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Meldrum OW, Yakubov GE. Journey of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract: role of physical interactions, mucus, and biochemical transformations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-29. [PMID: 39141568 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2390556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fiber-rich foods have been associated with numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Harnessing the potential to deliver positive health outcomes rests on our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive these associations. This review addresses data and concepts concerning plant-based food functionality by dissecting the cascade of physical and chemical digestive processes and interactions that underpin these physiological benefits. Functional transformations of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract from the stages of oral processing and gastric emptying to intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation influence its capacity to modulate digestion, transit, and commensal microbiome. This analysis highlights the significance, limitations, and challenges in decoding the complex web of interactions to establish a coherent framework connecting specific fiber components' molecular and macroscale interactions across multiple length scales within the gastrointestinal tract. One critical area that requires closer examination is the interaction between fiber, mucus barrier, and the commensal microbiome when considering food structure design and personalized nutritional strategies for beneficial physiologic effects. Understanding the response of specific fibers, particularly concerning an individual's physiology, will offer the opportunity to exploit these functional characteristics to elicit specific, symptom-targeting effects or use fiber types as adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Meldrum
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Soft Matter Biomaterials and Biointerfaces, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Schaus SR, Vasconcelos Pereira G, Luis AS, Madlambayan E, Terrapon N, Ostrowski MP, Jin C, Henrissat B, Hansson GC, Martens EC. Ruminococcus torques is a keystone degrader of intestinal mucin glycoprotein, releasing oligosaccharides used by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. mBio 2024; 15:e0003924. [PMID: 38975756 PMCID: PMC11323728 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00039-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between humans and our communities of resident gut microbes (microbiota) play many roles in health and disease. Some gut bacteria utilize mucus as a nutrient source and can under certain conditions damage the protective barrier it forms, increasing disease susceptibility. We investigated how Ruminococcus torques-a known mucin degrader that has been implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)-degrades mucin glycoproteins or their component O-linked glycans to understand its effects on the availability of mucin-derived nutrients for other bacteria. We found that R. torques utilizes both mucin glycoproteins and released oligosaccharides from gastric and colonic mucins, degrading these substrates with a panoply of mostly constitutively expressed, secreted enzymes. Investigation of mucin oligosaccharide degradation by R. torques revealed strong α-L-fucosidase, sialidase and β1,4-galactosidase activities. There was a lack of detectable sulfatase and weak β1,3-galactosidase degradation, resulting in accumulation of glycans containing these structures on mucin polypeptides. While the Gram-negative symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron grows poorly on mucin glycoproteins, we demonstrate a clear ability of R. torques to liberate products from mucins, making them accessible to B. thetaiotaomicron. This work underscores the diversity of mucin-degrading mechanisms in different bacterial species and the probability that some species are contingent on others for the ability to more fully access mucin-derived nutrients. The ability of R. torques to directly degrade a variety of mucin and mucin glycan structures and unlock released glycans for other species suggests that it is a keystone mucin degrader, which might contribute to its association with IBD.IMPORTANCEAn important facet of maintaining healthy symbiosis between host and intestinal microbes is the mucus layer, the first defense protecting the epithelium from lumenal bacteria. Some gut bacteria degrade the various components of intestinal mucins, but detailed mechanisms used by different species are still emerging. It is imperative to understand these mechanisms as they likely dictate interspecies interactions and may illuminate species associated with bacterial mucus damage and subsequent disease susceptibility. Ruminococcus torques is positively associated with IBD in multiple studies. We identified mucin glycan-degrading enzymes in R. torques and found that it shares mucin degradation products with another species of gut bacteria, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Our findings underscore the importance of understanding mucin degradation mechanisms in different gut bacteria and their consequences on interspecies interactions, which may identify keystone bacteria that disproportionately affect mucus damage and could therefore be key players in effects that result from reductions in mucus integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie R. Schaus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Ana S. Luis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emily Madlambayan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Marseille, France
| | - Matthew P. Ostrowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Fricker AD, Yao T, Lindemann SR, Flores GE. Enrichment and characterization of human-associated mucin-degrading microbial consortia by sequential passage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae078. [PMID: 38794902 PMCID: PMC11180985 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin is a glycoprotein secreted throughout the mammalian gastrointestinal tract that can support endogenous microorganisms in the absence of complex polysaccharides. While several mucin-degrading bacteria have been identified, the interindividual differences in microbial communities capable of metabolizing this complex polymer are not well described. To determine whether community assembly on mucin is deterministic across individuals or whether taxonomically distinct but functionally similar mucin-degrading communities are selected across fecal inocula, we used a 10-day in vitro sequential batch culture fermentation from three human donors with mucin as the sole carbon source. For each donor, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to characterize microbial community succession, and the short-chain fatty acid profile was determined from the final community. All three communities reached a steady-state by day 7 in which the community composition stabilized. Taxonomic comparisons amongst communities revealed that one of the final communities had Desulfovibrio, another had Akkermansia, and all three shared other members, such as Bacteroides. Metabolic output differences were most notable for one of the donor's communities, with significantly less production of acetate and propionate than the other two communities. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing stable mucin-degrading communities with shared and unique taxa. Furthermore, the mechanisms and efficiencies of mucin degradation across individuals are important for understanding how this community-level process impacts human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwana D Fricker
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330, United States
| | - Tianming Yao
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Stephen R Lindemann
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Gilberto E Flores
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330, United States
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4
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Hassan HM, Elsaed WM, Elzeiny D, Habotta OA, Eleraky ES, Nashar EME, Alghamdi MA, Aldahhan RA, Alzahrani MA, Saleh Alamari AM, Hamza E. Modulatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on sodium nitrate-induced experimental colitis via regulation of P53, Ki-67 and PCNA biomarkers. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102327. [PMID: 38493756 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is a risk factor for colorectal carcinoma. Different mechanisms are related to colitis like apoptosis and hyperproliferation. Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MO) provides a promising option to overcome the risk. PURPOSE To examine the colonic changes in a rat model of colitis induced by sodium nitrate (SN) and study the effects of MO. STUDY DESIGN Eight adult male rats were allocated in each of the three group; control (distilled water), SN (100 mg/kg/day, orally via gastric gavage), and SN + MO (100 mg/kg/day, orally via gastric gavage). METHODS Body weight was measured after the end of the experiment. Colonic homogenates were tested for levels of oxidative stress indicators. Immunohistochemistry for P53, PCNA and Ki-67 was performed. Fresh colon specimens were used for quantitative real-time PCR for assessment of P53, PCNA and Ki-67 gene expression. RESULTS SN group revealed a significant decreased weight (p = 0.002). MDA and NO levels were higher with SN administration than with MO co-administration (p= 0.04, 0.01 respectively). GSH level was reduced in SN group (p = 0.02) and significantly increased with MO intake (p = 0.04). SN-induced colonic destructive changes were reversed with MO. P53, PCNA and Ki-67 levels of gene expression were reduced in SN + MO group than SN group (P = 0.007, 0.02, 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION MO protected the colonic mucosa against SN-induced changes regulating apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Hassan
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt; Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Elsaed
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt; Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, National Mansoura University, Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Dina Elzeiny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Ola Ali Habotta
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Elshimaa S Eleraky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, Damietta, Egypt.
| | - Eman Mohamed El Nashar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansour Abdullah Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, The Center for Medical and Health Research, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rashid A Aldahhan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2114, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Attieh Alzahrani
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt.
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5
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Elzinga J, Narimatsu Y, de Haan N, Clausen H, de Vos WM, Tytgat HLP. Binding of Akkermansia muciniphila to mucin is O-glycan specific. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4582. [PMID: 38811534 PMCID: PMC11137150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal anaerobic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is specialized in the degradation of mucins, which are heavily O-glycosylated proteins that constitute the major components of the mucus lining the intestine. Despite that adhesion to mucins is considered critical for the persistence of A. muciniphila in the human intestinal tract, our knowledge of how this intestinal symbiont recognizes and binds to mucins is still limited. Here, we first show that the mucin-binding properties of A. muciniphila are independent of environmental oxygen concentrations and not abolished by pasteurization. We then dissected the mucin-binding properties of pasteurized A. muciniphila by use of a recently developed cell-based mucin array that enables display of the tandem repeats of human mucins with distinct O-glycan patterns and structures. We found that A. muciniphila recognizes the unsialylated LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R) disaccharide selectively on core2 and core3 O-glycans. This disaccharide epitope is abundantly found on human colonic mucins capped by sialic acids, and we demonstrated that endogenous A. muciniphila neuraminidase activity can uncover the epitope and promote binding. In summary, our study provides insights into the mucin-binding properties important for colonization of a key mucin-foraging bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Elzinga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanne L P Tytgat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Jensen M, Stenfelt L, Ricci Hagman J, Pichler MJ, Weikum J, Nielsen TS, Hult A, Morth JP, Olsson ML, Abou Hachem M. Akkermansia muciniphila exoglycosidases target extended blood group antigens to generate ABO-universal blood. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1176-1188. [PMID: 38684911 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Matching donor and recipient blood groups based on red blood cell (RBC) surface ABO glycans and antibodies in plasma is crucial to avoid potentially fatal reactions during transfusions. Enzymatic conversion of RBC glycans to the universal group O is an attractive solution to simplify blood logistics and prevent ABO-mismatched transfusions. The gut symbiont Akkermansia muciniphila can degrade mucin O-glycans including ABO epitopes. Here we biochemically evaluated 23 Akkermansia glycosyl hydrolases and identified exoglycosidase combinations which efficiently transformed both A and B antigens and four of their carbohydrate extensions. Enzymatic removal of canonical and extended ABO antigens on RBCs significantly improved compatibility with group O plasmas, compared to conversion of A or B antigens alone. Finally, structural analyses of two B-converting enzymes identified a previously unknown putative carbohydrate-binding module. This study demonstrates the potential utility of mucin-degrading gut bacteria as valuable sources of enzymes for production of universal blood for transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Jensen
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Linn Stenfelt
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Ricci Hagman
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Michael Jakob Pichler
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julia Weikum
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Sofie Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annika Hult
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin L Olsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden.
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department of Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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7
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Nilsson J, Rimkute I, Sihlbom C, Tenge VR, Lin SC, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Larson G. N-glycoproteomic analyses of human intestinal enteroids, varying in histo-blood group geno- and phenotypes, reveal a wide repertoire of fucosylated glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae029. [PMID: 38590172 PMCID: PMC11041853 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses, globally the main cause of viral gastroenteritis, show strain specific affinity for histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and can successfully be propagated ex vivo in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). HIEs established from jejunal stem cells of individuals with different ABO, Lewis and secretor geno- and phenotypes, show varying susceptibility to such infections. Using bottom-up glycoproteomic approaches we have defined and compared the N-linked glycans of glycoproteins of seven jejunal HIEs. Membrane proteins were extracted, trypsin digested, and glycopeptides enriched by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS. The Byonic software was used for glycopeptide identification followed by hands-on verifications and interpretations. Glycan structures and attachment sites were identified from MS2 spectra obtained by higher-energy collision dissociation through analysis of diagnostic saccharide oxonium ions (B-ions), stepwise glycosidic fragmentation of the glycans (Y-ions), and peptide sequence ions (b- and y-ions). Altogether 694 unique glycopeptides from 93 glycoproteins were identified. The N-glycans encompassed pauci- and oligomannose, hybrid- and complex-type structures. Notably, polyfucosylated HBGA-containing glycopeptides of the four glycoproteins tetraspanin-8, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5, sucrose-isomaltase and aminopeptidase N were especially prominent and were characterized in detail and related to donor ABO, Lewis and secretor types of each HIE. Virtually no sialylated N-glycans were identified for these glycoproteins suggesting that terminal sialylation was infrequent compared to fucosylation and HBGA biosynthesis. This approach gives unique site-specific information on the structural complexity of N-linked glycans of glycoproteins of human HIEs and provides a platform for future studies on the role of host glycoproteins in gastrointestinal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, SE 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga Rimkute
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, SE 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, SE 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Baylor College School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology, Baylor College School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
- Present address: Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Baylor College School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology, Baylor College School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 770 30, United States
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Saldova R, Thomsson KA, Wilkinson H, Chatterjee M, Singh AK, Karlsson NG, Knaus UG. Characterization of intestinal O-glycome in reactive oxygen species deficiency. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297292. [PMID: 38483964 PMCID: PMC10939276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation resulting from an inappropriate inflammatory response to intestinal microbes in a genetically susceptible host. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases (NOX) provide antimicrobial defense, redox signaling and gut barrier maintenance. NADPH oxidase mutations have been identified in IBD patients, and mucus layer disruption, a critical aspect in IBD pathogenesis, was connected to NOX inactivation. To gain insight into ROS-dependent modification of epithelial glycosylation the colonic and ileal mucin O-glycome of mice with genetic NOX inactivation (Cyba mutant) was analyzed. O-glycans were released from purified murine mucins and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography in combination with exoglycosidase digestion and mass spectrometry. We identified five novel glycans in ileum and found minor changes in O-glycans in the colon and ileum of Cyba mutant mice. Changes included an increase in glycans with terminal HexNAc and in core 2 glycans with Fuc-Gal- on C3 branch, and a decrease in core 3 glycans in the colon, while the ileum showed increased sialylation and a decrease in sulfated glycans. Our data suggest that NADPH oxidase activity alters the intestinal mucin O-glycans that may contribute to intestinal dysbiosis and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Saldova
- National Institute for Bioprocessing, NIBRT GlycoScience Group, Research and Training, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hayden Wilkinson
- National Institute for Bioprocessing, NIBRT GlycoScience Group, Research and Training, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ashish K. Singh
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niclas G. Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Life Science and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Fancy N, Nitin, Kniffen D, Melvin M, Kazemian N, Sadeghi J, Letef CA, D'Aloisio L, Copp AG, Inaba R, Hans G, Jafaripour S, Haskey N, Raman M, Daneshgar P, Chadee K, Ghosh S, Gibson DL, Pakpour S, Zandberg W, Bergstrom KSB. Fecal-adherent mucus is a non-invasive source of primary human MUC2 for structural and functional characterization in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105675. [PMID: 38272223 PMCID: PMC10891339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The O-glycoprotein Mucin-2 (MUC2) forms the protective colon mucus layer. While animal models have demonstrated the importance of Muc2, few studies have explored human MUC2 in similar depth. Recent studies have revealed that secreted MUC2 is bound to human feces. We hypothesized human fecal MUC2 (HF-MUC2) was accessible for purification and downstream structural and functional characterization. We tested this via histologic and quantitative imaging on human fecal sections; extraction from feces for proteomic and O-glycomic characterization; and functional studies via growth and metabolic assays in vitro. Quantitative imaging of solid fecal sections showed a continuous mucus layer of varying thickness along human fecal sections with barrier functions intact. Lectin profiling showed HF-MUC2 bound several lectins but was weak to absent for Ulex europaeus 1 (α1,2 fucose-binding) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (α2,6 sialic acid-binding), and did not have obvious b1/b2 barrier layers. HF-MUC2 separated by electrophoresis showed high molecular weight glycoprotein bands (∼1-2 MDa). Proteomics and Western analysis confirmed the enrichment of MUC2 and potential MUC2-associated proteins in HF-MUC2 extracts. MUC2 O-glycomics revealed diverse fucosylation, moderate sialylation, and little sulfation versus porcine colonic MUC2 and murine fecal Muc2. O-glycans were functional and supported the growth of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in vitro. MUC2 could be similarly analyzed from inflammatory bowel disease stools, which displayed an altered glycomic profile and differential growth and SCFA production by B. theta versus healthy samples. These studies describe a new non-invasive platform for human MUC2 characterization in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fancy
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Nitin
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Darrek Kniffen
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Melvin
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Negin Kazemian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Javad Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Clara A Letef
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Leah D'Aloisio
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Amanda G Copp
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Rain Inaba
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Geetkamal Hans
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Simin Jafaripour
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Natasha Haskey
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Wesley Zandberg
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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10
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-fucosyllactose degradation by human-associated Akkermansia. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0033423. [PMID: 38299857 PMCID: PMC10886448 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'-FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila MucT and A. biwaensis CSUN-19,on HMOs corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, vary between these two species. During the mid-log phase of growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila. We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that the plasticity of GHs of human-associated Akkermansia sp. enables access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont.IMPORTANCEAkkermansia are mucin-degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human-associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in the growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Padilla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Ashwana D. Fricker
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Estefani Luna
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- GlycoAnalytics Core, UC San Diego, Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hughes
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria E. Panzetta
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gilberto E. Flores
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
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11
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Schaus SR, Vasconcelos Periera G, Luis AS, Madlambayan E, Terrapon N, Ostrowski MP, Jin C, Hansson GC, Martens EC. Ruminococcus torques is a keystone degrader of intestinal mucin glycoprotein, releasing oligosaccharides used by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575725. [PMID: 38293123 PMCID: PMC10827045 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between humans and our communities of resident gut microbes (microbiota) play many roles in health and disease. Some gut bacteria utilize mucus as a nutrient source and can under certain conditions damage the protective barrier it forms, increasing disease susceptibility. We investigated how Ruminococcus torques- a known mucin-degrader that remains poorly studied despite its implication in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)- degrades mucin glycoproteins or their component O -linked glycans to understand its effects on the availability of mucin-derived nutrients for other bacteria. We found that R. torques utilizes both mucin glycoproteins and released oligosaccharides from gastric and colonic mucins, degrading these substrates with a panoply of mostly constitutively expressed, secreted enzymes. Investigation of mucin oligosaccharide degradation by R. torques revealed strong fucosidase, sialidase and β1,4-galactosidase activities. There was a lack of detectable sulfatase and weak β1,3-galactosidase degradation, resulting in accumulation of glycans containing these structures on mucin polypeptides. While the Gram-negative symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron grows poorly on mucin glycoproteins, we demonstrate a clear ability of R. torques to liberate products from mucins, making them accessible to B. thetaiotaomicron . This work underscores the diversity of mucin-degrading mechanisms in different bacterial species and the probability that some species are contingent on others for the ability to more fully access mucin-derived nutrients. The ability of R. torques to directly degrade a variety of mucin and mucin glycan structures and unlock released glycans for other species suggests that it is a keystone mucin degrader, which may contribute to its association with IBD. Importance An important facet of maintaining healthy symbiosis between host and intestinal microbes is the mucus layer, the first defense protecting the epithelium from lumenal bacteria. Some gut bacteria degrade different components of intestinal mucins, but detailed mechanisms used by different species are still emerging. It is imperative to understand these mechanisms as they likely dictate interspecies interactions and may illuminate particular species associated with bacterial mucus destruction and subsequent disease susceptibility. Ruminococcus torques is positively associated with IBD in multiple studies. We identified mucin glycan-degrading enzymes in R. torques and found that it shares mucin degradation products with another gut bacterium implicated in IBD, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron . Our findings underscore the importance of understanding the mucin degradation mechanisms of different gut bacteria and their consequences on interspecies interactions, which may identify keystone bacteria that disproportionately contribute to defects in mucus protection and could therefore be targets to prevent or treat IBD.
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12
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Katoh T, Ashida H. Bacterial Enzyme Assay for Mucin Glycan Degradation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2763:337-344. [PMID: 38347423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3670-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial sialidase and sulfoglycosidase may act on the acidic modifications of mucin O-glycans, producing sialic acid and 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. Assays for these enzymes, using mucin as a substrate, are enabled by the detection and/or quantification of the free monosaccharides that are released by these enzymes. This chapter describes enzyme reactions with mucin, detection by thin-layer chromatography of sialic acid, and quantification of 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Katoh
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ashida
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
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13
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Miyazaki K, Sasaki A, Mizuuchi H. Advances in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Absorption Considering the Mucus Layer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 38140055 PMCID: PMC10747107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the increasing sophistication of formulation technology and the increasing polymerization of compounds directed toward undruggable drug targets, the influence of the mucus layer on gastrointestinal drug absorption has received renewed attention. Therefore, understanding the complex structure of the mucus layer containing highly glycosylated glycoprotein mucins, lipids bound to the mucins, and water held by glycans interacting with each other is critical. Recent advances in cell culture and engineering techniques have led to the development of evaluation systems that closely mimic the ecological environment and have been applied to the evaluation of gastrointestinal drug absorption while considering the mucus layer. This review provides a better understanding of the mucus layer components and the gastrointestinal tract's biological defense barrier, selects an assessment system for drug absorption in the mucus layer based on evaluation objectives, and discusses the overview and features of each assessment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miyazaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan; (A.S.); (H.M.)
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14
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Mishra P, Badiyani VM, Jain S, Subramanian S, Maharaj SV, Kumar A, Singh BN. Prebiotics: Ignored player in the fight against cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1870. [PMID: 37458148 PMCID: PMC10644333 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics is a relatively neglected area in cancer research, despite evidence suggesting that it plays a key role in suppressing tumour growth and improving immune function. RECENT FINDINGS Including prebiotics in the diet has been shown to strengthen the immune system and can better slow down or prevent the growth of tumours. It has also been strongly indicated in various scientific studies that prebiotics can contribute to the sustenance of a healthy microbiome, which in turn plays an important role in increasing the effectiveness and reducing the side effects of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In the present review article we highlight the mechanisms by which prebiotics like inulin, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), β-glucan, pectin, and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) function. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of incorporating prebiotics during cancer therapy to improvise gut health and prevent/reverse the damage caused to patients due to chemotherapy has also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichita Mishra
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vidhi Manish Badiyani
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sakshi Jain
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Sruti Subramanian
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | | | - Ashwini Kumar
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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15
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Singla A, Boucher A, Wallom KL, Lebens M, Kohler JJ, Platt FM, Yrlid U. Cholera intoxication of human enteroids reveals interplay between decoy and functional glycoconjugate ligands. Glycobiology 2023; 33:801-816. [PMID: 37622990 PMCID: PMC10629719 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research on cholera toxin (CT) binding and intoxication has relied on human colonic cancer derived epithelial cells. While these transformed cell lines have been beneficial, they neither derive from small intestine where intoxication occurs, nor represent the diversity of small intestinal epithelial cells (SI-ECs) and variation in glycoconjugate expression among individuals. Here, we used human enteroids, derived from jejunal biopsies of multipledonors to study CT binding and intoxication of human non-transformed SI-ECs. We modulated surface expression of glycosphingolipids, glycoproteins and specific glycans to distinguish the role of each glycan/glycoconjugate. Cholera-toxin-subunit-B (CTB) mutants were generated to decipher the preference of each glycoconjugate to different binding sites and the correlation between CT binding and intoxication. Human enteroids contain trace amounts of GM1, but other glycosphingolipids may be contributing to CT intoxication. We discovered that inhibition of either fucosylation or O-glycosylation sensitize enteroids to CT-intoxication. This can either be a consequence of the removal of fucosylated "decoy-like-ligands" binding to CTB's non-canonical site and/or increase in the availability of Gal/GalNAc-terminating glycoconjugates binding to the canonical site. Furthermore, simultaneous inhibition of fucosylation and O-glycosylation increased the availability of additional Gal/GalNAc-terminating glycoconjugates but counteracted the sensitization in CT intoxication caused by inhibiting O-glycosylation because of reduction in fucose. This implies a dual role of fucose as a functional glycan and a decoy, the interplay of which influences CT binding and intoxication. Finally, while the results were similar for enteroids from different donors, they were not identical, pointing to a role for human genetic variation in determining sensitivity to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshi Singla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerri-Lee Wallom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9185, United States
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Raev SA, Raque M, Kick MK, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Differential transcriptome response following infection of porcine ileal enteroids with species A and C rotaviruses. Virol J 2023; 20:238. [PMID: 37848925 PMCID: PMC10580564 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus C (RVC) is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, while most RVAs mostly affect weaned animals. Besides, while most RVA strains can be propagated in MA-104 and other continuous cell lines, attempts to isolate and culture RVC strains remain largely unsuccessful. The host factors associated with these unique RVC characteristics remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we have comparatively evaluated transcriptome responses of porcine ileal enteroids infected with RVC G1P[1] and two RVA strains (G9P[13] and G5P[7]) with a focus on innate immunity and virus-host receptor interactions. RESULTS The analysis of differentially expressed genes regulating antiviral immune response indicated that in contrast to RVA, RVC infection resulted in robust upregulation of expression of the genes encoding pattern recognition receptors including RIG1-like receptors and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5. RVC infection was associated with a prominent upregulation of the most of glycosyltransferase-encoding genes except for the sialyltransferase-encoding genes which were downregulated similar to the effects observed for G9P[13]. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel data highlighting the unique aspects of the RVC-associated host cellular signalling and suggest that increased upregulation of the key antiviral factors maybe one of the mechanisms responsible for RVC age-specific characteristics and its inability to replicate in most cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA.
| | - Molly Raque
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Maryssa K Kick
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA.
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17
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-Fucosyllactose degradation by Human-Associated Akkermansia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562767. [PMID: 37904935 PMCID: PMC10614881 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila Muc T and A. biwaensis CSUN-19, in HMOS corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, varies between these two species. During mid-log phase growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila . We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that that plasticity of GHs of human associated Akkermansia sp. enable access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont. IMPORTANCE Akkermansia are mucin degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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18
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Donahue R, Sahoo JK, Rudolph S, Chen Y, Kaplan DL. Mucosa-Mimetic Materials for the Study of Intestinal Homeostasis and Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300301. [PMID: 37329337 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic hydrogel that lines and protects the epithelial surfaces of the body that houses commensal microbiota and functions in host defense against pathogen invasion. As a first-line physical and biochemical barrier, intestinal mucus is involved in immune surveillance and spatial organization of the microbiome, while dysfunction of the gut mucus barrier is implicated in several diseases. Mucus can be collected from a variety of mammalian sources for study, however, established methods are challenging in terms of scale and efficiency, as well as with regard to rheological similarity to native human mucus. Therefore, there is a need for mucus-mimetic hydrogels that more accurately reflect the physical and chemical profile of the in vivo human epithelial environment to enable the investigation of the role of mucus in human disease and interactions with the intestinal microbiome. This review will evaluate the material properties of synthetic mucus mimics to date designed to address the above need, with a focus toward an improved understanding of the biochemical and immunological functions of these biopolymers related to utility for research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sara Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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19
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Inaba R, Vujakovic S, Bergstrom K. The gut mucus network: A dynamic liaison between microbes and the immune system. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101807. [PMID: 37478802 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
A complex mucus network made up of large polymers of the mucin-family glycoprotein MUC2 exists between the large intestinal microbial mass and epithelial and immune cells. This has long been understood as an innate immune defense barrier against the microbiota and other luminal threats that reinforces the barrier function of the epithelium and limits microbiota contact with the tissues. However, past and recent studies have provided new evidence of how critical the mucus network is to act as a 'liaison' between host and microbe to mediate anti-inflammatory, mutualistic interactions with the microbiota and protection from pathogens. This review summarizes historical and recent insights into the formation of the gut mucus network, how the microbes and immune system influence mucus, and in turn, how the mucus influences immune responses to the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rain Inaba
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Vujakovic
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirk Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Coletto E, Savva GM, Latousakis D, Pontifex M, Crost EH, Vaux L, Telatin A, Bergstrom K, Vauzour D, Juge N. Role of mucin glycosylation in the gut microbiota-brain axis of core 3 O-glycan deficient mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13982. [PMID: 37634035 PMCID: PMC10460388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in intestinal mucin glycosylation have been associated with increased intestinal permeability and sensitivity to inflammation and infection. Here, we used mice lacking core 3-derived O-glycans (C3GnT-/-) to investigate the effect of impaired mucin glycosylation in the gut-brain axis. C3GnT-/- mice showed altered microbial metabolites in the caecum associated with brain function such as dimethylglycine and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine profiles as compared to C3GnT+/+ littermates. In the brain, polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive granule cells showed an aberrant phenotype in the dentate gyrus of C3GnT-/- mice. This was accompanied by a trend towards decreased expression levels of PSA as well as ZO-1 and occludin as compared to C3GnT+/+. Behavioural studies showed a decrease in the recognition memory of C3GnT-/- mice as compared to C3GnT+/+ mice. Combined, these results support the role of mucin O-glycosylation in the gut in potentially influencing brain function which may be facilitated by the passage of microbial metabolites through an impaired gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Coletto
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - George M Savva
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Dimitrios Latousakis
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Matthew Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle H Crost
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Laura Vaux
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Kirk Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
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21
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Khan R, Jori C, Ansari MM, Ahmad A, Nadeem A, Siddiqui N, Sultana S. α-Terpineol Mitigates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats by Attenuating Inflammation and Apoptosis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29794-29802. [PMID: 37599911 PMCID: PMC10433518 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the major inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. α-Terpineol (αTL) is naturally present in several plants, and it belongs to the monoterpenes category. αTL possesses various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiulcer activities. Importantly, αTL has been reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory effects also. In this study, we hypothesize that αTL may have protective effects against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Wistar rats. Animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 6 rats each. In group III, αTL was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally from days 1 to 14, while in groups II and III, 4% DSS in drinking water was given to rats ad libitum from the 7th to 14th days. After 24 h of the last dose of αTL, all animals were euthanized. αTL administration reduced the DSS-induced colonic disease activity index, tissue damage, and goblet cell disintegration. αTL suppressed the orchestration of mast cells in the inflamed colon, enhanced the immunostaining of NF-kB-p65, COX-2, iNOS, p53, caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, and suppressed the immunostaining of connexin-43, survivin, and Bcl-2. The activities of caspases-9 and -3 were reduced significantly by αTL pretreatment, as also confirmed by calorimetric assays. Moreover, αTL significantly attenuated the nitric oxide level and myeloperoxidase activity. Histological results further support the fact that αTL reduced DSS-induced colonic damage and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Overall, our findings suggest that αTL has strong protective effects against DSS-induced colitis by mitigating inflammatory and apoptotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Khan
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Jori
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Md. Meraj Ansari
- Centre
for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, S.A.S Nagar,
Sector 67, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Julia
McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology,
Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201303, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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22
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Ghorashi AC, Boucher A, Archer-Hartmann SA, Murray NB, Konada RSR, Zhang X, Xing C, Azadi P, Yrlid U, Kohler JJ. Fucosylated glycoproteins and fucosylated glycolipids play opposing roles in cholera intoxication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551727. [PMID: 37577488 PMCID: PMC10418270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is the etiological agent of cholera. Here we report that multiple classes of fucosylated glycoconjugates function in CT binding and intoxication of intestinal epithelial cells. In Colo205 cells, knockout of B3GNT5, the enzyme required for synthesis of lacto- and neolacto-series glycosphingolipids (GSLs), reduces CT binding but sensitizes cells to intoxication. Overexpressing B3GNT5 to generate more fucosylated GSLs confers protection against intoxication, indicating that fucosylated GSLs act as decoy receptors for CT. Knockout (KO) of B3GALT5 causes increased production of fucosylated O-linked and N-linked glycoproteins, and leads to increased CT binding and intoxication. Knockout of B3GNT5 in B3GALT5 KO cells eliminates production of fucosylated GSLs but increases intoxication, identifying fucosylated glycoproteins as functional receptors for CT. These findings provide insight into molecular determinants regulating CT sensitivity of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atossa C. Ghorashi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Andrew Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Nathan B. Murray
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Xunzhi Zhang
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390 USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390 USA
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23
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Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto K. Mucin glycans and their degradation by gut microbiota. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:493-512. [PMID: 37318672 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal tract is inhabited by a tremendous number of microorganisms, which are collectively termed "the gut microbiota". The intestinal epithelium is covered with a dense layer of mucus that prevents penetration of the gut microbiota into underlying tissues of the host. Recent studies have shown that the maturation and function of the mucus layer are strongly influenced by the gut microbiota, and alteration in the structure and function of the gut microbiota is implicated in several diseases. Because the intestinal mucus layer is at a crucial interface between microbes and their host, its breakdown leads to gut bacterial invasion that can eventually cause inflammation and infection. The mucus is composed of mucin, which is rich in glycans, and the various structures of the complex carbohydrates of mucins can select for distinct mucosa-associated bacteria that are able to bind mucin glycans, and sometimes degrade them as a nutrient source. Mucin glycans are diverse molecules, and thus mucin glycan degradation is a complex process that requires a broad range of glycan-degrading enzymes. Because of the increased recognition of the role of mucus-associated microbes in human health, how commensal bacteria degrade and use host mucin glycans has become of increased interest. This review provides an overview of the relationships between the mucin glycan of the host and gut commensal bacteria, with a focus on mucin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Bio Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Wakayama University, 930, Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Center for Innovative and Joint Research, Wakayama University, 930, Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510, Japan
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24
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Takada H, Katoh T, Sakanaka M, Odamaki T, Katayama T. GH20 and GH84 β-N-acetylglucosaminidases with different linkage specificities underpin mucin O-glycan breakdown capability of Bifidobacterium bifidum. J Biol Chem 2023:104781. [PMID: 37146969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus layers mediate symbiosis and dysbiosis of host-microbe interactions. These interactions are influenced by the mucin O-glycan degrading ability of several gut microbes. The identities and prevalence of many glycoside hydrolyses (GHs) involved in microbial mucin O-glycan breakdown have been previously reported; however, the exact mechanisms and extent to which these GHs are dedicated to mucin O-glycan degradation pathways warrant further research. Here, using Bifidobacterium bifidum as a model mucinolytic bacterium, we revealed that two β-N-acetylglucosaminidases belonging to the GH20 (BbhI) and GH84 (BbhIV) families play important roles in mucin O-glycan degradation. Using substrate specificity analysis of natural oligosaccharides and O-glycomic analysis of porcine gastric mucin (PGM) incubated with purified enzymes or B. bifidum carrying bbhI and/or bbhIV mutations, we showed that BbhI and BbhIV are highly specific for β-(1→3)- and β-(1→6)-GlcNAc linkages of mucin core structures, respectively. Interestingly, we found that efficient hydrolysis of the β-(1→3)-linkage by BbhI of the mucin core 4 structure [GlcNAcβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)GalNAcα-O-Thr] required prior removal of the β-(1→6)-GlcNAc linkage by BbhIV. Consistent with this, inactivation of bbhIV markedly decreased the ability of B. bifidum to release GlcNAc from PGM. When combined with a bbhI mutation, we observed that the growth of the strain on PGM was reduced. Finally, phylogenetic analysis suggests that GH84 members may have gained diversified functions through microbe-microbe and host-microbe horizontal gene transfer events. Taken together, these data strongly suggest GH84 family members in host glycan breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Takada
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Sakanaka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Odamaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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25
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Di Filippo P, Venanzi A, Ciarelli F, Panetti B, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F, Attanasi M. Drug-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097880. [PMID: 37175584 PMCID: PMC10178722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (DIES) is a drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction non-IgE mediated involving the gastrointestinal system that occurs 2 to 4 h after drug administration. Antibiotics, specifically amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate, represent the most frequent drugs involved. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pallor, lethargy, and dehydration, which can be severe and result in hypovolemic shock. The main laboratory finding is neutrophilic leukocytosis. To the best of our knowledge, 12 cases of DIES (9 children-onset and 3 adult-onset cases) were described in the literature. DIES is a rare clinically well-described allergic disease; however, the pathogenetic mechanism is still unclear. It requires to be recognized early and correctly treated by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Filippo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Beatrice Panetti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Pillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Marina Attanasi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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26
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Akhtar A, Lata M, Sunsunwal S, Yadav A, Lnu K, Subramanian S, Ramya TNC. New carbohydrate binding domains identified by phage display based functional metagenomic screens of human gut microbiota. Commun Biol 2023; 6:371. [PMID: 37019943 PMCID: PMC10076258 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncultured microbes represent a huge untapped biological resource of novel genes and gene products. Although recent genomic and metagenomic sequencing efforts have led to the identification of numerous genes that are homologous to existing annotated genes, there remains, yet, an enormous pool of unannotated genes that do not find significant sequence homology to existing annotated genes. Functional metagenomics offers a way to identify and annotate novel gene products. Here, we use functional metagenomics to mine novel carbohydrate binding domains that might aid human gut commensals in adherence, gut colonization, and metabolism of complex carbohydrates. We report the construction and functional screening of a metagenomic phage display library from healthy human fecal samples against dietary, microbial and host polysaccharides/glycoconjugates. We identify several protein sequences that do not find a hit to any known protein domain but are predicted to contain carbohydrate binding module-like folds. We heterologously express, purify and biochemically characterize some of these protein domains and demonstrate their carbohydrate-binding function. Our study reveals several previously unannotated carbohydrate-binding domains, including a levan binding domain and four complex N-glycan binding domains that might be useful for the labeling, visualization, and isolation of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Akhtar
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madhu Lata
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sonali Sunsunwal
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Amit Yadav
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Kajal Lnu
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Srikrishna Subramanian
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - T N C Ramya
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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27
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Shuoker B, Pichler MJ, Jin C, Sakanaka H, Wu H, Gascueña AM, Liu J, Nielsen TS, Holgersson J, Nordberg Karlsson E, Juge N, Meier S, Morth JP, Karlsson NG, Abou Hachem M. Sialidases and fucosidases of Akkermansia muciniphila are crucial for growth on mucin and nutrient sharing with mucus-associated gut bacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1833. [PMID: 37005422 PMCID: PMC10067855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucolytic human gut microbiota specialist Akkermansia muciniphila is proposed to boost mucin-secretion by the host, thereby being a key player in mucus turnover. Mucin glycan utilization requires the removal of protective caps, notably fucose and sialic acid, but the enzymatic details of this process remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the specificities of ten A. muciniphila glycoside hydrolases, which collectively remove all known sialyl and fucosyl mucin caps including those on double-sulfated epitopes. Structural analyses revealed an unprecedented fucosidase modular arrangement and explained the sialyl T-antigen specificity of a sialidase of a previously unknown family. Cell-attached sialidases and fucosidases displayed mucin-binding and their inhibition abolished growth of A. muciniphila on mucin. Remarkably, neither the sialic acid nor fucose contributed to A. muciniphila growth, but instead promoted butyrate production by co-cultured Clostridia. This study brings unprecedented mechanistic insight into the initiation of mucin O-glycan degradation by A. muciniphila and nutrient sharing between mucus-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Shuoker
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael J Pichler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiroka Sakanaka
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Jining Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tine Sofie Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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28
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Anso I, Naegeli A, Cifuente JO, Orrantia A, Andersson E, Zenarruzabeitia O, Moraleda-Montoya A, García-Alija M, Corzana F, Del Orbe RA, Borrego F, Trastoy B, Sjögren J, Guerin ME. Turning universal O into rare Bombay type blood. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1765. [PMID: 36997505 PMCID: PMC10063614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractRed blood cell antigens play critical roles in blood transfusion since donor incompatibilities can be lethal. Recipients with the rare total deficiency in H antigen, the Oh Bombay phenotype, can only be transfused with group Oh blood to avoid serious transfusion reactions. We discover FucOB from the mucin-degrading bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila as an α-1,2-fucosidase able to hydrolyze Type I, Type II, Type III and Type V H antigens to obtain the afucosylated Bombay phenotype in vitro. X-ray crystal structures of FucOB show a three-domain architecture, including a GH95 glycoside hydrolase. The structural data together with site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic activity and computational methods provide molecular insights into substrate specificity and catalysis. Furthermore, using agglutination tests and flow cytometry-based techniques, we demonstrate the ability of FucOB to convert universal O type into rare Bombay type blood, providing exciting possibilities to facilitate transfusion in recipients/patients with Bombay phenotype.
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29
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O-Mucin-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes and their possible implication in inflammatory bowel diseases. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:331-344. [PMID: 36912232 PMCID: PMC10154620 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are modern diseases, with incidence rising around the world. They are associated with perturbation of the intestinal microbiota, and with alteration and crossing of the mucus barrier by the commensal bacteria that feed on it. In the process of mucus catabolism and invasion by gut bacteria, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) play a critical role since mucus is mainly made up by O- and N-glycans. Moreover, the occurrence of IBD seems to be associated with low-fiber diets. Conversely, supplementation with oligosaccharides, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are structurally similar to intestinal mucins and could thus compete with them towards bacterial mucus-degrading CAZymes, has been suggested to prevent inflammation. In this mini-review, we will establish the current state of knowledge regarding the identification and characterization of mucus-degrading enzymes from both cultured and uncultured species of gut commensals and enteropathogens, with a particular focus on the present technological opportunities available to further the discovery of mucus-degrading CAZymes within the entire gut microbiome, by coupling microfluidics with metagenomics and culturomics. Finally, we will discuss the challenges to overcome to better assess how CAZymes targeting specific functional oligosaccharides could be involved in the modulation of the mucus-driven cross-talk between gut bacteria and their host in the context of IBD.
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30
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Crost EH, Coletto E, Bell A, Juge N. Ruminococcus gnavus: friend or foe for human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad014. [PMID: 37015876 PMCID: PMC10112845 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminococcus gnavus was first identified in 1974 as a strict anaerobe in the gut of healthy individuals, and for several decades, its study has been limited to specific enzymes or bacteriocins. With the advent of metagenomics, R. gnavus has been associated both positively and negatively with an increasing number of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases from inflammatory bowel diseases to neurological disorders. This prompted renewed interest in understanding the adaptation mechanisms of R. gnavus to the gut, and the molecular mediators affecting its association with health and disease. From ca. 250 publications citing R. gnavus since 1990, 94% were published in the last 10 years. In this review, we describe the biological characterization of R. gnavus, its occurrence in the infant and adult gut microbiota and the factors influencing its colonization of the gastrointestinal tract; we also discuss the current state of our knowledge on its role in host health and disease. We highlight gaps in knowledge and discuss the hypothesis that differential health outcomes associated with R. gnavus in the gut are strain and niche specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle H Crost
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Coletto
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bell
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
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31
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A bacterial sulfoglycosidase highlights mucin O-glycan breakdown in the gut ecosystem. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:778-789. [PMID: 36864192 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucinolytic bacteria modulate host-microbiota symbiosis and dysbiosis through their ability to degrade mucin O-glycans. However, how and to what extent bacterial enzymes are involved in the breakdown process remains poorly understood. Here we focus on a glycoside hydrolase family 20 sulfoglycosidase (BbhII) from Bifidobacterium bifidum, which releases N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate from sulfated mucins. Glycomic analysis showed that, in addition to sulfatases, sulfoglycosidases are involved in mucin O-glycan breakdown in vivo and that the released N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate potentially affects gut microbial metabolism, both of which were also supported by a metagenomic data mining analysis. Enzymatic and structural analysis of BbhII reveals the architecture underlying its specificity and the presence of a GlcNAc-6S-specific carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) 32 with a distinct sugar recognition mode that B. bifidum takes advantage of to degrade mucin O-glycans. Comparative analysis of the genomes of prominent mucinolytic bacteria also highlights a CBM-dependent O-glycan breakdown strategy used by B. bifidum.
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32
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Bell A, Severi E, Owen CD, Latousakis D, Juge N. Biochemical and structural basis of sialic acid utilization by gut microbes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102989. [PMID: 36758803 PMCID: PMC10017367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors diverse microbial communities collectively known as the gut microbiota that exert a profound impact on human health and disease. The repartition and availability of sialic acid derivatives in the gut have a significant impact on the modulation of gut microbes and host susceptibility to infection and inflammation. Although N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the main form of sialic acids in humans, the sialic acid family regroups more than 50 structurally and chemically distinct modified derivatives. In the GI tract, sialic acids are found in the terminal location of mucin glycan chains constituting the mucus layer and also come from human milk oligosaccharides in the infant gut or from meat-based foods in adults. The repartition of sialic acid in the GI tract influences the gut microbiota composition and pathogen colonization. In this review, we provide an update on the mechanisms underpinning sialic acid utilization by gut microbes, focusing on sialidases, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bell
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuele Severi
- Microbes in Health and Disease, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - C David Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Latousakis
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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33
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Wang BX, Takagi J, McShane A, Park JH, Aoki K, Griffin C, Teschler J, Kitts G, Minzer G, Tiemeyer M, Hevey R, Yildiz F, Ribbeck K. Host-derived O-glycans inhibit toxigenic conversion by a virulence-encoding phage in Vibrio cholerae. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111562. [PMID: 36504455 PMCID: PMC9890226 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic and endemic strains of Vibrio cholerae arise from toxigenic conversion by the CTXφ bacteriophage, a process by which CTXφ infects nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae. CTXφ encodes the cholera toxin, an enterotoxin responsible for the watery diarrhea associated with cholera infections. Despite the critical role of CTXφ during infections, signals that affect CTXφ-driven toxigenic conversion or expression of the CTXφ-encoded cholera toxin remain poorly characterized, particularly in the context of the gut mucosa. Here, we identify mucin polymers as potent regulators of CTXφ-driven pathogenicity in V. cholerae. Our results indicate that mucin-associated O-glycans block toxigenic conversion by CTXφ and suppress the expression of CTXφ-related virulence factors, including the toxin co-regulated pilus and cholera toxin, by interfering with the TcpP/ToxR/ToxT virulence pathway. By synthesizing individual mucin glycan structures de novo, we identify the Core 2 motif as the critical structure governing this virulence attenuation. Overall, our results highlight a novel mechanism by which mucins and their associated O-glycan structures affect CTXφ-mediated evolution and pathogenicity of V. cholerae, underscoring the potential regulatory power housed within mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Julie Takagi
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Abigail McShane
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jin Hwan Park
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Catherine Griffin
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jennifer Teschler
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Giordan Kitts
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Giulietta Minzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Fitnat Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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34
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Mucin utilization by gut microbiota: recent advances on characterization of key enzymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:345-353. [PMID: 36695502 PMCID: PMC10154618 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with the host through the mucus that covers and protects the gastrointestinal epithelium. The main component of the mucus are mucins, glycoproteins decorated with hundreds of different O-glycans. Some microbiota members can utilize mucin O-glycans as carbons source. To degrade these host glycans the bacteria express multiple carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) such as glycoside hydrolases, sulfatases and esterases which are active on specific linkages. The studies of these enzymes in an in vivo context have started to reveal their importance in mucin utilization and gut colonization. It is now clear that bacteria evolved multiple specific CAZymes to overcome the diversity of linkages found in O-glycans. Additionally, changes in mucin degradation by gut microbiota have been associated with diseases like obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Thereby understanding how CAZymes from different bacteria work to degrade mucins is of critical importance to develop new treatments and diagnostics for these increasingly prevalent health problems. This mini-review covers the recent advances in biochemical characterization of mucin O-glycan-degrading CAZymes and how they are connected to human health.
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Ward EM, Zamora CY, Schocker NS, Ghosh S, Kizer ME, Imperiali B. Engineered Glycan-Binding Proteins for Recognition of the Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen and Structurally Related Disaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:70-80. [PMID: 36525666 PMCID: PMC9868099 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) are widely used reagents for basic research and clinical applications. These reagents allow for the identification and manipulation of glycan determinants without specialized equipment or time-consuming experimental methods. Existing GBPs, mainly antibodies and lectins, are limited, and discovery or creation of reagents with novel specificities is time consuming and difficult. Here, we detail the generation of GBPs from a small, hyper-thermostable DNA-binding protein by directed evolution. Yeast surface display of a variable library of rcSso7d proteins was screened to find variants with selectivity toward the cancer-associated glycan Galβ1-3GalNAcα or Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and various relevant disaccharides. Characterization of these proteins shows them to have specificities and affinities on par with currently available lectins. The proteins can be readily functionalized with fluorophores or biotin using sortase-mediated ligation to create reagents that prove useful for glycoprotein blotting and cell staining applications. The presented methods for the development of GBPs toward specific saccharides of interest will have great impact on both biomedical and glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Ward
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cristina Y. Zamora
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Schocker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author
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Rothschild-Rodriguez D, Hedges M, Kaplan M, Karav S, Nobrega FL. Phage-encoded carbohydrate-interacting proteins in the human gut. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1083208. [PMID: 36687636 PMCID: PMC9853417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1083208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human gastrointestinal tract, the gut mucosa and the bacterial component of the microbiota interact and modulate each other to accomplish a variety of critical functions. These include digestion aid, maintenance of the mucosal barrier, immune regulation, and production of vitamins, hormones, and other metabolites that are important for our health. The mucus lining of the gut is primarily composed of mucins, large glycosylated proteins with glycosylation patterns that vary depending on factors including location in the digestive tract and the local microbial population. Many gut bacteria have evolved to reside within the mucus layer and thus encode mucus-adhering and -degrading proteins. By doing so, they can influence the integrity of the mucus barrier and therefore promote either health maintenance or the onset and progression of some diseases. The viral members of the gut - mostly composed of bacteriophages - have also been shown to have mucus-interacting capabilities, but their mechanisms and effects remain largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the role of bacteriophages in influencing mucosal integrity, indirectly via interactions with other members of the gut microbiota, or directly with the gut mucus via phage-encoded carbohydrate-interacting proteins. We additionally discuss how these phage-mucus interactions may influence health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgen Hedges
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Franklin L. Nobrega
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Franklin L. Nobrega, ✉
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Functions and specificity of bacterial carbohydrate sulfatases targeting host glycans. Essays Biochem 2022; 67:429-442. [PMID: 36562177 PMCID: PMC10154612 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated host glycans (mucin O-glycans and glycosaminoglycans [GAGs]) are critical nutrient sources and colonisation factors for Bacteroidetes of the human gut microbiota (HGM); a complex ecosystem comprising essential microorganisms that coevolved with humans to serve important roles in pathogen protection, immune signalling, and host nutrition. Carbohydrate sulfatases are essential enzymes to access sulfated host glycans and are capable of exquisite regio- and stereo-selective substrate recognition. In these enzymes, the common recognition features of each subfamily are correlated with their genomic and environmental context. The exo-acting carbohydrate sulfatases are attractive drug targets amenable to small-molecule screening and subsequent engineering, and their high specificity will help elucidate the role of glycan sulfation in health and disease. Inhibition of carbohydrate sulfatases provides potential routes to control Bacteroidetes growth and to explore the influence of host glycan metabolism by Bacteroidetes on the HGM ecosystem. The roles of carbohydrate sulfatases from the HGM organism Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and the soil isolated Pedobacter heparinus (P. heparinus) in sulfated host glycan metabolism are examined and contrasted, and the structural features underpinning glycan recognition and specificity explored.
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Robbe Masselot C, Cordier C, Marsac B, Nachury M, Léonard R, Sendid B. Human Fecal Mucin Glycosylation as a New Biomarker in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 29:167-171. [PMID: 36426845 PMCID: PMC9825277 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lay Summary
For the first time, fecal mucins of Crohn’s disease patients were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Compared with control subjects, Crohn’s disease patients showed a significant decrease in sialylated glycans that we propose as new noninvasive tool for screening of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Robbe Masselot
- Address correspondence to: Catherine Robbe-Masselot, PhD, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Campus CNRS de la Haute Borne, 50 avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France ()
| | | | - Benjamin Marsac
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (CNRS UMR 8576), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maria Nachury
- INSERM U1286, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Renaud Léonard
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (CNRS UMR 8576), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- Boualem Sendid, PharmD, PhD, INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Faculté de Médecine, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France ()
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39
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Dubinsky V, Reshef L, Rabinowitz K, Wasserberg N, Dotan I, Gophna U. Escherichia coli Strains from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases have Disease-specific Genomic Adaptations. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1584-1597. [PMID: 35560165 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Escherichia coli is over-abundant in the gut microbiome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Here, we aimed to identify IBD-specific genomic functions of diverse E. coli lineages. METHODS We investigated E. coli genomes from patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], Crohn's disease [CD] or a pouch, and healthy subjects. The majority of genomes were reconstructed from metagenomic samples, including newly sequenced faecal metagenomes. Clinical metadata were collected. Functional analysis at the gene and mutation level were performed and integrated with IBD phenotypes and biomarkers. RESULTS Overall, 530 E. coli genomes were analysed. The E. coli B2 lineage was more prevalent in UC compared with other IBD phenotypes. Genomic metabolic capacities varied across E. coli lineages and IBD phenotypes. Host mucin utilisation enzymes were present in a single lineage and depleted in patients with a pouch, whereas those involved in inulin hydrolysis were enriched in patients with a pouch. E. coli strains from patients with UC were twice as likely to encode the genotoxic molecule colibactin than strains from patients with CD or a pouch. Strikingly, patients with a pouch showed the highest inferred E. coli growth rates, even in the presence of antibiotics. Faecal calprotectin did not correlate with the relative abundance of E. coli. Finally, we identified multiple IBD-specific non-synonymous mutations in E. coli genes encoding for bacterial cell envelope components. CONCLUSIONS Comparative genomics indicates that E. coli is a commensal species adapted to the overactive mucosal immune milieu in IBD, rather than causing it. Our results reveal mutations that may lead to attenuated antigenicity in some E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Dubinsky
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leah Reshef
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nir Wasserberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Colorectal Unit, Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Gophna
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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40
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Relationship between mucosa-associated gut microbiota and human diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1225-1236. [PMID: 36214382 PMCID: PMC9704521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in maintaining gut homeostasis. In the colon, the inner mucus layer ensures commensal microbes are kept at a safe distance from the epithelium while mucin glycans in the outer mucus layer provide microbes with nutrients and binding sites. Microbes residing in the mucus form part of the so-called 'mucosa-associated microbiota' (MAM), a microbial community which, due to its close proximity to the epithelium, has a profound impact on immune and metabolic health by directly impacting gut barrier function and the immune system. Alterations in GI microbial communities have been linked to human diseases. Although most of this knowledge is based on analysis of the faecal microbiota, a growing number of studies show that the MAM signature differs from faecal or luminal microbiota and has the potential to be used to distinguish between diseased and healthy status in well-studied conditions such as IBD, IBS and CRC. However, our knowledge about spatial microbial alterations in pathogenesis remains severely hampered by issues surrounding access to microbial communities in the human gut. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art information on how to access MAM in humans, the composition of MAM, and how changes in MAM relate to changes in human health and disease. A better understanding of interactions occurring at the mucosal surface is essential to advance our understanding of diseases affecting the GI tract and beyond.
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41
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Sundarraman D, Smith TJ, Kast JVZ, Guillemin K, Parthasarathy R. Disaggregation as an interaction mechanism among intestinal bacteria. Biophys J 2022; 121:3458-3473. [PMID: 35982615 PMCID: PMC9515126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome contains hundreds of interacting species that together influence host health and development. The mechanisms by which intestinal microbes can interact, however, remain poorly mapped and are often modeled as spatially unstructured competitions for chemical resources. Recent imaging studies examining the zebrafish gut have shown that patterns of aggregation are central to bacterial population dynamics. In this study, we focus on bacterial species of genera Aeromonas and Enterobacter. Two zebrafish gut-derived isolates, Aeromonas ZOR0001 (AE) and Enterobacter ZOR0014 (EN), when mono-associated with the host, are highly aggregated and located primarily in the intestinal midgut. An Aeromonas isolate derived from the commensal strain, Aeromonas-MB4 (AE-MB4), differs from the parental strain in that it is composed mostly of planktonic cells localized to the anterior gut. When challenged by AE-MB4, clusters of EN rapidly fragment into non-motile, slow-growing, dispersed individual cells with overall abundance two orders of magnitude lower than the mono-association value. In the presence of a certain set of additional gut bacterial species, these effects on EN are dampened. In particular, if AE-MB4 invades an already established multi-species community, EN persists in the form of large aggregates. These observations reveal an unanticipated competition mechanism based on manipulation of bacterial spatial organization, namely dissolution of aggregates, and provide evidence that multi-species communities may facilitate stable intestinal co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sundarraman
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - T Jarrod Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Jade V Z Kast
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
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42
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Garimano N, Scalise ML, Gómez F, Amaral MM, Ibarra C. Intestinal mucus-derived metabolites modulate virulence of a clade 8 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975173. [PMID: 36004327 PMCID: PMC9393340 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human colonic mucus is mainly composed of mucins, which are highly glycosylated proteins. The normal commensal colonic microbiota has mucolytic activity and is capable of releasing the monosaccharides contained in mucins, which can then be used as carbon sources by pathogens such as Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). EHEC can regulate the expression of some of its virulence factors through environmental sensing of mucus-derived sugars, but its implications regarding its main virulence factor, Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2), among others, remain unknown. In the present work, we have studied the effects of five of the most abundant mucolytic activity-derived sugars, Fucose (L-Fucose), Galactose (D-Galactose), N-Gal (N-acetyl-galactosamine), NANA (N-Acetyl-Neuraminic Acid) and NAG (N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine) on EHEC growth, adhesion to epithelial colonic cells (HCT-8), and Stx2 production and translocation across a polarized HCT-8 monolayer. We found that bacterial growth was maximum when using NAG and NANA compared to Galactose, Fucose or N-Gal, and that EHEC adhesion was inhibited regardless of the metabolite used. On the other hand, Stx2 production was enhanced when using NAG and inhibited with the rest of the metabolites, whilst Stx2 translocation was only enhanced when using NANA, and this increase occurred only through the transcellular route. Overall, this study provides insights on the influence of the commensal microbiota on the pathogenicity of E. coli O157:H7, helping to identify favorable intestinal environments for the development of severe disease.
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43
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Wang G, Wang H, Jin Y, Xiao Z, Umar Yaqoob M, Lin Y, Chen H, Wang M. Galactooligosaccharides as a protective agent for intestinal barrier and its regulatory functions for intestinal microbiota. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tomás-Martínez S, Chen LM, Neu TR, Weissbrodt DG, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lin Y. Catabolism of sialic acids in an environmental microbial community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6571932. [PMID: 35446356 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon negatively charged carbohydrates. In animals, they are abundant on mucosa surfaces as terminal carbohydrates of mucin glycoproteins. Some commensal and pathogenic bacteria are able to release, take up, and catabolize sialic acids. Recently, sialic acids have been discovered to be widespread among most microorganisms. Although the catabolism of sialic acids has been intensively investigated in the field of host-microbe interactions, very limited information is available on microbial degradation of sialic acids produced by environmental microorganisms. In this study, the catabolic pathways of sialic acids within an microbial community dominated by 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' was evaluated. Protein alignment tools were used to detect the presence of the different proteins involved in the utilization of sialic acids in the flanking populations detected by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results showed the ability of Clostridium to release sialic acids from the glycan chains by the action of a sialidase. Clostridium and Chryseobacterium can take up free sialic acids and utilize them as nutrient. Interestingly, these results display similarities with the catabolism of sialic acids by the gut microbiota. This study points at the importance of sialic acids in environmental communities in the absence of eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Tomás-Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Le Min Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Microbiology of Interfaces, Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3A, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David G Weissbrodt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuemei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Bergstrom K, Xia L. The barrier and beyond: Roles of intestinal mucus and mucin-type O-glycosylation in resistance and tolerance defense strategies guiding host-microbe symbiosis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2052699. [PMID: 35380912 PMCID: PMC8986245 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2052699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our appreciation of the gut mucus has moved from a static lubricant to a dynamic and essential component of the gut ecosystem that not only mediates the interface between host tissues and vast microbiota, but regulates how this ecosystem functions to promote mutualistic symbioses and protect from microbe-driven diseases. By delving into the complex chemistry and biology of the mucus, combined with innovative in vivo and ex vivo approaches, recent studies have revealed novel insights into the formation and function of the mucus system, the O-glycans that make up this system, and how they mediate two major host-defense strategies - resistance and tolerance - to reduce damage caused by indigenous microbes and opportunistic pathogens. This current review summarizes these findings by highlighting the emerging roles of mucus and mucin-type O-glycans in influencing host and microbial physiology with an emphasis on host defense strategies against bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada,Kirk Bergstrom Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, B.C. Canada
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, Oklahoma73104, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, Oklahoma73104, USA,CONTACT Lijun Xia Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, Oklahoma73104, USA
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46
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Wakao M, Miyahara T, Iiboshi K, Hashiguchi N, Masunaga N, Suda Y. Synthesis of mucin type core 3 and core 5 structures and their interaction analysis with sugar chips. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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47
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Johnson SE, Galan MC. Synthesis of 2-deoxy mucin-type O-glycan analogues as biological probes. Carbohydr Res 2022; 514:108542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Chao Q, Li T, Jia JX, Li Z, Peng P, Gao XD, Wang N. Spore-Encapsulating Glycosyltransferase Catalysis Tandem Reactions: Facile Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Complex Human Glycans. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Abstract
Sialic acids are present in humans and other metazoans, playing essential roles in physiological and pathological processes. Commensal and pathogenic bacteria have evolved the capacity to utilize sialic acids as nutrient and energy sources. However, in some actinobacteria, sialic acid catabolism (SAC) is associated with free-living populations. To unravel the distribution and evolutionary history of SAC in the phylum Actinobacteria, we analyzed the presence and diversity of the putative SAC gene cluster (nan) in 7,180 high-quality, nonredundant actinobacterial genomes that covered 1,969 species. The results showed that ∼13% of actinobacterial species had the potential to utilize sialic acids, with 45 species capable of anhydro-SAC, all except two of them through the canonical pathway. These species belonged to 20 orders and 81 genera, with ∼36% of them from four genera, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, and Streptomyces. Moreover, ∼40% of the nan-positive species are free living. Phylogenetic analysis of the key nan genes, nanA, nanK, and nanE, revealed a strong signal of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), accompanied with vertical inheritance and gene loss. This evolutionary pattern led to high diversity and differential distribution of nan among actinobacterial taxa and might cause the cluster to spread to some free-living species while losing in some host-associated species. The evolution of SAC in actinobacteria probably represents the evolution of certain kinds of noncore bacterial functions for environmental adaptation and lifestyle switch, in which HGT plays a dominant role. IMPORTANCE Sialic acids play essential roles in the physiology of humans and other metazoan animals, and microbial sialic acid catabolism (SAC) is one of the processes critical for pathogenesis. To date, microbial SAC is studied mainly in commensals and pathogens, while its distribution in free-living microbes and evolutionary pathway remain largely unexplored. Here, by examining all actinobacterial genomes available, we demonstrate that putative SAC is present in a small proportion of actinobacterial species, of which, however, ∼40% are free-living species. We also reveal remarkable difference in the distribution of SAC among actinobacterial taxa and high diversity of the putative SAC gene clusters. HGT plays a significant role in the evolution of SAC, accompanied with vertical inheritance and gene loss. Our results provide a comprehensive and systematic picture of the distribution and evolutionary history of SAC in actinobacteria, expanding the current knowledge on bacterial adaptation and diversification.
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50
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Brazil JC, Parkos CA. Finding the sweet spot: glycosylation mediated regulation of intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:211-222. [PMID: 34782709 PMCID: PMC8591159 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are essential cellular components that facilitate a range of critical functions important for tissue development and mucosal homeostasis. Furthermore, specific alterations in glycosylation represent important diagnostic hallmarks of cancer that contribute to tumor cell dissociation, invasion, and metastasis. However, much less is known about how glycosylation contributes to the pathobiology of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Here we will review how epithelial and immune cell glycosylation regulates gut homeostasis and how inflammation-driven changes in glycosylation contribute to intestinal pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Brazil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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