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Nurkenov T, Tsoy A, Olzhayev F, Abzhanova E, Turgambayeva A, Zhussupova A, Avula B, Ross S, Aituarova A, Kassymova D, Zhusupova G, Shalakhmetova T, Tokay T, Lee JC, Askarova S. Plant Extract of Limonium gmelinii Attenuates Oxidative Responses in Neurons, Astrocytes, and Cerebral Endothelial Cells In Vitro and Improves Motor Functions of Rats after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111814. [PMID: 34829685 PMCID: PMC8614848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous publications demonstrating that plant polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the brain. In the present study we have investigated the neuroprotective effect of plant extract isolated from the roots of L. gmelinii since it contains a rich source of polyphenols and other biologically active compounds. We have applied an oxidative and inflammatory model induced by NMDA, H2O2, and TNF-α in human primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse cerebral endothelial cell (CECs) line in vitro. The levels of ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, P-selectin expression, and activity of ERK1/2 were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis, confocal microscopy, and MAPK assay. In vivo, sensorimotor functions in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were assessed. In neurons NMDA induced overproduction of ROS, in astrocytes TNF-α initiated ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In CECs, the exposure by TNF-α induced oxidative stress and triggered the accumulation of P-selectin on the surface of the cells. In turn, pre-treatment of the cells with the extract of L. gmelinii suppressed oxidative stress in all cell types and pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and CECs. In vivo, the treatment with L. gmelinii extract improved motor activity in rats with MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulendy Nurkenov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Science and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (F.O.); (E.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Farkhad Olzhayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (F.O.); (E.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Elvira Abzhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (F.O.); (E.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Anel Turgambayeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (F.O.); (E.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Aizhan Zhussupova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Bharathi Avula
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Samir Ross
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Aigerim Aituarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Dariya Kassymova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Galiya Zhusupova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Tamara Shalakhmetova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (A.Z.); (A.A.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Tursonjan Tokay
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (F.O.); (E.A.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Nguyen H, Zerimech S, Baltan S. Astrocyte Mitochondria in White-Matter Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2696-2714. [PMID: 33527218 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the diverse structure and function of astrocytes to describe the bioenergetic versatility required of astrocytes that are situated at different locations. The intercellular domain of astrocyte mitochondria defines their roles in supporting and regulating astrocyte-neuron coupling and survival against ischemia. The heterogeneity of astrocyte mitochondria, and how subpopulations of astrocyte mitochondria adapt to interact with other glia and regulate axon function, require further investigation. It has become clear that mitochondrial permeability transition pores play a key role in a wide variety of human diseases, whose common pathology may be based on mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by Ca2+ and potentiated by oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species cause axonal degeneration and a reduction in axonal transport, leading to axonal dystrophies and neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Developing new tools to allow better investigation of mitochondrial structure and function in astrocytes, and techniques to specifically target astrocyte mitochondria, can help to unravel the role of mitochondrial health and dysfunction in a more inclusive context outside of neuronal cells. Overall, this review will assess the value of astrocyte mitochondria as a therapeutic target to mitigate acute and chronic injury in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Zerimech
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Selva Baltan
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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3
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Bjørklund G, Doşa MD, Maes M, Dadar M, Frye RE, Peana M, Chirumbolo S. The impact of glutathione metabolism in autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105437. [PMID: 33493659 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential role of glutathione (GSH) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). GSH plays a key role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and maintenance of balance in intracellular redox pathways. Recent data showed that imbalances in the GSH redox system are an important factor in the pathophysiology of ASD. Furthermore, ASD is accompanied by decreased concentrations of reduced GSH in part caused by oxidation of GSH into glutathione disulfide (GSSG). GSSG can react with protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups, thereby causing proteotoxic stress and other abnormalities in SH-containing enzymes in the brain and blood. Moreover, alterations in the GSH metabolism via its effects on redox-independent mechanisms are other processes associated with the pathophysiology of ASD. GSH-related regulation of glutamate receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor can contribute to glutamate excitotoxicity. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between glutamate and GSH can result in neuronal dysfunction. These interactions can involve transcription factors of the immune pathway, such as activator protein 1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, thereby interacting with neuroinflammatory mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuronal damage. Neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction are recently outlined as significant factors linking GSH impairments with the pathophysiology of ASD. Moreover, GSH regulates the methylation of DNA and modulates epigenetics. Existing data support a protective role of the GSH system in ASD development. Future research should focus on the effects of GSH redox signaling in ASD and should explore new therapeutic approaches by targeting the GSH system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Monica Daniela Doşa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Campus, 900470, Constanta, Romania.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Gollihue J, Norris C. Astrocyte mitochondria: Central players and potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101039. [PMID: 32105849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has long been the focus of many therapeutic strategies for ameliorating age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Historically, the role of mitochondria in non-neuronal cell types has been overshadowed by neuronal mitochondria, which are responsible for the bulk of oxidative metabolism in the brain. Despite this neuronal bias, mitochondrial function in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, is increasingly recognized to play crucial roles in overall brain metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal protection. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be intimately linked to astrocyte activation/reactivity found in most all age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we address the importance of mitochondrial function to astrocyte signaling and consider how mitochondria could contribute to both the detrimental and protective properties of activated astrocytes. Strategies for protecting astrocytic mitochondrial function, promoting bidirectional transfer of mitochondria between astrocytes and neurons, and transplanting healthy mitochondria to diseased nervous tissue are also discussed.
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Mechanisms of Electroacupuncture on Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Animal Studies. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26:473-480. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Zhu D, You J, Zhao N, Xu H. Magnesium Regulates Endothelial Barrier Functions through TRPM7, MagT1, and S1P1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901166. [PMID: 31559137 PMCID: PMC6755513 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mg2+-deficiency is linked to hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, migraine headaches, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, etc., but its exact role in these pathophysiological conditions remains elusive. Mg2+ can regulate vascular functions, yet the mechanistic insight remains ill-defined. Data show that extracellular Mg2+ enters endothelium mainly through the TRPM7 channel and MagT1 transporter. Mg2+ can act as an antagonist to reduce Ca2+ signaling in endothelium. Mg2+ also reduces the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inflammation. In addition, Mg2+-signaling increases endothelial survival and growth, adhesion, and migration. Endothelial barrier integrity is significantly enhanced with Mg2+-treatment through S1P1-Rac1 pathways and barrier-stabilizing mediators including cAMP, FGF1/2, and eNOS. Mg2+ also promotes cytoskeletal reorganization and junction proteins to tighten up the barrier. Moreover, Mg2+-deficiency enhances endothelial barrier permeability in mice, and Mg2+-treatment rescues histamine-induced transient vessel hyper-permeability in vivo. In summary, Mg2+-deficiency can cause deleterious effects in endothelium integrity, and Mg2+-treatment may be effective in the prevention or treatment of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringInstitute for Engineering‐Driven MedicineCollege of Engineering and Applied SciencesRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Jing You
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North TexasDentonTX76207USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePA16802USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
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7
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Tsoy A, Saliev T, Abzhanova E, Turgambayeva A, Kaiyrlykyzy A, Akishev M, Saparbayev S, Umbayev B, Askarova S. The Effects of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on β-Amyloid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human and Rat Primary Astrocytes. Neuroscience 2019; 408:46-57. [PMID: 30953670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is implicated in the development of pathological reactions associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and death of brain cells. Current pharmacological approaches to treat AD are not able to control the deposition of Aβ and suppression of Aβ-induced cellular response. There is a growing body of evidence that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) causes a decrease of beta-amyloid deposition in the brains and provides cognitive benefits to Alzheimer's Tg mice. Herein, we investigated the effects of mobile phone radiofrequency EMF of 918 MHz on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), activity of NADPH-oxidase, and phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 kinases in human and rat primary astrocytes in the presence of Aβ42 and H2O2. Our data demonstrate that EMF is able to reduce Aβ42- and H2O2-induced cellular ROS, abrogate Aβ₄₂-induced production of mitochondrial ROS and the co-localization between the cytosolic (p47-phox) and membrane (gp91-phox) subunits of NADPH oxidase, while increasing MMP, and inhibiting H2O2-induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 in primary astrocytes. Yet, EMF was not able to modulate alterations in the phosphorylation state of the MAPKs triggered by Aβ42. Our findings provide an insight into the mechanisms of cellular and molecular responses of astrocytes on RF-EMF exposure and indicate the therapeutic potential of RF-EMF for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Timur Saliev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan; S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole Bi Street 94, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elvira Abzhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anel Turgambayeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aiym Kaiyrlykyzy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mars Akishev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Samat Saparbayev
- National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylai Khan Ave, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan, 010009
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
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8
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Steinmeier J, Dringen R. Exposure of Cultured Astrocytes to Menadione Triggers Rapid Radical Formation, Glutathione Oxidation and Mrp1-Mediated Export of Glutathione Disulfide. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1167-1181. [PMID: 30806880 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin K that allows rapid redox cycling in cells and thereby generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). To test for the consequences of a treatment of brain astrocytes with menadione, we incubated primary astrocyte cultures with this compound. Incubation with menadione in concentrations of up to 30 µM did not affect cell viability. In contrast, exposure of astrocytes to 100 µM menadione caused a time-dependent impairment of cellular metabolism and cell functions as demonstrated by impaired glycolytic lactate production and strong increases in the activity of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and in the number of propidium iodide-positive cells within 4 h of incubation. In addition, already 5 min after exposure of astrocytes to menadione a concentration-dependent increase in the number of ROS-positive cells as well as a concentration-dependent and transient accumulation of cellular glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were observed. The rapid intracellular GSSG accumulation was followed by an export of GSSG that was prevented in the presence of MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp1). Menadione-induced glutathione (GSH) oxidation and ROS formation were found accelerated after glucose-deprivation, while the presence of dicoumarol, an inhibitor of the menadione-reducing enzyme NQO1, did not affect the menadione-dependent GSSG accumulation. Our study demonstrates that menadione rapidly depletes cultured astrocytes of GSH via ROS-induced oxidation to GSSG that is subsequently exported via Mrp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steinmeier
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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9
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Asghar MS, Qureshi NA, Jabeen F, Khan MS, Shakeel M, Chaudhry AS. Ameliorative Effects of Selenium in ZnO NP-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hematological Alterations in Catla catla. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018. [PMID: 29532247 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) can increase pollution in aquatic environments. Consequently, pollution can cause toxicity in fish as indicated by oxidative stress, hematotoxicity, and changes in gill and liver histology. Selenium is known for its antioxidant potential in scavenging the free radicals generated during ZnO NP-induced oxidative stress. This study tested the ameliorative role of selenium against ZnO NP-induced toxicity in freshwater fish Catla catla. Four groups of replicated fish, representing control, selenium-treated, ZnO NP-treated, and ZnO NPs+selenium-treated, were used in this study. The ZnO NPs (40 mg l-1) were given to fish in water whereas selenium (50 μg kg-1) was given as sodium selenite in feed. After 28 days of exposure, the fish specimens were processed to collect samples of blood, gills, and liver. The results demonstrated that the consumption of selenium containing feeds protected the C. catla from ZnO NP-induced toxicity and oxidative stress. The use of selenium containing feeds appeared to have reduced the contents of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reduced (GSH), and increased the level of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the consumption of selenium in feeds improved the hematological parameters in ZnO NP-treated fish. This study suggests that dietary selenium might be able to ameliorate ZnO NP-induced toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University , Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University , Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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10
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Teng T, Dong L, Ridgley DM, Ghura S, Tobin MK, Sun GY, LaDu MJ, Lee JC. Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 Facilitates Oligomeric Amyloid-β Peptide Association with Microglia via Regulation of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Connectivity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3222-3234. [PMID: 30112630 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediates oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (oAβ)-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses in glial cells. Increased activity of cPLA2 has been implicated in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that cPLA2 regulation of oAβ-induced microglial activation may play a role in the AD pathology. We demonstrate that LPS, IFNγ, and oAβ increased phosphorylated cPLA2 (p-cPLA2) in immortalized mouse microglia (BV2). Aβ association with primary rat microglia and BV2 cells, possibly via membrane-binding and/or intracellular deposition, presumably indicative of microglia-mediated clearance of the peptide, was reduced by inhibition of cPLA2. However, cPLA2 inhibition did not affect the depletion of this associated Aβ when cells were washed and incubated in a fresh medium after oAβ treatment. Since the depletion was abrogated by NH4Cl, a lysosomal inhibitor, these results suggested that cPLA2 was not involved in the degradation of the associated Aβ. To further dissect the effects of cPLA2 on microglia cell membranes, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine endocytic activity. The force for membrane tether formation (Fmtf) is a measure of membrane-cytoskeleton connectivity and represents a mechanical barrier to endocytic vesicle formation. Inhibition of cPLA2 increased Fmtf in both unstimulated BV2 cells and cells stimulated with LPS + IFNγ. Thus, increasing p-cPLA2 would decrease Fmtf, thereby increasing endocytosis. These results suggest a role of cPLA2 activation in facilitating oAβ endocytosis by microglial cells through regulation of the membrane-cytoskeleton connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave, W100, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Devin M Ridgley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave, W100, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew K Tobin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave, W100, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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11
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Arensdorf AM, Dillard ME, Menke JM, Frank MW, Rock CO, Ogden SK. Sonic Hedgehog Activates Phospholipase A2 to Enhance Smoothened Ciliary Translocation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2074-2087. [PMID: 28591579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Smo signals through G protein-dependent and -independent routes, with G protein-independent canonical signaling to Gli effectors requiring Smo accumulation in the primary cilium. The mechanisms controlling Smo activation and trafficking are not yet clear but likely entail small-molecule binding to pockets in its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and/or transmembrane bundle. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic phospholipase cPLA2α is activated through Gβγ downstream of Smo to release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid binds Smo and synergizes with CRD-binding agonists, promoting Smo ciliary trafficking and high-level signaling. Chemical or genetic cPLA2α inhibition dampens Smo signaling to Gli, revealing an unexpected contribution of G protein-dependent signaling to canonical pathway activity. Arachidonic acid displaces the Smo transmembrane domain inhibitor cyclopamine to rescue CRD agonist-induced signaling, suggesting that arachidonic acid may target the transmembrane bundle to allosterically enhance signaling by CRD agonist-bound Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob M Menke
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Rhodes College St. Jude Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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12
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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13
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Why should neuroscientists worry about iron? The emerging role of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive diseases. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:154-175. [PMID: 29289598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of programmed death, characterised by cytosolic accumulation of iron, lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites, and effected by the fatal peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane. It is a major driver of cell death in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. Moreover, cascades underpinning ferroptosis could be active drivers of neuropathology in major psychiatric disorders. Oxidative and nitrosative stress can adversely affect mechanisms and proteins governing cellular iron homeostasis, such as the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system, and can ultimately be a source of abnormally high levels of iron and a source of lethal levels of lipid membrane peroxidation. Furthermore, neuroinflammation leads to the upregulation of divalent metal transporter1 on the surface of astrocytes, microglia and neurones, making them highly sensitive to iron overload in the presence of high levels of non-transferrin-bound iron, thereby affording such levels a dominant role in respect of the induction of iron-mediated neuropathology. Mechanisms governing systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, and the related roles of ferritin and mitochondria are detailed, as are mechanisms explaining the negative regulation of ferroptosis by glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, the cysteine/glutamate antiporter system, heat shock protein 27 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The potential role of DJ-1 inactivation in the precipitation of ferroptosis and the assessment of lipid peroxidation are described. Finally, a rational approach to therapy is considered, with a discussion on the roles of coenzyme Q10, iron chelation therapy, in the form of deferiprone, deferoxamine (desferrioxamine) and deferasirox, and N-acetylcysteine.
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14
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von Leden RE, Yauger YJ, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. Central Nervous System Injury and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:755-764. [PMID: 27267366 PMCID: PMC5335782 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes both traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI, respectively). These injuries, which are heterogeneous and, therefore, difficult to treat, result in long-lasting functional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Severity of injury is determined by multiple factors, and is largely mediated by the activity of the CNS inflammatory system, including the primary CNS immune cells, microglia. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key inflammatory mediators after CNS injury. ROS play a central role in inflammation, contributing to cytokine translation and release, microglial polarization and activation, and clearance of damaged tissue. NOX has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in CNS trauma, as inhibition of this enzyme family modulates inflammatory cell response and ROS production. The purpose of this review is to understand how the different NOX enzymes function and what role they play in the scope of CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young J. Yauger
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Lööv C, Mitchell CH, Simonsson M, Erlandsson A. Slow degradation in phagocytic astrocytes can be enhanced by lysosomal acidification. Glia 2015; 63:1997-2009. [PMID: 26095880 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient lysosomal degradation is central in the development of various brain disorders, but the underlying mechanisms and the involvement of different cell types remains elusive. We have previously shown that astrocytes effectively engulf dead cells, but then store, rather than degrade the ingested material. In the present study we identify reasons for the slow digestion and ways to accelerate degradation in primary astrocytes. Our results show that actin-rings surround the phagosomes for long periods of time, which physically inhibit the phago-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, astrocytes express high levels of Rab27a, a protein known to reduce the acidity of lysosomes by Nox2 recruitment, in order to preserve antigens for presentation. We found that Nox2 colocalizes with the ingested material, indicating that it may influence antigen processing also in astrocytes, as they express MHC class II. By inducing long-time acidification of astrocytic lysosomes using acidic nanoparticles, we could increase the digestion of astrocyte-ingested, dead cells. The degradation was, however, normalized over time, indicating that inhibitory pathways are up-regulated in response to the enhanced acidification. GLIA 2015;63:1997-2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lööv
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital Ent 85, 2nd Fl., Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Simonsson
- SciLifeLab and Department of Computer Science, Electrical & Space Engineering, Luleå, University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital Ent 85, 2nd Fl., Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Effect of staurosporine in the morphology and viability of cerebellar astrocytes: role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:678371. [PMID: 25215174 PMCID: PMC4151592 DOI: 10.1155/2014/678371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death implies morphological changes that may contribute to the progression of this process. In astrocytes, the mechanisms involving the cytoskeletal changes during cell death are not well explored. Although NADPH oxidase (NOX) has been described as being a critical factor in the production of ROS, not much information is available about the participation of NOX-derived ROS in the cell death of astrocytes and their role in the alterations of the cytoskeleton during the death of astrocytes. In this study, we have evaluated the participation of ROS in the death of cultured cerebellar astrocytes using staurosporine (St) as death inductor. We found that astrocytes express NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4. Also, St induced an early ROS production and NOX activation that participate in the death of astrocytes. These findings suggest that ROS produced by St is generated through NOX1 and NOX4. Finally, we showed that the reorganization of tubulin and actin induced by St is ROS independent and that St did not change the level of expression of these cytoskeletal proteins. We conclude that ROS produced by a NOX is required for cell death in astrocytes, but not for the morphological alterations induced by St.
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Ho KW, Lambert WS, Calkins DJ. Activation of the TRPV1 cation channel contributes to stress-induced astrocyte migration. Glia 2014; 62:1435-51. [PMID: 24838827 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide metabolic, structural, and synaptic support to neurons in normal physiology and also contribute widely to pathogenic processes in response to stress or injury. Reactive astrocytes can undergo cytoskeletal reorganization and increase migration through changes in intracellular Ca(2+) mediated by a variety of potential modulators. Here we tested whether migration of isolated retinal astrocytes following mechanical injury (scratch wound) involves the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel (TRPV1), which contributes to Ca(2+)-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and migration in other systems. Application of the TRPV1-specific antagonists, capsazepine (CPZ) or 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX), slowed migration by as much as 44%, depending on concentration. In contrast, treatment with the TRPV1-specific agonists, capsaicin (CAP) or resiniferatoxin (RTX) produced only a slight acceleration over a range of concentrations. Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA (1 mM) slowed astrocyte migration by 35%. Ratiometric imaging indicated that scratch wound induced a sharp 20% rise in astrocyte Ca(2+) that dissipated with distance from the wound. Treatment with IRTX both slowed and dramatically reduced the scratch-induced Ca(2+) increase. Both CPZ and IRTX influenced astrocyte cytoskeletal organization, especially near the wound edge. Taken together, our results indicate that astrocyte mobilization in response to mechanical stress involves influx of extracellular Ca(2+) and cytoskeletal changes in part mediated by TRPV1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Ho
- Vanderbilt Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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18
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Augustine C, Cepinskas G, Fraser DD. Traumatic injury elicits JNK-mediated human astrocyte retraction in vitro. Neuroscience 2014; 274:1-10. [PMID: 24838066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain injury causes dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is comprised of perivascular astrocytes whose end-feet ensheath brain microvascular endothelial cells. We investigated trauma-induced morphological changes of human astrocytes (HA) and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) in vitro, including the potential role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-transduction pathways. HA or hCMEC/D3 were grown on flexible culture membranes and subjected to single traumatic injury normalized to 20%, 30% or 55% membrane deformation. Cells were assayed for morphological changes (i.e. retraction) and MAPK phosphorylation and/or expression (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and p38). HA retraction was rapidly elicited with a single traumatic injury (55% membrane deformation; p<0.01). Morphological recovery of HA was observed within 2h (p<0.05). Traumatic injuries increased phospho-JNK1/2 (p<0.05) in HA, indicating MAPK activation. Pre-treatment of HA with structurally distinct JNK inhibitors (25μM), either SP600125 or SU3327, reduced JNK phosphorylation (p<0.05) and trauma-induced HA retraction (P<0.05). In contrast to HA, traumatic injury failed to induce either morphological changes or MAPK activation in hCMEC/D3. In summary, traumatic injury induces JNK-mediated HA retraction in vitro, while sparing morphological changes in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Astrocyte retraction from microvascular endothelial cells in vivo may occur after brain trauma, resulting in cellular uncoupling and BBB dysfunction. JNK may represent a potential therapeutic target for traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Augustine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Center for Critical Illness Research, London, ON, Canada
| | - G Cepinskas
- Center for Critical Illness Research, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - D D Fraser
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Center for Critical Illness Research, London, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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19
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Sun GY, Chuang DY, Zong Y, Jiang J, Lee JCM, Gu Z, Simonyi A. Role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in oxidative and inflammatory signaling pathways in different cell types in the central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:6-14. [PMID: 24573693 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are important enzymes for the metabolism of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. Among the three major classes of PLA(2)s in the mammalian system, the group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA(2) alpha (cPLA(2)α) has received the most attention because it is widely expressed in nearly all mammalian cells and its active participation in cell metabolism. Besides Ca(2+) binding to its C2 domain, this enzyme can undergo a number of cell-specific post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation by protein kinases, S-nitrosylation through interaction with nitric oxide (NO), as well as interaction with other proteins and lipid molecules. Hydrolysis of phospholipids by cPLA(2) yields two important lipid mediators, arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids. While AA is known to serve as a substrate for cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, which are enzymes for the synthesis of eicosanoids and leukotrienes, lysophospholipids are known to possess detergent-like properties capable of altering microdomains of cell membranes. An important feature of cPLA(2) is its link to cell surface receptors that stimulate signaling pathways associated with activation of protein kinases and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the central nervous system (CNS), cPLA(2) activation has been implicated in neuronal excitation, synaptic secretion, apoptosis, cell-cell interaction, cognitive and behavioral function, oxidative-nitrosative stress, and inflammatory responses that underline the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the types of extracellular agonists that target intracellular signaling pathways leading to cPLA(2) activation among different cell types and under different physiological and pathological conditions have not been investigated in detail. In this review, special emphasis is given to metabolic events linking cPLA(2) to activation in neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, and cerebrovascular cells. Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) for regulation of this enzyme is deemed important in the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA,
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20
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Du X, Li H, Wang Z, Qiu S, Liu Q, Ni J. Selenoprotein P and selenoprotein M block Zn2+ -mediated Aβ42 aggregation and toxicity. Metallomics 2014; 5:861-70. [PMID: 23652332 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and cytotoxicity of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide with transition metal ions in neuronal cells have been suggested to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A therapeutic strategy to combat this incurable disease is to design chemical agents to target metal-Aβ species. Selenoproteins are a group of special proteins that contain the 21st amino acid Sec in their sequence. Due to the presence of Sec, studies of this group of proteins are basically focused on their roles in regulating redox potential and scavenging reactive oxygen species. Here, we reported that the His-rich domain of selenoprotein P (SelP-H) and the Sec-to-Cys mutant selenoprotein M (SelM') are capable of binding transition metal ions and modulating the Zn(2+)-mediated Aβ aggregation, ROS production and neurotoxicity. SelM' (U48C) and SelP-H were found to coordinate 0.5 and 2 molar equivalents of Zn(2+)/Cd(2+) with micromolar and submicromolar affinities, respectively. Metal binding induced the structural changes in SelP-H and SelM' according to the circular dichorism spectra. Zn(2+) binding to Aβ42 almost completely suppressed Aβ42 fibrillization, which could be significantly restored by SelP-H and SelM', as observed by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, both SelP-H and SelM' inhibited Zn(2+)-Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity and the intracellular ROS production in living cells. These studies suggest that SelP and SelM may play certain roles in regulating redox balance as well as metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubo Du
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Du X, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Li H, Ni J, Liu Q. Inhibitory Effect of Selenoprotein P on Cu+/Cu2+-Induced Aβ42 Aggregation and Toxicity. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1672-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4028282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiubo Du
- Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College
of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Youbiao Zheng
- Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiping Li
- College
of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College
of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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22
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Electroacupuncture Attenuates Reference Memory Impairment Associated with Astrocytic NDRG2 Suppression in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:305-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Sheng WS, Hu S, Feng A, Rock RB. Reactive oxygen species from human astrocytes induced functional impairment and oxidative damage. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2148-59. [PMID: 23918204 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be a contributor to aging and disease. ROS also serve as a trigger switch for signaling cascades leading to corresponding cellular and molecular events. In the central nervous system (CNS), microglial cells are likely the main source of ROS production. However, activated astrocytes also appear to be capable of generating ROS. In this study we investigated ROS production in human astrocytes stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β and interferon (IFN)-γ and its potential harmful effects. Although IFN-γ alone had no effect, it potentiated IL-1β-induced ROS production in a time-dependent manner. One of the sources of ROS in IL-1β-activated astrocytes was from increased superoxide production in mitochondria accompanied by enhanced manganese superoxide dismutase and inhibited catalase expression. NADPH oxidase (NOX) may also contribute to ROS production as astrocytes express NOX isoforms. Glutamate uptake, which represents one of the most important methods of astrocytes to prevent excitotoxicity, was down-regulated in IL-1β-activated astrocytes, and was further suppressed in the presence of IFN-γ; IFN-γ itself exerted minimal effect. Elevated levels of 8-isoprostane in IL-1β ± IFN-γ-activated human astrocytes indicate downstream lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment with diphenyleneiodonium abolished the IL-1β ± IFN-γ-induced ROS production, restored glutamate uptake function and reduced 8-isoprostane to near control levels suggesting that ROS contributes to the dysfunction of activated astrocytes. These results support the notion that dampening activated human astrocytes to maintain the redox homeostasis is vital to preserve their neuroprotective potential in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen S Sheng
- Department of Medicine, The Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Translational Research (CIDMTR), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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24
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Lelli A, Gervais A, Colin C, Chéret C, de Almodovar CR, Carmeliet P, Krause KH, Boillée S, Mallat M. The NADPH oxidase Nox2 regulates VEGFR1/CSF-1R-mediated microglial chemotaxis and promotes early postnatal infiltration of phagocytes in the subventricular zone of the mouse cerebral cortex. Glia 2013; 61:1542-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and the Neurovascular Link, The Vesalius Research Center; VIB and K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuiberg; B3000-Leuven; Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and the Neurovascular Link, The Vesalius Research Center; VIB and K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuiberg; B3000-Leuven; Belgium
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; University of Geneva, Centre Medical Universitaire; CH-1211 Geneva 4; Switzerland
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25
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Role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH-oxidase in the development of rat cerebellum. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:998-1011. [PMID: 23535068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could participate in the regulation of some physiological conditions. In the nervous system, ROS have been suggested to act as signaling molecules involved in several developmental processes including cell differentiation, proliferation and programmed of cell death. Although ROS can be generated by several sources, it has been suggested that NADPH oxidase (NOX) could be critical in the production of ROS acting as a signal in some of these events. It has been reported that ROS production by NOX enzymes participate in neuronal maturation and differentiation during brain development. In the present study, we found that during rat cerebellar development there was a differential ROS generation at different ages and areas of the cerebellum. We also found a differential expression of NOX homologues during rat cerebellar development. When we treated developing rats with an antioxidant or with apocynin, an inhibitor of NOX, we found a marked decrease of the ROS levels in all the cerebellar layers at all the ages tested. Both treatments also induced a significant change in the cerebellar foliation as well as an alteration in motor behavior. These results suggest that both ROS and NOX have a critical role during cerebellar development.
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27
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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28
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Askarova S, Yang X, Sheng W, Sun GY, Lee JCM. Role of Aβ-receptor for advanced glycation endproducts interaction in oxidative stress and cytosolic phospholipase A₂ activation in astrocytes and cerebral endothelial cells. Neuroscience 2011; 199:375-85. [PMID: 21978883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunctions have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) and astrocytes are the main cell components of the BBB. Although amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ₄₂) have been reported to mediate oxidative damage to the CECs and astrocytes and trigger the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, the cell surface binding site for Aβ₄₂ and exact sequence of these events have yet to be elucidated. In this study, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) was postulated to function as a signal transducing cell surface receptor for Aβ₄₂ to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from NADPH oxidase and trigger downstream pathways for the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂). We found that Aβ₄₂ competed with the anti-RAGE antibody (Ab(RAGE)) to bind to RAGE on the surfaces of CECs and primary astrocytes. In addition, Ab(RAGE) abrogate Aβ₄₂-induced ROS production and the colocalization between the cytosolic (p47-phox) and membrane (gp91-phox) subunits of NADPH oxidase in both cell types. Ab(RAGE) as well as NADPH oxidase inhibitor and ROS scavenger suppressed Aβ₄₂-induced ERK1/2 and cPLA₂ phosphorylation in CECs. At the same time, only Ab(RAGE), but neither NADPH oxidase inhibitor nor ROS scavenger, inhibited the ERK1/2 pathway and cPLA₂ phosphorylation in primary astrocytes. Therefore, this study demonstrates that NADPH oxidase complex assembly and ROS production are not required for Aβ₄₂ binding to RAGE at astrocytic surface leading to sequential phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cPLA₂, and suggests the presence of two different RAGE-dependent downstream pathways in the CECs and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Askarova
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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29
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Sun A, Wang Q, Simonyi A, Sun G. Botanical Phenolics and Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Askarova S, Yang X, Lee JCM. Impacts of membrane biophysics in Alzheimer's disease: from amyloid precursor protein processing to aβ Peptide-induced membrane changes. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:134971. [PMID: 21547213 PMCID: PMC3087431 DOI: 10.4061/2011/134971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence supports the notion that cytotoxic effects of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), are strongly associated with its ability to interact with membranes of neurons and other cerebral cells. Aβ is derived from amyloidogenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretase. In the nonamyloidogenic pathway, AβPP is cleaved by α-secretases. These two pathways compete with each other, and enhancing the non-amyloidogenic pathway has been suggested as a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of AD. Since AβPP, α-, β-, and γ-secretases are membrane-associated proteins, AβPP processing and Aβ production can be affected by the membrane composition and properties. There is evidence that membrane composition and properties, in turn, play a critical role in Aβ cytotoxicity associated with its conformational changes and aggregation into oligomers and fibrils. Understanding the mechanisms leading to changes in a membrane's biophysical properties and how they affect AβPP processing and Aβ toxicity should prove to provide new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholpan Askarova
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Skowrońska M, Zielińska M, Albrecht J. Stimulation of natriuretic peptide receptor C attenuates accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthesis in ammonia-treated astrocytes. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1068-76. [PMID: 20854429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress contribute to ammonia-induced astrocytic dysfunction in hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment of cultured astrocytes with 5 mmol/L ammonium chloride ('ammonia') increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the toxic NADPH oxidase reaction product, •O(2)(-). Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), natriuretic peptide C and a selective natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-C ligand, cANP((4-23),) each decreased the total ROS content both in control cells and cells treated with ammonia. However, attenuation of •O(2)(-) accumulation by ANP and cANP((4-23),) was observed in ammonia-treated cells only and the effect of cANP((4-23)) was decreased when the NADPH oxidase-regulatory protein G(iα-2) was blocked with a specific anti-G(iα-2) antibody. Although in contrast to ANP, cANP((4-23)) did not elevate the cGMP content in control astrocytes, it decreased cAMP content and reduced the expression of G(iα-2), the NADPH oxidase-regulatory protein. The results show the presence of functional NPR-C in astrocytes, activation of which (i) attenuates basal ROS production, and (ii) prevents excessive accumulation of the toxic ROS species, •O(2)(-) by ammonia. Ammonia, ANP and cANP((4-23)) added separately, each stimulated formation of NO(x) (nitrates + nitrites) which was associated with up-regulation of the activity [cANP((4-23))] or/and expression (ammonia) of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase. However, the ammonia-induced increase of NO(x) was not augmented by co-addition of ANP, and was reduced to the control level by co-addition of cANP((4-23)) , indicating that activation of NPR-C may also reduce nitrosative stress. Future hepatic encephalopathy therapy might include the use of cANP((4-23)) or other NPR-C agonists to control oxidative/nitrosative stress induced by ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Membrane biophysics and mechanics in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:138-48. [PMID: 20437210 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss, cerebrovascular inflammation, and accumulation of senile plaques in the brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessels. Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has been shown to exert multiple toxic effects to neurons, astrocytes, glial cells, and brain endothelium. Oligomeric Abeta can disturb the structure and function of cell membranes and alter membrane mechanical properties, such as membrane fluidity and molecular order. Much of these effects are attributed to their capability to trigger oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the effects of Abeta on neuronal cells, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells with special emphasis on cell membrane properties and cell functions.
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Sun GY, Shelat PB, Jensen MB, He Y, Sun AY, Simonyi A. Phospholipases A2 and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 12:133-48. [PMID: 19855947 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are known to play multiple roles for maintenance of membrane phospholipid homeostasis and for production of a variety of lipid mediators. Over 20 different types of PLA2s are present in the mammalian cells, and in snake and bee venom. Despite their common function in hydrolyzing fatty acids of phospholipids, they are diversely encoded by a number of genes and express proteins that are regulated by different mechanisms. Recent studies have focused on the group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the group VI calcium-independent iPLA2, and the group II small molecule secretory sPLA2. In the central nervous system (CNS), these PLA2s are distributed among neurons and glial cells. Although the physiological role of these PLA2s in regulating neural cell function has not yet been clearly elucidated, there is increasing evidence for their involvement in receptor signaling and transcriptional pathways that link oxidative events to inflammatory responses that underline many neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies also reveal an important role of cPLA2 in modulating neuronal excitatory functions, sPLA2 in the inflammatory responses, and iPLA2 with childhood neurologic disorders associated with brain iron accumulation. The goal for this review is to better understand the structure and function of these PLA2s and to highlight specific types of PLA2s and their cross-talk mechanisms in these inflammatory responses under physiological and pathological conditions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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