1
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Rangubpit W, Suwan E, Sangthong D, Wongpanit K, Stich RW, Pongprayoon P, Jittapalapong S. Elucidating structure and dynamics of glutathione S-transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7309-7317. [PMID: 36093982 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is tick parasite that affects the cattle industry worldwide. In R. (B.) microplus, acaricide resistance develops rapidly against many commercial acaricides. One of main resistance strategies is to enhance the metabolic detoxification mediated by R. (B.) microplus glutathione-S-transferase (RmGST). RmGST detoxifies acaricides by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione to acaricides. Although structural and dynamic details of RmGST are expected to elucidate the biologic activity of this molecule, these data have not been available to date. Thus, Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed to study ligand-free RmGST at an atomic level. Like other m-class GSTs, the flexible m loop (m1) of RmGST was observed. M1 seems to shield the active sites from the bulk. A RmGST dimer is stabilized by the lock-and-key motif (F57 as "key") and hydrogen bonds of R82-E91 and R82-D98 at the dimer interface. Without substrates, conserved catalytic Y116 and N209 can interact with V112, G210 (for Y116) and F215 (for N209). Overall, most residues involving in RmGST function and stability are similar to other m-class GSTs. This implies similar structural stability and catalytic activity of RmGST to other GSTs. An insight obtained here will be useful for management of acaricide resistance and tick control.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warin Rangubpit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eukote Suwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Sangthong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wongpanit
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Roger W Stich
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Prapasiri Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sathaporn Jittapalapong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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A Key Role in Catalysis and Enzyme Thermostability of a Conserved Helix H5 Motif of Human Glutathione Transferase A1-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043700. [PMID: 36835112 PMCID: PMC9959719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are promiscuous enzymes whose main function is the detoxification of electrophilic compounds. These enzymes are characterized by structural modularity that underpins their exploitation as dynamic scaffolds for engineering enzyme variants, with customized catalytic and structural properties. In the present work, multiple sequence alignment of the alpha class GSTs allowed the identification of three conserved residues (E137, K141, and S142) at α-helix 5 (H5). A motif-directed redesign of the human glutathione transferase A1-1 (hGSTA1-1) was performed through site-directed mutagenesis at these sites, creating two single- and two double-point mutants (E137H, K141H, K141H/S142H, and E137H/K141H). The results showed that all the enzyme variants displayed enhanced catalytic activity compared to the wild-type enzyme hGSTA1-1, while the double mutant hGSTA1-K141H/S142H also showed improved thermal stability. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed the molecular basis of the effects of double mutations on enzyme stability and catalysis. The biochemical and structural analysis presented here will contribute to a deeper understanding of the structure and function of alpha class GSTs.
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3
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Bodourian CS, Poudel N, Papageorgiou AC, Antoniadi M, Georgakis ND, Abe H, Labrou NE. Ligandability Assessment of Human Glutathione Transferase M1-1 Using Pesticides as Chemical Probes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073606. [PMID: 35408962 PMCID: PMC8998827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) form a group of multifunctional enzymes that are involved in phase II of the cellular detoxification mechanism and are associated with increased susceptibility to cancer development and resistance to anticancer drugs. The present study aims to evaluate the ligandability of the human GSTM1-1 isoenzyme (hGSTM1-1) using a broad range of structurally diverse pesticides as probes. The results revealed that hGSTM1-1, compared to other classes of GSTs, displays limited ligandability and ligand-binding promiscuity, as revealed by kinetic inhibition studies. Among all tested pesticides, the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb was identified as the strongest inhibitor towards hGSTM1-1. Kinetic inhibition analysis showed that pirimicarb behaved as a mixed-type inhibitor toward glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). To shine a light on the restricted hGSTM1-1 ligand-binding promiscuity, the ligand-free crystal structure of hGSTM1-1 was determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.59 Å-resolution. Comparative analysis of ligand-free structure with the available ligand-bound structures allowed for the study of the enzyme's plasticity and the induced-fit mechanism operated by hGSTM1-1. The results revealed important structural features of the H-site that contribute to xenobiotic-ligand binding and specificity. It was concluded that hGSTM1-1 interacts preferentially with one-ring aromatic compounds that bind at a discrete site which partially overlaps with the xenobiotic substrate binding site (H-site). The results of the study form a basis for the rational design of new drugs targeting hGSTM1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charoutioun S. Bodourian
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athina, Greece; (C.S.B.); (M.A.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Nirmal Poudel
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland; (N.P.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Anastassios C. Papageorgiou
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland; (N.P.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Mariana Antoniadi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athina, Greece; (C.S.B.); (M.A.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Nikolaos D. Georgakis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athina, Greece; (C.S.B.); (M.A.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athina, Greece; (C.S.B.); (M.A.); (N.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-(210)-5294308
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4
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yamamoto K, Higashiura A, Hirowatari A, Yamada N, Tsubota T, Sezutsu H, Nakagawa A. Characterisation of a diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm Bombyx mori by X-ray crystallography and genome editing analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16835. [PMID: 30443011 PMCID: PMC6237972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found an unclassified glutathione S-transferase 2 (bmGSTu2) in the silkworm Bombyx mori that conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and also metabolises diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide. Here, we provide a structural and genome-editing characterisation of the diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in B. mori. The structure of bmGSTu2 was determined at 1.68 Å by X-ray crystallography. Mutation of putative amino acid residues in the substrate-binding site showed that Pro13, Tyr107, Ile118, Phe119, and Phe211 are crucial for enzymatic function. bmGSTu2 gene disruption resulted in a decrease in median lethal dose values to an organophosphate insecticide and a decrease in acetylcholine levels in silkworms. Taken together, these results indicate that bmGSTu2 could metabolise an organophosphate insecticide. Thus, this study provides insights into the physiological role of bmGSTu2 in silkworms, detoxification of organophosphate insecticides, and drug targets for the development of a novel insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Aiko Hirowatari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubota
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Mohana K, Achary A. Human cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases: quantitative analysis of expression, comparative analysis of structures and inhibition strategies of isozymes involved in drug resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:318-337. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1343343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Mohana
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
| | - Anant Achary
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
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7
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Identification of a diazinon-metabolizing glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30073. [PMID: 27440377 PMCID: PMC4954967 DOI: 10.1038/srep30073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase superfamily play key roles in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics. We report herein the identification and characterization of a novel glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The enzyme (bmGSTu2) conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as well as metabolizing diazinon, one of the organophosphate insecticides. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcripts demonstrated that bmGSTu2 expression was induced 1.7-fold in a resistant strain of B. mori. Mutagenesis of putative amino acid residues in the glutathione-binding site revealed that Ile54, Glu66, Ser67, and Asn68 are crucial for enzymatic function. These results provide insights into the catalysis of glutathione conjugation in silkworm by bmGSTu2 and into the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides.
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8
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Directed evolution of Tau class glutathione transferases reveals a site that regulates catalytic efficiency and masks co-operativity. Biochem J 2015; 473:559-70. [PMID: 26637269 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A library of Tau class GSTs (glutathione transferases) was constructed by DNA shuffling using the DNA encoding the Glycine max GSTs GmGSTU2-2, GmGSTU4-4 and GmGSTU10-10. The parental GSTs are >88% identical at the sequence level; however, their specificity varies towards different substrates. The DNA library contained chimaeric structures of alternated segments of the parental sequences and point mutations. Chimaeric GST sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli and their enzymatic activities towards CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and the herbicide fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether) were determined. A chimaeric clone (Sh14) with enhanced CDNB- and fluorodifen-detoxifying activities, and unusual co-operative kinetics towards CDNB and fluorodifen, but not towards GSH, was identified. The structure of Sh14 was determined at 1.75 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution in complex with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione. Analysis of the Sh14 structure showed that a W114C point mutation is responsible for the altered kinetic properties. This was confirmed by the kinetic properties of the Sh14 C114W mutant. It is suggested that the replacement of the bulky tryptophan residue by a smaller amino acid (cysteine) results in conformational changes of the active-site cavity, leading to enhanced catalytic activity of Sh14. Moreover, the structural changes allow the strengthening of the two salt bridges between Glu(66) and Lys(104) at the dimer interface that triggers an allosteric effect and the communication between the hydrophobic sites.
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9
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Alborghetti MR, Furlan ADS, da Silva JC, Sforça ML, Honorato RV, Granato DC, dos Santos Migueleti DL, Neves JL, de Oliveira PSL, Paes-Leme AF, Zeri ACDM, de Torriani ICL, Kobarg J. Structural analysis of intermolecular interactions in the kinesin adaptor complex fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1/ short coiled-coil protein (FEZ1/SCOCO). PLoS One 2013; 8:e76602. [PMID: 24116125 PMCID: PMC3792052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton and protein trafficking processes, including vesicle transport to synapses, are key processes in neuronal differentiation and axon outgrowth. The human protein FEZ1 (fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 / UNC-76, in C. elegans), SCOCO (short coiled-coil protein / UNC-69) and kinesins (e.g. kinesin heavy chain / UNC116) are involved in these processes. Exploiting the feature of FEZ1 protein as a bivalent adapter of transport mediated by kinesins and FEZ1 protein interaction with SCOCO (proteins involved in the same path of axonal growth), we investigated the structural aspects of intermolecular interactions involved in this complex formation by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering) and molecular modelling. The topology of homodimerization was accessed through NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) studies of the region involved in this process, corresponding to FEZ1 (92-194). Through studies involving the protein in its monomeric configuration (reduced) and dimeric state, we propose that homodimerization occurs with FEZ1 chains oriented in an anti-parallel topology. We demonstrate that the interaction interface of FEZ1 and SCOCO defined by MS and computational modelling is in accordance with that previously demonstrated for UNC-76 and UNC-69. SAXS and literature data support a heterotetrameric complex model. These data provide details about the interaction interfaces probably involved in the transport machinery assembly and open perspectives to understand and interfere in this assembly and its involvement in neuronal differentiation and axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rodrigo Alborghetti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Ariane da Silva Furlan
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Funcional e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Júlio César da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Maurício Luís Sforça
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Vargas Honorato
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Deivid Lucas dos Santos Migueleti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jorge L. Neves
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Sergio Lopes de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes-Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Funcional e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências-LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais-CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Funcional e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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10
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Parbhoo N, Stoychev SH, Fanucchi S, Achilonu I, Adamson RJ, Fernandes M, Gildenhuys S, Dirr HW. A Conserved Interdomain Interaction Is a Determinant of Folding Cooperativity in the GST Fold. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7067-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2006509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishal Parbhoo
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Stoyan H. Stoychev
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Sylvia Fanucchi
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Roslin J. Adamson
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Manuel Fernandes
- School of
Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
| | - Heini W. Dirr
- Protein Structure−Function
Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050,
South Africa
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11
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Wang CL, Yang HL. Conserved residues in the subunit interface of tau glutathione s-transferase affect catalytic and structural functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:35-43. [PMID: 21205172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The tau class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have important roles in stress tolerance and the detoxification of herbicides in crops and weeds. Structural investigations of a wheat tau GST (TaGSTU4) show two subunit interactions: a hydrogen bond between the Tyr93 and Pro65 from another subunit of the dimer, and two salt bridges between residues Glu78 and side chains of Arg95 and Arg99 in the opposite subunit. By investigating enzyme activities, kinetic parameters and structural characterizations, this study showed the following results: (i) the hydrogen bond interaction between the Tyr93 and Pro65 was not essential for dimerization, but contributed to the enzyme's catalytic activity, thermal stability and affinity towards substrates glutathione and 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene; and (ii) two salt bridges mainly contributed to the protein structure stability and catalysis. The results of this study form a structural and functional basis for rational design of more selective and environmentally friendly herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Structural, functional and unfolding characteristics of glutathione S-transferase of Plasmodium vivax. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 487:115-22. [PMID: 19467220 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) of Plasmodium parasites are potential targets for antimalarial drug and vaccine development. We investigated the equilibrium unfolding, functional activity regulation and stability characteristics of the unique GST of Plasmodium vivax (PvGST). Despite high sequence, structural, functional, and evolutionary similarity, the unfolding behavior of PvGST was significantly different from Plasmodium falciparum GST (PfGST). The unfolding pathway of PvGST was non-cooperative with stabilization of an inactive dimeric intermediate. The absence of any compact, folded monomeric intermediate during the unfolding transition suggests that inter-subunit interactions play an important role in stabilizing the protein. Presence of salts effectively inhibited PvGST enzymatic activity by quenching the nucleophilicity of the thiolate anion of GSH. Based on the present findings, together with our previous studies on PfGST, we propose that the regulation of GST enzymatic activity through a dimer-tetramer transition via GSH binding is an exclusive feature of Plasmodium.
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13
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Federici L, Masulli M, Gianni S, Di Ilio C, Allocati N. A conserved hydrogen-bond network stabilizes the structure of Beta class glutathione S-transferases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:525-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Characterization of the activity and folding of the glutathione transferase from Escherichia coli and the roles of residues Cys(10) and His(106). Biochem J 2009; 417:55-64. [PMID: 18778244 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GSTs (glutathione transferases) are an important class of enzymes involved in cellular detoxification. GSTs are found in all classes of organisms and are implicated in resistance towards drugs, pesticides, herbicides and antibiotics. The activity, structure and folding, particularly of eukaryotic GSTs, have therefore been widely studied. The crystal structure of EGST (GST from Escherichia coli) was reported around 10 years ago and it suggested Cys(10) and His(106) as potential catalytic residues. However, the role of these residues in catalysis has not been further investigated, nor have the folding properties of the protein been described. In the present study we investigated the contributions of residues Cys(10) and His(106) to the activity and stability of EGST. We found that EGST shows a complex equilibrium unfolding profile, involving a population of at least two partially folded intermediates, one of which is dimeric. Mutation of residues Cys(10) and His(106) leads to stabilization of the protein and affects the apparent steady-state kinetic parameters for enzyme catalysis. The results suggest that the imidazole ring of His(106) plays an important role in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, whereas Cys(10) is involved in binding of the substrate, glutathione. Engineering of the Cys(10) site can be used to increase both the stability and GST activity of EGST. However, in addition to GST activity, we discovered that EGST also possesses thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase activity, for which the residue Cys(10) plays an essential role. Further, tryptophan quenching experiments indicate that a mixed disulfide is formed between the free thiol group of Cys(10) and the substrate, glutathione.
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Mutational analysis of the stability of the H2A and H2B histone monomers. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:1369-83. [PMID: 18976667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic histone heterodimer H2A-H2B folds through an obligatory dimeric intermediate that forms in a nearly diffusion-limited association reaction in the stopped-flow dead time. It is unclear whether there is partial folding of the isolated monomers before association. To address the possible contributions of structure in the monomers to the rapid association, we characterized H2A and H2B monomers in the absence of their heterodimeric partner. By far-UV circular dichroism, the H2A and H2B monomers are 15% and 31% helical, respectively--significantly less than observed in X-ray crystal structures. Acrylamide quenching of the intrinsic Tyr fluorescence was indicative of tertiary structure. The H2A and H2B monomers exhibit free energies of unfolding of 2.5 and 2.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively; at 10 microM, the sum of the stability of the monomers is approximately 60% of the stability of the native dimer. The helical content, stability, and m values indicate that H2B has a more stable, compact structure than H2A. The monomer m values are larger than expected for the extended histone fold motif, suggesting that the monomers adopt an overly collapsed structure. Stopped-flow refolding-initiated from urea-denatured monomers or the partially folded monomers populated at low denaturant concentrations-yielded essentially identical rates, indicating that monomer folding is productive in the rapid association and folding of the heterodimer. A series of Ala and Gly mutations were introduced into H2A and H2B to probe the importance of helix propensity on the structure and stability of the monomers. The mutational studies show that the central alpha-helix of the histone fold, which makes extensive intermonomer contacts, is structured in H2B but only partially folded in H2A.
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Chou TF, Tikh IB, Horta BAC, Ghosh B, De Alencastro RB, Wagner CR. Engineered monomeric human histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 hydrolyzes fluorogenic acyl-adenylate and lysyl-tRNA synthetase-generated lysyl-adenylate. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15137-47. [PMID: 17337452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606972200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hint1 is a homodimeric protein and member of the ubiquitous HIT superfamily. Hint1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of purine phosphoramidates and lysyl-adenylate generated by lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS). To determine the importance of homodimerization on the biological and catalytic activity of Hint1, the dimer interface of human Hint1 (hHint1) was destabilized by replacement of Val(97) of hHint1 with Asp, Glu, or Arg. The mutants were shown to exist as monomers in solution by a combination of size exclusion chromatograph, static light scattering, and chemically induced dimerization studies. Circular dichroism studies revealed little difference between the stability of the V97D, V97E, and wild-type hHint1. Relative to wild-type and the V97E mutant, however, significant perturbation of the V97D mutant structure was observed. hHint1 was shown to prefer 3-indolepropionic acyl-adenylate (AIPA) over tryptamine adenosine phosphoramidate monoester (TpAd). Wild-type hHint1 was found to be 277- and 1000-fold more efficient (k(cat)/K(m) values) than the V97E and V97D mutants, respectively. Adenylation of wild-type, V97D, and V97E hHint1 by human LysRS was shown to correlate with the mutant k(cat)/K(m) values using 3-indolepropionic acyl-adenylate as a substrate, but not tryptamine adenosine phosphoramidate monoester. Significant perturbations of the active site residues were not detected by molecular dynamics simulations of the hHint1s. Taken together, these results demonstrate that for hHint1; 1) the efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of acylated AMP hydrolysis, but not maximal catalytic turnover (k(cat)), is dependent on homodimerization and 2) the hydrolysis of lysyl-AMP generated by LysRS is not dependent on homodimerization if the monomer structure is similar to the wild-type structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Fen Chou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Kosloff M, Han GW, Krishna SS, Schwarzenbacher R, Fasnacht M, Elsliger MA, Abdubek P, Agarwalla S, Ambing E, Astakhova T, Axelrod HL, Canaves JM, Carlton D, Chiu HJ, Clayton T, DiDonato M, Duan L, Feuerhelm J, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hale J, Hampton E, Haugen J, Jaroszewski L, Jin KK, Johnson H, Klock HE, Knuth MW, Koesema E, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Levin I, McMullan D, Miller MD, Morse AT, Moy K, Nigoghossian E, Okach L, Oommachen S, Page R, Paulsen J, Quijano K, Reyes R, Rife CL, Sims E, Spraggon G, Sridhar V, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, White A, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Deacon AM, Godzik A, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. Comparative structural analysis of a novel glutathioneS-transferase (ATU5508) fromAgrobacterium tumefaciensat 2.0 Å resolution. Proteins 2006; 65:527-37. [PMID: 16988933 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a diverse superfamily of enzymes found in organisms from all kingdoms of life. GSTs are involved in diverse processes, notably small-molecule biosynthesis or detoxification, and are frequently also used in protein engineering studies or as biotechnology tools. Here, we report the high-resolution X-ray structure of Atu5508 from the pathogenic soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (atGST1). Through use of comparative sequence and structural analysis of the GST superfamily, we identified local sequence and structural signatures, which allowed us to distinguish between different GST classes. This approach enables GST classification based on structure, without requiring additional biochemical or immunological data. Consequently, analysis of the atGST1 crystal structure suggests a new GST class, distinct from previously characterized GSTs, which would make it an attractive target for further biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
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