1
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Gross LZF, Winkel AF, Galceran F, Schulze JO, Fröhner W, Cämmerer S, Zeuzem S, Engel M, Leroux AE, Biondi RM. Molecular insights into the regulatory landscape of PKC-related kinase-2 (PRK2/PKN2) using targeted small compounds. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107550. [PMID: 39002682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The PKC-related kinases (PRKs, also termed PKNs) are important in cell migration, cancer, hepatitis C infection, and nutrient sensing. They belong to a group of protein kinases called AGC kinases that share common features like a C-terminal extension to the catalytic domain comprising a hydrophobic motif. PRKs are regulated by N-terminal domains, a pseudosubstrate sequence, Rho-binding domains, and a C2 domain involved in inhibition and dimerization, while Rho and lipids are activators. We investigated the allosteric regulation of PRK2 and its interaction with its upstream kinase PDK1 using a chemical biology approach. We confirmed the phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1)-interacting fragment (PIF)-mediated docking interaction of PRK2 with PDK1 and showed that this interaction can be modulated allosterically. We showed that the polypeptide PIFtide and a small compound binding to the PIF-pocket of PRK2 were allosteric activators, by displacing the pseudosubstrate PKL region from the active site. In addition, a small compound binding to the PIF-pocket allosterically inhibited the catalytic activity of PRK2. Together, we confirmed the docking interaction and allostery between PRK2 and PDK1 and described an allosteric communication between the PIF-pocket and the active site of PRK2, both modulating the conformation of the ATP-binding site and the pseudosubstrate PKL-binding site. Our study highlights the allosteric modulation of the activity and the conformation of PRK2 in addition to the existence of at least two different complexes between PRK2 and its upstream kinase PDK1. Finally, the study highlights the potential for developing allosteric drugs to modulate PRK2 kinase conformations and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika F Winkel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Jörg O Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fröhner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Simon Cämmerer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Engel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo M Biondi
- IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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2
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Lin JLJ, Yuan HS. Lipid-Binding Regions within PKC-Related Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) Required for Its Regulation. Biochemistry 2024; 63:743-753. [PMID: 38441874 PMCID: PMC10956426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PKC-related serine/threonine protein kinase N1 (PKN1) is a protease/lipid-activated protein kinase that acts downstream of the RhoA and Rac1 pathways. PKN1 comprises unique regulatory, hinge region, and PKC homologous catalytic domains. The regulatory domain harbors two homologous regions, i.e., HR1 and C2-like. HR1 consists of three heptad repeats (HR1a, HR1b, and HR1c), with PKN1-(HR1a) hosting an amphipathic high-affinity cardiolipin-binding site for phospholipid interactions. Cardiolipin and C18:1 oleic acid are the most potent lipid activators of PKN1. PKN1-(C2) contains a pseudosubstrate sequence overlapping that of C20:4 arachidonic acid. However, the cardiolipin-binding site(s) within PKN1-(C2) and the respective binding properties remain unclear. Herein, we reveal (i) that the primary PKN1-(C2) sequence contains conserved amphipathic cardiolipin-binding motif(s); (ii) that trimeric PKN1-(C2) predominantly adopts a β-stranded conformation; (iii) that two distinct types of cardiolipin (or phosphatidic acid) binding occur, with the hydrophobic component playing a key role at higher salt levels; (iv) the multiplicity of C18 fatty acid binding to PKN1-(C2); and (v) the relevance of our lipid-binding parameters for PKN1-(C2) in terms of kinetic parameters previously determined for the full-length PKN1 enzyme. Thus, our discoveries create opportunities to design specific mammalian cell inhibitors that disrupt the localization of membrane-associated PKN1 signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. J. Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hanna S. Yuan
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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3
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PKN2 deficiency leads both to prenatal congenital cardiomyopathy and defective angiotensin II stress responses. Biochem J 2022; 479:1467-1486. [PMID: 35730579 PMCID: PMC9342899 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase PKN2 is required for embryonic development and PKN2 knockout mice die as a result of failure in the expansion of mesoderm, cardiac development and neural tube closure. In the adult, cardiomyocyte PKN2 and PKN1 (in combination) are required for cardiac adaptation to pressure-overload. The specific role of PKN2 in contractile cardiomyocytes during development and its role in the adult heart remain to be fully established. We used mice with cardiomyocyte-directed knockout of PKN2 or global PKN2 haploinsufficiency to assess cardiac development and function using high resolution episcopic microscopy, MRI, micro-CT and echocardiography. Biochemical and histological changes were also assessed. Cardiomyocyte-directed PKN2 knockout embryos displayed striking abnormalities in the compact myocardium, with frequent myocardial clefts and diverticula, ventricular septal defects and abnormal heart shape. The sub-Mendelian homozygous knockout survivors developed cardiac failure. RNASeq data showed up-regulation of PKN2 in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting an involvement in adult heart disease. Given the rarity of homozygous survivors with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of PKN2, the requirement for PKN2 in adult mice was explored using the constitutive heterozygous PKN2 knockout. Cardiac hypertrophy resulting from hypertension induced by angiotensin II was reduced in these haploinsufficient PKN2 mice relative to wild-type littermates, with suppression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. It is concluded that cardiomyocyte PKN2 is essential for heart development and the formation of compact myocardium and is also required for cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension. Thus, PKN signalling may offer therapeutic options for managing congenital and adult heart diseases.
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4
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Asquith CRM, Temme L, East MP, Laitinen T, Pickett J, Kwarcinski FE, Sinha P, Wells CI, Johnson GL, Zutshi R, Drewry DH. Identification of 4-anilino-quin(az)oline as a cell active Protein Kinase Novel 3 (PKN3) inhibitor chemotype. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200161. [PMID: 35403825 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deep annotation of a library of 4-anilinoquinolines led to the identification of 7-iodo- N -(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)quinolin-4-amine 16 as a potent inhibitor (IC 50 = 14 nM) of Protein Kinase Novel 3 (PKN3) with micromolar activity in cells. Compound 16 is a potential tool compound to study the cell biology of PKN3 and its role in pancreatic and prostate cancer and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These 4-anilinoquinolines may also be useful tools to uncover the therapeutic potential of PKN3 inhibition in a broad range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louisa Temme
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael P East
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- University of Eastern Finland Faculty of Health Sciences: Ita-Suomen yliopisto Terveystieteiden tiedekunta, School of Pharmacy, FINLAND
| | - Julie Pickett
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Frank E Kwarcinski
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, UNITED STATES
| | - Parvathi Sinha
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, UNITED STATES
| | - Carrow I Wells
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Gary L Johnson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,, UNITED STATES
| | - Reena Zutshi
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC,, UNITED STATES
| | - David H Drewry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
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5
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The structure and function of protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs). Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:217-235. [PMID: 33522581 PMCID: PMC7925014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases, PRK1, PRK2 and PRK3, are effectors for the Rho family small G proteins. An array of studies have linked these kinases to multiple signalling pathways and physiological roles, but while PRK1 is relatively well-characterized, the entire PRK family remains understudied. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the structure and function of PRKs and describe the molecular events that govern activation and autoregulation of catalytic activity, including phosphorylation, protein interactions and lipid binding. We begin with a structural description of the regulatory and catalytic domains, which facilitates the understanding of their regulation in molecular detail. We then examine their diverse physiological roles in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, chromatin remodelling, androgen receptor signalling, cell cycle regulation, the immune response, glucose metabolism and development, highlighting isoform redundancy but also isoform specificity. Finally, we consider the involvement of PRKs in pathologies, including cancer, heart disease and bacterial infections. The abundance of PRK-driven pathologies suggests that these enzymes will be good therapeutic targets and we briefly report some of the progress to date.
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6
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PKN1 promotes synapse maturation by inhibiting mGluR-dependent silencing through neuronal glutamate transporter activation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:710. [PMID: 33244074 PMCID: PMC7691520 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activity could cause brain disorders; however, its regulation has not yet been fully understood. Here, we report that protein kinase N1 (PKN1), a protein kinase expressed predominantly in neurons in the brain, normalizes group 1 mGluR function by upregulating a neuronal glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), and supports silent synapse activation. Knocking out PKN1a, the dominant PKN1 subtype in the brain, unmasked abnormal input-nonspecific mGluR-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) silencing in the developing hippocampus. mGluR-LTD was mimicked by inhibiting glutamate transporters in wild-type mice. Knocking out PKN1a decreased hippocampal EAAT3 expression and PKN1 inhibition reduced glutamate uptake through EAAT3. Also, synaptic transmission was immature; there were more silent synapses and fewer spines with shorter postsynaptic densities in PKN1a knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Thus, PKN1 plays a critical role in regulation of synaptic maturation by upregulating EAAT3 expression. Generating mice lacking protein kinase N1 (PKN1), Yasuda et al. find that PKN1 loss leads to abnormal input-nonspecific mGluR-dependent long-term depression. The authors also observe reduced glutamate uptake and immature synaptic transmission, suggesting an important role for PKN1 in synapse maturation.
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7
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Lin JLJ. Characterization of the novel cardiolipin binding regions identified on the protease and lipid activated PKC-related kinase 1. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1473-1486. [PMID: 31125460 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinase 1 (PRK1) or PKN is a protease and lipid activated protein kinase that acted downstream of the RhoA or Rac1 pathway. PRK1 comprises a unique regulatory domain and a PKC homologous kinase domain. The regulatory domain of PRK1 consists of homologous region -1 (HR1) and -2 (HR2). PRK1-(HR1) features a pseudosubstrate motif that overlapped with the putative cardiolipin and known RhoA binding sites. In fact, cardiolipin is the most potent lipid activator for PRK1 in respect of its either auto- or substrate phosphorylation activity. This study was thus aimed to characterize the binding region(s) of cardiolipin that was previously suggested for the regulatory domain of PRK1. The principal findings of this work established (i) PRK1-(HR1) folded into an active conformation where high affinity binding sites (mainly located in HR1a subdomain) were accessible for cardiolipin binding to protect against limited Lys-C digestion, (ii) the binding nature between acidic phospholipids and PRK1 (HR1) involved both polar and nonpolar components consistent with the amphipathic nature of the known cardiolipin-binding motifs, (iii) identification of the molecule masses of the Lys-C fragments of PRK1-(HR1) complexed with cardiolipin molecule, and (iv) appreciable reductions in the secondary structural contents at 222 nm measured by circular dichroism analyses demonstrated the binding of cardiolipin elicited the disruptive effect that was most evident among all phospholipids tested, suggestive of a functional correlation between the extents of helical disruption and PRK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L J Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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8
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Marrocco V, Bogomolovas J, Ehler E, Dos Remedios CG, Yu J, Gao C, Lange S. PKC and PKN in heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:212-226. [PMID: 30742812 PMCID: PMC6408329 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) and closely related protein kinase N (PKN) families of serine/threonine protein kinases play crucial cellular roles. Both kinases belong to the AGC subfamily of protein kinases that also include the cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), protein kinase G (PKG) and the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K). Involvement of PKC family members in heart disease has been well documented over the years, as their activity and levels are mis-regulated in several pathological heart conditions, such as ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the regulation of PKCs and PKNs in different pathological heart conditions and on the influences that PKC/PKN activation has on several physiological processes. In addition, we discuss mechanisms by which PKCs and the closely related PKNs are activated and turned-off in hearts, how they regulate cardiac specific downstream targets and pathways, and how their inhibition by small molecules is explored as new therapeutic target to treat cardiomyopathies and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marrocco
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Research Excellence Centre, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Jiayu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; University of Gothenburg, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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9
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Leroux AE, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. AGC kinases, mechanisms of regulation and innovative drug development. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:1-17. [PMID: 28591657 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The group of AGC kinases consists of 63 evolutionarily related serine/threonine protein kinases comprising PDK1, PKB/Akt, SGK, PKC, PRK/PKN, MSK, RSK, S6K, PKA, PKG, DMPK, MRCK, ROCK, NDR, LATS, CRIK, MAST, GRK, Sgk494, and YANK, while two other families, Aurora and PLK, are the most closely related to the group. Eight of these families are physiologically activated downstream of growth factor signalling, while other AGC kinases are downstream effectors of a wide range of signals. The different AGC kinase families share aspects of their mechanisms of inhibition and activation. In the present review, we update the knowledge of the mechanisms of regulation of different AGC kinases. The conformation of the catalytic domain of many AGC kinases is regulated allosterically through the modulation of the conformation of a regulatory site on the small lobe of the kinase domain, the PIF-pocket. The PIF-pocket acts like an ON-OFF switch in AGC kinases with different modes of regulation, i.e. PDK1, PKB/Akt, LATS and Aurora kinases. In this review, we make emphasis on how the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of regulation can guide the discovery and development of small allosteric modulators. Molecular probes stabilizing the PIF-pocket in the active conformation are activators, while compounds stabilizing the disrupted site are allosteric inhibitors. One challenge for the rational development of allosteric modulators is the lack of complete structural information of the inhibited forms of full-length AGC kinases. On the other hand, we suggest that the available information derived from molecular biology and biochemical studies can already guide screening strategies for the identification of innovative mode of action molecular probes and the development of selective allosteric drugs for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E Leroux
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina.
| | - Jörg O Schulze
- Research Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ricardo M Biondi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina; Research Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Danno S, Kubouchi K, Mehruba M, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Eguchi S, Oka M, Hirashima M, Yasuda H, Mukai H. PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Genes Cells 2017; 22:220-236. [PMID: 28102564 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PKN2, a member of the protein kinase N (PKN) family, has been suggested by in vitro culture cell experiments to bind to Rho/Rac GTPases and contributes to cell-cell contact and cell migration. To unravel the in vivo physiological function of PKN2, we targeted the PKN2 gene. Constitutive disruption of the mouse PKN2 gene resulted in growth retardation and lethality before embryonic day (E) 10.5. PKN2-/- embryo did not undergo axial turning and showed insufficient closure of the neural tube. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from PKN2-/- embryos at E9.5 failed to grow. Cre-mediated ablation of PKN2 in PKN2flox/flox MEFs obtained from E14.5 embryos showed impaired cell proliferation, and cell cycle analysis of these MEFs showed a decrease in S-phase population. Our results show that PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and cell-autonomous proliferation of primary MEFs in culture. Comparison of the PKN2-/- phenotype with the phenotypes of PKN1 and PKN3 knockout strains suggests that PKN2 has distinct nonredundant functions in vivo, despite the structural similarity and evolutionary relationship among the three isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eguchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-8512, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Yasuda
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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11
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Bopp B, Ciglia E, Ouald-Chaib A, Groth G, Gohlke H, Jose J. Design and biological testing of peptidic dimerization inhibitors of human Hsp90 that target the C-terminal domain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1043-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Protein Kinase C-Related Kinase (PKN/PRK). Potential Key-Role for PKN1 in Protection of Hypoxic Neurons. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:213-8. [PMID: 24851086 PMCID: PMC4023452 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131225000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein kinase C-related kinase (PKN/PRK) is a family of three isoenzymes (PKN1, PKN2,
PKN3), which are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and share the same overall domain structure. The Nterminal
region encompasses a conserved repeated domain, termed HR1a-c as well as a HR2/C2 domain. The
serine/threonine kinase domain is found in the C-terminal region of the protein and shows high sequence homology to
other members of the PKC superfamily.
In neurons, PKN1 is the most abundant isoform and has been implicated in a variety of functions including cytoskeletal
organization and neuronal differentiation and its deregulation may contribute to neuropathological processes such as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. We have recently identified a candidate role of PKN1 in the
regulation of neuroprotective processes during hypoxic stress. Our key findings were that: 1) the activity of PKN1 was
significantly increased by hypoxia (1% O2) and neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and purine nucleosides); 2) Neuronal
cells, deficient of PKN1 showed a decrease of cell viability and neurite formation along with a disturbance of the F-actinassociated
cytoskeleton; 3) Purine nucleoside-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia was severely hampered in PKN1
deficient neuronal cells, altogether suggesting a potentially critical role of PKN1 in neuroprotective processes.
This review gives an up-to-date overview of the PKN family with a special focus on the neuroprotective role of PKN1 in
hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Zur Nedden
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Enzyme kinetics and distinct modulation of the protein kinase N family of kinases by lipid activators and small molecule inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20140010. [PMID: 27919031 PMCID: PMC3958129 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PKN (protein kinase N) family of Ser/Thr protein kinases regulates a diverse set of cellular functions, such as cell migration and cytoskeletal organization. Inhibition of tumour PKN activity has been explored as an oncology therapeutic approach, with a PKN3-targeted RNAi (RNA interference)-derived therapeutic agent in Phase I clinical trials. To better understand this important family of kinases, we performed detailed enzymatic characterization, determining the kinetic mechanism and lipid sensitivity of each PKN isoform using full-length enzymes and synthetic peptide substrate. Steady-state kinetic analysis revealed that PKN1–3 follows a sequential ordered Bi–Bi kinetic mechanism, where peptide substrate binding is preceded by ATP binding. This kinetic mechanism was confirmed by additional kinetic studies for product inhibition and affinity of small molecule inhibitors. The known lipid effector, arachidonic acid, increased the catalytic efficiency of each isoform, mainly through an increase in kcat for PKN1 and PKN2, and a decrease in peptide KM for PKN3. In addition, a number of PKN inhibitors with various degrees of isoform selectivity, including potent (Ki<10 nM) and selective PKN3 inhibitors, were identified by testing commercial libraries of small molecule kinase inhibitors. This study provides a kinetic framework and useful chemical probes for understanding PKN biology and the discovery of isoform-selective PKN-targeted inhibitors. We conducted kinetic analysis of the relatively unexplored PKN family and effects of lipids, and identified potent inhibitors with various isoform selectivity. The kinetic mechanism, lipid activators and inhibitors could be useful for understanding PKN biology and developing PKN-targeted therapies.
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Linch M, Riou P, Claus J, Cameron AJ, de Naurois J, Larijani B, Ng T, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Functional implications of assigned, assumed and assembled PKC structures. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:35-41. [PMID: 24450624 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
The empirical derivation of PKC (protein kinase C) domain structures and those modelled by homology or imputed from protein behaviour have been extraordinarily valuable both in the elucidation of PKC pathway mechanisms and in the general lessons that extrapolate to other signalling pathways. For PKC family members, there are many domain/subdomain structures and models, covering all of the known domains, variably present in this family of protein serine/threonine kinases (C1, C2, PB1, HR1, kinase domains). In addition to these structures, there are a limited number of complexes defined, including the structure of the PKCε V3-14-3-3 complex. In the context of structure-driven insights into PKC pathways, there are several broadly applicable principles and mechanisms relevant to the operation of and intervention in signalling pathways. These principles have an impact in unexpected ways, from the regulation of membrane targeting, through strategies for pharmacological intervention, to biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Linch
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Philippe Riou
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Jeroen Claus
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | | | - Julien de Naurois
- ‡Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Banafshe Larijani
- ‡Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Tony Ng
- §Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
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Arencibia JM, Pastor-Flores D, Bauer AF, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. AGC protein kinases: from structural mechanism of regulation to allosteric drug development for the treatment of human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1302-21. [PMID: 23524293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The group of AGC protein kinases includes more than 60 protein kinases in the human genome, classified into 14 families: PDK1, AKT/PKB, SGK, PKA, PKG, PKC, PKN/PRK, RSK, NDR, MAST, YANK, DMPK, GRK and SGK494. This group is also widely represented in other eukaryotes, including causative organisms of human infectious diseases. AGC kinases are involved in diverse cellular functions and are potential targets for the treatment of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, neurological disorders, inflammation and viral infections. Small molecule inhibitors of AGC kinases may also have potential as novel therapeutic approaches against infectious organisms. Fundamental in the regulation of many AGC kinases is a regulatory site termed the "PIF-pocket" that serves as a docking site for substrates of PDK1. This site is also essential to the mechanism of activation of AGC kinases by phosphorylation and is involved in the allosteric regulation of N-terminal domains of several AGC kinases, such as PKN/PRKs and atypical PKCs. In addition, the C-terminal tail and its interaction with the PIF-pocket are involved in the dimerization of the DMPK family of kinases and may explain the molecular mechanism of allosteric activation of GRKs by GPCR substrates. In this review, we briefly introduce the AGC kinases and their known roles in physiology and disease and the discovery of the PIF-pocket as a regulatory site in AGC kinases. Finally, we summarize the current status and future therapeutic potential of small molecules directed to the PIF-pocket; these molecules can allosterically activate or inhibit the kinase as well as act as substrate-selective inhibitors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Arencibia
- Research Group PhosphoSites, Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Bauer AF, Sonzogni S, Meyer L, Zeuzem S, Piiper A, Biondi RM, Neimanis S. Regulation of protein kinase C-related protein kinase 2 (PRK2) by an intermolecular PRK2-PRK2 interaction mediated by Its N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20590-602. [PMID: 22511787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.327437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related protein kinases (PRKs) are effectors of the Rho family of small GTPases and play a role in the development of diseases such as prostate cancer and hepatitis C. Here we examined the mechanism underlying the regulation of PRK2 by its N-terminal region. We show that the N-terminal region of PRK2 prevents the interaction with its upstream kinase, the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), which phosphorylates the activation loop of PRK2. We confirm that the N-terminal region directly inhibits the kinase activity of PRK2. However, in contrast to previous models, our data indicate that this inhibition is mediated in trans through an intermolecular PRK2-PRK2 interaction. Our results also suggest that amino acids 487-501, located in the linker region between the N-terminal domains and the catalytic domain, contribute to the PRK2-PRK2 dimer formation. This dimerization is further supported by other N-terminal domains. Additionally, we provide evidence that the region C-terminal to the catalytic domain intramolecularly activates PRK2. Finally, we discovered that the catalytic domain mediates a cross-talk between the inhibitory N-terminal region and the activating C-terminal region. The results presented here describe a novel mechanism of regulation among AGC kinases and offer new insights into potential approaches to pharmacologically regulate PRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika F Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Research Group PhosphoSites, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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17
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Abstract
The PRKs [protein kinase C-related kinases; also referred to as PKNs (protein kinase Ns)] are a kinase family important in diverse functions including migration and cytokinesis. In the present study, we have re-evaluated and compared the specificity of PKN1 and PKN3 and assessed the predictive value in substrates. We analysed the phosphorylation consensus motif of PKNs using a peptide library approach and demonstrate that both PKN1 and PKN3 phosphorylate serine residues in sequence contexts that have an arginine residue in position -3. In contrast, PKN1 and PKN3 do not tolerate arginine residues in position +1 and -1 respectively. To test the predictive value of this motif, site analysis was performed on the PKN substrate CLIP-170 (cytoplasmic linker protein of 170 kDa); a PKN target site was identified that conformed to the predicted pattern. Using a protein array, we identified 22 further substrates for PKN1, of which 20 were previously undescribed substrates. To evaluate further the recognition signature, the site on one of these hits, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), was identified. This identified Thr⁶⁵⁴ in EGFR as the PKN1 phosphorylation site and this retains an arginine residue at the -3 position. Finally, the constitutive phosphorylation of EGFR on Thr⁶⁵⁴ is shown to be modulated by PKN in vivo.
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Matsuo K, Nishimura T, Hayakawa A, Ono Y, Takahashi M. Involvement of a centrosomal protein kendrin in the maintenance of centrosome cohesion by modulating Nek2A kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:217-23. [PMID: 20599736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome cycle is strictly coordinated with chromosome duplication cycle to ensure the faithful segregation of chromosomes. Centrosome duplication occurs from the beginning of S phase, and the duplicated centrosomes are held together by centrosome cohesion to function as a single microtubule organizing center during interphase. At late G2 phase centrosome cohesion is disassembled by Nek2A kinase-mediated phosphorylation and, as a consequence, centrosomes are split and constitute spindle poles in mitosis. It has been reported that depletion of a centrosomal protein kendrin (also named pericentrin) induces premature centrosome splitting in interphase, however, it remains unknown how kendrin contributes to the maintenance of centrosome cohesion. Here we show that kendrin associates with Nek2A kinase, which exhibits considerably low activity. Nek2A kinase activity is inhibited in vitro by addition of the Nek2A-binding region of kendrin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the same region decreases the number of the cells with split centrosomes at late G2 phase. Taken together, these results suggest that kendrin anchors Nek2A and suppresses its kinase activity at the centrosomes, and thus, is involved in the mechanism to prevent premature centrosome splitting during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Ulke-Lemée A, MacDonald JA. Opportunities to Target Specific Contractile Abnormalities with Smooth Muscle Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1739-1760. [PMID: 27713327 PMCID: PMC4033950 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is a major component of most hollow organ systems (e.g., airways, vasculature, bladder and gut/gastrointestine); therefore, the coordinated regulation of contraction is a key property of smooth muscle. When smooth muscle functions normally, it contributes to general health and wellness, but its dysfunction is associated with morbidity and mortality. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is central to calcium-independent, actomyosin-mediated contractile force generation in the vasculature, thereby playing a role in smooth muscle contraction, cell motility and adhesion. Recent evidence supports an important role for ROCK in the increased vasoconstriction and remodeling observed in various models of hypertension. This review will provide a commentary on the development of specific ROCK inhibitors and their clinical application. Fasudil will be discussed as an example of bench-to-bedside development of a clinical therapeutic that is used to treat conditions of vascular hypercontractility. Due to the wide spectrum of biological processes regulated by ROCK, many additional clinical indications might also benefit from ROCK inhibition. Apart from the importance of ROCK in smooth muscle contraction, a variety of other protein kinases are known to play similar roles in regulating contractile force. The zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) are two well-described regulators of contraction. The relative contribution of each kinase to contraction depends on the muscle bed as well as hormonal and neuronal stimulation. Unfortunately, specific inhibitors for ZIPK and ILK are still in the development phase, but the success of fasudil suggests that inhibitors for these other kinases may also have valuable clinical applications. Notably, the directed inhibition of ZIPK with a pseudosubstrate molecule shows unexpected effects on the contractility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Ulke-Lemée
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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