1
|
Lessigiarska I, Peng Y, Tsakovska I, Alov P, Lagarde N, Jereva D, Villoutreix BO, Nicot AB, Pajeva I, Pencheva T, Miteva MA. Computational Analysis of Chemical Space of Natural Compounds Interacting with Sulfotransferases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216360. [PMID: 34770768 PMCID: PMC8588419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical space and interactions of natural compounds with sulfotransferases (SULTs) using ligand- and structure-based in silico methods. An in-house library of natural ligands (hormones, neurotransmitters, plant-derived compounds and their metabolites) reported to interact with SULTs was created. Their chemical structures and properties were compared to those of compounds of non-natural (synthetic) origin, known to interact with SULTs. The natural ligands interacting with SULTs were further compared to other natural products for which interactions with SULTs were not known. Various descriptors of the molecular structures were calculated and analyzed. Statistical methods (ANOVA, PCA, and clustering) were used to explore the chemical space of the studied compounds. Similarity search between the compounds in the different groups was performed with the ROCS software. The interactions with SULTs were additionally analyzed by docking into different experimental and modeled conformations of SULT1A1. Natural products with potentially strong interactions with SULTs were outlined. Our results contribute to a better understanding of chemical space and interactions of natural compounds with SULT enzymes and help to outline new potential ligands of these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iglika Lessigiarska
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
| | - Yunhui Peng
- INSERM U1268 “Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research”, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS—Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ivanka Tsakovska
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
| | - Petko Alov
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
| | - Nathalie Lagarde
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 Rue Conté, Hésam Université, 75003 Paris, France;
| | - Dessislava Jereva
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
| | | | - Arnaud B. Nicot
- INSERM, Nantes Université, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Ilza Pajeva
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
| | - Tania Pencheva
- Department of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.L.); (I.T.); (P.A.); (D.J.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maria A. Miteva
- INSERM U1268 “Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research”, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS—Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (M.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omura K, Motoki K, Kobashi S, Miyata K, Yamano K, Iwanaga T. Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase as responsible for the metabolism of dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1016-1024. [PMID: 34380635 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is used to treat hyperuricemia. In humans, orally administered dotinurad is excreted mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in urine. To identify the isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) involved in dotinurad glucuronidation and sulfation, microsome and cytosol fractions of liver, intestine, kidney, and lung tissues (cytosol only) were analyzed along with recombinant human UGT and SULT isoforms. Dotinurad was mainly metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the glucuronidation followed the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation. Among the recombinant human UGT isoforms expressed in the liver, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 catalyzed dotinurad glucuronidation. Based on inhibition analysis using HLMs, bilirubin, imipramine, and diflunisal decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 45.5, 22.3, and 22.2%, respectively. Diflunisal and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, in the presence of 1% BSA, decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 21.1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dotinurad was metabolized to its sulfate conjugate by human liver cytosol (HLC) and human intestinal cytosol (HIC) samples, with the sulfation reaction in HLC samples following the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation and that in HIC samples following the Michaelis-Menten equation. All eight recombinant human SULT isoforms used herein catalyzed dotinurad sulfation. Gavestinel decreased sulfotransferase activity by 15.3% in HLC samples, and salbutamol decreased sulfotransferase activity by 68.4% in HIC samples. These results suggest that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, whereas its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Significance Statement The identification of enzymes involved in drug metabolism is important to predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and interindividual variability for safe drug use. The present study revealed that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 and that its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Therefore, dotinurad, a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is considered safe for use with a small risk of DDIs and low interindividual variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Omura
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
| | | | | | - Kengo Miyata
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bairam AF, Kermasha ZW, Liu MC, Kurogi K, Yamamoto K. Functional analysis of novel sulfotransferases in the silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21671. [PMID: 32227386 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoconjugation plays a vital role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. In this study, we aimed to identify new members of the sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Based on amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses, two new enzymes, swSULT ST1 and swSULT ST2, were identified that appear to belong to a distinct group of SULTs including several other insect SULTs. We expressed, purified, and characterized recombinant SULTs. While swSULT ST1 sulfated xanthurenic acid and pentachlorophenol, swSULT ST2 exclusively utilized xanthurenic acid as a substrate. Based on these results, and those concerning the tissue distribution and substrate specificity toward pentachlorophenol analyses, we hypothesize that swSULT ST1 plays a role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including insecticides, in the silkworm midgut and in the induction of gametogenesis in silkworm ovary and testis. Collectively, the data obtained herein contribute to a better understanding of SULT enzymatic functions in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Zainab W Kermasha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matta C, Juhász T, Fodor J, Hajdú T, Katona É, Szűcs-Somogyi C, Takács R, Vágó J, Oláh T, Bartók Á, Varga Z, Panyi G, Csernoch L, Zákány R. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression and function is required for early chondrogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:166. [PMID: 31842918 PMCID: PMC6915923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro chondrogenesis depends on the concerted action of numerous signalling pathways, many of which are sensitive to the changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor is a cation channel with high permeability for Ca2+. Whilst there is now accumulating evidence for the expression and function of NMDA receptors in non-neural tissues including mature cartilage and bone, the contribution of glutamate signalling to the regulation of chondrogenesis is yet to be elucidated. Methods We studied the role of glutamatergic signalling during the course of in vitro chondrogenesis in high density chondrifying cell cultures using single cell fluorescent calcium imaging, patch clamp, transient gene silencing, and western blotting. Results Here we show that key components of the glutamatergic signalling pathways are functional during in vitro chondrogenesis in a primary chicken chondrogenic model system. We also present the full glutamate receptor subunit mRNA and protein expression profile of these cultures. This is the first study to report that NMDA-mediated signalling may act as a key factor in embryonic limb bud-derived chondrogenic cultures as it evokes intracellular Ca2+ transients, which are abolished by the GluN2B subunit-specific inhibitor ifenprodil. The function of NMDARs is essential for chondrogenesis as their functional knock-down using either ifenprodil or GRIN1 siRNA temporarily blocks the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells. Cartilage formation was fully restored with the re-expression of the GluN1 protein. Conclusions We propose a key role for NMDARs during the transition of chondroprogenitor cells to cartilage matrix-producing chondroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szűcs-Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Bartók
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navrotskaya V, Wnorowski A, Turski W, Oxenkrug G. Effect of Kynurenic Acid on Pupae Viability of Drosophila melanogaster cinnabar and cardinal Eye Color Mutants with Altered Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:324-331. [PMID: 29619629 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is one of the metabolites of evolutionary conserved tryptophan (Trp)/kynurenine (Kyn) metabolic pathway. Elevation of KYNA contributes to development of psychosis in schizophrenia but attenuates neurodegeneration in Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. We have reported that KYNA increased lethality of pupae of wild-type flies, but not of vermilion (v) mutants with impaired formation of Kyn from Trp, suggesting that KYNA toxicity depends on its interaction with downstream Kyn metabolites [i.e., 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and/or xanthurenic acid (XA)]. The present study aimed to further explore the mechanisms of KYNA-induced lethality by the assessment of KYNA effect on pupae of two Drosophila mutants: cinnabar (cn), characterized by higher KYNA and lower 3-HK production, and cardinal (cd), characterized by higher 3-HK and XA levels compared to wild-type flies. Our microarray datamining revealed that the gene expression pattern of enzymes forming Trp/Kyn pathway stands in line with previously reported developmental changes in KYNA, 3-HK, and XA concentrations in wild-type and mutant flies. Administration of KYNA increased pupae lethality in cd, but not in cn mutants. Present data suggest that toxic effect of exogenous KYNA depends on the presence of 3-HK and/or XA. This is further supported by our finding that early stages of Drosophila development are associated with a positive expression pattern of genes encoding sulfotransferases, enzymes that are inhibited by KYNA and are involved in detoxification of XA. Alternatively, the toxic effect of KYNA might depend on anti-proliferative effects of KYNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Navrotskaya
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a/01a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gregory Oxenkrug
- Psychiatry and Inflammation Program, Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, no. 1107, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi T, Ge BK, Zhao L, Ma Y, Li XR, Xu PX, Xue M. Cytosolic β-glucosidase inhibition and renal blood flow suppression are leading causes for the enhanced systemic exposure of salidroside in hypoxic rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8469-8483. [PMID: 35539855 PMCID: PMC9078534 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The promising benefits of salidroside (SAL) in alleviating high altitude sickness boost investigations on its pharmacokinetics and biological activity. However, the transportation and disposition process of SAL under hypoxic conditions has never been explored. The current study was proposed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of SAL in hypoxic rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms for the distinct metabolic fate of SAL under hypoxia. Pharmacokinetic studies on SAL was conducted in both hypoxic and normoxic rats. The transport properties of SAL were investigated on both hypoxic and normoxic Caco-2 monolayer models. Enzymes involved in SAL metabolism were identified and the effects of hypoxia on these enzymes were assessed by real-time PCR, western blotting analyses, and rat liver homogenate incubation. The renal clearance (CLr) of SAL, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both hypoxic and normoxic rats were also determined for renal function assessment. It was found that the systemic exposure of SAL in hypoxic rats was remarkably higher than that in normoxic rats. The barrier function of Caco-2 monolayer was weakened under hypoxia due to the impaired brush border microvilli and decreased expression of tight junction protein. Hepatic metabolism of SAL in hypoxic rats was attenuated due to the reduced activity of cytosolic β-glucosidase (CBG). Moreover, CLr of SAL was reduced in hypoxic rats due to the suppressed ERPF. Our findings suggest the potential need for dose-adjustment of SAL or its structural analogs under hypoxic conditions. CBG inhibition and renal blood flow suppression are leading causes for the enhanced systemic exposure of SAL in hypoxic rats.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Qi
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Bei-kang Ge
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Xiao-rong Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Ping-xiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bansal S, Lau AJ. Human liver cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A1-dependent dehydroepiandrosterone sulfation assay by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
8
|
James MO, Ambadapadi S. Interactions of cytosolic sulfotransferases with xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 45:401-14. [PMID: 24188364 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the sulfonic group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to hydroxy or amine groups in substrate molecules. The human cytosolic sulfotransferases that have been most studied, namely SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1, are expressed in different tissues of the body, including liver, intestine, adrenal, brain and skin. These sulfotransferases play important roles in the sulfonation of endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, and in the elimination of xenobiotic molecules such as drugs, environmental chemicals and natural products. There is often overlapping substrate selectivity among the sulfotransferases, although one isoform may exhibit greater enzyme efficiency than other isoforms. Similarly, inhibitors or enhancers of one isoform often affect other isoforms, but typically with different potency. This means that if the activity of one form of sulfotransferase is altered (either inhibited or enhanced) by the presence of a xenobiotic, the sulfonation of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates for other isoforms may well be affected. There are more examples of inhibitors than enhancers of sulfonation. Modulators of sulfotransferase enzymes include natural products ingested as part of the human diet as well as environmental chemicals and drugs. This review will discuss recent work on such interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turski MP, Turska M, Paluszkiewicz P, Parada-Turska J, Oxenkrug GF. Kynurenic Acid in the digestive system-new facts, new challenges. Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:47-55. [PMID: 24049450 PMCID: PMC3772988 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides information on the most recent findings concerning presence, origin, and role of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite, in the digestive system. KYNA is an antagonist of both the ionotropic glutamate receptors and the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as an agonist of G-protein coupled GPR35 receptor. Since the GPR35 receptor is mainly present in the gastrointestinal tract, researchers have concentrated on the digestive system in recent years. They have found that KYNA content increases gradually and significantly along the gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, the concentration of KYNA in the lumen is much higher than in the wall of intestine. It has been documented that KYNA may have a positive influence on the number of pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract, in particular ulcers, colon obstruction, or colitis. Future studies might determine whether it is advisable to supplement KYNA to a human organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal P. Turski
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Turska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Paluszkiewicz
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursing, Medical University, Chodzki, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, Jaczewskiego, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gregory F. Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Inflammation Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fukumitsu S, Villareal MO, Onaga S, Aida K, Han J, Isoda H. α-Linolenic acid suppresses cholesterol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway by suppressing SREBP-2, SREBP-1a and -1c expression. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:899-907. [PMID: 23138267 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA), a major fatty acid in flaxseed oil, has multiple functionalities such as anti-cardiovascular and anti-hypertensive activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of ALA on lipid metabolism and studied the possible mechanisms of its action in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes using DNA microarray analysis. From a total of 34,325 genes in the DNA chip, 87 genes were down-regulated and 185 genes were up-regulated at least twofold in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells treated with 300 μM ALA for a week, 5-12 days after induction of cell differentiation, compared to ALA-untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (control). From the Reactome analysis results, eight lipid metabolism-related genes involved in cholesterol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway and lipid transport were significantly down-regulated by ALA treatment. Furthermore, ALA significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2, SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. On the other hand, the average levels of the gene expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT-1a) and leptin in 300 μM ALA treatment were increased by 1.7- and 2.9-fold, respectively, followed by an increase in the intracellular ATP content. These results show that ALA is likely to inhibit cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis pathway by suppressing the expression of transcriptional factor SREBPs. Furthermore, ALA promotes fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, thereby increasing its health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukumitsu
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ko K, Kurogi K, Davidson G, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of ractopamine and salbutamol by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases. J Biochem 2012; 152:275-83. [PMID: 22763752 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed additives such as ractopamine and salbutamol are pharmacologically active compounds, acting primarily as β-adrenergic agonists. This study was designed to investigate whether the sulfation of ractopamine and salbutamol may occur under the metabolic conditions and to identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) that are capable of sulfating two major feed additive compounds, ractopamine and salbutamol. A metabolic labelling study showed the generation and release of [(35)S]sulfated ractopamine and salbutamol by HepG2 human hepatoma cells labelled with [(35)S]sulfate in the presence of these two compounds. A systematic analysis using 11 purified human SULTs revealed SULT1A3 as the major SULT responsible for the sulfation of ractopamine and salbutamol. The pH dependence and kinetic parameters were analyzed. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of ractopamine and salbutamol on SULT1A3-mediated dopamine sulfation were investigated. Cytosol or S9 fractions of human lung, liver, kidney and small intestine were examined to verify the presence of ractopamine-/salbutamol-sulfating activity in vivo. Of the four human organs, the small intestine displayed the highest activity towards both compounds. Collectively, these results imply that the sulfation mediated by SULT1A3 may play an important role in the metabolism and detoxification of ractopamine and salbutamol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyounga Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kushida A, Horie R, Hattori K, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Tamura H. Xanthurenic acid is an endogenous substrate for the silkworm cytosolic sulfotransferase, bmST1. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:83-88. [PMID: 22036934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfotransferase enzymes are known to regulate physiologically active substances such as steroids and catecholamines in mammals. Although invertebrates also express sulfotransferases, their biological function is mostly unclear. In a previous study, we reported that 4-nitrocatechol and the gallete ester are substrates for the silkworm sulfotransferase bmST1. The K(m) of bmST1 for these substrates is high. However, endogenous substrates of bmST1 have not yet been determined. We therefore investigated endogenous bmST1 substrates and carried out a detailed expression profile analysis of bmST1. We found that xanthurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, is a possible endogenous substrate of bmST1. The K(m) of bmST1 for xanthurenic acid is low, in the μM range, which is lower than that for previously reported substrates. Additionally, xanthurenic acid is a tryptophan metabolite that characteristically shows toxicity in vivo. High dose administration of xanthurenic acid resulted in inhibition of cuticular biosynthesis. The expression of the bmST1 gene reached a maximal level in the Malpighian tubule at the 4th molting stage, when amino acid metabolism might be activated. Our results suggest that bmST1 plays a role in detoxification of xanthurenic acid in the silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kushida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kepplinger B, Baran H, Sedlnitzky-Semler B, Badawi NR, Erhart H. Stochastic resonance activity influences serum tryptophan metabolism in healthy human subjects. Int J Tryptophan Res 2011; 4:49-60. [PMID: 22174588 PMCID: PMC3236008 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stochastic resonance therapy (SRT) is used for rehabilitation of patients with various neuropsychiatric diseases. An alteration in tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway has been identified in the central and peripheral nervous systems in patients with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases and during the aging process. This study investigated the effect of SRT as an exercise activity on serum tryptophan metabolites in healthy subjects. Methods Serum L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and anthranilic acid levels were measured one minute before SRT and at one, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after SRT. We found that SRT affected tryptophan metabolism. Serum levels of L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, and kynurenic acid were significantly reduced for up to 60 minutes after SRT. Anthranilic acid levels were characterized by a moderate, non significant transient decrease for up to 15 minutes, followed by normalization at 60 minutes. Tryptophan metabolite ratios were moderately altered, suggesting activation of metabolism after SRT. Lowering of tryptophan would generally involve activation of tryptophan catabolism and neurotransmitter, protein, and bone biosynthesis. Lowering of kynurenic acid by SRT might be relevant for improving symptoms in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and depression, as well as certain pain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Kepplinger
- Neurochemical Laboratory, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Pain Treatment and Neurorehabilitation, Landesklinikum Mauer, Mauer-Amstetten
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clioquinol is sulfated by human jejunum cytosol and SULT1A3, a human-specific dopamine sulfotransferase. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:229-33. [PMID: 21820498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clioquinol, originally marketed as an oral intestinal amebicide, was widely used for multiple intestinal disorders. Its use as an oral agent was, however, discontinued because of its possible association with subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy or SMON. Meanwhile, its use for neurodegenerative diseases has recently been suggested. The metabolic fate of clioquinol, however, is poorly described. Since clioquinol is excreted as a sulfate in animals and humans, we have sought to identify a human sulfotransferase (SULT) responsible for the sulfation. We found that sulfating activities of human jejunal cytosols to clioquinol were well correlated with those to dopamine, a typical SULT1A3 substrate. Consistently, recombinant SULT1A3 showed the highest activity to clioquinol in vitro among the human SULTs examined. The S(50) value for the clioquinol sulfation by SULT1A3 was similar to the K(m) value for that by cytosols from human jejunum, where SULT1A3 is abundantly expressed. Moreover, clioquinol inhibited both human jejunal cytosol- and SULT1A3-mediated sulfations of dopamine in a dose-dependent manner, showing similar IC(50) values. These results suggest that SULT1A3, which is highly expressed in intestine but not in liver, is responsible for the clioquinol sulfation in humans, raising a possibility that orally administered clioquinol might inhibit dopamine sulfation in human intestines.
Collapse
|