounds to modulate the activity of both radical and molecular oxidants and provide protection against inflammation-induced damage. Progress in their therapeutic development (including modulation of potential selenium toxicity by strategic design) is demonstrated by a brief summary of some recent studies where novel organoselenium compounds have been used as wound healing or radioprotection agents and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute , Newtown, Sydney , Australia
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21
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Reactive sulfur species (RSS): possible new players in the oxidative metabolism of plant peroxisomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:116. [PMID: 25763007 PMCID: PMC4340208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence:
| | - Juan B. Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
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22
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Storkey C, Davies MJ, Pattison DI. Reevaluation of the rate constants for the reaction of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with cysteine, methionine, and peptide derivatives using a new competition kinetic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:60-6. [PMID: 24794410 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activated white cells use oxidants generated by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase to kill invading pathogens. This enzyme utilizes H2O2 and Cl(-), Br(-), or SCN(-) to generate the oxidants HOCl, HOBr, and HOSCN, respectively. Whereas controlled production of these species is vital in maintaining good health, their uncontrolled or inappropriate formation (as occurs at sites of inflammation) can cause host tissue damage that has been associated with multiple inflammatory pathologies including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Previous studies have reported that sulfur-containing species are major targets for HOCl but as the reactions are fast the only physiologically relevant kinetic data available have been extrapolated from data measured at high pH (>10). In this study these values have been determined at pH 7.4 using a newly developed competition kinetic approach that employs a fluorescently tagged methionine derivative as the competitive substrate (k(HOCl + Fmoc-Met), 1.5 × 10(8)M(-1)s(-1)). This assay was validated using the known k(HOCl + NADH) value and has allowed revised k values for the reactions of HOCl with Cys, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione to be determined as 3.6 × 10(8), 2.9 × 10(7), and 1.24 × 10(8)M(-1)s(-1), respectively. Similar experiments with methionine derivatives yielded k values of 3.4 × 10(7)M(-1)s(-1) for Met and 1.7 × 10(8)M(-1)s(-1) for N-acetylmethionine. The k values determined here for the reaction of HOCl with thiols are up to 10-fold higher than those previously determined and further emphasize the critical importance of reactions of HOCl with thiol targets in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corin Storkey
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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23
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Nagy P. Kinetics and mechanisms of thiol-disulfide exchange covering direct substitution and thiol oxidation-mediated pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1623-41. [PMID: 23075118 PMCID: PMC3613173 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Disulfides are important building blocks in the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, serving as inter- and intra-subunit cross links. Disulfides are also the major products of thiol oxidation, a process that has primary roles in defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and in redox regulation of cell signaling. Although disulfides are relatively stable, their reduction, isomerisation, and interconversion as well as their production reactions are catalyzed by delicate enzyme machineries, providing a dynamic system in biology. Redox homeostasis, a thermodynamic parameter that determines which reactions can occur in cellular compartments, is also balanced by the thiol-disulfide pool. However, it is the kinetic properties of the reactions that best represent cell dynamics, because the partitioning of the possible reactions depends on kinetic parameters. CRITICAL ISSUES This review is focused on the kinetics and mechanisms of thiol-disulfide substitution and redox reactions. It summarizes the challenges and advances that are associated with kinetic investigations in small molecular and enzymatic systems from a rigorous chemical perspective using biological examples. The most important parameters that influence reaction rates are discussed in detail. RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Kinetic studies of proteins are more challenging than small molecules, and quite often investigators are forced to sacrifice the rigor of the experimental approach to obtain the important kinetic and mechanistic information. However, recent technological advances allow a more comprehensive analysis of enzymatic systems via using the systematic kinetics apparatus that was developed for small molecule reactions, which is expected to provide further insight into the cell's machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Gruhlke MCH, Slusarenko AJ. The biology of reactive sulfur species (RSS). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:98-107. [PMID: 22541352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential and quantitatively important element for living organisms. Plants contain on average approximately 1 g S kg⁻¹ dry weight (for comparison plants contain approximately 15 g N kg⁻¹ dry weight). Sulfur is a constituent of many organic molecules, for example amino acids such as cysteine and methionine and the small tripeptide glutathione, but sulfur is also essential in the form of Fe-S clusters for the activity of many enzymes, particularly those involved in redox reactions. Sulfur chemistry is therefore important. In particular, sulfur in the form of thiol groups is central to manifold aspects of metabolism. Because thiol groups are oxidized and reduced easily and reversibly, the redox control of cellular metabolism has become an increasing focus of research. In the same way that oxygen and nitrogen have reactive species (ROS and RNS), sulfur too can form reactive molecular species (RSS), for example when a -SH group is oxidized. Indeed, several redox reactions occur via RSS intermediates. Several naturally occurring S-containing molecules are themselves RSS and because they are physiologically active they make up part of the intrinsic plant defence repertoire against herbivore and pathogen attack. Furthermore, RSS can also be used as redox-active pharmacological tools to study cell metabolism. The aim of this review is to familiarize the general reader with some of the chemical concepts, terminology and biology of selected RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology (BioIII), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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25
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Giles NM, Kumari S, Gang BP, Yuen CWW, Billaud EMF, Giles GI. The molecular design of S-nitrosothiols as photodynamic agents for controlled nitric oxide release. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:471-8. [PMID: 22642531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a small messenger molecule utilized by nature in cell signalling and the non-specific immune response. At present, nitric oxide releasing prodrugs cannot be efficiently targeted towards a specific body compartment, which restricts their therapeutic applications. To address this limitation, we have designed two photolabile nitric oxide releasing prodrugs, tert-butyl S-nitrosothiol and tert-dodecane S-nitrosothiol, which are based on the S-nitrosothiol functionality. By modulating the prodrugs' hydrophobicity, we postulated that we could increase their stability within the cell by preventing their interaction with hydrophilic thiols and metal ions; processes that are known to inactivate this prodrug class. Our data demonstrate that these prodrugs have improved nitric oxide release kinetics compared to currently available S-nitrosothiols, as they are highly stable in vitro in the absence of irradiation (t(1/2) > 3 h), while their rate of decomposition can be regulated by controlling the intensity or duration of the photostimulus. Nitric oxide release can readily be achieved using non-laser based light sources, which enabled us to characterize photoactivation as a trigger mechanism for nitric oxide release in A549 lung carcinoma cells. Here we confirmed that irradiation induced highly significant increases in cytotoxicity within a therapeutic drug range (1-100 μm), and the utility of this photoactivation switch opens up avenues for exploring the applications of these prodrugs for chemical biology studies and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshini M Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Pankhurst MW, Gell DA, Butler CW, Kirkcaldie MTK, West AK, Chung RS. Metallothionein (MT) -I and MT-II expression are induced and cause zinc sequestration in the liver after brain injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31185. [PMID: 22363575 PMCID: PMC3281953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experiments with transgenic over-expressing, and null mutant mice have determined that metallothionein-I and -II (MT-I/II) are protective after brain injury. MT-I/II is primarily a zinc-binding protein and it is not known how it provides neuroprotection to the injured brain or where MT-I/II acts to have its effects. MT-I/II is often expressed in the liver under stressful conditions but to date, measurement of MT-I/II expression after brain injury has focused primarily on the injured brain itself. In the present study we measured MT-I/II expression in the liver of mice after cryolesion brain injury by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the UC1MT antibody. Displacement curves constructed using MT-I/II knockout (MT-I/II(-/-)) mouse tissues were used to validate the ELISA. Hepatic MT-I and MT-II mRNA levels were significantly increased within 24 hours of brain injury but hepatic MT-I/II protein levels were not significantly increased until 3 days post injury (DPI) and were maximal at the end of the experimental period, 7 DPI. Hepatic zinc content was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and was found to decrease at 1 and 3 DPI but returned to normal by 7DPI. Zinc in the livers of MT-I/II(-/-) mice did not show a return to normal at 7 DPI which suggests that after brain injury, MT-I/II is responsible for sequestering elevated levels of zinc to the liver. CONCLUSION MT-I/II is up-regulated in the liver after brain injury and modulates the amount of zinc that is sequestered to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pankhurst
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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27
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Kyle PB, Smith SV, Baker RC, Kramer RE. Mass spectrometric detection of CYP450 adducts following oxidative desulfuration of methyl parathion. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:644-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B. Kyle
- Department of Pathology; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson; Mississippi; USA
| | - Stanley V. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson; Mississippi; USA
| | - Rodney C. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson; Mississippi; USA
| | - Robert E. Kramer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson; Mississippi; USA
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28
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Brannan RG. Reactive sulfur species act as prooxidants in liposomal and skeletal muscle model systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3767-3771. [PMID: 20175514 DOI: 10.1021/jf903587n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are redox-active sulfur compounds formed under conditions of oxidative stress that may be capable of initiating oxidation reactions. The objective of this research was to determine if two RSS, sulfite radicals and disulfide S-oxides (DSSO), induce oxidation in n-3 liposomes and muscle homogenates. Sulfite radicals and DSSO caused an increase in secondary oxidation products compared to the unoxidized control within 5 min of addition to liposomes. In muscle homogenates, DSSO caused immediate oxidation of sulfhydryls, whereas sulfite radicals caused a slow and linear oxidation of sulfhydryls and lipid. These results suggest that if conditions exist in muscle foods that promote the formation of RSS, they could be a factor in the course of lipid oxidation by either weakening antioxidant defenses or directly oxidizing lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brannan
- School of Human and Consumer Sciences, Ohio University, W324 Grover Center, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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29
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Nagy P, Winterbourn CC. Redox Chemistry of Biological Thiols. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(10)04006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109, USA.
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31
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Jacob C, Anwar A. The chemistry behind redox regulation with a focus on sulphur redox systems. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:469-80. [PMID: 18346080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sulphur metabolism in plants provides a wealth of natural products, including several chemically unusual substances, such as thiosulphinates, polysulphides and isothiocyanates. Many of these reactive sulphur species (RSS) exhibit a distinct redox behaviour in vitro, which translates into a rather interesting biological activity in vivo, such as antibiotic, fungicidal, pesticidal or anticancer activity. While the molecular basis for such activity has long remained obscure, research into sulphur-based redox systems during the past 5-10 years has achieved a better knowledge of the in vitro properties of RSS and has led to an improved understanding of their impact on intracellular redox signalling and control pathways in living cells. It has become apparent that the redox chameleon sulphur occurs in biological systems in about 10 different oxidation states, which give rise to an extensive and complicated network of sulphur-based redox events. Together, natural sulphur products from plants and their intracellular targets provide the basis for innovative design of novel antibiotics, fungicides, pesticides and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universitaet des Saarlandes, Campus B 2.1, PO Box 151150, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Sakuma S, Fujita J, Nakanishi M, Wada SI, Fujimoto Y. Disulfide S-monoxides convert xanthine dehydrogenase into oxidase in rat liver cytosol more potently than their respective disulfides. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1013-6. [PMID: 18451537 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO)/xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) oxidizes oxypurines to uric acid, with only the XO form producing reactive oxygen species. In the present study, the effects of cystamine S-monoxide and cystine S-monoxide (disulfide S-monoxides) on the conversion of XD to XO in rat liver were examined. A partially purified enzyme fraction from the rat liver was incubated with xanthine in the presence or absence of NAD+, and the uric acid formed was measured by HPLC. Under basal conditions, XO activity represented about 15% of the total XO plus XD activity. Cystamine S-monoxide and cystine S-monoxide converted XD into XO in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentrations required to increase XO activity by 50% were approximately 1 and 2 microM, respectively. Their respective thiols (cysteamine and cysteine) and disulfides (cystamine and cystine) up to 10 microM showed weak or no effects on the activities of XO and XD and their conversion. Experiments utilizing a sulfhydryl reducing reagent (dithiothreitol) and sulfhydryl modifiers (4,4'-dithiodipyridine and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) indicated that disulfide S-monoxides-induced conversion of XD to XO occurs via disulfide bridge formation in XD, but not the modification of sulfhydryl groups. These results suggest that disulfide S-monoxides have the potential to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species through the conversion of XD to XO in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sakuma
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Santhanam S, Venkatraman A, Ramakrishna BS. Impairment of mitochondrial acetoacetyl CoA thiolase activity in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 2007; 56:1543-9. [PMID: 17483192 PMCID: PMC2095666 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Butyrate oxidation by colonocytes is impaired in ulcerative colitis. This study examined the activity of enzymes involved in butyrate oxidation in ulcerative colitis. METHODS Activities of mitochondrial acetoacetyl coenzyme A (CoA) thiolase, crotonase and beta-hydroxy butyryl CoA dehydrogenase were estimated spectrophotometrically in rectosigmoid mucosal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis, and control subjects undergoing colonoscopy for colon cancer or rectal bleeding. RESULTS The activity of mitochondrial acetoacetyl CoA thiolase was decreased by 80% in ulcerative colitis (3.4 (0.58) mumol/min/g wet weight, n = 30) compared with control (16.9 (3.5), n = 18) and with Crohn's colitis (17.6 (3.1), n = 12) (p<0.0001). The activity of two other mitochondrial butyrate oxidation enzymes--crotonase and beta-hydroxy butyryl CoA dehydrogenase--as well as of cytoplasmic thiolase was normal in ulcerative colitis. Mitochondrial thiolase activity in ulcerative colitis did not correlate with clinical, endoscopic or histological indices of disease severity. Mitochondrial thiolase activity was reduced in the normal right colon mucosa of patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed a lowered V(max), suggesting inhibition at a site distinct from the catalytic site. Reduced thiolase activity in ulcerative colitis was returned to normal by exposure to 0.3 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, a reductant. Using normal colon mucosal biopsies, redox modulation of thiolase activity by hydrogen peroxide, a mitochondrial oxidant, could be shown. A significant increase in hydrogen peroxide formation was observed in ulcerative colitis biopsies. CONCLUSION A defect of mitochondrial acetoacetyl CoA thiolase occurs in ulcerative colitis. Increased reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria of epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis may underlie this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Santhanam
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Nagy P, Ashby MT. Reactive sulfur species: kinetics and mechanisms of the oxidation of cysteine by hypohalous acid to give cysteine sulfenic acid. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14082-91. [PMID: 17939659 DOI: 10.1021/ja0737218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine sulfenic acid has been generated in alkaline aqueous solution by oxidation of cysteine with hypohalous acid (HOX, X = Cl or Br). The kinetics and mechanisms of the oxidation reaction and the subsequent reactions of cysteine sulfenic acid have been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry between pH 10 and 14. Two reaction pathways were observed: (1) below pH 12, the condensation of two sulfenic acids to give cysteine thiosulfinate ester followed by the nucleophilic attack of cysteinate on cysteine thiosulfinate ester and (2) above pH 10, a pH-dependent fast equilibrium protonation of cysteine sulfenate that is followed by rate-limiting comproportionation of cysteine sulfenic acid with cysteinate to give cystine. The observation of the first reaction suggests that the condensation of cysteine sulfenic acid to give cysteine thiosulfinate ester can be competitive with the reaction of cysteine sulfenic acid with cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Bourlès E, Alves de Sousa R, Galardon E, Selkti M, Tomas A, Artaud I. Synthesis of cyclic mono- and bis-disulfides and their selective conversion to mono- and bis-thiosulfinates. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Huang KP, Huang FL, Shetty PK, Yergey AL. Modification of Protein by Disulfide S-Monoxide and Disulfide S-Dioxide: Distinctive Effects on PKC. Biochemistry 2007; 46:1961-71. [PMID: 17249696 DOI: 10.1021/bi061955i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide S-monoxide (DSMO) and disulfide S-dioxide (DSDO) have been proposed as proximal mediators for the oxidant-mediated modification of proteins. These disulfide S-oxides (DSOs) derived from glutathione (GSH) and captopril (CPSH) were synthesized by iron- or methyltrioxorhenium (VII)-catalyzed oxidation of the thiols with H2O2. Treatment of mouse hippocampal extracts with [35S]GS-DSOs revealed that a large number of proteins were susceptible to thionylation; however, only a limited number of the them were detectable by the commonly used antibody against GS-associated proteins. Using protein kinase C (PKC) as a model, we found that DSOs derived from different thiols modified this kinase with different efficacy and specificity; for example, the inhibitory potency of the kinase was glutathione disulfide S-dioxide (GS-DSDO) (IC50, approximately 30 microM) > captopril disulfide S-dioxide (CPS-DSDO) (IC50, approximately 450 microM) > glutathione disulfide S-monoxide (GS-DSMO) and captopril disulfide S-monoxide (CPS-DSMO). The stoichiometries of thionylation of PKC beta mediated by [35S]GS-DSMO and [35S]GS-DSDO were approximately 1 and 5 mol/mol, respectively, and at least four glutathionylation sites were identified in the GS-DSDO-treated kinase. Modification of PKC by GS-DSDO and CPS-DSDO rendered the kinase very susceptible to limited proteolysis; the former preferentially caused the degradation of the catalytic and the latter the regulatory domain of the kinase. Furthermore, CPS-DSDO-mediated modification of PKC increased the autonomous kinase activity; this was not the case for GS-DSDO-mediated modification. Since DSOs of different oxidative states as well as those derived from different thiols exert different effects on a target protein, these molecules could cause distinct cellular responses if derived from endogenous cellular reactions or even if they arise from exogenous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ping Huang
- Section on Metabolic Regulation, Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510, USA.
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Jacob C, Knight I, Winyard PG. Aspects of the biological redox chemistry of cysteine: from simple redox responses to sophisticated signalling pathways. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1385-97. [PMID: 17081111 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an increased interest in cysteine modifications such as sulfenic and sulfinic acids, thiyl radicals, sulfenyl-amides and thiosulfinates, which come together to enable redox sensing, activation, catalysis, switching and cellular signalling. While glutathionylation, sulfenyl-amide formation and disulfide activation are examples of relatively simple redox responses, the sulfinic acid switch in peroxiredoxin enzymes is part of a complex signalling system that involves sulfenic and sulfinic acids and interacts with kinases and sulfiredoxin. Although the in vivo evaluation of sulfur species is still complicated by a lack of appropriate analytical techniques, research into biological sulfur species has gained considerable momentum and promises further excitement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Jacob
- School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Mohorovic L. The role of methemoglobinemia in early and late complicated pregnancy. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1114-9. [PMID: 17112681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to direct attention about methemoglobin as a biomarker which has an important role in the detection of adverse effects of the oxidative stress, misbalanced production of ROS, RNS and RSS. According to our hypothesis, a pregnant woman continuously inhaling environmental toxics as fuel burning products, will traverse three, not two from current thought, distinct stages. The main difference among present three-stage hypothesis and other hypotheses is the assertion that, in the pathogenesis of early and late complicated pregnancy, methemoglobin takes on an important role. Secondly, we also observed the utero-placental changes as "locus manifesting minoris resistentiae" in complicated pregnancy are not the causes but a consequence of increased systemic oxidative stress. Methemoglobin and hemolysis both occur as a result of oxidative stress, but the prevalent difference between them is that methemoglobin is a reversible phenomenon (oxidant-antioxidant balance) whereas hemolysis, which occurs as a result of oxidative stress on the erythrocyte membrane, is an irreversible event. Methemoglobinemia can additionally exacerbate an existing anemia, stimulating hypoxia that may be dangerous for both mother and fetus. Own prospective study of methemoglobin in pregnancy, revealed a significant rise in the level of methemoglobin >1.5 g/L (r=0.72, p<0.01) in the exposure period, which can be explained on the basis of an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, resulting in methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia and stillbirth recorded throughout exposure period are significantly higher than those recorded in the control period (p=0.0205), and the frequencies of reproductive loss were significantly lower in the control than in the exposure period (p<0.05). Results suggest that methemoglobin as individual indicator of oxidative stress is an early marker of the identification of women with a pregnancy risk. It has the advantage of being applicable some time before ultrasonic examination becomes feasible. Further support for this assumption will require further investigations that may lead to the supposition that increasing level of methemoglobin is related to environmental toxicities complicated pregnancy and IUGR, preeclampsia, and a high percentage of perinatal mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucijan Mohorovic
- Obstetric and Gynecologic Primary Care, Creska 2, 52221 Rabac, Labin, Croatia.
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Abstract
Zinc/cysteine coordination environments in proteins are redox-active. Oxidation of the sulfur ligands mobilizes zinc, while reduction of the oxidized ligands enhances zinc binding, providing redox control over the availability of zinc ions. Some zinc proteins are redox sensors, in which zinc release is coupled to conformational changes that control varied functions such as enzymatic activity, binding interactions, and molecular chaperone activity. Whereas the released zinc ion in redox sensors has no known function, the redox signal is transduced to specific and sensitive zinc signals in redox transducers. Released zinc can bind to sites on other proteins and modulate signal transduction, generation of metabolic energy, mitochondrial function, and gene expression. The paradigm of such redox transducers is the zinc protein metallothionein, which, together with its apoprotein, thionein, functions at a central node in cellular signaling by redistributing cellular zinc, presiding over the availability of zinc, and interconverting redox and zinc signals. In this regard, the transduction of nitric oxide (NO) signals into zinc signals by metallothionein has received particular attention. It appears that redox-inert zinc has been chosen to control some aspects of cellular thiol/disulfide redox metabolism. Tight control of zinc is essential for redox homeostasis because both increases and decreases of cellular zinc elicit oxidative stress. Depending on its availability, zinc can be cytoprotective as a pro-antioxidant or cytotoxic as a pro-oxidant. Any condition with acute or chronic oxidative stress is expected to perturb zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, USA.
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40
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Ashby MT, Nagy P. Revisiting a proposed kinetic model for the reaction of cysteine and hydrogen peroxide via cysteine sulfenic acid. INT J CHEM KINET 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jacob C. A scent of therapy: pharmacological implications of natural products containing redox-active sulfur atoms. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:851-63. [PMID: 17119635 DOI: 10.1039/b609523m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of sulfur-containing natural products from plants, fungi, bacteria and animals have recently been investigated to determine their therapeutic potential. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies of compounds such as ergothioneine, ovothiols, allicin, leinamycin, varacin, lenthionine and diallyltetrasulfide have provided evidence for antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer properties. The biological activity of these compounds is the result of specific chemical properties which converge in chemotypes such as thiols, disulfides, sulfenic and sulfinic acids,thiosulfinates, sulfoxides, sulfones and polysulfides. Redox-activity, catalysis, metal binding, enzyme inhibition and radical generation allow reactive sulfur species to interact with oxidative stressors, to affect the function of redox-sensitive cysteine proteins and to disrupt the integrity of DNA and cellular membranes. In some cases, the biological activity of sulfur-containing plant products depends on initial enzymatic activation, which allows thiosulfinates and isothiocyanates to be generated with high target selectivity. Not surprisingly, research into the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the lesser known sulfur chemotypes is rapidly gathering momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Bourles E, Alves de Sousa R, Galardon E, Giorgi M, Artaud I. Direct Synthesis of a Thiolato-S and Sulfinato-S CoIII Complex Related to the Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase: A Pathway to the Post-Translational Oxidation of the Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6162-5. [PMID: 16136617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bourles
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601 CNRS, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des Sts pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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Bourles E, Alves de Sousa R, Galardon E, Giorgi M, Artaud I. Direct Synthesis of a Thiolato-S and Sulfinato-S CoIII Complex Related to the Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase: A Pathway to the Post-Translational Oxidation of the Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Bulteau AL, Lundberg KC, Ikeda-Saito M, Isaya G, Szweda LI. Reversible redox-dependent modulation of mitochondrial aconitase and proteolytic activity during in vivo cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5987-91. [PMID: 15840721 PMCID: PMC1087934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501519102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prooxidents can induce reversible inhibition or irreversible inactivation and degradation of the mitochondrial enzyme aconitase. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion is associated with an increase in mitochondrial free radical production. In the current study, the effects of reperfusion-induced production of prooxidants on mitochondrial aconitase and proteolytic activity were determined to assess whether alterations represented a regulated response to changes in redox status or oxidative damage. Evidence is provided that ATP-dependent proteolytic activity increased during early reperfusion followed by a time-dependent reduction in activity to control levels. These alterations in proteolytic activity paralleled an increase and subsequent decrease in the level of oxidatively modified protein. In vitro data supports a role for prooxidants in the activation of ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. Despite inhibition during early periods of reperfusion, aconitase was not degraded under the conditions of these experiments. Aconitase activity exhibited a decline in activity followed by reactivation during cardiac reperfusion. Loss and regain in activity involved reversible sulfhydryl modification. Aconitase was found to associate with the iron binding protein frataxin exclusively during reperfusion. In vitro, frataxin has been shown to protect aconitase from [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster disassembly, irreversible inactivation, and, potentially, degradation. Thus, the response of mitochondrial aconitase and ATP-dependent proteolytic activity to reperfusion-induced prooxidant production appears to be a regulated event that would be expected to reduce irreparable damage to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
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Jacob C, Lancaster JR, Giles GI. Reactive sulphur species in oxidative signal transduction. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 32:1015-7. [PMID: 15506951 DOI: 10.1042/bst0321015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intense interest has been generated by the discovery that reactive oxygen species can function as intracellular second messengers. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signal transduction, gene expression and apoptosis. Additionally, there is evidence for proteins that are regulated by redox environment through the reversible oxidation of their cysteine residues. However, the direct reaction of reactive oxygen species with cysteine at physiological concentrations is generally a slow process, suggesting that intermediates are required to convey efficiently the oxidative stimulus. Here, we discuss the evidence that DSOs (disulphide-S-oxides) are formed from glutathione under oxidizing conditions and specifically modulate the redox status of thiols, indicating the existence of specialized cellular oxidative pathways. DSO inactivated glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and alcohol dehydrogenases and released zinc from metallothionein and a zinc finger domain. In contrast, equivalent concentrations of H(2)O(2) showed minimal effect. The antioxidants ascorbate, NADH, trolox and melatonin were unable to quench DSO-induced oxidation. These findings support the paradigm of oxidative signal transduction and provide a general pathway whereby reactive oxygen species can convert thiols into disulphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacob
- Exeter Biocatalysis Centre, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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Fry FH, Okarter N, Baynton-Smith C, Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ, Jacob C. Use of a substrate/alliinase combination to generate antifungal activity in situ. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:574-580. [PMID: 15686404 DOI: 10.1021/jf048481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Allicin, an active ingredient of garlic, possesses a range of antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, certain properties of the compound, such as chemical instability and low miscibility with water, have hampered its practical use in the past. Here, we show that it is possible to use a binary system consisting of the plant enzyme alliinase and its substrate alliin to generate allicin, and hence antifungal activity, in situ. During application, the two inactive components generate compounds that inhibit growth and infection-related development of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. It is therefore possible to "trigger" biological activity in a controlled, yet effective manner. Apart from circumventing many of the drawbacks of allicin, this binary system has additional important advantages, such as low toxicity of its individual components and selective activation. Importantly, alliinase is also able to use different substrates, therefore paving the way to a range of novel, binary antimicrobial systems with custom-made chemical and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Fry
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Mohorovic L. First two months of pregnancy--critical time for preterm delivery and low birthweight caused by adverse effects of coal combustion toxics. Early Hum Dev 2004; 80:115-23. [PMID: 15500992 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the most critical gestation period for adverse effects of environmental toxics in terms of preterm delivery (<37 weeks) and low birthweight (<2500 g) in humans. STUDY DESIGN From January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1989, 704 women were included in a retrospective epidemiological study. All were from the district of Labin and lived in the vicinity of a coal power plant Plomin 1, Croatia. This plant is the single large source of air pollution in the area. The coal used for fuel is extremely rich with sulfur, 9-11%. Daily, weekly, and monthly consumption of coal and related SO2 emissions were calculated for each pregnant woman from the beginning to the end of pregnancy. RESULTS We found that a greater and longer exposure to SO2 emissions during the initial two months of pregnancy resulted in a significantly shorter gestation (end of the first month: -0.0914, p=0.008, end of the second month: -0.0806, p=0.016) and in lower body mass of a newborn (end of the first month: -0.0807, p=0.016, end of the second month -0.0733, p=0.026). CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm the role of inhaled environmental toxics in the early development of human embryo and in adverse pregnancy course caused by permanent oxidative stress, misbalanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), and other unfavorable metabolic processes on early embryogenesis, resulting in growth-arrested cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucijan Mohorovic
- Obstetric and Gynecologic Primary Care, Labin, Rabac 52221, Croatia.
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Abstract
Recent studies on the redox behaviour of cysteine residues in peptides and proteins have dramatically changed our perspective of the amino acid's role in biocatalysis, intracellular redox sensing and cell signalling. Cysteine sulfinic acid formation in proteins, for example, has long been viewed as an irreversible 'overoxidation' process that might lead to loss of activity, especially under conditions of oxidative stress. Within the last year, several research groups have independently shown that sulfinic acids can be reduced to thiols in vivo. An enzyme with sulfinic acid reductase activity, called sulfiredoxin, has been isolated from yeast and a gene encoding a human analogue has been identified in the human genome. Reversibility of sulfinic acid formation opens the door to a range of yet unexplored redox cycles, cell signalling processes and reduction mechanisms. These cysteine-based redox processes will be of enormous interest to chemists, biochemists, biologists and the medical community alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Jacob
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, United KingdomEX4 4QD.
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Giles NM, Giles GI, Holley JE, Gutowski NJ, Jacob C. Targeting oxidative stress-related diseases: organochalcogen catalysts as redox sensitizers. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:2021-8. [PMID: 14599560 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells proliferate under conditions of oxidative stress. A novel therapeutic approach would be to enhance the cellular effects of the reactive oxygen species formed under these conditions by supplementation with a redox catalyst. This provides a means to target and specifically destroy cancer cells via oxidation of redox-sensitive proteins, such as transcription factors, while leaving cells with a normal redox balance largely unaffected. We have previously reported a preliminary observation on the effects of pro-oxidant catalysts that enhance cancer cell death. This paper presents a detailed in vitro investigation into the mechanism of action of synthetic glutathione peroxidase mimics on a model Sp1 transcription factor peptide. The structure and redox potential of these mimics correlate with their ability to catalyze the oxidation of this zinc-binding motif by H(2)O(2) and these compounds promise therapeutic potential by promoting H(2)O(2)-induced PC12 cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshini M Giles
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
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Giles NM, Watts AB, Giles GI, Fry FH, Littlechild JA, Jacob C. Metal and redox modulation of cysteine protein function. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:677-93. [PMID: 12954327 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In biological systems, the amino acid cysteine combines catalytic activity with an extensive redox chemistry and unique metal binding properties. The interdependency of these three aspects of the thiol group permits the redox regulation of proteins and metal binding, metal control of redox activity, and ligand control of metal-based enzyme catalysis. Cysteine proteins are therefore able to act as "redox switches," to sense concentrations of oxidative stressors and unbound zinc ions in the cytosol, to provide a "storage facility" for excess metal ions, to control the activity of metalloproteins, and to take part in important regulatory and signaling pathways. The diversity of cysteine's multiple roles in vivo is equally as fascinating as it is promising for future biochemical and pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshini M Giles
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, United Kingdom
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