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Pawlik K, Piotrowska A, Kwiatkowski K, Ciapała K, Popiolek‐Barczyk K, Makuch W, Mika J. The blockade of CC chemokine receptor type 1 influences the level of nociceptive factors and enhances opioid analgesic potency in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Immunology 2020; 159:413-428. [PMID: 31919846 PMCID: PMC7078003 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has indicated that the release of nociceptive factors, such as interleukins and chemokines, by activated immune and glial cells has crucial significance for neuropathic pain generation and maintenance. Moreover, changes in the production of nociceptive immune factors are associated with low opioid efficacy in the treatment of neuropathy. Recently, it has been suggested that CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) signaling is important for nociception. Our study provides evidence that the development of hypersensitivity in rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve is associated with significant up-regulation of endogenous CCR1 ligands, namely, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL6, CCL7 and CCL9 in the spinal cord and CCL2, CCL6, CCL7 and CCL9 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We showed that single and repeated intrathecal administration of J113863 (an antagonist of CCR1) attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Moreover, repeated administration of a CCR1 antagonist enhanced the analgesic properties of morphine and buprenorphine after CCI. Simultaneously, repeated administration of J113863 reduced the protein levels of IBA-1 in the spinal cord and MPO and CD4 in the DRG and, as a consequence, the level of pronociceptive factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-18. The data obtained provide evidence that CCR1 blockade reduces hypersensitivity and increases opioid-induced analgesia through the modulation of neuroimmune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Klaudia Kwiatkowski
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | | | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain PharmacologyMaj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
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D'Agostino G, García-Cuesta EM, Gomariz RP, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The multilayered complexity of the chemokine receptor system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:347-358. [PMID: 32145914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokines receptor family are membrane-expressed class A-specific seven-transmembrane receptors linked to G proteins. Through interaction with the corresponding ligands, the chemokines, they induce a wide variety of cellular responses including cell polarization, movement, immune and inflammatory responses, as well as the prevention of HIV-1 infection. Like a Russian matryoshka doll, the chemokine receptor system is more complex than initially envisaged. This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to this dazzling complexity and how they modulate the signaling events triggered by chemokines. The chemokines and their receptors exist as monomers, dimers and oligomers, their expression pattern is highly regulated, and the ligands can bind distinct receptors with similar affinities. The use of novel imaging-based technologies, particularly real-time imaging modalities, has shed new light on the very dynamic conformations that chemokine receptors adopt depending on the cellular context, and that affect chemokine-mediated responses. This complex scenario presents both challenging and exciting opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Agostino
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M García-Cuesta
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Dept. Cell Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), E-28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Nalepa I, Mika J. Pharmacological Blockade of Spinal CXCL3/CXCR2 Signaling by NVP CXCR2 20, a Selective CXCR2 Antagonist, Reduces Neuropathic Pain Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2198. [PMID: 31616413 PMCID: PMC6775284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the role of CXCR2 in nociception has been noted. Our studies provide new evidence that the intrathecal administration of its CINC ligands (Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant; CXCL1-3) induces pain-like behavior in naïve mice, and the effect occurring shortly after administration is associated with the neural location of CXCR2, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR analysis showed, for the first time, raised levels of spinal CXCR2 after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Originally, on day 2, we detected escalated levels of the spinal mRNA of all CINCs associated with enhancement of the protein level of CXCL3 lasting until day 7. Intrathecal administration of CXCL3 neutralizing antibody diminished neuropathic pain on day 7 after CCI. Interestingly, CXCL3 is produced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial, but not astroglial, primary cell cultures. We present the first evidence that chronic intrathecal administrations of the selective CXCR2 antagonist, NVP CXCR2 20, attenuate neuropathic pain symptoms and CXCL3 expression after CCI. Moreover, in naïve mice, this antagonist prevented CXCL3-induced hypersensitivity. However, NVP CXCR2 20 did not diminish glial activation, thus not enhancing morphine/buprenorphine analgesia. These results provide novel insight into the crucial role of CXCR2 in neuropathy based on CXCL3 modulation, which may become a potential therapeutic target in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Jones MV, Levy M. Effect of CXCR2 Inhibition on Behavioral Outcomes and Pathology in Rat Model of Neuromyelitis Optica. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9034695. [PMID: 30648122 PMCID: PMC6311856 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9034695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reduce immune-mediated damage in a rat model of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) by blocking neutrophil migration using SCH527123, a drug that inhibits CXCR2. BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica is a relapsing autoimmune disease that preferentially targets the optic nerves and spinal cord leading to blindness and paralysis. Part of the immunopathogenesis of this disease is thought to involve neutrophils, which are present within NMO lesions. We tested the effect of blocking neutrophil migration in an NMO rat model. METHODS The Lewis rat model of NMO uses a myelin-reactive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) background with passive transfer of pooled human antibody from patients with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seropositive NMO at onset of EAE symptoms. We treated rats early in the course of EAE with CXCR2 inhibitor and assessed the extent of neutrophil infiltration into the spinal cord and the extent of AQP4 depletion. RESULTS CXCR2 inhibitor decreased neutrophil migration into the spinal cord of AQP4 IgG-treated EAE rats. However, there was no difference in the acute behavioral signs of EAE or the extent and distribution of AQP4 lesions. This suggests that neutrophils are not centrally involved in the immunopathogenesis of the Lewis rat NMO disease model. CONCLUSIONS CXCR2 inhibitor blocks neutrophil migration into the spinal cord during EAE but does not significantly reduce inflammation or AQP4 lesions in the Lewis rat model of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina V. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Molecular details of dimerization kinetics reveal negligible populations of transient µ-opioid receptor homodimers at physiological concentrations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7705. [PMID: 29769636 PMCID: PMC5955887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Various experimental and computational techniques have been employed over the past decade to provide structural and thermodynamic insights into G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) dimerization. Here, we use multiple microsecond-long, coarse-grained, biased and unbiased molecular dynamics simulations (a total of ~4 milliseconds) combined with multi-ensemble Markov state models to elucidate the kinetics of homodimerization of a prototypic GPCR, the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/cholesterol lipid bilayer. Analysis of these computations identifies kinetically distinct macrostates comprising several different short-lived dimeric configurations of either inactive or activated MOR. Calculated kinetic rates and fractions of dimers at different MOR concentrations suggest a negligible population of MOR homodimers at physiological concentrations, which is supported by acceptor photobleaching fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. This study provides a rigorous, quantitative explanation for some conflicting experimental data on GPCR oligomerization.
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Hughes CE, Nibbs RJB. A guide to chemokines and their receptors. FEBS J 2018; 285:2944-2971. [PMID: 29637711 PMCID: PMC6120486 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that signal through cell surface G protein-coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are best known for their ability to stimulate the migration of cells, most notably white blood cells (leukocytes). Consequently, chemokines play a central role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system, and are involved in all protective or destructive immune and inflammatory responses. Classically viewed as inducers of directed chemotactic migration, it is now clear that chemokines can stimulate a variety of other types of directed and undirected migratory behavior, such as haptotaxis, chemokinesis, and haptokinesis, in addition to inducing cell arrest or adhesion. However, chemokine receptors on leukocytes can do more than just direct migration, and these molecules can also be expressed on, and regulate the biology of, many nonleukocytic cell types. Chemokines are profoundly affected by post-translational modification, by interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and by binding to heptahelical 'atypical' chemokine receptors that regulate chemokine localization and abundance. This guide gives a broad overview of the chemokine and chemokine receptor families; summarizes the complex physical interactions that occur in the chemokine network; and, using specific examples, discusses general principles of chemokine function, focusing particularly on their ability to direct leukocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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Oishi A, Karamitri A, Gerbier R, Lahuna O, Ahmad R, Jockers R. Orphan GPR61, GPR62 and GPR135 receptors and the melatonin MT 2 receptor reciprocally modulate their signaling functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8990. [PMID: 28827538 PMCID: PMC5566548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), whose cognate ligand is unknown, is of major importance as GPCRs are privileged drug targets for many diseases. Recent phylogenetic studies classified three orphan receptors, GPR61, GPR62 and GPR135 among the melatonin receptor subfamily, but their capacity to bind melatonin and their biochemical functions are not well characterized yet. We show here that GPR61, GPR62 and GPR135 do not bind [3H]-melatonin nor 2-[125I]iodomelatonin and do not respond to melatonin in several signaling assays. In contrast, the three receptors show extensive spontaneous ligand-independent activities on the cAMP, inositol phosphate and ß-arrestin pathways with distinct pathway-specific profiles. Spontaneous ß-arrestin recruitment internalizes all three GPRs in the endosomal compartment. Co-expression of the melatonin binding MT2 receptor with GPR61, GPR62 or GPR135 has several consequences such as (i) the formation of receptor heteromers, (ii) the inhibition of melatonin-induced ß-arrestin2 recruitment to MT2 and (iii) the decrease of elevated cAMP levels upon melatonin stimulation in cells expressing spontaneously active GPR61 and GPR62. Collectively, these data show that GPR61, GPR62 and GPR135 are unable to bind melatonin, but show a reciprocal regulatory interaction with MT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Angeliki Karamitri
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Romain Gerbier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lahuna
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Raise Ahmad
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR, 8104, Paris, France. .,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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8
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Dual-agonist occupancy of orexin receptor 1 and cholecystokinin A receptor heterodimers decreases G-protein–dependent signaling and migration in the human colon cancer cell line HT-29. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1153-1164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Gendron L, Cahill CM, von Zastrow M, Schiller PW, Pineyro G. Molecular Pharmacology of δ-Opioid Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:631-700. [PMID: 27343248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance, and a host of ill-tolerated side effects make clinically available opioids less effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes. Given that most therapeutic opioids produce their actions via µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs), other targets are constantly being explored, among which δ-opioid receptors (DOPrs) are being increasingly considered as promising alternatives. This review addresses DOPrs from the perspective of cellular and molecular determinants of their pharmacological diversity. Thus, DOPr ligands are examined in terms of structural and functional variety, DOPrs' capacity to engage a multiplicity of canonical and noncanonical G protein-dependent responses is surveyed, and evidence supporting ligand-specific signaling and regulation is analyzed. Pharmacological DOPr subtypes are examined in light of the ability of DOPr to organize into multimeric arrays and to adopt multiple active conformations as well as differences in ligand kinetics. Current knowledge on DOPr targeting to the membrane is examined as a means of understanding how these receptors are especially active in chronic pain management. Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological diversity should guide the rational design of more effective, longer-lasting, and better-tolerated opioid analgesics for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Cohen N, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:2-23. [PMID: 27296493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has now become accepted that the immune system and neuroendocrine system form an integrated part of our physiology. Immunological defense mechanisms act in concert with physiological processes like growth and reproduction, energy intake and metabolism, as well as neuronal development. Not only are psychological and environmental stressors communicated to the immune system, but also, vice versa, the immune response and adaptation to a current pathogen challenge are communicated to the entire body, including the brain, to evoke adaptive responses (e.g., fever, sickness behavior) that ensure allocation of energy to fight the pathogen. This phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved. Hence it is both interesting and important to consider the evolutionary history of this bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune communication to reveal phylogenetically ancient or relatively recently acquired mechanisms. Indeed, such considerations have already disclosed an extensive "common vocabulary" of information pathways as well as molecules and their receptors used by both the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This review focuses on the principal mechanisms of bi-directional communication and the evidence for evolutionary conservation of the important physiological pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
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12
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Liu H, Tian Y, Ji B, Lu H, Xin Q, Jiang Y, Ding L, Zhang J, Chen J, Bai B. Heterodimerization of the kappa opioid receptor and neurotensin receptor 1 contributes to a novel β-arrestin-2-biased pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2719-2738. [PMID: 27523794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Together with its endogenous ligands (dynorphin), the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) plays an important role in modulating various physiological and pharmacological responses, with a classical G protein-coupled pathway mediating analgesia and non-G protein-dependent pathway, especially the β-arrestin-dependent pathway, eliciting side effects of dysphoria, aversion, drug-seeking in addicts, or even relapse to addiction. Although mounting evidence has verified a functional overlap between dynorphin/KOR and neurotensin/neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) systems, little is known about direct interaction between the two receptors. Here, we showed that KOR and NTSR1 form a heterodimer that functions as a novel pharmacological entity, and this heterodimer, in turn, brings about a switch in KOR-mediated signal transduction, from G protein-dependent to β-arrestin-2-dependent. This was simultaneously verified by analyzing a KOR mutant (196th residue) that lost the ability to dimerize with NTSR1. We also found that dual occupancy of the heterodimer forced the β-arrestin-2-dependent pathway back into Gi protein-dependent signaling, according to KOR activation. These data provide new insights into the interaction between KOR and NTSR1, and the newly discovered role of NTSR1 acting as a switch between G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent pathways of KOR also suggests a new approach for utilizing pathologically elevated dynorphin/KOR system into full play for its analgesic effect with limited side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Liu
- School of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China; Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong 271000, PR China.
| | - Yanjun Tian
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Hai Lu
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Qing Xin
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Liangcai Ding
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Jingmei Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China; Division of Translational and Systems, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China.
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The triplet puzzle theory indicates extensive formation of heteromers between opioid and chemokine receptor subtypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1509-14. [PMID: 26133164 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical studies had previously demonstrated examples of heteromerization between opioid and chemokine receptors. Based on the triplet puzzle theory, it has been discovered that opioid receptors are structurally more closely related to chemokine receptors than to other class A G-protein-coupled receptors. Their similarity is established in terms of the number of triplet homologies Asn-Leu-Ala, Thr-Leu-Pro, and Tyr-Ala-Phe in the amino acid code of extensive numbers of members of these two receptor groups. Such widespread similarities probably mean that many opioid and chemokine receptor subtypes utilize some of these mutual triplets to form heteromers. The findings underline that heteromerization among these two receptor groups can represent a major general mechanism for significant interactions between opioid peptides and chemokines in pain and neuroinflammation within the neural-glial networks of the CNS including immune cells.
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14
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Zou J, Redmond AK, Qi Z, Dooley H, Secombes CJ. The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 215:117-31. [PMID: 25623148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article will review current knowledge on CXCR in fish, that represent three distinct vertebrate groups: Agnatha (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes). With the sequencing of many fish genomes, information on CXCR in these species in particular has expanded considerably. In mammals, 6 CXCRs have been described, and their homologues will be initially reviewed before considering a number of atypical CXCRs and a discussion of CXCR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Anthony K Redmond
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhitao Qi
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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15
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Chen J, Zhang R, Chen X, Wang C, Cai X, Liu H, Jiang Y, Liu C, Bai B. Heterodimerization of human orexin receptor 1 and kappa opioid receptor promotes protein kinase A/cAMP-response element binding protein signaling via a Gαs-mediated mechanism. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1426-38. [PMID: 25866368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orexin and dynorphin are co-expressed in the same synaptic vesicles of hypothalamic neurons and play opposing roles in cocaine self-administration, brain stimulation reward, and impulsivity in ventral tegmental area (VTA), where dopamine neurons express both OX1R and KORs. However, detailed mechanisms of how the coreleased peptides and both receptors fine-tune their signalings and physiological/behavioral effects together remain unclear. Here we explore the possibility of heterodimerization between OX1R and KOR and reveal novel signal transduction mechanisms. First, we demonstrated co-expression of OX1R and KOR in rat hippocampal neurons by single-cell PCR. Furthermore, heterodimerization between OX1R and KOR was examined using bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET and FRET). Our data revealed that human OX1R and KOR heterodimerize, and this heterodimer associates with Gαs, leading to increased protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway activity, including upregulation of intracellular cAMP levels and cAMP-response element (CRE) luciferase reporter activity, resulting in increased cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. These results support the view that OX1R and KOR heterodimerization might have an anti-depressive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China.
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China
| | - Xin Cai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, PR China.
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16
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Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and signaling of MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:570-97. [PMID: 24867890 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulates many vital body functions. Consequently, dysfunction of GPCR signaling leads to pathologic states, and approximately 30% of all modern clinical drugs target GPCR. One decade ago, an entire new GPCR family was discovered, which was recently named MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPR) by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. The MRGPR family consists of ∼40 members that are grouped into nine distinct subfamilies (MRGPRA to -H and -X) and are predominantly expressed in primary sensory neurons and mast cells. All members are formally still considered "orphan" by the Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. However, several distinct peptides and amino acids are discussed as potential ligands, including β-alanine, angiotensin-(1-7), alamandine, GABA, cortistatin-14, and cleavage products of proenkephalin, pro-opiomelanocortin, prodynorphin, or proneuropeptide-FF-A. The full spectrum of biologic roles of all MRGPR is still ill-defined, but there is evidence pointing to a role of distinct MRGPR subtypes in nociception, pruritus, sleep, cell proliferation, circulation, and mast cell degranulation. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 10 years on the phylogenetic relationships, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and agonist-promoted regulation of all MRGPR subfamilies. Furthermore, we highlight interactions between MRGPR and other hormonal systems, paying particular attention to receptor multimerization and morphine tolerance. Finally, we discuss the challenges the field faces presently and emphasize future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jürgen Solinski
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Rivat C, Rostène W, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Opioid and chemokine receptor crosstalk: a promising target for pain therapy? Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:69-78. [PMID: 25588373 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and opioids are important regulators of immune, inflammatory and neuronal responses in peripheral and central pain pathways. Recent studies have provided insights into the functional interactions between chemokine receptors and opioid receptors, and their role in pain modulation. In this Progress article, we discuss how crosstalk between these two systems might provide a molecular and cellular framework for the development of novel analgesic therapies for the management of acute and/or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Rivat
- Université de Montpellier 2, F-34091, Montpellier, France; and INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - William Rostène
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
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18
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Massotte D. In vivo opioid receptor heteromerization: where do we stand? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:420-34. [PMID: 24666391 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Opioid receptors are highly homologous GPCRs that modulate brain function at all levels of neural integration, including autonomous, sensory, emotional and cognitive processing. Opioid receptors functionally interact in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms involving direct receptor-receptor interactions, affecting signalling pathways or engaging different neuronal circuits, remain unsolved. Heteromer formation through direct physical interaction between two opioid receptors or between an opioid receptor and a non-opioid one has been postulated and can be characterized by specific ligand binding, receptor signalling and trafficking properties. However, despite numerous studies in heterologous systems, evidence for physical proximity in vivo is only available for a limited number of opioid heteromers, and their physiopathological implication remains largely unknown mostly due to the lack of appropriate tools. Nonetheless, data collected so far using endogenous receptors point to a crucial role for opioid heteromers as a molecular entity that could underlie human pathologies such as alcoholism, acute or chronic pain as well as psychiatric disorders. Opioid heteromers therefore stand as new therapeutic targets for the drug discovery field. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Massotte
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, INCI, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Stephens B, Handel TM. Chemokine receptor oligomerization and allostery. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 115:375-420. [PMID: 23415099 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394587-7.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of chemokine receptors has been reported to influence many aspects of receptor function through allosteric communication between receptor protomers. Allosteric interactions within chemokine receptor hetero-oligomers have been shown to cause negative cooperativity in the binding of chemokines and to inhibit receptor activation in the case of some receptor pairs. Other receptor pairs can cause enhanced signaling and even activate entirely new, hetero-oligomer-specific signaling complexes and responses downstream of receptor activation. Many mechanisms contribute to these effects including direct allosteric coupling between the receptors, G protein-mediated allostery, G protein stealing, ligand sequestration, and recruitment of new intracellular proteins by exposing unique binding interfaces on the oligomerized receptors. These effects present both challenges as well as exciting opportunities for drug discovery. One of the most difficult challenges will involve determining if and when hetero-oligomers versus homomeric receptors are involved in specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Boppana NB, Devarajan A, Gopal K, Barathan M, Bakar SA, Shankar EM, Ebrahim AS, Farooq SM. Blockade of CXCR2 signalling: A potential therapeutic target for preventing neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:509-18. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play a key role in host innate immune responses by migrating to the sites of inflammation. Furthermore, PMN recruitment also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of a plethora of inflammatory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), gram negative sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lung injury, and arthritis. Of note, chemokine-dependent signalling is implicated in the amplification of immune responses by virtue of its role in PMN chemotaxis in most of the inflammatory diseases. It has been clinically established that impediment of PMN recruitment ameliorates disease severity and provides relief in majority of other immune-associated disorders. This review focuses on different novel approaches clinically proven to be effective in blocking chemokine signalling associated with PMN recruitment that includes CXCR2 antagonists, chemokine analogs, anti-CXCR2 monoclonal antibodies, and CXCR2 knock-out models. It also highlights the significance of the utility of nanoparticles in drugs used for blocking migration of PMN to the sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin B Boppana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Asokan Devarajan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Westwood, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kaliappan Gopal
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, National Orthopedics Center for Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly A Bakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abdul S Ebrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Shukkur M Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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21
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Maslov LN, Headrick JP, Mechoulam R, Krylatov AV, Lishmanov AY, Barzakh EI, Naryzhnaya NV, Zhang Y. The Role of Receptor Transactivation in the Cardioprotective Effects of Preconditioning and Postconditioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-013-9844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Van der Aa LM, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: regulation of inflammation via G-protein coupled receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23201149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine- and immune systems interact in a bi-directional fashion to communicate the status of pathogen recognition to the brain and the immune response is influenced by physiological changes. The network of ligands and their receptors involved includes cytokines and chemokines, corticosteroids, classical pituitary hormones, catecholamines and neuropeptides (e.g. opioids), as well as neural pathways. We studied the role of opioid, adrenergic and melatonin G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) on carp (Cyprinus carpio) leucocytes. Ligand interaction by morphine and adrenaline both in vitro and in vivo resulted in considerable decrease of chemotaxis and expression of CXC chemokines and chemokine CXC receptors. These effects may have substantial influence on the process of inflammation, the efficacy of which is crucial for an effective immune response. Both opioid receptors and chemokine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and were classically assumed to function as monomers. This paradigm is now challenged by the emerging concept of homo- and hetero dimerization which may represent the native form of many receptors. G-protein coupling, downstream signaling and regulatory processes such as receptor internalization are largely influenced by the dimeric nature. The true functional importance of GPCR interactions remains enigmatic, but it certainly has implications with respect to the specificity of currently used medications. This review focuses on the important function of chemokine GPCRs during inflammation and the potential neuroendocrine modulation of this process through "neuroendocrine" GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Hiller C, Kühhorn J, Gmeiner P. Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers and Bivalent Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6542-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kühhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Tillmann S, Bernhagen J, Noels H. Arrest Functions of the MIF Ligand/Receptor Axes in Atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:115. [PMID: 23720662 PMCID: PMC3655399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been defined as an important chemokine-like function (CLF) chemokine with an essential role in monocyte recruitment and arrest. Adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall and their transendothelial migration are critical in atherogenesis and many other inflammatory diseases. Chemokines carefully control all steps of the monocyte recruitment process. Those chemokines specialized in controlling arrest are typically immobilized on the endothelial surface, mediating the arrest of rolling monocytes by chemokine receptor-triggered pathways. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 functions as an important arrest receptor on monocytes. An arrest function has been revealed for the bona fide CXCR2 ligands CXCL1 and CXCL8, but genetic studies also suggested that additional arrest chemokines are likely to be involved in atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. While CXCR2 is known to interact with numerous CXC chemokine ligands, the CLF chemokine MIF, which structurally does not belong to the CXC chemokine sub-family, was surprisingly identified as a non-cognate ligand of CXCR2, responsible for critical arrest functions during the atherogenic process. MIF was originally identified as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (this function being eponymous), but is now known as a potent inflammatory cytokine with CLFs including chemotaxis and leukocyte arrest. This review will cover the mechanisms underlying these functions, including MIF’s effects on LFA1 integrin activity and signal transduction, and will discuss the structural similarities between MIF and the bona fide CXCR2 ligand CXCL8 while emphasizing the structural differences. As MIF also interacts with CXCR4, a chemokine receptor implicated in CXCL12-elicited lymphocyte arrest, the arrest potential of the MIF/CXCR4 axis will also be scrutinized as well as the recently identified role of pericyte MIF in attracting leukocytes exiting through venules as part of the pericyte “motility instruction program.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tillmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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25
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Smith JP, Field D, Bingaman SI, Evans R, Mauger DT. Safety and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone therapy in children with moderate to severe Crohn's disease: a pilot study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47:339-45. [PMID: 23188075 PMCID: PMC3586944 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182702f2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unmet need for safe and effective medicines to treat children with Crohn's disease. Recently, investigations have shown an association between endogenous opioid peptides and inflammatory cells. AIMS The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of an opioid antagonist, naltrexone, in children with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. METHODS A pilot clinical trial was conducted in children with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Fourteen subjects with a mean age of 12.3 years (range, 8 to 17 y) were enrolled. Children were randomized to placebo or naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg) orally for 8 weeks followed by open-labeled treatment with 8 additional weeks of naltrexone. Safety and toxicity were monitored by physical examinations and blood chemistries. Clinical activity was assessed by the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) and Quality of life was monitored by the Impact III survey. RESULTS Oral naltrexone was well tolerated without any serious adverse events in children with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. PCDAI scores significantly decreased from pretreatment values (34.2±3.3) with an 8-week course of naltrexone therapy (21.7±3.9) (P=0.005). Twenty-five percent of those treated with naltrexone were considered in remission (score ≤10) and 67% had improved with mild disease activity (decrease in PCDAI score by at least 10 points) at the end of the study. Systemic and social quality of life improved with naltrexone treatment (P=0.035). CONCLUSIONS Naltrexone therapy seems safe with limited toxicity when given to children with Crohn's disease and may reduce disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P Smith
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The effects of oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their trafficking around the cell are considerable, and this raises the potential of significant impact upon the use of existing pharmacological agents and the development of new ones. Herein, we describe a number of different techniques that can be used to study receptor dimerization/oligomerization and trafficking, beginning with a cellular system which allows the expression of two GPCRs simultaneously, one under inducible control. Subsequently, we describe means to visualize and monitor the movement of GPCRs within the cell, detect oligomerization by both resonance energy transfer and more traditional biochemical approaches, and to measure the internalization of GPCRs as part of the process of receptor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ward
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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Muñoz LM, Holgado BL, Martínez-A C, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. Chemokine receptor oligomerization: a further step toward chemokine function. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:23-9. [PMID: 22698180 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A broad array of biological responses including cell polarization, movement, immune and inflammatory responses, as well as prevention of HIV-1 infection, are triggered by the chemokines, a family of secreted and structurally related chemoattractant proteins that bind to class A-specific seven-transmembrane receptors linked to G proteins. Chemokines and their receptors should not be considered isolated entities, as they act in complex networks. Chemokines bind as oligomers, or oligomerize after binding to glycosaminoglycans on endothelial cells, and are then presented to their receptors on target cells, facilitating the generation of chemoattractant gradients. The chemokine receptors form homo- and heterodimers, as well as higher order structures at the cell surface. These structures are dynamic and are regulated by receptor expression and ligand levels. Complexity is even greater, as in addition to regulation by cytokines and decoy receptors, chemokine and receptor levels are affected by proteolytic cleavage and other protein modifications. This complex scenario should be considered when analyzing chemokine biology and the ability of their antagonists to act in vivo. Strategies based on blocking or stabilizing ligand and receptor dimers could be alternative approaches that might have broad therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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Zoenen M, Urizar E, Swillens S, Vassart G, Costagliola S. Evidence for activity-regulated hormone-binding cooperativity across glycoprotein hormone receptor homomers. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1007. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Scholten DJ, Canals M, Maussang D, Roumen L, Smit MJ, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1617-1643. [PMID: 21699506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and their peptidergic ligands are interesting therapeutic targets due to their involvement in various immune-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV-1 infection and cancer. To tackle these diseases, a lot of effort has been focused on discovery and development of small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists. This has been rewarded by the market approval of two novel chemokine receptor inhibitors, AMD3100 (CXCR4) and Maraviroc (CCR5) for stem cell mobilization and treatment of HIV-1 infection respectively. The recent GPCR crystal structures together with mutagenesis and pharmacological studies have aided in understanding how small-molecule ligands interact with chemokine receptors. Many of these ligands display behaviour deviating from simple competition and do not interact with the chemokine binding site, providing evidence for an allosteric mode of action. This review aims to give an overview of the evidence supporting modulation of this intriguing receptor family by a range of ligands, including small molecules, peptides and antibodies. Moreover, the computer-assisted modelling of chemokine receptor-ligand interactions is discussed in view of GPCR crystal structures. Finally, the implications of concepts such as functional selectivity and chemokine receptor dimerization are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Smit
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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CXCR2 in acute lung injury. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:740987. [PMID: 22719179 PMCID: PMC3375097 DOI: 10.1155/2012/740987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In pulmonary inflammation, recruitment of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes is essential for host defense and initiates the following specific immune response. One pathological hallmark of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome is the uncontrolled transmigration of neutrophils into the lung interstitium and alveolar space. Thereby, the extravasation of leukocytes from the vascular system into the tissue is induced by chemokines that are released from the site of inflammation. The most relevant chemokine receptors of neutrophils are CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 1 and CXCR2. CXCR2 is of particular interest since several studies implicate a pivotal role of this receptor in development and promotion of numerous inflammatory disorders. CXCR2 gets activated by ELR(+) chemokines, including MIP-2, KC (rodents) and IL-8 (human). Since multiple ELR(+) CXC chemokines act on both receptors--CXCR1 and CXCR2--a pharmacologic agent blocking both receptors seems to be advantageous. So far, several CXCR1/2 antagonists have been developed and have been tested successfully in experimental studies. A newly designed CXCR1 and CXCR2 antagonist can be orally administered and was for the first time found efficient in humans. This review highlights the role of CXCR2 in acute lung injury and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Mustafa S, See HB, Seeber RM, Armstrong SP, White CW, Ventura S, Ayoub MA, Pfleger KDG. Identification and profiling of novel α1A-adrenoceptor-CXC chemokine receptor 2 heteromer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12952-65. [PMID: 22371491 PMCID: PMC3340001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.322834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have provided the first evidence for specific heteromerization between the α(1A)-adrenoceptor (α(1A)AR) and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) in live cells. α(1A)AR and CXCR2 are both expressed in areas such as the stromal smooth muscle layer of the prostate. By utilizing the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromer identification technology on the live cell-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay platform, our studies in human embryonic kidney 293 cells have identified norepinephrine-dependent β-arrestin recruitment that was in turn dependent upon co-expression of α(1A)AR with CXCR2. These findings have been supported by co-localization observed using confocal microscopy. This norepinephrine-dependent β-arrestin recruitment was inhibited not only by the α(1)AR antagonist Terazosin but also by the CXCR2-specific allosteric inverse agonist SB265610. Furthermore, Labetalol, which is marketed for hypertension as a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with α(1)AR antagonist properties, was identified as a heteromer-specific-biased agonist exhibiting partial agonism for inositol phosphate production but essentially full agonism for β-arrestin recruitment at the α(1A)AR-CXCR2 heteromer. Finally, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer studies with both receptors tagged suggest that α(1A)AR-CXCR2 heteromerization occurs constitutively and is not modulated by ligand. These findings support the concept of GPCR heteromer complexes exhibiting distinct pharmacology, thereby providing additional mechanisms through which GPCRs can potentially achieve their diverse biological functions. This has important implications for the use and future development of pharmaceuticals targeting these receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Allosteric Regulation/physiology
- Animals
- Arrestins/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Labetalol/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Prazosin/analogs & derivatives
- Prazosin/pharmacology
- Prostate/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- beta-Arrestins
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Mustafa
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
| | - Heng B. See
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
| | - Ruth M. Seeber
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
| | - Stephen P. Armstrong
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
| | - Carl W. White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and
| | - Sabatino Ventura
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009
- Dimerix Bioscience Pty Ltd, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Leskelä TT, Lackman JJ, Vierimaa MM, Kobayashi H, Bouvier M, Petäjä-Repo UE. Cys-27 variant of human δ-opioid receptor modulates maturation and cell surface delivery of Phe-27 variant via heteromerization. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5008-20. [PMID: 22184124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of G protein-coupled receptor homo/heteromerization in receptor folding, maturation, trafficking, and cell surface expression has become increasingly evident. Here we investigated whether the human δ-opioid receptor (hδOR) Cys-27 variant that shows inherent compromised maturation has an effect on the behavior of the more common Phe-27 variant in the early secretory pathway. We demonstrate that hδOR-Cys-27 acts in a dominant negative manner and impairs cell surface delivery of the co-expressed hδOR-Phe-27 and impairs conversion of precursors to the mature form. This was demonstrated by metabolic labeling, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy in HEK293 and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells using differentially epitope-tagged variants. The hδOR-Phe-27 precursors that were redirected to the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation were, however, rescued by a pharmacological chaperone, the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Co-immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled variants revealed that both endoplasmic reticulum-localized precursors and mature receptors exist as homo/heteromers. The existence of homo/heteromers was confirmed in living cells by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer measurements, showing that the variants have a similar propensity to form homo/heteromers. By forming both homomers and heteromers, the hδOR-Cys-27 variant may thus regulate the levels of receptors at the cell surface, possibly leading to altered responsiveness to opioid ligands in individuals carrying the Cys-27 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja T Leskelä
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Delta opioid receptor analgesia: recent contributions from pharmacology and molecular approaches. Behav Pharmacol 2011; 22:405-14. [PMID: 21836459 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834a1f2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptors represent a promising target for the development of novel analgesics. A number of tools have been developed recently that have significantly improved our knowledge of δ receptor function in pain control. These include several novel δ agonists with potent analgesic properties, and genetic mouse models with targeted mutations in the δ opioid receptor gene. Also, recent findings have further documented the regulation of δ receptor function at cellular level, which impacts on the pain-reducing activity of the receptor. These regulatory mechanisms occur at transcriptional and post-translational levels, along agonist-induced receptor activation, signaling and trafficking, or in interaction with other receptors and neuromodulatory systems. All these tools for in-vivo research, and proposed mechanisms at molecular level, have tremendously increased our understanding of δ receptor physiology, and contribute to designing innovative strategies for the treatment of chronic pain and other diseases such as mood disorders.
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Suzuki M, El-Hage N, Zou S, Hahn YK, Sorrell ME, Sturgill JL, Conrad DH, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Fractalkine/CX3CL1 protects striatal neurons from synergistic morphine and HIV-1 Tat-induced dendritic losses and death. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:78. [PMID: 22093090 PMCID: PMC3287119 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 are abundantly expressed in the CNS. Fractalkine is an unusual C-X3-C motif chemokine that is important in neuron-microglial communication, a co-receptor for HIV infection, and can be neuroprotective. To assess the effects of fractalkine on opiate-HIV interactive neurotoxicity, wild-type murine striatal neurons were co-cultured with mixed glia from the striata of wild-type or Cx3cr1 knockout mice ± HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine. Time-lapse digital images were continuously recorded at 20 min intervals for up to 72 h using computer-aided microscopy to track the same cells repeatedly. RESULTS Co-exposure to Tat and morphine caused synergistic increases in neuron death, dendritic pruning, and microglial motility as previously reported. Exogenous fractalkine prevented synergistic Tat and morphine-induced dendritic losses and neuron death even though the inflammatory mediator TNF-α remained significantly elevated. Antibody blockade of CX3CR1 mimicked the toxic effects of morphine plus Tat, but did not add to their toxicity; while fractalkine failed to protect wild-type neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1-/--null glia against morphine and Tat toxicity. Exogenous fractalkine also normalized microglial motility, which is elevated by Tat and morphine co-exposure, presumably limiting microglial surveillance that may lead to toxic effects on neurons. Fractalkine immunofluorescence was expressed in neurons and to a lesser extent by other cell types, whereas CX3CR1 immunoreactivity or GFP fluorescence in cells cultured from the striatum of Cx3cr1-/- (Cx3cr1GFP/GFP) mice were associated with microglia. Immunoblotting shows that fractalkine levels were unchanged following Tat and/or morphine exposure and there was no increase in released fractalkine as determined by ELISA. By contrast, CX3CR1 protein levels were markedly downregulated. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that deficits in fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling contribute to the synergistic neurotoxic effects of opioids and Tat. Importantly, exogenous fractalkine can selectively protect neurons from the injurious effects of chronic opioid-HIV-1 Tat co-exposure, and this suggests a potential therapeutic course for neuroAIDS. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection are not certain, findings that exogenous fractalkine reduces microglial motility and fails to protect neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1-/- mixed glia suggest that fractalkine may act by interfering with toxic microglial-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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Bennett LD, Fox JM, Signoret N. Mechanisms regulating chemokine receptor activity. Immunology 2011; 134:246-56. [PMID: 21977995 PMCID: PMC3209565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated movement and controlled positioning of leucocytes is key to the development, maintenance and proper functioning of the immune system. Chemokines and their receptors play an essential role in these events by mediating directed cell migration, often referred to as chemotaxis. The chemotactic property of these molecules is also thought to contribute to an array of pathologies where inappropriate recruitment of specific chemokine receptor-expressing leucocytes is observed, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. As a result, chemokine receptors have become major targets for therapeutic intervention, and during the past 15 years much research has been devoted to understanding the regulation of their biological activity. From these studies, processes which govern the availability of functional chemokine receptors at the cell surface have emerged as playing a central role. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the regulation of chemokine receptor surface expression, from gene transcription and protein degradation to post-translational modifications, multimerization, intracellular transport and cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Bennett
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, naturally occurring mutations that affect G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified, mainly in patients with endocrine diseases. The study of loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations has contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of several diseases with classic hypophenotypes or hyperphenotypes of the target endocrine organs, respectively. Simultaneously, study of the mutant receptors ex vivo was instrumental in delineating the relationships between the structure and function of these important physiological and pharmacological molecules. Now that access to the crystallographic structure of a few GPCRs is available, the mechanics of these receptors can be studied at the atomic level. Progress in the fields of cell biology, molecular pharmacology and proteomics has also widened our view of GPCR functions. Initially considered simply as guanine nucleotide exchange factors capable of activating G protein-dependent regulatory cascades, GPCRs are now known to display several additional characteristics, each susceptible to alterations by disease-causing mutations. These characteristics include functionally important basal activity of the receptor; differential activation of various G proteins; differential activation of G protein-dependent and independent effects (biased agonism); interaction with proteins that modify receptor function; dimerization-dependent effects; and interaction with allosteric modulators. This Review attempts to illustrate how natural mutations of GPCR could contribute to our understanding of these novel facets of GPCR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Vassart
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Łukasiewicz S, Faron-Górecka A, Kędracka-Krok S, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Effect of clozapine on the dimerization of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor and its genetic variant 5-HT(2A)H425Y with dopamine D(2) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:114-23. [PMID: 21496455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors has become a very important issue in a present molecular pharmacology. In the present study the level of the serotonin 5-HT(2A) and the dopamine D(2) receptor interactions have been studied since it may have a key significance in understanding the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat schizophrenia. With the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer we demonstrated that the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors form homo- and hetero-dimers with the dopamine D(2) receptors and polymorphism H452Y within the 5-HT(2A) receptor, implicated as a cause of altered response to antipsychotic treatment, disturbs both processes. Clozapine affected the hetero-dimers (5-HT(2A)H452Y/D(2)) complexes and increased the otherwise weakened dimerization to the value observed for combination of both wild type receptors, and had no effect on the serotonin receptor homo-dimers (5-HT(2A)H452Y/5-HT(2A)), while haloperidol has restored the weakened interaction within homo-complexes and did not effect the hetero-complexes. The obtained data suggest that H452Y polymorphism has an influence not only on the level of constitutive oligomerization of investigated receptors but also it changes their pharmacological properties within both homo- and hetero-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa Street, Krakow, Poland.
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Smith NJ, Milligan G. Allostery at G protein-coupled receptor homo- and heteromers: uncharted pharmacological landscapes. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:701-25. [PMID: 21079041 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were thought to exist and function exclusively as monomeric units. However, evidence both from native cells and heterologous expression systems has demonstrated that GPCRs can both traffic and signal within higher-order complexes. As for other protein-protein interactions, conformational changes in one polypeptide, including those resulting from binding of pharmacological ligands, have the capacity to alter the conformation and therefore the response of the interacting protein(s), a process known as allosterism. For GPCRs, allosterism across homo- or heteromers, whether dimers or higher-order oligomers, represents an additional topographical landscape that must now be considered pharmacologically. Such effects may offer the opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches. Allosterism at GPCR heteromers is particularly exciting in that it offers additional scope to provide receptor subtype selectivity and tissue specificity as well as fine-tuning of receptor signal strength. Herein, we introduce the concept of allosterism at both GPCR homomers and heteromers and discuss the various questions that must be addressed before significant advances can be made in drug discovery at these GPCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory,University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Expanding the Concept of G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimer Asymmetry towards GPCR-Interacting Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4053957 DOI: 10.3390/ph4020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), major targets of drug discovery, are organized in dimeric and/or oligomeric clusters. The minimal oligomeric unit, the dimer, is composed of two protomers, which can behave differently within the dimer. Several examples of GPCR asymmetry within dimers at the level of ligand binding, ligand-promoted conformational changes, conformational changes within transmembrane domains, G protein coupling, and most recently GPCR-interacting proteins (GIPs), have been reported in the literature. Asymmetric organization of GPCR dimers has important implications on GPCR function and drug design. Indeed, the extension of the “asymmetry concept” to GIPs adds a new level of specific therapeutic intervention.
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Kramp BK, Sarabi A, Koenen RR, Weber C. Heterophilic chemokine receptor interactions in chemokine signaling and biology. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:655-63. [PMID: 21146524 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), like chemokine receptors, form dimers or higher order oligomers. Such homo- and heterophilic interactions have been identified not only among and between chemokine receptors of CC- or CXC-subfamilies, but also between chemokine receptors and other classes of GPCR, like the opioid receptors. Oligomerization affects different aspects of receptor physiology, like ligand affinity, signal transduction and the mode of internalization, in turn influencing physiologic processes such as cell activation and migration. As particular chemokine receptor pairs exert specific modulating effects on their individual functions, they might play particular roles in various disease types, such as cancer. Hence, chemokine receptor heteromers might represent attractive therapeutic targets. This review highlights the state-of-the-art knowledge on the technical and functional aspects of chemokine receptor multimerization in chemokine signaling and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit K Kramp
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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Wang M, Pei L, Fletcher PJ, Kapur S, Seeman P, Liu F. Schizophrenia, amphetamine-induced sensitized state and acute amphetamine exposure all show a common alteration: increased dopamine D2 receptor dimerization. Mol Brain 2010; 3:25. [PMID: 20813060 PMCID: PMC2942879 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All antipsychotics work via dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), suggesting a critical role for D2Rs in psychosis; however, there is little evidence for a change in receptor number or pharmacological nature of D2Rs. Recent data suggest that D2Rs form dimers in-vitro and in-vivo, and we hypothesized that schizophrenia, as well as preclinical models of schizophrenia, would demonstrate altered dimerization of D2Rs, even though the overall number of D2Rs was unaltered. Methods We measured the expression of D2Rs dimers and monomers in patients with schizophrenia using Western blots, and then in striatal tissue from rats exhibiting the amphetamine-induced sensitized state (AISS). We further examined the interaction between D2Rs and the dopamine transporter (DAT) by co-immunoprecipitation, and measured the expression of dopamine D2High receptors with ligand binding assays in rat striatum slices with or without acute amphetamine pre-treatment. Results We observed significantly enhanced expression of D2Rs dimers (277.7 ± 33.6%) and decreased expression of D2Rs monomers in post-mortem striatal tissue of schizophrenia patients. We found that amphetamine facilitated D2Rs dimerization in both the striatum of AISS rats and in rat striatal neurons. Furthermore, amphetamine-induced D2Rs dimerization may be associated with the D2R-DAT protein-protein interaction as an interfering peptide that disrupts the D2R-DAT coupling, blocked amphetamine-induced up-regulation of D2Rs dimerization. Conclusions Given the fact that amphetamine induces psychosis and that the AISS rat is a widely accepted animal model of psychosis, our data suggest that D2R dimerization may be important in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may be a promising new target for novel antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ansonoff MA, Portoghese PS, Pintar JE. Consequences of opioid receptor mutation on actions of univalent and bivalent kappa and delta ligands. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:161-8. [PMID: 20333506 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the past decade, substantial evidence has documented that opioid receptor heterodimers form in cell lines expressing one or more opioid receptors. More recent studies have begun to investigate whether heterodimer formation also occurs in vivo. OBJECTIVES We have used opioid receptor knockout mice to determine whether the in vivo intrathecal (i.t.) pharmacological potency of delta, kappa, and bivalent kappa/delta ligands is altered in the absence of the KOR-1 and/or DOR-1 genes. RESULTS We observe that both NorBNI (a kappa antagonist) and KDN-21 (a kappa/delta bivalent antagonist) specifically inhibit DPDPE but not deltorphin II i.t potency in wild-type mice but that following mutation of KOR-1, the ability of either compound to reduce DPDPE potency is lost. In contrast, knockout of KOR-1 unexpectedly slightly reduces the potency of deltorphin II (delta2) but not DPDPE (delta1). Finally, two compounds with kappa agonist activity, 6'-GNTI (a putative kappa/delta heterodimer selective agonist) and KDAN-18 (kappa agonist/delta antagonist bivalent ligand) show reduced potency in DOR-1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results show, genetically, that bivalent ligands with kappa agonist activity require delta receptors for maximal potency in vivo, which is consistent with the presence of opioid heterodimer/oligomer complexes in vivo, and also highlight the complexity of delta drug action even when complementary pharmacologic and genetic approaches are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Shiratori M, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Yoshitake M, Tsuda M, Inoue K. P2X7 receptor activation induces CXCL2 production in microglia through NFAT and PKC/MAPK pathways. J Neurochem 2010; 114:810-9. [PMID: 20477948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia plays an important role in many neurodegenerative conditions. ATP leaked or released by damaged cells triggers microglial activation through P2 receptors, and stimulates the release of oxygen radicals, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from activated microglia. However, little is known about mechanisms underlying ATP-induced chemokine release from microglia. In this study, we found that a high concentration of ATP induces the mRNA expression and release of CXCL2 from microglia. A similar effect was observed following treatment of microglia with a P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) agonist, 2'-and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) ATP, and this was inhibited by pre-treatment with a P2X7R antagonist, Brilliant Blue G. ATP induced both activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK) through P2X7R. ATP-induced mRNA expression of CXCL2 was inhibited by INCA-6 (an NFAT inhibitor), SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor), U0126 (a MEK-ERK inhibitor) and JNK inhibitor II (a JNK inhibitor). However, MAPK inhibitors did not inhibit activation of NFAT. In addition, protein kinase C inhibitors suppressed ATP-induced ERK and JNK activation, and also inhibited ATP-induced CXCL2 expression in microglia. These results suggest that ATP increased CXCL2 production via both NFAT and protein kinase C/MAPK signaling pathways through P2X7 receptor stimulation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiratori
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
This paper is the 31st consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2008 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Zhang Z, Cherryholmes G, Chang F, Rose DM, Schraufstatter I, Shively JE. Evidence that cathelicidin peptide LL-37 may act as a functional ligand for CXCR2 on human neutrophils. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3181-94. [PMID: 19750480 PMCID: PMC3076219 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
LL-37, derived from human cathelicidin, stimulates immune responses in neutrophils. Although FPR2 and P2X7 were proposed as LL-37 receptors, we have shown that among 21 neutrophil receptors only CXCR2 was down-regulated by LL-37. LL-37 functions similarly to CXCR2-specific chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL7 in terms of receptor down-regulation and intracellular calcium mobilization on freshly isolated neutrophils. Neutrophils pretreated with CXCL8, a chemokine that binds both CXCR1/2, completely blocked the calcium mobilization in response to LL-37, while LL-37 also partially inhibited (125)I-CXCL8 binding to neutrophils. SB225002, a selective CXCR2 antagonist, blocked LL-37-induced calcium mobilization and migration of neutrophils. LL-37 stimulates calcium mobilization in CXCR2-transfected HEK293 cells, CXCR2(+) THP-1 cells and monocytes, but not in CXCR1-transfected HEK293 cells. WKYMVm peptide (ligand for FPR2) does not block LL-37-stimulated calcium flux in either THP-1 (FPR2(-)) or monocytes (FPR2(high)), further confirming the specificity of LL-37 for CXCR2 and not FPR2. Among all ligands tested (ATP, BzATP, WKYMVm, CXCL1, and LL-37), only LL-37 stimulated migration of monocytes (CXCR2(+) and FPR2(+)) and migration was inhibited by the CXCR2 inhibitor SB225002. Moreover, CXCR2 but not CXCR1 was internalized in LL-37-treated neutrophils. Thus, our data provide evidence that LL-37 may act as a functional ligand for CXCR2 on human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Gregory Cherryholmes
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Frances Chang
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David M. Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA
| | | | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Allosteric communication between protomers of dopamine class A GPCR dimers modulates activation. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:688-95. [PMID: 19648932 PMCID: PMC2817978 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle to understanding the functional importance of dimerization between Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been the methodological limitation in achieving control of the identity of the components comprising the signaling unit. We have developed a functional complementation assay that enables such control and illustrate it for the human dopamine D2 receptor. The minimal signaling unit, two receptors and a single G protein, is maximally activated by agonist binding to a single protomer, which suggests an asymmetrical activated dimer. Inverse agonist binding to the second protomer enhances signaling, whereas agonist binding to the second protomer blunts signaling. Ligand-independent constitutive activation of the second protomer also inhibits signaling. Thus, GPCR dimer function can be modulated by the activity state of the second protomer, which for a heterodimer may be altered in pathological states. Our novel methodology also makes possible the characterization of signaling from a defined heterodimer unit.
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Bennett KA, Langmead CJ, Wise A, Milligan G. Growth hormone secretagogues and growth hormone releasing peptides act as orthosteric super-agonists but not allosteric regulators for activation of the G protein Galpha(o1) by the Ghrelin receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:802-11. [PMID: 19625579 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some growth hormone secretagogues act as agonists at the ghrelin receptor and have been described as "ago-allosteric" ligands because of an ability to also modulate the maximum efficacy and potency of ghrelin (Holst et al., 2005). In membranes prepared from cells coexpressing the human ghrelin receptor and the G protein Galpha(o1), N-[1(R)-1, 2-dihydro-1-ethanesulfonylspiro-3H-indole-3,4'-piperidin)-1'-yl]carbonyl-2-(phenylmethoxy)-ethyl-2-amino-2-methylpropanamide (MK-677), growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6), and the 2(R)-hydroxypropyl derivative of 3-amino-3-methyl-N-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1-([2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]methyl)-1H-1-benzazepin-3(R)-yl)-butanamide (L-692,585) each functioned as direct agonists, and each displayed higher efficacy than ghrelin. The effect of multiple, fixed concentrations of each of these ligands on the function and concentration-dependence of ghrelin and the effect of multiple, fixed concentrations of ghrelin on the action of MK-677, GHRP-6, and L-692,585 was analyzed globally according to a modified version of an operational model of allosterism that accounts for allosteric modulation of affinity, efficacy, and allosteric agonism. Each of the data sets was best fit by a model of simple competition between a partial and a full agonist. Both positive and negative allosteric modulators are anticipated to alter the kinetics of binding of an orthosteric agonist. However, none of the proposed ago-allosteric regulators tested had any effect on the dissociation kinetics of (125)I-[His]-ghrelin, and GHRP-6 and MK-677 were able to fully displace (125)I-[His]-ghrelin from the receptor. At least in the system tested, each of the ligands acted in a simple competitive fashion with ghrelin as demonstrated by analysis according to a model whereby ghrelin is a partial agonist with respect to each of the synthetic agonists tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie A Bennett
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Stillie R, Farooq SM, Gordon JR, Stadnyk AW. The functional significance behind expressing two IL-8 receptor types on PMN. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:529-43. [PMID: 19564575 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PMN are critical to innate immunity and are fundamental to antibacterial defense. To localize to sites of infection, PMN possess receptors that detect chemoattractant stimuli elicited at the site, such as chemokines, complement split products, or bioactive lipids. Signaling through these receptors stimulates chemotaxis toward the site of infection but also activates a number of biochemical processes, with the result that PMN kill invading bacteria. PMN possess two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, for the N-terminal ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines, although only two chemokine members bind both receptors and the remainder binding only CXCR2. This peculiar pattern in receptor specificity has drawn considerable interest and investigation into whether signaling through each receptor might impart unique properties on the PMN. Indeed, at first glance, CXCR1 and CXCR2 appear to be functionally redundant; however, there are differences. Considering these proinflammatory activities of activating PMN through chemokine receptors, there has been great interest in the possibility that blocking CXCR1 and CXCR2 on PMN will provide a therapeutic benefit. The literature examining CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PMN function during human and modeled diseases will be reviewed, asking whether the functional differences can be perceived based on alterations in the role PMN play in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- RoseMarie Stillie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor hetero-dimerization: contribution to pharmacology and function. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:5-14. [PMID: 19309353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form hetero-dimers or hetero-oligomers continues to gain experimental support. However, with the exception of the GABA(B) receptor and the sweet and umami taste receptors few reported examples meet all of the criteria suggested in a recent International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology sponsored review (Pin et al., 2007) that should be required to define distinct and physiologically relevant receptor species. Despite this, there are many examples in which pairs of co-expressed GPCRs reciprocally modulate their function, trafficking and/or ligand pharmacology. Such data are at least consistent with physical interactions between the receptor pairs. In recent times, it has been suggested that specific GPCR hetero-dimer or hetero-oligomer pairs may represent key molecular targets of certain clinically effective, small molecule drugs and there is growing interest in efforts to identify ligands that may modulate hetero-dimer function selectively. The current review summarizes key recent developments in these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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50
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Cell aggregation on agar as an indicator for cell-matrix adhesion: effects of opioids. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:473-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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