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Feng Q, Wang H, Shao Y, Xu X. Antizyme inhibitor family: biological and translational research implications. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:11. [PMID: 38169396 PMCID: PMC10762828 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of polyamines is of critical importance to physiological processes. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) are capable of interacting with antizymes (AZs), thereby releasing ODC from ODC-AZs complex, and promote polyamine biosynthesis. AZINs regulate reproduction, embryonic development, fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis through polyamine and other signaling pathways. Dysregulation of AZINs has involved in multiple human diseases, especially malignant tumors. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most common type of post-transcriptional nucleotide modification in humans. Additionally, the high frequencies of RNA-edited AZIN1 in human cancers correlates with increase of cancer cell proliferation, enhancement of cancer cell stemness, and promotion of tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the various contribution of AZINs related with potential cancer promotion, cancer stemness, microenvironment and RNA modification, especially underlying molecular mechanisms, and furthermore explored its promising implication for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Youcheng Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Saha P, Panda S, Holkar A, Vashishth R, Rana SS, Arumugam M, Ashraf GM, Haque S, Ahmad F. Neuroprotection by agmatine: Possible involvement of the gut microbiome? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102056. [PMID: 37673131 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine derived from L-arginine, elicits tremendous multimodal neuromodulant properties. Alterations in agmatinergic signalling are closely linked to the pathogeneses of several brain disorders. Importantly, exogenous agmatine has been shown to act as a potent neuroprotectant in varied pathologies, including brain ageing and associated comorbidities. The antioxidant, anxiolytic, analgesic, antidepressant and memory-enhancing activities of agmatine may derive from its ability to regulate several cellular pathways; including cell metabolism, survival and differentiation, nitric oxide signalling, protein translation, oxidative homeostasis and neurotransmitter signalling. This review briefly discusses mammalian metabolism of agmatine and then proceeds to summarize our current understanding of neuromodulation and neuroprotection mediated by agmatine. Further, the emerging exciting bidirectional links between agmatine and the resident gut microbiome and their implications for brain pathophysiology and ageing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Subhrajita Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Aayusha Holkar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Rahul Vashishth
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sandeep Singh Rana
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Peterson CD, Waataja JJ, Kitto KF, Erb SJ, Verma H, Schuster DJ, Churchill CC, Riedl MS, Belur LR, Wolf DA, McIvor RS, Vulchanova L, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Long-term reversal of chronic pain behavior in rodents through elevation of spinal agmatine. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1123-1135. [PMID: 36710491 PMCID: PMC10124077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a significant burden worldwide, and treatments are often limited by safety or efficacy. The decarboxylated form of L-arginine, agmatine, antagonizes N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, inhibits nitric oxide synthase, and reverses behavioral neuroplasticity. We hypothesized that expressing the proposed synthetic enzyme for agmatine in the sensory pathway could reduce chronic pain without motor deficits. Intrathecal delivery of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying the gene for arginine decarboxylase (ADC) prevented the development of chronic neuropathic pain as induced by spared nerve injury in mice and rats and persistently reversed established hypersensitivity 266 days post-injury. Spinal long-term potentiation was inhibited by both exogenous agmatine and AAV-human ADC (hADC) vector pre-treatment but was enhanced in rats treated with anti-agmatine immunoneutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that endogenous agmatine modulates the neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain. Development of approaches to access this inhibitory control of neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain may yield important non-opioid pain-relieving options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan J Waataja
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Caroline C Churchill
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel A Wolf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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Tatara Y, Yamazaki H, Katsuoka F, Chiba M, Saigusa D, Kasai S, Nakamura T, Inoue J, Aoki Y, Shoji M, Motoike IN, Tamada Y, Hashizume K, Shoji M, Kinoshita K, Murashita K, Nakaji S, Yamamoto M, Itoh K. Multiomics and artificial intelligence enabled peripheral blood-based prediction of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103367. [PMID: 36446162 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since dementia is preventable with early interventions, biomarkers that assist in diagnosing early stages of dementia, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are urgently needed. METHODS Multiomics analysis of amnestic MCI (aMCI) peripheral blood (n = 25) was performed covering the transcriptome, microRNA, proteome, and metabolome. Validation analysis for microRNAs was conducted in an independent cohort (n = 12). Artificial intelligence was used to identify the most important features for predicting aMCI. FINDINGS We found that hsa-miR-4455 is the best biomarker in all omics analyses. The diagnostic index taking a ratio of hsa-miR-4455 to hsa-let-7b-3p predicted aMCI patients against healthy subjects with 97% overall accuracy. An integrated review of multiomics data suggested that a subset of T cells and the GCN (general control nonderepressible) pathway are associated with aMCI. INTERPRETATION The multiomics approach has enabled aMCI biomarkers with high specificity and illuminated the accompanying changes in peripheral blood. Future large-scale studies are necessary to validate candidate biomarkers for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tatara
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shuya Kasai
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Division of Personalized Prevention and Epidemiology, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Jin Inoue
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Miho Shoji
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ikuko N Motoike
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tamada
- Innovation Center for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Hashizume
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Department of Neurology, Dementia Research Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, 3-26-8 Ootomo-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0847 Japan; COI Research Initiatives Organization, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8216, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan; Department of Applied Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Koichi Murashita
- COI Research Initiatives Organization, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8216, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8216, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
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Antizyme Inhibitor 2-Deficient Mice Exhibit Altered Brain Polyamine Levels and Reduced Locomotor Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010014. [PMID: 36671399 PMCID: PMC9855896 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the neural polyamine system are known to be associated with different brain pathological conditions. In addition, the regulation of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), antizymes (AZs), and antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) is critical during brain development. However, while most studies focus on ODC and AZs, less is known about AZIN expression and function in the brain. Thus, our aim was to analyze the expression pattern of AZIN2 during postnatal development, its brain distribution, and its possible implication in phenotypical alterations. METHODS The expression pattern of Azin2 and other genes related to polyamine metabolism was analyzed by RT-qPCR. β-D-galactosidase staining was used to determine the anatomical distribution of AZIN2 in a Azin2 knockout model containing the βGeo marker. Brain polyamine content was determined by HPLC. The Rota-Rod and Pole functional tests were used to evaluate motor skills in Azin2-lacking mice. RESULTS Our results showed that expression of genes codifying for AZs and AZINs showed a similar increasing pattern over time that coincided with a decrease in ODC activity and putrescine levels. The analysis of AZIN2 distribution demonstrated that it is strongly expressed in the cerebellum and distributed along the neuron body and dendrites. The ablation of Azin2 showed a decrease in putrescine levels and is related to reduced motor skills. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that AZIN2 expression in the brain is particularly limited to the cerebellum. In addition, the ablation of Azin2 leads to a reduction in putrescine that relates to alterations in motor function, suggesting the role of AZIN2 in the functioning of dopaminergic neurons.
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Duvvuri VR, Baumgartner A, Molani S, Hernandez PV, Yuan D, Roper RT, Matos WF, Robinson M, Su Y, Subramanian N, Goldman JD, Heath JR, Hadlock JJ. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors May Moderate COVID-19 Hyperinflammatory Response: An Observational Study with Deep Immunophenotyping. HEALTH DATA SCIENCE 2022; 2022:0002. [PMID: 36817759 PMCID: PMC9934012 DOI: 10.34133/hds.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB), the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications, counter renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation via induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression. Considering that ACE2 is the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, the association of ACEi and ARB with COVID-19 outcomes needs thorough evaluation. Methods We conducted retrospective analyses using both unmatched and propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts on electronic health records (EHRs) to assess the impact of RAAS inhibitors on the risk of receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and 30-day mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Additionally, we investigated the immune cell gene expression profiles of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with prior use of antihypertensive treatments from an observational prospective cohort. Results The retrospective analysis revealed that there was no increased risk associated with either ACEi or ARB use. In fact, the use of ACEi showed decreased risk for mortality. Survival analyses using PS-matched cohorts suggested no significant relationship between RAAS inhibitors with a hospital stay and in-hospital mortality compared to non-RAAS medications and patients not on antihypertensive medications. From the analysis of gene expression profiles, we observed a noticeable up-regulation in the expression of 1L1R2 (an anti-inflammatory receptor) and RETN (an immunosuppressive marker) genes in monocytes among prior users of ACE inhibitors. Conclusion Overall, the findings do not support the discontinuation of ACEi or ARB treatment and suggest that ACEi may moderate the COVID-19 hyperinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Goldman
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R. Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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York A, Everhart A, Vitek MP, Gottschalk KW, Colton CA. Metabolism-Based Gene Differences in Neurons Expressing Hyperphosphorylated AT8- Positive (AT8+) Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211019443. [PMID: 34121475 PMCID: PMC8207264 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211019443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations in the brain are critical to the establishment and maintenance of normal cellular functions and to the pathological responses to disease processes. Here, we have focused on specific metabolic pathways that are involved in immune-mediated neuronal processes in brain using isolated neurons derived from human autopsy brain sections of normal individuals and individuals diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Laser capture microscopy was used to select specific cell types in immune-stained thin brain sections followed by NanoString technology to identify and quantify differences in mRNA levels between age-matched control and AD neuronal samples. Comparisons were also made between neurons isolated from AD brain sections expressing pathogenic hyperphosphorylated AT8- positive (AT8+) tau and non-AT8+ AD neurons using double labeling techniques. The mRNA expression data showed unique patterns of metabolic pathway expression between the subtypes of captured neurons that involved membrane based solute transporters, redox factors, and arginine and methionine metabolic pathways. We also identified the expression levels of a novel metabolic gene, Radical-S-Adenosyl Domain1 (RSAD1) and its corresponding protein, Rsad1, that impact methionine usage and radical based reactions. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify specific protein expression levels and their cellular location in NeuN+ and AT8+ neurons. APOE4 vs APOE3 genotype-specific and sex-specific gene expression differences in these metabolic pathways were also observed when comparing neurons from individuals with AD to age-matched individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra York
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Angela Everhart
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kirby W Gottschalk
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Carol A Colton
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Tulluri V, Nemmara VV. Role of Antizyme Inhibitor Proteins in Cancers and Beyond. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:667-682. [PMID: 33531815 PMCID: PMC7846877 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s281157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are multivalent organic cations essential for many cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. However, elevated polyamine levels are associated with a slew of pathological conditions, including multiple cancers. Intracellular polyamine levels are primarily controlled by the autoregulatory circuit comprising two different protein types, Antizymes (OAZ) and Antizyme Inhibitors (AZIN), which regulate the activity of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). While OAZ functions to decrease the intracellular polyamine levels by inhibiting ODC activity and exerting a negative control of polyamine uptake, AZIN operates to increase intracellular polyamine levels by binding and sequestering OAZ to relieve ODC inhibition and to increase polyamine uptake. Interestingly, OAZ and AZIN exhibit autoregulatory functions on polyamine independent pathways as well. A growing body of evidence demonstrates the dysregulation of AZIN expression in multiple cancers. Additionally, RNA editing of the Azin1 transcript results in a "gain-of-function" phenotype, which is shown to drive aggressive tumor types. This review will discuss the recent advances in AZIN's role in cancers via aberrant polyamine upregulation and its polyamine-independent protein regulation. This report will also highlight AZIN interaction with proteins outside the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and its potential implication to cancer pathogenesis. Finally, this review will reveal the protein interaction network of AZIN isoforms by analyzing three different interactome databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennela Tulluri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ08028, USA
| | - Venkatesh V Nemmara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ08028, USA
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10
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Bernardes JP, Mishra N, Tran F, Bahmer T, Best L, Blase JI, Bordoni D, Franzenburg J, Geisen U, Josephs-Spaulding J, Köhler P, Künstner A, Rosati E, Aschenbrenner AC, Bacher P, Baran N, Boysen T, Brandt B, Bruse N, Dörr J, Dräger A, Elke G, Ellinghaus D, Fischer J, Forster M, Franke A, Franzenburg S, Frey N, Friedrichs A, Fuß J, Glück A, Hamm J, Hinrichsen F, Hoeppner MP, Imm S, Junker R, Kaiser S, Kan YH, Knoll R, Lange C, Laue G, Lier C, Lindner M, Marinos G, Markewitz R, Nattermann J, Noth R, Pickkers P, Rabe KF, Renz A, Röcken C, Rupp J, Schaffarzyk A, Scheffold A, Schulte-Schrepping J, Schunk D, Skowasch D, Ulas T, Wandinger KP, Wittig M, Zimmermann J, Busch H, Hoyer BF, Kaleta C, Heyckendorf J, Kox M, Rybniker J, Schreiber S, Schultze JL, Rosenstiel P. Longitudinal Multi-omics Analyses Identify Responses of Megakaryocytes, Erythroid Cells, and Plasmablasts as Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19. Immunity 2020; 53:1296-1314.e9. [PMID: 33296687 PMCID: PMC7689306 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Temporal resolution of cellular features associated with a severe COVID-19 disease trajectory is needed for understanding skewed immune responses and defining predictors of outcome. Here, we performed a longitudinal multi-omics study using a two-center cohort of 14 patients. We analyzed the bulk transcriptome, bulk DNA methylome, and single-cell transcriptome (>358,000 cells, including BCR profiles) of peripheral blood samples harvested from up to 5 time points. Validation was performed in two independent cohorts of COVID-19 patients. Severe COVID-19 was characterized by an increase of proliferating, metabolically hyperactive plasmablasts. Coinciding with critical illness, we also identified an expansion of interferon-activated circulating megakaryocytes and increased erythropoiesis with features of hypoxic signaling. Megakaryocyte- and erythroid-cell-derived co-expression modules were predictive of fatal disease outcome. The study demonstrates broad cellular effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond adaptive immune cells and provides an entry point toward developing biomarkers and targeted treatments of patients with COVID-19. SARS-CoV2 infection elicits dynamic changes of circulating cells in the blood Severe COVID-19 is characterized by increased metabolically active plasmablasts Elevation of IFN-activated megakaryocytes and erythroid cells in severe COVID-19 Cell-type-specific expression signatures are associated with a fatal COVID-19 outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Bernardes
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Neha Mishra
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Bahmer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Best
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johanna I Blase
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dora Bordoni
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulf Geisen
- Section for Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Köhler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna C Aschenbrenner
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE, and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nathan Baran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Teide Boysen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Burkhard Brandt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niklas Bruse
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Dörr
- Section for Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Department of Computer Science, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Elke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anette Friedrichs
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janina Fuß
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Glück
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacob Hamm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Finn Hinrichsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc P Hoeppner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Imm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Junker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sina Kaiser
- Section for Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ying H Kan
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Knoll
- Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE, and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU-TB, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Georg Laue
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Clemens Lier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Lindner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Markewitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Noth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Centre North, German Centre for Lung Research, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Alina Renz
- Department of Computer Science, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annika Schaffarzyk
- Section for Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Schulte-Schrepping
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Domagoj Schunk
- Department for Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Skowasch
- Section of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, , 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE, and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel and 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Wittig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bimba F Hoyer
- Section for Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE, and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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11
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Deep Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Developmental Progression during Early Development of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155535. [PMID: 32748829 PMCID: PMC7432863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from fertilized egg to larva in fish is accompanied with various biological processes. We selected seven early developmental stages in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, for transcriptome analysis, and covered 22,635 genes with 590 million high-quality RNA-sequencing (seq) reads. Differential expression analysis between neighboring developmental timepoints revealed significantly enriched biological categories associated with growth, development and morphogenesis, which was most evident at 2 vs. 5 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 vs. 6 dpf. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) approach and four critical modules were identified. Among candidate hub genes, GDF10, FOXA2, HCEA and SYCE3 were involved in head formation, egg development and the transverse central element of synaptonemal complexes. CK1, OAZ2, DARS1 and UBE2V2 were mainly associated with regulation of cell cycle, growth, brain development, differentiation and proliferation of enterocytes. IFI44L and ZIP10 were critical for the regulation of immune activity and ion transport. Additionally, TCK1 and TGFB1 were related to phosphate transport and regulating cell proliferation. All these genes play vital roles in embryogenesis and regulation of early development. These results serve as a rich dataset for functional genomic studies. Our work reveals new insights of the underlying mechanisms in channel catfish early development.
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Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MÁ, Villalobos-Rueda L, Urdiales JL. Polyamines in mammalian pathophysiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3987-4008. [PMID: 31227845 PMCID: PMC11105599 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are essential organic polycations for cell viability along the whole phylogenetic scale. In mammals, they are involved in the most important physiological processes: cell proliferation and viability, nutrition, fertility, as well as nervous and immune systems. Consequently, altered polyamine metabolism is involved in a series of pathologies. Due to their pathophysiological importance, PA metabolism has evolved to be a very robust metabolic module, interconnected with the other essential metabolic modules for gene expression and cell proliferation/differentiation. Two different PA sources exist for animals: PA coming from diet and endogenous synthesis. In the first section of this work, the molecular characteristics of PAs are presented as determinant of their roles in living organisms. In a second section, the metabolic specificities of mammalian PA metabolism are reviewed, as well as some obscure aspects on it. This second section includes information on mammalian cell/tissue-dependent PA-related gene expression and information on crosstalk with the other mammalian metabolic modules. The third section presents a synthesis of the physiological processes described as modulated by PAs in humans and/or experimental animal models, the molecular bases of these regulatory mechanisms known so far, as well as the most important gaps of information, which explain why knowledge around the specific roles of PAs in human physiology is still considered a "mysterious" subject. In spite of its robustness, PA metabolism can be altered under different exogenous and/or endogenous circumstances so leading to the loss of homeostasis and, therefore, to the promotion of a pathology. The available information will be summarized in the fourth section of this review. The different sections of this review also point out the lesser-known aspects of the topic. Finally, future prospects to advance on these still obscure gaps of knowledge on the roles on PAs on human physiopathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lorena Villalobos-Rueda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
| | - José Luis Urdiales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain.
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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13
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Lambertos A, Peñafiel R. Polyamine biosynthesis in Xenopus laevis: the xlAZIN2/xlODC2 gene encodes a lysine/ornithine decarboxylase. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218500. [PMID: 31509528 PMCID: PMC6738921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, organic cations that are implicated in many cellular processes. The enzyme is regulated at the post-translational level by an unusual system that includes antizymes (AZs) and antizyme inhibitors (AZINs). Most studies on this complex regulatory mechanism have been focused on human and rodent cells, showing that AZINs (AZIN1 and AZIN2) are homologues of ODC but devoid of enzymatic activity. Little is known about Xenopus ODC and its paralogues, in spite of the relevance of Xenopus as a model organism for biomedical research. We have used the information existing in different genomic databases to compare the functional properties of the amphibian ODC1, AZIN1 and AZIN2/ODC2, by means of transient transfection experiments of HEK293T cells. Whereas the properties of xlODC1 and xlAZIN1 were similar to those reported for their mammalian orthologues, the former catalyzing the decarboxylation of L-ornithine preferentially to that of L-lysine, xlAZIN2/xlODC2 showed important differences with respect to human and mouse AZIN2. xlAZIN2 did not behave as an antizyme inhibitor, but it rather acts as an authentic decarboxylase forming cadaverine, due to its higher affinity to L-lysine than to L-ornithine as substrate; so, in accordance with this, it should be named as lysine decarboxylase (LDC) or lysine/ornithine decarboxylase (LODC). In addition, AZ1 stimulated the degradation of xlAZIN2 by the proteasome, but the removal of the 21 amino acid C-terminal tail, with a sequence quite different to that of mouse or human ODC, made the protein resistant to degradation. Collectively, our results indicate that in Xenopus there is only one antizyme inhibitor (xlAZIN1) and two decarboxylases, xlODC1 and xlLDC, with clear preferences for L-ornithine and L-lysine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ramos-Molina B, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Lambertos A, Tinahones FJ, Peñafiel R. Dietary and Gut Microbiota Polyamines in Obesity- and Age-Related Diseases. Front Nutr 2019; 6:24. [PMID: 30923709 PMCID: PMC6426781 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are widely distributed polycationic compounds essential for cellular functions. Intracellular polyamine pools are tightly regulated by a complex regulatory mechanism involving de novo biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport across the plasma membrane. In mammals, both the production of polyamines and their uptake from the extracellular space are controlled by a set of proteins named antizymes and antizyme inhibitors. Dysregulation of polyamine levels has been implicated in a variety of human pathologies, especially cancer. Additionally, decreases in the intracellular and circulating polyamine levels during aging have been reported. The differences in the polyamine content existing among tissues are mainly due to the endogenous polyamine metabolism. In addition, a part of the tissue polyamines has its origin in the diet or their production by the intestinal microbiome. Emerging evidence has suggested that exogenous polyamines (either orally administrated or synthetized by the gut microbiota) are able to induce longevity in mice, and that spermidine supplementation exerts cardioprotective effects in animal models. Furthermore, the administration of either spermidine or spermine has been shown to be effective for improving glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity and reducing adiposity and hepatic fat accumulation in diet-induced obesity mouse models. The exogenous addition of agmatine, a cationic molecule produced through arginine decarboxylation by bacteria and plants, also exerts significant effects on glucose metabolism in obese models, as well as cardioprotective effects. In this review, we will discuss some aspects of polyamine metabolism and transport, how diet can affect circulating and local polyamine levels, and how the modulation of either polyamine intake or polyamine production by gut microbiota can be used for potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) is a signature of secretory phenotype and independent predictor of adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211564. [PMID: 30768610 PMCID: PMC6377119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis. The two ODC antizyme inhibitors (AZIN1) and (AZIN2) are regulators of the catalytic activity of ODC. While AZIN1 is a regulator of cell proliferation, AZIN2 is involved in intracellular vesicle transport and secretion. There are no previous reports on the impact of AZIN2 expression in human cancer. We applied immunohistochemistry with antibodies to human AZIN2 on tissue micro- arrays of colorectal cancers (CRC) from 840 patients with a median follow-up of 5.1 years (range 0-25.8). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 58.9% (95% Cl 55.0-62.8%). High AZIN2 expression was associated with mucinous histology (p = 0.002) and location in the right hemicolon (p = 0.021). We found no association with age, gender, stage, or histological tumor grade. High tumor expression of AZIN2 predicted an unfavorable prognosis (p<0.0001, log-rank test), compared to low AZIN2 expression. Cox multivariable analysis identified AZIN2 as an independent factor of an unfavorable prognosis in CRC. The strongest AZIN2 expression was seen in invasive tumor cells having morphological features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Induction of EMT in HT-29 CRC cells lead to upregulated expression of endogenous AZIN2. Given that AZIN2 is a regulator of vesicle transport and secretion, we overexpressed human AZIN2 cDNA in T84 CRC cells, and found strongly enhanced accumulation of CD63-positive exosomes in the culture medium. These findings indicate that AZIN2 expression is a signature of EMT-associated secretory phenotype that is linked to an adverse prognosis in CRC.
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16
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New insights of polyamine metabolism in testicular physiology: A role of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) in the modulation of testosterone levels and sperm motility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209202. [PMID: 30566531 PMCID: PMC6300296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific role of polyamines in the testis physiology is not fully understood. Antizymes (OAZs) and antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) are modulators of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and polyamine uptake. Although the three known OAZs are expressed in the testis, only OAZ3 is testis specific and has been proven to have an essential role in male fertility. Regarding the two existing AZINs, AZIN2 is the most abundantly expressed member in this gonad. Whereas previous studies suggested that AZIN2 might participate in mouse spermatogenesis, immunohistological analysis of human testicular sections revealed that AZIN2 is also detected in the steroidogenic Leydig cells but not in the germinal epithelium. In the present study, we found a close ontogenic similarity in the mRNA levels of OAZs and AZINs between mice and rats, but an opposite expression pattern of ODC activity. Further analysis of AZIN2 and OAZ3 in the testis of mice with different alterations in spermatogenesis and fertility, induced either genetically or pharmacologically, corroborated that both AZIN2 and OAZ3 are mainly expressed in the haploid germinal cells. Finally, by using transgenic mice with a truncated Azin2 gene fused to the bacterial lacZ gene, we studied the expression of Azin2 in testes, epididymides and spermatozoa. AZIN2 was detected in spermatids and spermatozoa, as well as in Leydig cells, and in epithelial epidydimal cells. Azin2 knock-out male mice were fertile; however, they showed marked decreases in testicular putrescine and plasma and testicular testosterone levels, and a dramatic reduction in the sperm motility. These results suggest an important role for AZIN2 in testicular cells by modulating polyamine concentrations, testosterone synthesis and sperm function. Overall, our data corroborate the relevance of polyamine regulation in testis functions, where both AZIN2 and OAZ3 play fundamental roles.
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Abstract
The polyamines spermidine, spermine, and their precursor putrescine are organic polycations involved in various cellular processes and are absolutely essential for cellular proliferation. Because of their crucial function in the cell, their intracellular concentration must be maintained at optimal levels. To a large extent, this regulation is achieved through the activity of an autoregulatory loop that involves two proteins, antizyme (Az) and antizyme inhibitor (AzI), that regulate the first enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and polyamine uptake activity in response to intracellular polyamine levels. In this Minireview, I will discuss what has been learned about the mechanism of Az expression and its physical interaction with both ODC and AzI in the regulation of polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Kahana
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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18
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Ramos-Molina B, Lambertos A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme Inhibitors in Polyamine Metabolism and Beyond: Physiopathological Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 6:medsci6040089. [PMID: 30304856 PMCID: PMC6313458 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular levels of polyamines, cationic molecules involved in a myriad of cellular functions ranging from cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis, is precisely regulated by antizymes and antizyme inhibitors via the modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic and transport systems. Antizymes, which are mainly activated upon high polyamine levels, inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic route, and exert a negative control of polyamine intake. Antizyme inhibitors (AZINs), which are proteins highly homologous to ODC, selectively interact with antizymes, preventing their action on ODC and the polyamine transport system. In this review, we will update the recent advances on the structural, cellular and physiological functions of AZINs, with particular emphasis on the action of these proteins in the regulation of polyamine metabolism. In addition, we will describe emerging evidence that suggests that AZINs may also have polyamine-independent effects on cells. Finally, we will discuss how the dysregulation of AZIN activity has been implicated in certain human pathologies such as cancer, fibrosis or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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Bae DH, Lane DJR, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. The old and new biochemistry of polyamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2053-2068. [PMID: 29890242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous positively charged amines found in all organisms. These molecules play a crucial role in many biological functions including cell growth, gene regulation and differentiation. The three major polyamines produced in all mammalian cells are putrescine, spermidine and spermine. The intracellular levels of these polyamines depend on the interplay of the biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of the polyamine and methionine salvage pathway, as well as the involvement of polyamine transporters. Polyamine levels are observed to be high in cancer cells, which contributes to malignant transformation, cell proliferation and poor patient prognosis. Considering the critical roles of polyamines in cancer cell proliferation, numerous anti-polyaminergic compounds have been developed as anti-tumor agents, which seek to suppress polyamine levels by specifically inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis, activating polyamine catabolism, or blocking polyamine transporters. However, in terms of the development of effective anti-cancer therapeutics targeting the polyamine system, these efforts have unfortunately resulted in little success. Recently, several studies using the iron chelators, O-trensox and ICL670A (Deferasirox), have demonstrated a decline in both iron and polyamine levels. Since iron levels are also high in cancer cells, and like polyamines, are required for proliferation, these latter findings suggest a biochemically integrated link between iron and polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Lambertos A, Ramos-Molina B, Cerezo D, López-Contreras AJ, Peñafiel R. The mouse Gm853 gene encodes a novel enzyme: Leucine decarboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:365-376. [PMID: 29108956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. ODC-antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) are homologous proteins of ODC, devoid of enzymatic activity but acting as regulators of polyamine levels. The last paralogue gene recently incorporated into the ODC/AZINs family is the murine Gm853, which is located in the same chromosome as AZIN2, and whose biochemical function is still unknown. By means of transfection assays of HEK293T cells with a plasmid containing the coding region of Gm853, we show here that unlike ODC, GM853 was a stable protein that was not able to decarboxylate l-ornithine or l-lysine and that did not act as an antizyme inhibitor. However, GM853 showed leucine decarboxylase activity, an enzymatic activity never described in animal cells, and by acting on l-leucine (Km=7.03×10-3M) it produced isopentylamine, an aliphatic monoamine with unknown function. The other physiological branched-chain amino acids, l-valine and l-isoleucine were poor substrates of the enzyme. Gm853 expression was mainly detected in the kidney, and as Odc, it was stimulated by testosterone. The conservation of Gm853 orthologues in different mammalian species, including primates, underlines the possible biological significance of this new enzyme. In this study, we describe for the first time a mammalian enzyme with leucine decarboxylase activity, therefore proposing that the gene Gm853 and its protein product should be named as leucine decarboxylase (Ldc, LDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - David Cerezo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
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Hu X, Chen J, Shi X, Feng F, Lau KW, Chen Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Cui F, Zhang Y, Xu X, Li J. RNA editing of AZIN1 induces the malignant progression of non-small-cell lung cancers. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317700001. [PMID: 28849733 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing is a widespread post-transcriptional mechanism that confers specific and reproducible nucleotide changes in selected RNA transcripts and plays a critical role in many human cancers. However, little is known about how RNA editing operates in non-small-cell lung cancers. Here, we measured the sequence and expression level of genes of antizyme inhibitor 1 and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA family in 30 non-small-cell lung cancer patient samples and 13 cell lines and revealed RNA editing S367G in antizyme inhibitor 1 is a high-frequent molecular events. We determined overexpression of antizyme inhibitor 1 with RNA editing, implying the oncogenic function of this alteration. We also detected the association of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA overexpression with RNA editing occurred in antizyme inhibitor 1. Furthermore, the RNA editing could cause a cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of antizyme inhibitor 1 protein and conferred the malignant phenotype of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. The in vivo experiment confirmed that this RNA editing confers higher capacity of tumor migration as well. In conclusion, antizyme inhibitor 1 RNA editing and its involvement in tumorigenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer pave a new way for potential clinical management of non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueda Hu
- 1 Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshun Shi
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fenglan Feng
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - King Wai Lau
- 3 Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yaoqi Chen
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yusong Chen
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Long Jiang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fei Cui
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Agmatine: multifunctional arginine metabolite and magic bullet in clinical neuroscience? Biochem J 2017; 474:2619-2640. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, the decarboxylation product of arginine, was largely neglected as an important player in mammalian metabolism until the mid-1990s, when it was re-discovered as an endogenous ligand of imidazoline and α2-adrenergic receptors. Since then, a wide variety of agmatine-mediated effects have been observed, and consequently agmatine has moved from a wallflower existence into the limelight of clinical neuroscience research. Despite this quantum jump in scientific interest, the understanding of the anabolism and catabolism of this amine is still vague. The purification and biochemical characterization of natural mammalian arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase still are open issues. Nevertheless, the agmatinergic system is currently one of the most promising candidates in order to pharmacologically interfere with some major diseases of the central nervous system, which are summarized in the present review. Particularly with respect to major depression, agmatine, its derivatives, and metabolizing enzymes show great promise for the development of an improved treatment of this common disease.
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Hussain T, Tan B, Ren W, Rahu N, Dad R, Kalhoro DH, Yin Y. Polyamines: therapeutic perspectives in oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1457-1468. [PMID: 28733904 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are naturally occurring aliphatic compounds, particularly essential elements for biological functions. These compounds play a central role in regulating molecular pathways which are responsible for cellular proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Importantly, excessive polyamine catabolism can lead to a prominent source of oxidative stress which increases inflammatory response and thought to be involved in several diseases including stroke, renal failure, neurological disease, liver disease, and even cancer. Moreover, polyamine supplementation increases life span in model organisms and may encounter oxidative stress via exerting its potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The revealed literature indicates that an emerging role of polyamine biosynthetic pathway could be a novel target for drug development against inflammatory diseases. In this review, we expand the knowledge on the metabolism of polyamines, and its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which might have future implications against inflammatory diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bie Tan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenkai Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, People's Republic of China
| | - Najma Rahu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70050, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Dad
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70050, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Characterization of an androgen-responsive, ornithine decarboxylase-related protein in mouse kidney. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170163. [PMID: 28607032 PMCID: PMC5518511 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated and characterized a novel ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) related protein (ODCrp) also annotated as gm853. ODCrp shows 41% amino acid sequence identity with ODC and 38% with ODC antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1). The Odcrp gene is selectively expressed in the epithelium of proximal tubuli of mouse kidney with higher expression in males than in females. Like Odc in mouse kidney, Odcrp is also androgen responsive with androgen receptor (AR)-binding loci within its regulatory region. ODCrp forms homodimers but does not heterodimerize with ODC. Although ODCrp contains 20 amino acid residues known to be necessary for the catalytic activity of ODC, no decarboxylase activity could be found with ornithine, lysine or arginine as substrates. ODCrp does not function as an AZIN, as it neither binds ODC antizyme 1 (OAZ1) nor prevents OAZ-mediated inactivation and degradation of ODC. ODCrp itself is degraded via ubiquination and mutation of Cys363 (corresponding to Cys360 of ODC) appears to destabilize the protein. Evidence for a function of ODCrp was found in ODC assays on lysates from transfected Cos-7 cells where ODCrp repressed the activity of endogenous ODC while Cys363Ala mutated ODCrp increased the enzymatic activity of endogenous ODC.
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A novel role for antizyme inhibitor 2 as a regulator of serotonin and histamine biosynthesis and content in mouse mast cells. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2411-21. [PMID: 27084713 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antizymes and antizyme inhibitors are key regulatory proteins of polyamine levels by affecting ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine uptake. Our previous studies indicated a metabolic interplay among polyamines, histamine and serotonin in mast cells, and demonstrated that polyamines are present in mast cell secretory granules, being important for histamine storage and serotonin levels. Recently, the novel antizyme inhibitor-2 (AZIN2) was proposed as a local regulator of polyamine biosynthesis in association with mast cell serotonin-containing granules. To gain insight into the role of AZIN2 in the biosynthesis and storage of serotonin and histamine, we have generated bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) from both wild-type and transgenic Azin2 hypomorphic mice, and have analyzed polyamines, serotonin and histamine contents, and some elements of their metabolisms. Azin2 hypomorphic BMMCs did not show major mast cell phenotypic alterations as judged by morphology and specific mast cell proteases. However, compared to wild-type controls, these cells showed reduced spermidine and spermine levels, and diminished growth rate. Serotonin levels were also reduced, whereas histamine levels tended to increase. Accordingly, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1; the key enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis) mRNA expression and protein levels were reduced, whereas histidine decarboxylase (the enzyme responsible for histamine biosynthesis) enzymatic activity was increased. Furthermore, microphtalmia-associated transcription factor, an element involved in the regulation of Tph1 expression, was reduced. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, an element of polyamine metabolism -AZIN2-, so far described as exclusively devoted to the control of polyamine concentrations, involved in regulating the biosynthesis and content of other amines like serotonin and histamine.
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Expression of ODC Antizyme Inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) in Human Secretory Cells and Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151175. [PMID: 26963840 PMCID: PMC4786150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2), originally called ODCp, is a regulator of polyamine synthesis that we originally identified and cloned. High expression of ODCp mRNA was found in brain and testis. We reported that AZIN2 is involved in regulation of cellular vesicle transport and / or secretion, but the ultimate physiological role(s) of AZIN2 is still poorly understood. In this study we used a peptide antibody (K3) to human AZIN2 and by immunohistochemistry mapped its expression in various normal tissues. We found high expression in the nervous system, in type 2 pneumocytes in the lung, in megakaryocytes, in gastric parietal cells co-localized with H,K-ATPase beta subunit, in selected enteroendocrine cells, in acinar cells of sweat glands, in podocytes, in macula densa cells and epithelium of collecting ducts in the kidney. The high expression of AZIN2 in various cells with secretory or vesicle transport activity indicates that the polyamine metabolism regulated by AZIN2 is more significantly involved in these events than previously appreciated.
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Rajput B, Murphy TD, Pruitt KD. RefSeq curation and annotation of antizyme and antizyme inhibitor genes in vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7270-9. [PMID: 26170238 PMCID: PMC4551939 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous cations that are involved in regulating fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth and proliferation; hence, their intracellular concentration is tightly regulated. Antizyme and antizyme inhibitor have a central role in maintaining cellular polyamine levels. Antizyme is unique in that it is expressed via a novel programmed ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. Conventional computational tools are unable to predict a programmed frameshift, resulting in misannotation of antizyme transcripts and proteins on transcript and genomic sequences. Correct annotation of a programmed frameshifting event requires manual evaluation. Our goal was to provide an accurately curated and annotated Reference Sequence (RefSeq) data set of antizyme transcript and protein records across a broad taxonomic scope that would serve as standards for accurate representation of these gene products. As antizyme and antizyme inhibitor proteins are functionally connected, we also curated antizyme inhibitor genes to more fully represent the elegant biology of polyamine regulation. Manual review of genes for three members of the antizyme family and two members of the antizyme inhibitor family in 91 vertebrate organisms resulted in a total of 461 curated RefSeq records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Rajput
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Kim D Pruitt
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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Stegehake D, Kurosinski MA, Schürmann S, Daniel J, Lüersen K, Liebau E. Polyamine-independent Expression of Caenorhabditis elegans Antizyme. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18090-18101. [PMID: 26032421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, is promoted by the protein antizyme. Expression of antizyme is positively regulated by rising polyamine concentrations that induce a +1 translational frameshift required for production of the full-length protein. Antizyme itself is negatively regulated by the antizyme inhibitor. In our study, the regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans antizyme was investigated, and the antizyme inhibitor was identified. By applying a novel GFP-based method to monitor antizyme frameshifting in vivo, we show that the induction of translational frameshifting also occurs under stressful conditions. Interestingly, during starvation, the initiation of frameshifting was independent of polyamine concentrations. Because frameshifting was also prevalent in a polyamine auxotroph double mutant, a polyamine-independent regulation of antizyme frameshifting is suggested. Polyamine-independent induction of antizyme expression was found to be negatively regulated by the peptide transporter PEPT-1, as well as the target of rapamycin, but not by the daf-2 insulin signaling pathway. Stress-dependent expression of C. elegans antizyme occurred morely slowly than expression in response to increased polyamine levels, pointing to a more general reaction to unfavorable conditions and a diversion away from proliferation and reproduction toward conservation of energy. Interestingly, antizyme expression was found to drastically increase in aging individuals in a postreproductive manner. Although knockdown of antizyme did not affect the lifespan of C. elegans, knockdown of the antizyme inhibitor led to a significant reduction in lifespan. This is most likely caused by an increase in antizyme-mediated degradation of ornithine decarboxylase-1 and a resulting reduction in cellular polyamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Stegehake
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Marc-André Kurosinski
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabine Schürmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jens Daniel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Liebau
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, 48143 Muenster, Germany.
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Ramos-Molina B, López-Contreras AJ, Lambertos A, Dardonville C, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Influence of ornithine decarboxylase antizymes and antizyme inhibitors on agmatine uptake by mammalian cells. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1025-34. [PMID: 25655388 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (4-aminobutylguanidine), a dicationic molecule at physiological pH, exerts relevant modulatory actions at many different molecular target sites in mammalian cells, having been suggested that the administration of this compound may have therapeutic interest. Several plasma membrane transporters have been implicated in agmatine uptake by mammalian cells. Here we report that in kidney-derived COS-7 cell line, at physiological agmatine levels, the general polyamine transporter participates in the plasma membrane translocation of agmatine, with an apparent Km of 44 ± 7 µM and Vmax of 17.3 ± 3.3 nmol h(-1) mg(-1) protein, but that at elevated concentrations, agmatine can be also taken up by other transport systems. In the first case, the physiological polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), several diguanidines and bis(2-aminoimidazolines) and the polyamine transport inhibitor AMXT-1501 markedly decreased agmatine uptake. In cells transfected with any of the three ornithine decarboxylase antizymes (AZ1, AZ2 and AZ3), agmatine uptake was dramatically reduced. On the contrary, transfection with antizyme inhibitors (AZIN1 and AZIN2) markedly increased the transport of agmatine. Furthermore, whereas putrescine uptake was significantly decreased in cells transfected with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the accumulation of agmatine was stimulated, suggesting a trans-activating effect of intracellular putrescine on agmatine uptake. All these results indicate that ODC and its regulatory proteins (antizymes and antizyme inhibitors) may influence agmatine homeostasis in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Ramos-Molina B, Lambertos A, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Kasprzak JM, Czerwoniec A, Bujnicki JM, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Structural and degradative aspects of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:510-21. [PMID: 24967154 PMCID: PMC4066113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the key enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. ODC levels are controlled by polyamines through the induction of antizymes (AZs), small proteins that inhibit ODC and target it to proteasomal degradation without ubiquitination. Antizyme inhibitors (AZIN1 and AZIN2) are proteins homologous to ODC that bind to AZs and counteract their negative effect on ODC. Whereas ODC and AZIN1 are well-characterized proteins, little is known on the structure and stability of AZIN2, the lastly discovered member of this regulatory circuit. In this work we first analyzed structural aspects of AZIN2 by combining biochemical and computational approaches. We demonstrated that AZIN2, in contrast to ODC, does not form homodimers, although the predicted tertiary structure of the AZIN2 monomer was similar to that of ODC. Furthermore, we identified conserved residues in the antizyme-binding element, whose substitution drastically affected the capacity of AZIN2 to bind AZ1. On the other hand, we also found that AZIN2 is much more labile than ODC, but it is highly stabilized by its binding to AZs. Interestingly, the administration of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 caused differential effects on the three AZ-binding proteins, having no effect on ODC, preventing the degradation of AZIN1, but unexpectedly increasing the degradation of AZIN2. Inhibitors of the lysosomal function partially prevented the effect of MG132 on AZIN2. These results suggest that the degradation of AZIN2 could be also mediated by an alternative route to that of proteasome. These findings provide new relevant information on this unique regulatory mechanism of polyamine metabolism.
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Key Words
- AZ, antizyme
- AZBE, antizyme-binding element
- AZIN, antizyme inhibitor
- Antizyme
- Antizyme-binding element
- ERGIC, endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
- GDT_TS, global distance test total score
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- Homology modeling
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Polyamines
- Proteasome inhibitors
- Protein degradation
- RMSD, root-mean-square deviation
- TGN, trans-Golgi network
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Spain ; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Spain ; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Joanna M Kasprzak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Czerwoniec
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Asunción Cremades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Spain ; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Spain ; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Mutational analysis of the antizyme-binding element reveals critical residues for the function of ornithine decarboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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López-Garcia C, Ramos-Molina B, Lambertos A, López-Contreras AJ, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme inhibitor 2 hypomorphic mice. New patterns of expression in pancreas and adrenal glands suggest a role in secretory processes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69188. [PMID: 23874910 PMCID: PMC3709932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular levels of polyamines, polycations implicated in proliferation, differentiation and cell survival, are regulated by controlling their biosynthesis, catabolism and transport. Antizymes and antizyme inhibitors are key regulatory proteins of polyamine levels by affecting ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme, and polyamine uptake. We recently described the molecular function of a novel antizyme inhibitor (AZIN2). However, the physiological function of AZIN2 in mammals is mostly unknown. To gain insight on the tissue expression profile of AZIN2 and to find its possible physiological role, we have generated, transgenic mice with severe Azin2 hypomorphism. This mouse model expresses transgenic bacterial β-D-galactosidase as a reporter gene, under the control of the Azin2 endogenous promoter, what allows a very sensitive and specific detection of the expression of the gene in the different tissues of transgenic mice. The biochemical and histochemical analyses of β-D-galactosidase together with the quantification of Azin2 mRNA levels, corroborated that AZIN2 is mainly expressed in testis and brain, and showed for the first time that AZIN2 is also expressed in the adrenal glands and pancreas. In these tissues, AZIN2 was not expressed in all type of cells, but rather in specific type of cells. Thus, AZIN2 was mainly found in the haploid germinal cells of the testis and in different brain regions such as hippocampus and cerebellum, particularly in specific type of neurons. In the adrenal glands and pancreas, the expression was restricted to the adrenal medulla and to the Langerhans islets, respectively. Interestingly, plasma insulin levels were significantly reduced in the transgenic mice. These results support the idea that AZIN2 may have a role in the modulation of reproductory and secretory functions and that this mouse model might be an interesting tool for the progress of our understanding on the role of AZIN2 and polyamines in specific mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Asunción Cremades
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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33
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Gamble LD, Hogarty MD, Liu X, Ziegler DS, Marshall G, Norris MD, Haber M. Polyamine pathway inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23181218 PMCID: PMC3499881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly regulated essential cations that are elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues, including diverse cancers. Expression analyses in neuroblastomas suggest that up-regulation of polyamine pro-synthetic enzymes and down-regulation of catabolic enzymes is associated with poor prognosis. Polyamine sufficiency may be required for MYCN oncogenicity in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma, and targeting polyamine homeostasis may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic approach. ODC1, an oncogenic MYCN target, is rate-limiting for polyamine synthesis, and is overexpressed in many cancers including neuroblastoma. Inhibition of ODC1 by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) decreased tumor penetrance in TH-MYCN mice treated pre-emptively, and extended survival and synergized with chemotherapy in treating established tumors in both TH-MYCN and xenograft models. Efforts to augment DFMO activity, or otherwise maximally reduce polyamine levels, are focused on antagonizing polyamine uptake or augmenting polyamine export or catabolism. Since polyamine inhibition appears to be clinically well tolerated, these approaches, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, have great potential for improving neuroblastoma outcome in both MYCN amplified and non-MYCN amplified neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Gamble
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Van den Bossche J, Lamers WH, Koehler ES, Geuns JMC, Alhonen L, Uimari A, Pirnes-Karhu S, Van Overmeire E, Morias Y, Brys L, Vereecke L, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Pivotal Advance: Arginase-1-independent polyamine production stimulates the expression of IL-4-induced alternatively activated macrophage markers while inhibiting LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:685-99. [PMID: 22416259 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0911453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In macrophages, basal polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) levels are relatively low but are increased upon IL-4 stimulation. This Th2 cytokine induces Arg1 activity, which converts arginine into ornithine, and ornithine can be decarboxylated by ODC to produce putrescine, which is further converted into spermidine and spermine. Recently, we proposed polyamines as novel agents in IL-4-dependent E-cadherin regulation in AAMs. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that several, but not all, AAM markers depend on polyamines for their IL-4-induced gene and protein expression and that polyamine dependency of genes relies on the macrophage type. Remarkably, Arg1-deficient macrophages display rather enhanced IL-4-induced polyamine production, suggesting that an Arg1-independent polyamine synthesis pathway may operate in macrophages. On the other side of the macrophage activation spectrum, LPS-induced expression of several proinflammatory genes was increased significantly in polyamine-depleted CAMs. Overall, we propose Arg1 independently produced polyamines as novel regulators of the inflammatory status of the macrophage. Indeed, whereas polyamines are needed for IL-4-induced expression of several AAM mediators, they inhibit the LPS-mediated expression of proinflammatory genes in CAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Bossche
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Building E, Level 8, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Expression of ornithine decarboxylase during the transport of saquinavir across the blood–brain barrier using composite polymeric nanocarriers under an electromagnetic field. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:627-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Abstract
The polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic compounds. Over the past 40 yr, investigation has shown that some of these, namely spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, are essential to male and female reproductive processes and to embryo/fetal development. Indeed, their absence is characterized by infertility and arrest in embryogenesis. Mammals synthesize polyamines de novo from amino acids or import these compounds from the diet. Information collected recently has shown that polyamines are essential regulators of cell growth and gene expression, and they have been implicated in both mitosis and meiosis. In male reproduction, polyamine expression correlates with stages of spermatogenesis, and polyamines appear to function in promoting sperm motility. There is evidence for polyamine involvement in ovarian follicle development and ovulation in female mammals, and polyamine synthesis is required for steroidogenesis in the ovary. Studies of the embryo indicate a polyamine requirement that can be met from maternal sources before implantation, whereas elimination of polyamine synthesis abrogates embryo development at gastrulation. Polyamines play roles in embryo implantation, in decidualization, and in placental formation and function, and polyamine privation during gestation results in intrauterine growth retardation. Emerging information implicates dietary arginine and dietary polyamines as nutritional regulators of fertility. The mechanisms by which polyamines regulate these multiple and diverse processes are not yet well explored; thus, there is fertile ground for further productive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavine L C Lefèvre
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada QC J2S 2M2
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37
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Olsen RR, Zetter BR. Evidence of a role for antizyme and antizyme inhibitor as regulators of human cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1285-93. [PMID: 21849468 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antizyme and its endogenous antizyme inhibitor have recently emerged as prominent regulators of cell growth, transformation, centrosome duplication, and tumorigenesis. Antizyme was originally isolated as a negative modulator of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an essential component of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Antizyme binds ODC and facilitates proteasomal ODC degradation. Antizyme also facilitates degradation of a set of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including cyclin D1, Smad1, and Aurora A kinase, as well as Mps1, a protein that regulates centrosome duplication. Antizyme has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor and to negatively regulate tumor cell proliferation and transformation. Antizyme inhibitor binds to antizyme and suppresses its known functions, leading to increased polyamine synthesis, increased cell proliferation, and increased transformation and tumorigenesis. Gene array studies show antizyme inhibitor to be amplified in cancers of the ovary, breast, and prostate. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the role of antizyme and antizyme inhibitor in cancer, discuss how the ratio of antizyme to antizyme inhibitor can influence tumor growth, and suggest strategies to target this axis for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle R Olsen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Geerts D, Koster J, Albert D, Koomoa DLT, Feith DJ, Pegg AE, Volckmann R, Caron H, Versteeg R, Bachmann AS. The polyamine metabolism genes ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme 2 predict aggressive behavior in neuroblastomas with and without MYCN amplification. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2012-24. [PMID: 19960435 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High polyamine (PA) levels and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) overexpression are well-known phenomena in many aggressive cancer types. We analyzed the expression of ODC and ODC-activity regulating genes antizymes 1-3 (OAZ1-3) and antizyme inhibitors 1-2 (AZ-IN1-2) in human neuroblastoma (NB) tumors and correlated these with genetic and clinical features of NB. Since ODC is a known target gene of MYCN, the correlation between ODC and MYCN was of special interest. Data were obtained from Affymetrix micro-array analysis of 88 NB tumor samples. In addition, mRNA expression levels of ODC, OAZ2 and MYCN in a MYCN-inducible NB cell line were determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ODC mRNA expression in NB tumors was significantly predictive of decreased overall survival probability and correlated with several unfavorable clinical NB characteristics (all p < 0.005). Interestingly, high ODC mRNA expression also showed significant correlation with poor survival prognosis in Kaplan-Meier analyses stratified for patients without MYCN amplification, suggesting an additional role for ODC independent of MYCN. Conversely, high OAZ2 mRNA expression correlated with increased survival and with several favorable clinical NB characteristics (all p < 0.003). In addition, we provide first evidence of a role for MYCN-associated transcription factors MAD2 and MAD7 in ODC regulation. In NB cell cultures, ectopic overexpression of MYCN altered ODC but not OAZ2 mRNA levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that elevated ODC and low OAZ2 mRNA expression levels correlate with several unfavorable genetic and clinical features in NB, offering new insights into PA pathways and PA metabolism-targeting therapy in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Geerts
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Ivanov IP, Firth AE, Atkins JF. Recurrent Emergence of Catalytically Inactive Ornithine Decarboxylase Homologous Forms That Likely Have Regulatory Function. J Mol Evol 2010; 70:289-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Kanerva K, Mäkitie LT, Bäck N, Andersson LC. Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 regulates intracellular vesicle trafficking. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1896-906. [PMID: 20188728 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1) and 2 (AZIN2) are proteins that activate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. Both AZINs release ODC from its inactive complex with antizyme (AZ), leading to formation of the catalytically active ODC. The ubiquitously expressed AZIN1 is involved in cell proliferation and transformation whereas the role of the recently found AZIN2 in cellular functions is unknown. Here we report the intracellular localization of AZIN2 and present novel evidence indicating that it acts as a regulator of vesicle trafficking. We used immunostaining to demonstrate that both endogenous and FLAG-tagged AZIN2 localize to post-Golgi vesicles of the secretory pathway. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that the vesicles associate mainly with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). RNAi-mediated knockdown of AZIN2 or depletion of cellular polyamines caused selective fragmentation of the TGN and retarded the exocytotic release of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Exogenous addition of polyamines normalized the morphological changes and reversed the inhibition of protein secretion. Our findings demonstrate that AZIN2 regulates the transport of secretory vesicles by locally activating ODC and polyamine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Kanerva
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Murai N, Shimizu A, Murakami Y, Matsufuji S. Subcellular localization and phosphorylation of antizyme 2. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1012-21. [PMID: 19725046 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antizymes (AZs) are polyamine-induced proteins that negatively regulate cellular polyamine synthesis and uptake. Three antizyme isoforms are conserved among mammals. AZ1 and AZ2 have a broad tissue distribution, while AZ3 is testis specific. Both AZ1 and AZ2 inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by binding to ODC monomer and target it to the 26S proteasome at least in vivo. Both also inhibit extra-cellular polyamine uptake. Despite their being indistinguishable by these criteria, we show here using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-AZ2 fusion protein that in mammalian cells, the subcellular location of AZ2 is mainly in the nucleus, and is different from that of AZ1. The C-terminal part of AZ2 is necessary for the nuclear distribution. Within a few hours, a shift in the distribution of EGFP-AZ2 fusion protein from cytoplasm to the nucleus or from nucleus to cytoplasm is observable in NIH3T3 cells. In addition, we found that in cells a majority of AZ2, but not AZ1, is phosphorylated at Ser-186, likely by protein kinase CK2. There may be a specific function of AZ2 in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Murai
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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42
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López-Contreras AJ, Ramos-Molina B, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme inhibitor 2: molecular, cellular and physiological aspects. Amino Acids 2009; 38:603-11. [PMID: 19956990 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small organic polycations essential for cell proliferation and survival. Antizymes (AZs) are small proteins regulated by polyamines that inhibit polyamine biosynthesis and uptake in mammalian cells. In addition, antizyme functions are also regulated by antizyme inhibitors, homologue proteins of ornithine decarboxylase lacking enzymatic activity. There are two antizyme inhibitors (AZIN), known as AZIN1 and AZIN2, that bind to AZs and negate their effects on polyamine metabolism. Here, we review different molecular and cellular properties of the novel AZIN2 with particular emphasis on the role that this protein may have in brain and testis physiology. Whereas AZIN1 is ubiquitously found in mammalian tissues, AZIN2 expression appears to be restricted to brain and testis. In transfected cells, AZIN2 is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and in the cis-Golgi network. AZIN2 is a labile protein that is degraded by the proteasome by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism. Regarding its physiological role, spatial and temporal analyses of AZIN2 expression in the mouse testis suggest that this protein may have a role in spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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43
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Evageliou NF, Hogarty MD. Disrupting polyamine homeostasis as a therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5956-61. [PMID: 19789308 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC genes are deregulated in a plurality of human cancers. Through direct and indirect mechanisms, the MYC network regulates the expression of > 15% of the human genome, including both protein-coding and noncoding RNAs. This complexity has complicated efforts to define the principal pathways mediating MYC's oncogenic activity. MYC plays a central role in providing for the bioenergetic and biomass needs of proliferating cells, and polyamines are essential cell constituents supporting many of these functions. The rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, ODC, is a bona fide MYC target, as are other regulatory enzymes in this pathway. A wealth of data link enhanced polyamine biosynthesis to cancer progression, and polyamine depletion may limit the malignant transformation of preneoplastic lesions. Studies with transgenic cancer models also support the finding that the effect of MYC on tumor initiation and progression can be attenuated through the repression of polyamine production. High-risk neuroblastomas (an often lethal embryonal tumor in which MYC activation is paramount) deregulate numerous polyamine enzymes to promote the expansion of intracellular polyamine pools. Selective inhibition of key enzymes in this pathway, e.g., using DFMO and/or SAM486, reduces tumorigenesis and synergizes with chemotherapy to regress tumors in preclinical models. Here, we review the potential clinical application of these and additional polyamine depletion agents to neuroblastoma and other advanced cancers in which MYC is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Evageliou
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4318, USA
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44
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Mäkitie LT, Kanerva K, Polvikoski T, Paetau A, Andersson LC. Brain neurons express ornithine decarboxylase-activating antizyme inhibitor 2 with accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:571-80. [PMID: 19832840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small cationic molecules that in adult brain are connected to neuronal signaling by regulating inward-rectifier K(+)-channels and different glutamate receptors. Antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) regulate the cellular uptake of polyamines and activate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis. Elevated levels of ODC activity and polyamines are detected in various brain disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We originally reported a novel brain- and testis-specific AZIN, called AZIN2, the distribution of which we have now studied in normal and diseased human brain by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We found the highest accumulation of AZIN2 in a pearl-on-the-string-like distribution along the axons in both the white and gray matter. AZIN2 was also detected in a vesicle-like distribution in the somas of selected cortical pyramidal neurons. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed co-localization of AZIN2 and N-methyl D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) in pyramidal neurons of the cortex. Moreover, we found accumulation of AZIN2 in brains affected by AD, but not by other neurodegenerative disorders (CADASIL or Lewy body disease). ODC activity is mostly linked to cell proliferation, whereas its regulation by AZIN2 in post-mitotically differentiated neurons of the brain apparently serves different purposes. The subcellular distribution of AZIN2 suggests a role in vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Mäkitie
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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45
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High expression of antizyme inhibitor 2, an activator of ornithine decarboxylase in steroidogenic cells of human gonads. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:633-8. [PMID: 19756694 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis, is typically present in rapidly proliferating normal and malignant cells. The mitotically inactive steroidogenic cells in rodent testis and ovaries, however, also display high ODC activity. The activity of ODC in these cells responds to luteinizing hormone, and inhibition of ODC reduces the production of steroid hormones. Polyamines and ODC also control proliferation of germ cells and spermiogenesis. The activity of ODC, especially in proliferating cells, is regulated by antizyme inhibitor (AZIN). This protein displaces ODC from a complex with its inhibitor, antizyme. We have previously identified and cloned a second AZIN, i.e. antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2), which has the highest levels of expression in brain and in testis. In the present study, we have used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to localize the expression of AZIN2 in human gonads. We found a robust expression of AZIN2 in steroidogenic cells: testicular Leydig cells and Leydig cell tumors, in ovarian luteinized cells lining corpus luteum cysts, and in hilus cells. The results suggest that AZIN2 is not primarily involved in regulating the proliferation of the germinal epithelium, indicating a different role for AZIN1 and AZIN2 in the regulation of ODC. The localization of AZIN2 implies possible involvement in the gonadal synthesis and/or release of steroid hormones.
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46
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Percudani R, Peracchi A. The B6 database: a tool for the description and classification of vitamin B6-dependent enzymatic activities and of the corresponding protein families. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:273. [PMID: 19723314 PMCID: PMC2748086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymes that depend on vitamin B6 (and in particular on its metabolically active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PLP) are of great relevance to biology and medicine, as they catalyze a wide variety of biochemical reactions mainly involving amino acid substrates. Although PLP-dependent enzymes belong to a small number of independent evolutionary lineages, they encompass more than 160 distinct catalytic functions, thus representing a striking example of divergent evolution. The importance and remarkable versatility of these enzymes, as well as the difficulties in their functional classification, create a need for an integrated source of information about them. DESCRIPTION The B6 database http://bioinformatics.unipr.it/B6db contains documented B6-dependent activities and the relevant protein families, defined as monophyletic groups of sequences possessing the same enzymatic function. One or more families were associated to each of 121 PLP-dependent activities with known sequences. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) were built from family alignments and incorporated in the database. These HMMs can be used for the functional classification of PLP-dependent enzymes in genomic sets of predicted protein sequences. An example of such analyses (a census of human genes coding for PLP-dependent enzymes) is provided here, whereas many more are accessible through the database itself. CONCLUSION The B6 database is a curated repository of biochemical and molecular information about an important group of enzymes. This information is logically organized and available for computational analyses, providing a key resource for the identification, classification and comparative analysis of B6-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Expression of antizyme inhibitor 2 in mast cells and role of polyamines as selective regulators of serotonin secretion. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6858. [PMID: 19718454 PMCID: PMC2730566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon IgE-mediated activation, mast cells (MC) exocytose their cytoplasmic secretory granules and release a variety of bioactive substances that trigger inflammatory responses. Polyamines mediate numerous cellular and physiological functions. We report here that MCs express antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2), an activator of polyamine biosynthesis, previously reported to be exclusively expressed in the brain and testis. We have investigated the intracellular localization of AZIN2 both in resting and activated MCs. In addition, we have examined the functional role of polyamines, downstream effectors of AZIN2, as potential regulators of MC activity. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunostainings show that AZIN2 is expressed in primary and neoplastic human and rodent MCs. We demonstrate that AZIN2 localizes in the Vamp-8 positive, serotonin-containing subset of MC granules, but not in tryptase-containing granules, as revealed by double immunofluorescence stainings. Furthermore, activation of MCs induces rapid upregulation of AZIN2 expression and its redistribution, suggesting a role for AZIN2 in secretory granule exocytosis. We also demonstrate that release of serotonin from activated MCs is polyamine-dependent whereas release of histamine and β-hexosaminidase is not, indicating a granule subtype-specific function for polyamines. Conclusions/Significance The study reports for the first time the expression of AZIN2 outside the brain and testis, and demonstrates the intracellular localization of endogenous AZIN2 in MCs. The granule subtype-specific expression and its induction after MC activation suggest a role for AZIN2 as a local, in situ regulator of polyamine biosynthesis in association with serotonin-containing granules of MCs. Furthermore, our data indicates a novel function for polyamines as selective regulators of serotonin release from MCs.
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Evsikov AV, Dolan ME, Genrich MP, Patek E, Bult CJ. MouseCyc: a curated biochemical pathways database for the laboratory mouse. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R84. [PMID: 19682380 PMCID: PMC2745765 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-8-r84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking biochemical genetic data to the reference genome for the laboratory mouse is important for comparative physiology and for developing mouse models of human biology and disease. We describe here a new database of curated metabolic pathways for the laboratory mouse called MouseCyc http://mousecyc.jax.org. MouseCyc has been integrated with genetic and genomic data for the laboratory mouse available from the Mouse Genome Informatics database and with pathway data from other organisms, including human.
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Kahana C. Antizyme and antizyme inhibitor, a regulatory tango. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2479-88. [PMID: 19399584 PMCID: PMC11115672 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines are small basic molecules essential for cellular proliferation and viability. An autoregulatory circuit that responds to the intracellular level of polyamines regulates their production. In the center of this circuit is a family of small proteins termed antizymes. Antizymes are themselves regulated at the translational level by the level of polyamines. Antizymes bind ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) subunits and target them to ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 26S proteasome. In addition, antizymes inhibit polyamine transport across the plasma membrane via an as yet unresolved mechanism. Antizymes may also interact with and target degradation of other growth-regulating proteins. An inactive ODC-related protein termed antizyme inhibitor regulates polyamine metabolism by negating antizyme functions. The ability of antizymes to degrade ODC, inhibit polyamine uptake and consequently suppress cellular proliferation suggests that they act as tumor suppressors, while the ability of antizyme inhibitors to negate antizyme function indicates their growth-promoting and oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Kahana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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López-Contreras AJ, Ramos-Molina B, Martínez-de-la-Torre M, Peñafiel-Verdú C, Puelles L, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Expression of antizyme inhibitor 2 in male haploid germinal cells suggests a role in spermiogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:1070-8. [PMID: 18973822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have found that the antizyme inhibitor 2, a novel member of the antizyme binding proteins related to polyamine metabolism, was expressed mainly in the adult testes, although its function in testicular physiology is completely unknown. Therefore, in the present work, the spatial and temporal expression of antizyme inhibitor 2, and other genes related to polyamine metabolism were studied in the mouse testis, in an attempt to understand the role of antizyme inhibitor 2 in testicular functions. For that purpose, the temporal expression of different genes, during the first wave of spermatogenesis in postnatal mice, was studied by real-time RT-PCR, and the spatial distribution of transcripts and protein in the adult testis was examined by both RNA in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The results indicated that antizyme inhibitor 2 was specifically expressed in the haploid germinal cells, similarly to antizyme 3, the testis specific antizyme. Conversely, ornithine decarboxylase mRNA was mainly found in the outer part of the seminiferous tubules where spermatogonia and spermatocytes are located. Functional transfection assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments corroborated that antizyme inhibitor 2 counteracts the negative action of antizyme 3 on polyamine biosynthesis and uptake. All these results indicate that the expression of antizyme inhibitor 2 is postnatally regulated and strongly suggest that antizyme inhibitor 2 may have a role in spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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