1
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Mazepa E, Furlanetto ALDDM, Brum H, Nakao LS, Martinez PA, Cadena SMSC, Rocha MEM, Cunha ES, Martinez GR. Effects of redox modulation on quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase activity of melanoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:511-524. [PMID: 37103678 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Secreted quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) is overexpressed in many tumor cell lines, including melanoma, and is usually associated with a pro-invasive phenotype. Our previous work described that B16-F10 cells enter in a quiescent state as a protective mechanism against damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during melanogenesis stimulation. Our present results show that QSOX activity was two-fold higher in cells with stimulated melanogenesis when compared to control cells. Considering that glutathione (GSH) is one of the main factor responsible for controlling redox homeostasis in cells, this work also aimed to investigate the relationship between QSOX activity, GSH levels and melanogenesis stimulation in B16-F10 murine melanoma cell line. The redox homeostasis was impaired by treating cells with GSH in excess or depleting its intracellular levels through BSO treatment. Interestingly, GSH-depleted cells without stimulation of melanogenesis kept high levels of viability, suggesting a possible adaptive mechanism of survival even under low GSH levels. They also showed lower extracellular activity of QSOX, and higher QSOX intracellular immunostaining, suggesting that this enzyme was less excreted from cells and corroborating with a diminished extracellular QSOX activity. On the other hand, cells under melanogenesis stimulation showed a lower GSH/GSSG ratio (8:1) in comparison with control (non-stimulated) cells (20:1), indicating a pro-oxidative state after stimulation. This was accompanied by decreased cell viability after GSH-depletion, no alterations in QSOX extracellular activity, but higher QSOX nucleic immunostaining. We suggest that melanogenesis stimulation and redox impairment caused by GSH-depletion enhanced the oxidative stress in these cells, contributing to additional alterations of its metabolic adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Mazepa
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences (Biochemistry), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hulyana Brum
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences (Biochemistry), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Eliane Merlin Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences (Biochemistry), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Sousa Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences (Biochemistry), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences (Biochemistry), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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2
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Fujii J, Soma Y, Matsuda Y. Biological Action of Singlet Molecular Oxygen from the Standpoint of Cell Signaling, Injury and Death. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104085. [PMID: 37241826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer to ground state triplet molecular oxygen results in the generation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), which has potent oxidizing ability. Irradiation of light, notably ultraviolet A, to a photosensitizing molecule results in the generation of 1O2, which is thought to play a role in causing skin damage and aging. It should also be noted that 1O2 is a dominant tumoricidal component that is generated during the photodynamic therapy (PDT). While type II photodynamic action generates not only 1O2 but also other reactive species, endoperoxides release pure 1O2 upon mild exposure to heat and, hence, are considered to be beneficial compounds for research purposes. Concerning target molecules, 1O2 preferentially reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid peroxidation. Enzymes that contain a reactive cysteine group at the catalytic center are vulnerable to 1O2 exposure. Guanine base in nucleic acids is also susceptible to oxidative modification, and cells carrying DNA with oxidized guanine units may experience mutations. Since 1O2 is produced in various physiological reactions in addition to photodynamic reactions, overcoming technical challenges related to its detection and methods used for its generation would allow its potential functions in biological systems to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuya Soma
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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3
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Fujii J, Yamada KI. Defense systems to avoid ferroptosis caused by lipid peroxidation-mediated membrane damage. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:353-372. [PMID: 37551716 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2244155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hydrogen peroxide along with ferrous iron produces hydroxyl radicals that preferably oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to alkyl radicals (L•). The reaction of L• with an oxygen molecule produces lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) that collectively trigger chain reactions, which results in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (LOOH). Oxygenase enzymes, such as lipoxygenase, also stimulate the peroxidation of PUFA. The production of phospholipid hydroperoxides (P-LOOH) can result in the destruction of the architecture of cell membranes and ultimate cell death. This iron-dependent regulated cell death is generally referred to as ferroptosis. Radical scavengers, which include tocopherol and nitric oxide (•NO), react with lipid radicals and terminate the chain reaction. When tocopherol reductively detoxifies lipid radicals, the resultant tocopherol radicals are recycled via reduction by coenzyme Q or ascorbate. CoQ radicals are reduced back by the anti-ferroptotic enzyme FSP1. •NO reacts with lipid radicals and produces less reactive nitroso compounds. The resulting P-LOOH is reductively detoxified by the action of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) or peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6). The hydrolytic removal of LOOH from P-LOOH by calcium-independent phospholipase A2 leads the preservation of membrane structure. While the expression of such protective genes or the presence of these anti-oxidant compounds serve to maintain a healthy condition, tumor cells employ them to make themselves resistant to anti-tumor treatments. Thus, these defense mechanisms against ferroptosis are protective in ordinary cells but are also potential targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Shin J, Kang DW, Lim JH, An JM, Kim Y, Kim JH, Ji MS, Park S, Kim D, Lee JY, Kim JS, Hong CS. Wavelength engineerable porous organic polymer photosensitizers with protonation triggered ROS generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1498. [PMID: 36932086 PMCID: PMC10023675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering excitation wavelength of photosensitizers (PSs) for enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has inspired new windows for opportunities, enabling investigation of previously impracticable biomedical and photocatalytic applications. However, controlling the wavelength corresponding to operating conditions remains challenging while maintaining high ROS generation. To address this challenge, we implement a wavelength-engineerable imidazolium-based porous organic photocatalytic ROS generation system (KUP system) via a cost-effective one-pot reaction. Remarkably, the optimal wavelength for maximum performance can be tuned by modifying the linker, generating ROS despite the absence of metal ions and covalently attached heavy atoms. We demonstrate that protonated polymerization exclusively enables photosensitization and closely interacts with oxygen related to the efficiency of photosensitizing. Furthermore, superior tumor eradication and biocompatibility of the KUP system were confirmed through bioassays. Overall, the results document an unprecedented polymerization method capable of engineering wavelength, providing a potential basis for designing nanoscale photosensitizers in various ROS-utilizing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dong Won Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min An
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sun Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,UC San Diego Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Seop Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Li J, Wang L, Li J, Shao Y, Liu Z, Li G, Akkaya EU. Taming of Singlet Oxygen: Towards Artificial Oxygen Carriers Based on 1,4‐Dialkylnaphthalenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200506. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yujie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Ziang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Guangzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Engin U. Akkaya
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Pharmaceutical Science Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian P. R. China
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6
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Elshafei ME, Minamiyama Y, Ichikawa H. Singlet oxygen from endoperoxide initiates an intracellular reactive oxygen species release in HaCaT keratinocytes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:198-205. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam E. Elshafei
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University
| | - Yukiko Minamiyama
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University
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7
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Wang X, Bittner T, Milanov M, Kaul L, Mundinger S, Koch HG, Jessen-Trefzer C, Jessen HJ. Pyridinium Modified Anthracenes and Their Endoperoxides Provide a Tunable Scaffold with Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2073-2080. [PMID: 34291902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, the development of new antibiotics is required. We introduce here asymmetrically modified positively charged bis(methylpyridinium) anthracenes as a novel tunable scaffold, in which the two positive charges can be placed at a defined distance and angle. Our structure-activity relationship reveals that coupling the methylpyridiniums with alkynyl linkers to the central anthracene unit yields antibacterial compounds against a wide range of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Also, different mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are efficiently targeted by these compounds. The antibacterial activity depends on the number of alkynyl linkers and consequently also on the distance of the positive charges in the rigid anthracene scaffold. Additionally, the formation of an anthracene endoperoxide further increases the antibacterial activity, likely due to the release of toxic singlet oxygen that converts the endoperoxide back to the antibacterial anthracene scaffold with half-lives of several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Bittner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Milanov
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurine Kaul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stephan Mundinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Turksoy A, Yildiz D, Aydonat S, Beduk T, Canyurt M, Baytekin B, Akkaya EU. Mechanochemical generation of singlet oxygen. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9182-9186. [PMID: 35497229 PMCID: PMC9050071 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled generation of singlet oxygen is very important due to its involvement in scheduled cellular maintenance processes and therapeutic potential. As a consequence, precise manipulation of singlet oxygen release rates under mild conditions, is crucial. In this work, a cross-linked polyacrylate, and a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer incorporating anthracene-endoperoxide modules with chain extensions at the 9,10-positions were synthesized. We now report that on mechanical agitation in cryogenic ball mill, fluorescence emission due to anthracene units in the PMA (polymethacrylate) polymer is enhanced, with a concomitant generation of singlet oxygen as proved by detection with a selective probe. The PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) elastomer with the anthracene endoperoxide mechanophore, is also similarly sensitive to mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Simay Aydonat
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Tutku Beduk
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Merve Canyurt
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Bilge Baytekin
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Engin U Akkaya
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
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9
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Homma T, Kobayashi S, Sato H, Fujii J. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, protects against ferroptotic cell death in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111592. [PMID: 31479686 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is characterized by an iron-dependent cell death with increased lipid peroxidation and is typically induced by either a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels due to an insufficient supply of cysteine (Cys) or the inhibition of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (Gpx4). While lipid peroxides are the direct trigger for ferroptosis, the issue of how radical species involve in the cytocidal process remains unclear. To gain insights into this issue, we employed edaravone, a free radical scavenger that is clinically approved for the treatment of acute ischemic strokes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), against ferroptotic cell death caused by various situations, notably under cystine deprivation. We initially investigated the effects of edaravone on ferroptosis in mouse hepatoma Hepa 1-6 cells cultivated in cystine-free medium and found that edaravone largely suppressed ferroptosis. Ferroptosis that was induced in the cells by the use of inhibitors for xCT or Gpx4 was also suppressed by edaravone. Moreover, edaravone also suppressed ferroptosis in xCT-knockout mouse-derived embryonic fibroblasts, which usually die in normal cultivating conditions due to the depletion of intracellular Cys and GSH. Although the edaravone treatment had no effects on the intracellular levels of Cys and GSH, both of which remained low in Hepa 1-6 cells under conditions of cystine deprivation, the causative factors for ferroptosis, including ferrous iron and lipid peroxide levels, were significantly suppressed. Collectively, these results indicate that radical species produced at the initial stage of the cytocidal process under Cys-deprived conditions trigger ferroptosis and scavenging these radicals by edaravone represents a promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata City, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata City, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8518, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata City, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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10
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Homma T, Kobayashi S, Fujii J. Induction of ferroptosis by singlet oxygen generated from naphthalene endoperoxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:519-525. [PMID: 31445701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen causes a cytotoxic process in tumor cells in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and skin photoaging. The mechanism responsible for this cytotoxicity is, however, not fully understood. 1-Methylnaphthalene-4-propionate endoperoxide (MNPE) is a cell-permeable endoperoxide that generates pure singlet oxygen. We previously reported that cell death induced by MNPE did not show the typical profile of apoptosis, and the cause of this cell death remains elusive. We report herein on an investigation of the mechanism for MNPE-induced cell death from the view point of ferroptosis. The findings indicate that the MNPE treatment decreased the viabilities of mouse hepatoma Hepa 1-6 cells in vitro, and that this decrease was accompanied by increases in the concentrations of both intracellular ferrous iron and the level of lipid peroxidation, but that the caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway was not activated. The intracellular levels of cysteine and glutathione were not affected by the MNPE treatment. Importantly, an assay of lactate dehydrogenase activity revealed that the cell death caused by MNPE was suppressed by ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis-specific inhibitor. Collectively, these results strongly indicate that ferroptosis is the main cell death pathway induced by singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Growing evidence indicates intermediacy of singlet dioxygen (1O2) in a variety of pathophysiological processes. 1O2 has also found great utility of destructive actions for clinical and environmental applications. However, many details of the molecular mechanisms mediated by 1O2 remain insufficiently understood. Efforts to elucidate the 1O2 chemistry have been hampered by the lack of chemical tools capable of generation and detection of 1O2. In this review, I summarize the recent advances in the development of the chemical tools of 1O2. This article focuses on two topics. The first part introduces chemical methods for ground-state generation of 1O2. Designs of the molecular carriers of 1O2 are also explained. The second part discloses molecular probes of 1O2. The probes are categorized into three groups, depending on signaling modalities: absorption-based probes, photoluminescent probes, and chemiluminescent probes. Focus is on the molecular design to maximize the signaling actions. Disadvantages of using the probes are also discussed to motivate the future research. I hope that this review will serve as helpful guidance to the exploitation and development of the chemical tools of 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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12
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Kolemen S, Ozdemir T, Lee D, Kim GM, Karatas T, Yoon J, Akkaya EU. Remote-Controlled Release of Singlet Oxygen by the Plasmonic Heating of Endoperoxide-Modified Gold Nanorods: Towards a Paradigm Change in Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3606-10. [PMID: 26845734 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic therapy of cancer is contingent upon the sustained generation of singlet oxygen in the tumor region. However, tumors of the most metastatic cancer types develop a region of severe hypoxia, which puts them beyond the reach of most therapeutic protocols. More troublesome, photodynamic action generates acute hypoxia as the process itself diminishes cellular oxygen reserves, which makes it a self-limiting method. Herein, we describe a new concept that could eventually lead to a change in the 100 year old paradigm of photodynamic therapy and potentially offer solutions to some of the lingering problems. When gold nanorods with tethered endoperoxides are irradiated at 808 nm, the endoperoxides undergo thermal cycloreversion, resulting in the generation of singlet oxygen. We demonstrate that the amount of singlet oxygen produced in this way is sufficient for triggering apoptosis in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safacan Kolemen
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ozdemir
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Dayoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Gyoung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Tugce Karatas
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea.
| | - Engin U Akkaya
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey. .,Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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13
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Kolemen S, Ozdemir T, Lee D, Kim GM, Karatas T, Yoon J, Akkaya EU. Remote-Controlled Release of Singlet Oxygen by the Plasmonic Heating of Endoperoxide-Modified Gold Nanorods: Towards a Paradigm Change in Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Safacan Kolemen
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Tugba Ozdemir
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Dayoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Gyoung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Tugce Karatas
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Engin U. Akkaya
- UNAM-Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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14
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Turan IS, Yildiz D, Turksoy A, Gunaydin G, Akkaya EU. A Bifunctional Photosensitizer for Enhanced Fractional Photodynamic Therapy: Singlet Oxygen Generation in the Presence and Absence of Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Simsek Turan
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology; Hacettepe University; 06100 Ankara Turkey
| | - Engin U. Akkaya
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
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15
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Turan IS, Yildiz D, Turksoy A, Gunaydin G, Akkaya EU. A Bifunctional Photosensitizer for Enhanced Fractional Photodynamic Therapy: Singlet Oxygen Generation in the Presence and Absence of Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2875-8. [PMID: 26799149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen within tumor tissues during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is self-limiting, as the already low oxygen concentrations within tumors is further diminished during the process. In certain applications, to minimize photoinduced hypoxia the light is introduced intermittently (fractional PDT) to allow time for the replenishment of cellular oxygen. This condition extends the time required for effective therapy. Herein, we demonstrated that a photosensitizer with an additional 2-pyridone module for trapping singlet oxygen would be useful in fractional PDT. Thus, in the light cycle, the endoperoxide of 2-pyridone is generated along with singlet oxygen. In the dark cycle, the endoperoxide undergoes thermal cycloreversion to produce singlet oxygen, regenerating the 2-pyridone module. As a result, the photodynamic process can continue in the dark as well as in the light cycles. Cell-culture studies validated this working principle in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Simsek Turan
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin U Akkaya
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey. .,Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Vilsinski BH, Gerola AP, Enumo JA, Campanholi KDSS, Pereira PCDS, Braga G, Hioka N, Kimura E, Tessaro AL, Caetano W. Formulation of Aluminum Chloride Phthalocyanine in Pluronic™P-123 and F-127 Block Copolymer Micelles: Photophysical properties and Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:518-25. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Braga
- Chemistry Department; State University of Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Chemistry Department; State University of Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Elza Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; State University of Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - André Luiz Tessaro
- Chemistry Departament; The Federal University of Technology; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Chemistry Department; State University of Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
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17
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Otsu K, Sato K, Sato M, Ono H, Ohba Y, Katagata Y. Impaired activation of caspase cascade during cell death induced by newly synthesized singlet oxygen generator, 1-buthylnaphthalene-4-propionate endoperoxide. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:1380-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Reversible Photooxygenation of Alkynylanthracenes: Chemical Generation of Singlet Oxygen under Very Mild Conditions. Chemistry 2011; 17:13661-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Corral I, González L. Four-state conical intersections: The nonradiative deactivation funnel connected to O–O homolysis in benzene endoperoxide. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ehrenshaft M, Bonini MG, Feng L, Chignell CF, Mason RP. Partial colocalization of oxidized, N-formylkynurenine-containing proteins in mitochondria and Golgi of keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:752-6. [PMID: 20408979 PMCID: PMC3615536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are the dominant cellular target for oxidative reactions because they comprise the majority of macromolecules. Posttranslational oxidative protein modifications include fragmentation, aggregation and alteration of specific amino acid residues. The amino acids and amino acid residues most susceptible to oxidative modification are those containing sulfur and those with aromatic rings. Tryptophan reacts with radicals, ozone and singlet oxygen to form the end product N-formylkynurenine (NFK). We recently described a novel anti-NFK antiserum and validated its use in immunological assays for the specific detection of NFK in isolated proteins and protein mixtures. Here we photo-oxidize rose bengal-containing HaCaT keratinocyte cells and examine the results using fluorescent confocal microscopy and staining with anti-NFK antiserum and markers for both Golgi and mitochondria. We show that photosensitization mediates the accumulation of NFK and that NFK can be detected in photosensitized cells with only slightly decreased viability. Additionally, we detect NFK-modified proteins in both Golgi and mitochondria of photosensitized cells. These experiments demonstrate that we have developed a tool for the specific detection of oxidized tryptophan residues in cells and suggest that this tool could be useful in tracking the fate of these oxidized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Ehrenshaft
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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21
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Imai H. New Strategy of Functional Analysis of PHGPx Knockout Mice Model Using Transgenic Rescue Method and Cre-LoxP System. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 46:1-13. [PMID: 20104259 PMCID: PMC2803127 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-94r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is an intracellular antioxidant enzyme that directly reduces peroxidized phospholipids. PHGPx is transcribed from one gene into three types of mRNA, mitochondrial, non-mitochondrial and nucleolar PHGPx by alternative transcription. In this review, we focus on our recent experiments on the regulation of promoter activity of the types of PHGPx and on the novel strategy of functional analysis of a PHGPx knockout mice model using the transgenic rescue method and Cre-LoxP system. PHGPx is especially high in testis and spermatozoa. A deficiency is implicated in human infertility. We established spermatocyte-specific PHGPx knockout (KO) mice using a Cre-loxP system. Targeted disruption of all exons of the PHGPx gene in mice by homologous recombination caused embryonic lethality at 7.5 days post coitum. The PHGPx-loxP transgene rescued PHGPx KO mice from embryonic lethality. These rescued floxed PHGPx mice were mated with spermatocyte specific Cre expressing mice. All the spermatocyte-specific PHGPx KO male mice were infertile and displayed a significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa and significant reductions in forward motility by mitochondrial dysfunction of spermatozoa. These results demonstrate that depletion of PHGPx in spermatozoa may be one of the causes of male infertility in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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22
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Posadaz A, Correa NM, Biasutti MA, García NA. A kinetic study of the photodynamic effect on tryptophan methyl ester and tryptophan octyl ester in DOPC vesicles. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:96-103. [PMID: 19930125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect on tryptophan methyl ester (trpME) and tryptophan octyl ester (trpOE), using the O(2)((1)Delta(g))-photosensitizers Rose Bengal (RB) and Perinaphthenone (PN) has been studied in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of the phospholipid 1,2-di-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) by stationary photolysis and time-resolved methods. This work reports on the influence of both the site (O(2)((1)Delta(g))) generation and the location of the tryptophan derivatives (trpD), on the photo-oxidation process in a compartmentalized system. The apparent rate constant values for chemical quenching of O(2)((1)Delta(g)) by trpOE (k(r,app)), was higher in vesicles than in water. Also, the ratio between apparent reactive and overall rate constant values for the deactivation of O(2)((1)Delta(g)) (k(r,app)/k(t,app)), increases in vesicles as compared with water, when the oxidative species is generated in the lipidic region or at the interface. Nevertheless, this quotient is lower than the corresponding value in water when O(2)((1)Delta(g)) is generated in the aqueous pseudophase. For trpME, the k(r,app)/k(t,app)values in vesicles and in water are quite similar, confirming the fact that trpME is located in the water pseudophase. Results are discussed in terms of relative protection against O(2)((1)Delta(g)) attack in a microheterogeneous medium as compared with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Posadaz
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (X5804ALH), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
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23
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Mahfouz RZ, Sharma RK, Poenicke K, Jha R, Paasch U, Grunewald S, Agarwal A. Evaluation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage (cPARP) in ejaculated human sperm fractions after induction of apoptosis. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:2210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Chiarini A, Whitfield JF, Pacchiana R, Armato U, Dal Pra I. Photoexcited calphostin C selectively destroys nuclear lamin B1 in neoplastic human and rat cells - a novel mechanism of action of a photodynamic tumor therapy agent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1783:1642-53. [PMID: 18439918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lamin B1, a major component of the nuclear lamina, anchors the nucleus to the cytoskeletal cage, and controls nuclear orientation, chromosome positioning and, alongside several enzymes, fundamental nuclear functions. Exposing polyomavirus-transformed rat pyF111 fibroblasts and human cervical carcinoma (HCC) C4-I cells for 30 min to photoexcited perylenequinone calphostin C, i.e. Cal C(phiE), an established reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generator and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, caused the cells to selectively oxidize and then totally destroy their nuclear lamin B1 by only 60 min after starting the treatment, i.e. when apoptotic caspases' activities had not yet increased. However, while the oxidized lamin B1 was being destroyed, lamins A/C, the lamin A-associated nuclear envelope protein emerin, and the nucleoplasmic protein cyclin E were neither oxidized nor destroyed. The oxidized lamin B was ubiquitinated and demolished in the proteasome probably by an enhanced peptidyl-glutaminase-like activity. Hence, the Cal C(phiE)-induced rapid and selective lamin B1 oxidation and proteasomal destruction ahead of the activation of apoptotic caspases was by itself a most severe molecular lesion impairing vital nuclear functions. Conversely, Cal C directly added to the cells kept in the dark damaged neither nuclear lamin B1 nor cell viability. Thus, our findings reveal a novel cell-damaging mechanism of a photodynamic tumor therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, I-37134, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death represents a physiologically conserved mechanism of cell death that is pivotal in normal development and tissue homeostasis in all organisms. As a key modulator of cell functions, the most abundant non-protein thiol, glutathione (GSH), has important roles in cellular defense against oxidant aggression, redox regulation of proteins thiols and maintaining redox homeostasis that is critical for proper function of cellular processes, including apoptosis. Thus, a shift in the cellular GSH-to-GSSG redox balance in favour of the oxidized species, GSSG, constitutes an important signal that could decide the fate of a cell. The current review will focus on three main areas: (1) general description of cellular apoptotic pathways, (2) cellular compartmentation of GSH and the contribution of mitochondrial GSH and redox proteins to apoptotic signalling and (3) role of redox mechanisms in the initiation and execution phases of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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26
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Reynoso E, Biasutti MA, García NA. Kinetics of the photosensitized oxidation of chymotrypsin in different media. Amino Acids 2007; 34:61-8. [PMID: 17914602 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic aspects of the Perinaphthenone-sensitized photooxidation (singlet molecular oxygen [O2 ((1)Delta(g))]-mediated) of alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-Chymo) have been studied at pH 8 and pH 11 as well in reverse micelles (RMs) of sodium 1, 4 bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in n-heptane. The rate constant values for both overall (k(t)) and chemical (k(r)) quenching of O2 ((1)Delta(g)) by alpha-Chymo in homogeneous media were higher at pH = 11 than at pH = 8, indicating that the OH-ionized tyrosine (Tyr) residues, clearly dominate the quenching process. Besides, the rate constants in water were higher than those determined in RMs, demonstrating that the organized medium protects the protein against photooxidation, probably due to a diminution in both, the accessibility towards oxidizable amino acid residues and the polarity inside the aggregate, as compared to water. The protection effect of alpha-Chymo against the attack by the oxidative species O2 ((1)Delta(g)) in RMs of AOT seems to be due to the increase of protein stability by the encapsulation within the micellar structure. The effect of both, surfactant concentration and variation of the ratio ([H2O]/[AOT]) = W on the reactive rate constant was also investigated. The process does not depend significantly on micelles concentration while the k(r) values increase as W increases. Furthermore, at W = 30, the highest W studied, k(r) tends to the value obtained in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reynoso
- Departamento de Química, Campus Universitario, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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27
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Corral I, González L. The electronic excited states of a model organic endoperoxide: A comparison of TD-DFT and ab initio methods. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Suto D, Iuchi Y, Ikeda Y, Sato K, Ohba Y, Fujii J. Inactivation of cysteine and serine proteases by singlet oxygen. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 461:151-8. [PMID: 17459324 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of singlet oxygen with individual proteins is less well understood than that with other biological molecules. The inhibition of caspase 3 by singlet oxygen appears to involve the modification of a catalytic cysteine residue, since the reactivity of the sulfhydryl with alkylating agents decreased after singlet oxygen treatment. In addition to three cysteine proteases, two serine proteases were also found to be inhibited by singlet oxygen with a similar dose dependency, while an aspartate protease and a metalloprotease were not affected. The carbonyl content of these enzymes was elevated as the result of treatment with singlet oxygen. The catalytic center in serine proteases and cysteine proteases, in which catalytic reactions are based on similar mechanisms involving nucleophilic catalysis assisted by histidine as a general acid/base, can be expected to be modified by singlet oxygen and undergo inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suto
- Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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29
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Huelsenbeck J, Dreger S, Gerhard R, Barth H, Just I, Genth H. Difference in the cytotoxic effects of toxin B from Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from variant Clostridium difficile strain 1470. Infect Immun 2006; 75:801-9. [PMID: 17145947 PMCID: PMC1828479 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01705-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosylation of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 by Clostridium difficile toxin B from strain VPI 10463 (TcdB) results in actin reorganization (cytopathic effect) and apoptosis (cytotoxic effect). Toxin B from variant C. difficile strain 1470 serotype F (TcdBF) differs from TcdB with regard to substrate proteins, as it glucosylates Rac1 and R-Ras but not RhoA and Cdc42. In this study, we addressed the question of whether the cellular effects of the toxins depend on their protein substrate specificity. Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells were synchronized using the thymidine double-block technique. We show that cells were most sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of TcdB in S phase, as analyzed in terms of phosphatidyl serine externalization, fragmentation of nuclei, and activation of caspase-3; in contrast, TcdBF induced only a marginal cytotoxic effect, suggesting that inactivation of RhoA (but not of Rac1) was required for the cytotoxic effect. The glucosylation of Rac1 was correlated to the cytopathic effect of either toxin, suggesting a close connection of the two effects. The cytotoxic effect of TcdB was executed by caspase-3, as it was responsive to inhibition by acetyl-Asp-Met-Gln-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DMQD-CHO), an inhibitor of caspase-3. The viability of TcdB-treated RBL cells was reduced, whereas the viability of TcdBF-treated cells was unchanged, further confirming that inactivation of RhoA is required for the cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, the protein substrate specificity of the glucosylating toxins determines their biological activity.
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30
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Suto D, Sato K, Ohba Y, Yoshimura T, Fujii J. Suppression of the pro-apoptotic function of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen via a haem redox state-independent mechanism. Biochem J 2006; 392:399-406. [PMID: 15966870 PMCID: PMC1316276 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli for apoptotic signalling typically induce release of cyt c (cytochrome c) from mitochondria. Cyt c then initiates the formation of the apoptosome, comprising Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor 1), caspase-9 and other cofactors. The issue of whether the redox state of the haem in cyt c affects the initiation of the apoptotic pathway is currently a subject of debate. In a cell-free reconstitution system, we found that only oxidized cyt c was capable of activating the caspase cascade. Oxidized cyt c was reduced by the physiological reductants cysteine and glutathione, after which it was unable to activate the caspase cascade. It is thus likely that cyt c with oxidized haem is in a conformation capable of interaction with Apaf-1 and forming apoptosomes. When either oxidized or reduced cyt c was treated with submillimolar concentrations of endoperoxide, which affected less than 3% of the redox state of haem, the ability of the oxidized cyt c to activate the caspase cascade was abolished. Higher amounts of singlet oxygen were required to affect the optical spectral change of haem, suggesting that the suppressed pro-apoptotic function of oxidized cyt c is a mechanism that is separate from the redox state of haem. Oxidative protein modification of cyt c by singlet oxygen was evident, on the basis of elevated contents of carbonyl compounds. Our data suggest that singlet oxygen eliminates the pro-apoptotic ability of oxidized cyt c not via the reduction of haem, but via the modification of amino acid residues that are required for apoptosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suto
- *Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sato
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohba
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Yoshimura
- ‡Laboratory of Applied Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Life Support Technology, Yamagata Promotional Organization for Industrial Technology, Yamagata 990-2473, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- *Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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31
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Suto D, Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Ohba Y. Structural Analysis of Amino Acids, Oxidized by Reactive Oxygen Species and an Antibody against N-Formylkynurenine. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.38.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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Nagaoka Y, Otsu K, Okada F, Sato K, Ohba Y, Kotani N, Fujii J. Specific inactivation of cysteine protease-type cathepsin by singlet oxygen generated from naphthalene endoperoxides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:215-23. [PMID: 15845381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is a causal factor in light-induced skin photoaging and the cytotoxic process of tumor cells in photodynamic chemotherapy. To develop a better understanding of the functional consequences of protein modification by singlet oxygen, the effects of naphthalene endoperoxide on lysosomal protease, cathepsin, were examined. When the soluble fraction of normal human fetal skin fibroblast cells was treated with the endoperoxide, the activities of cysteine proteases, cathepsins B and L/S, were inhibited, but that of aspartate protease, cathepsin D/E, was not. The reduction of the endoperoxide-treated soluble fractions by treatment with dithiothreitol barely recovered the activities. Cathepsin B, purified from normal human liver, exhibited similar profiles to that in cytosol. These data suggest that singlet oxygen oxidatively modifies an amino acid residue essential for catalysis and consequently results in the irreversible inactivation of cysteine protease-type cathepsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagaoka
- Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Japan
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