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Jin S, Wang H, Zhang X, Song M, Liu B, Sun W. Emerging regulatory mechanisms in cardiovascular disease: Ferroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116457. [PMID: 38518600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other types of cell death, is a novel iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides and redox imbalance with distinct morphological, biochemical, and genetic features. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis, the disruption of antioxidative stress pathways and lipid peroxidation are crucial in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and heart failure. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases will enhance the prevention and treatment of these diseases. This review discusses the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulation in cardiovascular diseases, the application of ferroptosis modulators in cardiovascular diseases, and the role of traditional Chinese medicines in ferroptosis regulation to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and identify new prevention and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Mengyang Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4026 YaTai Street, Changchun 130041, China.
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2
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Hider RC, Pourzand C, Ma Y, Cilibrizzi A. Optical Imaging Opportunities to Inspect the Nature of Cytosolic Iron Pools. Molecules 2023; 28:6467. [PMID: 37764245 PMCID: PMC10537325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of intracellular labile iron pools (LIPs) is described. By virtue of the kinetic lability of these pools, it is suggested that the isolation of such species by chromatography methods will not be possible, but rather mass spectrometric techniques should be adopted. Iron-sensitive fluorescent probes, which have been developed for the detection and quantification of LIP, are described, including those specifically designed to monitor cytosolic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal LIPs. The potential of near-infrared (NIR) probes for in vivo monitoring of LIP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Charles Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Institute of Advanced Studies, School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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3
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Rossatti P, Redpath GMI, Ziegler L, Samson GPB, Clamagirand CD, Legler DF, Rossy J. Rapid increase in transferrin receptor recycling promotes adhesion during T cell activation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 36002835 PMCID: PMC9400314 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell activation leads to increased expression of the receptor for the iron transporter transferrin (TfR) to provide iron required for the cell differentiation and clonal expansion that takes place during the days after encounter with a cognate antigen. However, T cells mobilise TfR to their surface within minutes after activation, although the reason and mechanism driving this process remain unclear. Results Here we show that T cells transiently increase endocytic uptake and recycling of TfR upon activation, thereby boosting their capacity to import iron. We demonstrate that increased TfR recycling is powered by a fast endocytic sorting pathway relying on the membrane proteins flotillins, Rab5- and Rab11a-positive endosomes. Our data further reveal that iron import is required for a non-canonical signalling pathway involving the kinases Zap70 and PAK, which controls adhesion of the integrin LFA-1 and eventually leads to conjugation with antigen-presenting cells. Conclusions Altogether, our data suggest that T cells boost their iron importing capacity immediately upon activation to promote adhesion to antigen-presenting cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Gregory M I Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luca Ziegler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Guerric P B Samson
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Camille D Clamagirand
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
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Silva FT, Espósito BP. Intracellular Iron Binding and Antioxidant Activity of Phytochelators. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3910-3918. [PMID: 34648123 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelators have been studied as templates for designing new drugs for chelation therapy. This work evaluated key chemical and biological properties of five candidate phytochelators for iron overload diseases: maltol, mimosine, morin, tropolone, and esculetin. Intra- and extracellular iron affinity and antioxidant activity, as well as the ability to scavenge iron from holo-transferrin, were studied in physiologically relevant settings. Tropolone and mimosine (and, to a lesser extent, maltol) presented good binding capacity for iron, removing it from calcein, a high-affinity fluorescent probe. Tropolone and mimosine arrested iron-mediated oxidation of ascorbate with the same efficiency as the standard iron chelator DFO. Also, both were cell permeant and able to access labile pools of iron in HeLa and HepG2 cells. Mimosine was an effective antioxidant in cells stressed by iron and peroxide, being as efficient as the cell-permeant iron chelator deferiprone. These results reinforce the potential of those molecules, especially mimosine, as adjuvants in treatments for iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredson Torres Silva
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Pannia Espósito
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Ling Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Guan F, Qi X, Dong W, Liu M, Ma J, Jiang X, Gao K, Li J, Chen W, Gao S, Gao X, Pan S, Wang J, Ma Y, Lu D, Zhang L. Myocardium-specific Isca1 knockout causes iron metabolism disorder and myocardial oncosis in rat. Life Sci 2022; 297:120485. [PMID: 35304126 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction (MMD) can lead to complex damage of mitochondrial structure and function, which then lead to the serious damage of various metabolic pathways including cerebral abnormalities. However, the effects of MMD on heart, a highly mitochondria-dependent tissue, are still unclear. In this study, we use iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 (Isca1), which has been shown to cause MMD syndromes type 5 (MMDS5), to verify the above scientific question. MAIN METHODS We generated myocardium-specific Isca1 knockout rat (Isca1flox/flox/α-MHC-Cre) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histopathological examinations and molecular markers detection demonstrated phenotypic characteristics of our model. Immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-location, mitochondrial activity, ATP generation and iron ions detection were used to verify the molecular mechanism. KEY FINDINGS This study was the first to verify the effects of Isca1 deficiency on cardiac development in vivo, that is cardiomyocytes suffer from mitochondria damage and iron metabolism disorder, which leads to myocardial oncosis and eventually heart failure and body death in rat. Furthermore, forward and reverse validation experiments demonstrated that six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 (STEAP3), a new interacting molecule for ISCA1, plays an important role in iron metabolism and energy generation impairment induced by ISCA1 deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE This result provides theoretical basis for understanding of MMDS pathogenesis, especially on heart development and the pathological process of heart diseases, and finally provides new clues for searching clinical therapeutic targets of MMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Ling
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Pan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China.
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China; National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing, China.
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6
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Gonçalves HMR, Tavares IS, Neves SAF, Fontes R, Duarte AJ. Turn-on, photostable, nontoxic and specific, iron(II) sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120380. [PMID: 34562863 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pressing need to develop a specific analytical sensor that can identify and quantify Fe(II) without a cytotoxic response was the major motivation drive in this work. The turn-on fluorescent sensor here described can successfully detect Fe(II) and discriminate this ion from other analytes that commonly act as interferents in biological media. Moreover, this reduced fluoresceinamine-based sensor has a high photostability and high dissociation constant, which is an indication that the complex obtained between reduced fluoresceinamine (RFL) and Fe(II) is highly stable. This fluorescence-based sensor has a binding mechanism of 1:1 and a positive cooperativity was found between analyte and sensor. The detection, quantification and sensitivity parameters of the sensor were determined: 21.6 ± 0.1 μM; 65.6 ± 0.1 μM and 48 ± 3 (×107) μM, respectively. To evaluate a possible cytotoxicity effect an erythrocyte assay was performed and the obtained data were evaluated considering CdTe Quantum Dots (QDs) passivated with mercaptoacetic acid has experimental control. According to the resulting data RFL is not cytotoxic even when used in high concentrations, 660 mM. On the other hand QDs are quite different. Indeed it was proven that these heavy metal-based nanoparticles are responsible for 40% erytrocytes hemolysis in concentrations of 600 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel S Tavares
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana A F Neves
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fontes
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Abel J Duarte
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Dietz JV, Fox JL, Khalimonchuk O. Down the Iron Path: Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092198. [PMID: 34571846 PMCID: PMC8468894 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis and mitochondrial iron homeostasis are interdependent. Mitochondria must import iron to form iron–sulfur clusters and heme, and to incorporate these cofactors along with iron ions into mitochondrial proteins that support essential functions, including cellular respiration. In turn, mitochondria supply the cell with heme and enable the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear proteins containing iron–sulfur clusters. Impairment in cellular or mitochondrial iron homeostasis is deleterious and can result in numerous human diseases. Due to its reactivity, iron is stored and trafficked through the body, intracellularly, and within mitochondria via carefully orchestrated processes. Here, we focus on describing the processes of and components involved in mitochondrial iron trafficking and storage, as well as mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis and heme biosynthesis. Recent findings and the most pressing topics for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V. Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA;
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Gao J, Zhou Q, Wu D, Chen L. Mitochondrial iron metabolism and its role in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 513:6-12. [PMID: 33309797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most important elements for life, but excess iron is toxic. Intracellularly, mitochondria are the center of iron utilization requiring sufficient amounts to maintain normal physiologic function. Accordingly, disruption of iron homeostasis could seriously impact mitochondrial function leading to impaired energy state and potential disease development. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of iron metabolism including transport, processing, heme synthesis, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and storage. We highlight the vital role of mitochondrial iron in pathologic states including neurodegenerative disorders and sideroblastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Gao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qionglin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Shaoguan, Shaoguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shaoguan 512000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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9
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Espósito BP, Martins AC, de Carvalho RRV, Aschner M. High throughput fluorimetric assessment of iron traffic and chelation in iron-overloaded Caenorhabditis elegans. Biometals 2020; 33:255-267. [PMID: 32979113 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a convenient tool to evaluate iron metabolism as it shares great orthology with human proteins involved in iron transport, in addition to being transparent and readily available. In this work, we describe how wild-type (N2) C. elegans nematodes in the first larval stage can be loaded with acetomethoxycalcein (CAL-AM) and study it as a whole-organism model for both iron speciation and chelator permeability of the labile iron pool (LIP). This model may be relevant for high throughput assessment of molecules intended for chelation therapy of iron overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Pannia Espósito
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Airton Cunha Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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10
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Sousa L, Oliveira MM, Pessôa MTC, Barbosa LA. Iron overload: Effects on cellular biochemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 504:180-189. [PMID: 31790701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for human life. However, it is a pro-oxidant agent capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide. An iron overload can cause cellular changes, such as damage to the plasma membrane leading to cell death. Effects of iron overload in cellular biochemical processes include modulating membrane enzymes, such as the Na, K-ATPase, impairing the ionic transport and inducing irreversible damage to cellular homeostasis. To avoid such damage, cells have an antioxidant system that acts in an integrated manner to prevent oxidative stress. In addition, the cells contain proteins responsible for iron transport and storage, preventing its reaction with other substances during absorption. Moreover, iron is associated with cellular events coordinated by iron-responsive proteins (IRPs) that regulate several cellular functions, including a process of cell death called ferroptosis. This review will address the biochemical aspects of iron overload at the cellular level and its effects on important cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilismara Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio C Pessôa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Iron Supply via NCOA4-Mediated Ferritin Degradation Maintains Mitochondrial Functions. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00010-19. [PMID: 31061094 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00010-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for mitochondrial metabolic processes, including mitochondrial respiration. Ferritin complexes store excess iron and protect cells from iron toxicity. Therefore, iron stored in the ferritin complex might be utilized under iron-depleted conditions. In this study, we show that the inhibition of lysosome-dependent protein degradation by bafilomycin A1 and the knockdown of NCOA4, an autophagic receptor for ferritin, reduced mitochondrial respiration, respiratory chain complex assembly, and membrane potential under iron-sufficient conditions. However, autophagy did not contribute to degradation of the ferritin complex under iron-sufficient conditions. Knockout of the ferritin light chain, a subunit of the ferritin complex, inhibited ferritin degradation by decreasing interactions with NCOA4. However, ferritin light chain knockout did not affect mitochondrial functions under iron-sufficient conditions, and ferritin light chain knockout cells showed a rapid reduction of mitochondrial functions compared with wild-type cells under iron-depleted conditions. These results indicate that the constitutive degradation of the ferritin complex contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial functions.
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12
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Antioxidant activity and cellular uptake of the hydroxamate-based fungal iron chelators pyridoxatin, desferriastechrome and desferricoprogen. Biometals 2019; 32:707-715. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shvartsman M, Bilican S, Lancrin C. Iron deficiency disrupts embryonic haematopoiesis but not the endothelial to haematopoietic transition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6414. [PMID: 31015568 PMCID: PMC6478831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore how cellular iron status affects embryonic haematopoiesis. For this purpose, we used a model of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation into embryonic haematopoietic progenitors. We modulated the iron status by adding either the iron chelator Deferoxamine (DFO) for iron deficiency, or ferric ammonium citrate for iron excess, and followed the emergence of developing haematopoietic progenitors. Interestingly, we found that iron deficiency did not block the endothelial to haematopoietic transition, the first step of haematopoiesis. However, it did reduce the proliferation, survival and clonogenic capacity of haematopoietic progenitors. Surprisingly, iron deficiency affected erythro-myeloid progenitors significantly more than the primitive erythroid ones. Erythro-myeloid progenitors expressed less transferrin-receptor on the cell surface and had less labile iron compared to primitive erythroid progenitors, which could reduce their capacity to compete for scarce iron and survive iron deficiency. In conclusion, we show that iron deficiency could disturb haematopoiesis at an early embryonic stage by compromising more severely the survival, proliferation and differentiation of definitive haematopoietic progenitors compared to restricted erythroid progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shvartsman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy.
| | - Saygın Bilican
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Christophe Lancrin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy.
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Sihn LM, de Melo FM, Toma HE, Serrano SHP, Espósito BP. A new ferrous diflunisal complex and its effects on biopools of labile iron. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 51:65-72. [PMID: 30466940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs bearing metal-coordinating moieties can alter biological metal distribution. In this work, a complex between iron(II) and diflunisal was prepared in the solid state, exhibiting the following composition: [Fe(diflunisal)2(H2O)2], (Fe(dif)2). The ability of diflunisal to alter labile pools of both plasmatic and cellular iron was investigated in this work. We found out that diflunisal does not increase the levels of redox-active iron in plasma of iron overloaded patients. However, diflunisal efficiently carries iron into HeLa or HepG2 cells, inducing an iron-catalyzed oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Helena Pires Serrano
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Bioelectroanalytical Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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15
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Ma Y, Okazaki Y, Glass J. A fluorescent metal-sensor study provides evidence for iron transport by transcytosis in the intestinal epithelial cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 62:49-55. [PMID: 29362518 PMCID: PMC5773836 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron transport across the intestinal epithelium is facilitated by the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) on the brush border membrane (BBM). The fluorescent metal sensor calcein, which is hydrophilic, membrane-impermeable and quenched by chelation with iron, was used to test our hypothesis that intestinal iron absorption is through the endocytic processes and is involved in a pathway where BBM-derived vesicles fuse with basolateral membrane (BLM)-derived vesicles. To monitor the flux of iron via transcytosis, Caco-2 cells were employed as a polarized cell layer in Transwell chambers. When calcein was added to the basal chamber along with apo-transferrin (apo-Tf), calcein rapidly underwent endocytosis and co-localized with apo-Tf. Calcein was quenched by adding an iron-ascorbate complex and then restored by adding 2,2'-dipyridyl into the apical chamber. These results were confirmed by live-cell imaging. When hemin from the apical surface and calcein from the basal chamber were added to the Caco-2 cells, internalization of DMT1 and quenching of calcein were not observed until 2 h later. These results indicated that absorbed hemin required processing before hemin-derived iron was available to BLM-derived vesicles. These studies suggest that iron is transported in Caco-2 cells by transcytosis with apical-derived vesicles that are fused to BLM-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Ma
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Yasumasa Okazaki
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Jonathan Glass
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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16
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Jiang N, Cheng T, Wang M, Chan GCF, Jin L, Li H, Sun H. Tracking iron-associated proteomes in pathogens by a fluorescence approach. Metallomics 2018; 10:77-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The high iron-dependence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major threat to oral health, inspired us to develop a fluorescence approach to mine its iron-associated proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam Road
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Tianfan Cheng
- Discipline of Periodontology
- Faculty of Dentistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Minji Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam Road
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- Hong Kong
| | - Lijian Jin
- Discipline of Periodontology
- Faculty of Dentistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam Road
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam Road
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
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17
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Chen YL, Kong X, Xie Y, Hider RC. The interaction of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) with iron. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 180:194-203. [PMID: 29329026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), two important biologically active chelators, with iron has been investigated by spectrophotometric methods. High iron(III) affinity constants were determined for PIH, logβ2=37.0 and SIH, logβ2=37.6. The associated redox potentials of the iron complexes were determined using cyclic voltammetry at pH7.4 as +130mV (vs normal hydrogen electrode, NHE) for PIH and +136mV(vs NHE) for SIH. These redox potentials are much higher than those corresponding to iron chelators in clinical use, namely deferiprone, -620mV; desferasirox, -600mV and desferrioxamine, -468mV. Although the positive redox potentials of SIH and PIH are similar to that of EDTA, namely +120mV, the iron complexes of these two hydrazone chelators, unlike the iron complex of EDTA, do not redox cycle in the presence of vitamin C. These properties render PIH and SIH as excellent scavengers of iron, under biological conditions. Both SIH and PIH scavenge mononuclear iron(II) and iron(III) rapidly. These fast kinetic properties of the hydrazone-based chelators provide a ready explanation for the adoption of SIH in fluorescence-based methods for the quantification of cytosolic iron(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xiaole Kong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, PR China
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK.
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondria are cellular organelles that perform numerous bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and regulatory functions and play a central role in iron metabolism. Extracellular iron is taken up by cells and transported to the mitochondria, where it is utilized for synthesis of cofactors essential to the function of enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, DNA synthesis and repair, and a variety of other cellular processes. Areas covered: This article reviews the trafficking of iron to the mitochondria and normal mitochondrial iron metabolism, including heme synthesis and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Much of our understanding of mitochondrial iron metabolism has been revealed by pathologies that disrupt normal iron metabolism. These conditions affect not only iron metabolism but mitochondrial function and systemic health. Therefore, this article also discusses these pathologies, including conditions of systemic and mitochondrial iron dysregulation as well as cancer. Literature covering these areas was identified via PubMed searches using keywords: Iron, mitochondria, Heme Synthesis, Iron-sulfur Cluster, and Cancer. References cited by publications retrieved using this search strategy were also consulted. Expert commentary: While much has been learned about mitochondrial and its iron, key questions remain. Developing a better understanding of mitochondrial iron and its regulation will be paramount in developing therapies for syndromes that affect mitochondrial iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibbin T. Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David H. Manz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Frank M. Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Suzy V. Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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Parkinson's Disease: The Mitochondria-Iron Link. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7049108. [PMID: 27293957 PMCID: PMC4886095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7049108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences-mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage-generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation-by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways-is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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20
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Niwa M, Hirayama T, Okuda K, Nagasawa H. A new class of high-contrast Fe(II) selective fluorescent probes based on spirocyclized scaffolds for visualization of intracellular labile iron delivered by transferrin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6590-7. [PMID: 24953684 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00935e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal nutrient that plays physiologically and pathologically important roles in biological systems. However, studies on the trafficking, storage, and functions of iron itself in living samples have remained challenging due to the lack of efficient methods for monitoring labile intracellular iron. Herein, we report a new class of Fe(2+)-selective fluorescent probes based on the spirocyclization of hydroxymethylrhodamine and hydroxymethylrhodol scaffolds controlled by using our recently established N-oxide chemistry as a Fe(2+)-selective switch of fluorescence response. By suppressing the background signal, the spirocyclization strategy improved the turn-on rate dramatically, and reducing the size of the substituents of the N-oxide group enhanced the reaction rate against Fe(2+), compared with the first generation N-oxide based Fe(2+) probe, RhoNox-1. These new probes showed significant enhancements in the fluorescence signal against not only the exogenously loaded Fe(2+) but also the endogenous Fe(2+) levels. Furthermore, we succeeded in monitoring the accumulation of labile iron in the lysosome induced by transferrin-mediated endocytosis with a turn-on fluorescence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Niwa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, Japan.
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21
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Ma Y, Abbate V, Hider RC. Iron-sensitive fluorescent probes: monitoring intracellular iron pools. Metallomics 2015; 7:212-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Chen MP, Cabantchik ZI, Chan S, Chan GCF, Cheung YF. Iron overload and apoptosis of HL-1 cardiomyocytes: effects of calcium channel blockade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112915. [PMID: 25390893 PMCID: PMC4229305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron overload cardiomyopathy that prevails in some forms of hemosiderosis is caused by excessive deposition of iron into the heart tissue and ensuing damage caused by a raise in labile cell iron. The underlying mechanisms of iron uptake into cardiomyocytes in iron overload condition are still under investigation. Both L-type calcium channels (LTCC) and T-type calcium channels (TTCC) have been proposed to be the main portals of non-transferrinic iron into heart cells, but controversies remain. Here, we investigated the roles of LTCC and TTCC as mediators of cardiac iron overload and cellular damage by using specific Calcium channel blockers as potential suppressors of labile Fe(II) and Fe(III) ingress in cultured cardiomyocytes and ensuing apoptosis. Methods Fe(II) and Fe(III) uptake was assessed by exposing HL-1 cardiomyocytes to iron sources and quantitative real-time fluorescence imaging of cytosolic labile iron with the fluorescent iron sensor calcein while iron-induced apoptosis was quantitatively measured by flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V. The role of calcium channels as routes of iron uptake was assessed by cell pretreatment with specific blockers of LTCC and TTCC. Results Iron entered HL-1 cardiomyocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner and induced cardiac apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated caspase-3 dependent pathways. Blockade of LTCC but not of TTCC demonstrably inhibited the uptake of ferric but not of ferrous iron. However, neither channel blocker conferred cardiomyocytes with protection from iron-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Our study implicates LTCC as major mediators of Fe(III) uptake into cardiomyocytes exposed to ferric salts but not necessarily as contributors to ensuing apoptosis. Thus, to the extent that apoptosis can be considered a biological indicator of damage, the etiopathology of cardiosiderotic damage that accompanies some forms of hemosiderosis would seem to be unrelated to LTCC or TTCC, but rather to other routes of iron ingress present in heart cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-pian Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Z. Ioav Cabantchik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shing Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-fung Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (GCFC); (YFC)
| | - Yiu-fai Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (GCFC); (YFC)
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23
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Cabantchik ZI. Labile iron in cells and body fluids: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24659969 PMCID: PMC3952030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In living systems iron appears predominantly associated with proteins, but can also be detected in forms referred as labile iron, which denotes the combined redox properties of iron and its amenability to exchange between ligands, including chelators. The labile cell iron (LCI) composition varies with metal concentration and substances with chelating groups but also with pH and the medium redox potential. Although physiologically in the lower μM range, LCI plays a key role in cell iron economy as cross-roads of metabolic pathways. LCI levels are continually regulated by an iron-responsive machinery that balances iron uptake versus deposition into ferritin. However, LCI rises aberrantly in some cell types due to faulty cell utilization pathways or infiltration by pathological iron forms that are found in hemosiderotic plasma. As LCI attains pathological levels, it can catalyze reactive O species (ROS) formation that, at particular threshold, can surpass cellular anti-oxidant capacities and seriously damage its constituents. While in normal plasma and interstitial fluids, virtually all iron is securely carried by circulating transferrin (Tf; that renders iron essentially non-labile), in systemic iron overload (IO), the total plasma iron binding capacity is often surpassed by a massive iron influx from hyperabsorptive gut or from erythrocyte overburdened spleen and/or liver. As plasma Tf approaches iron saturation, labile plasma iron (LPI) emerges in forms that can infiltrate cells by unregulated routes and raise LCI to toxic levels. Despite the limited knowledge available on LPI speciation in different types and degrees of IO, LPI measurements can be and are in fact used for identifying systemic IO and for initiating/adjusting chelation regimens to attain full-day LPI protection. A recent application of labile iron assay is the detection of labile components in intravenous iron formulations per se as well as in plasma (LPI) following parenteral iron administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Ioav Cabantchik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Cheng CF, Lian WS. Prooxidant mechanisms in iron overload cardiomyopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:740573. [PMID: 24350287 PMCID: PMC3852805 DOI: 10.1155/2013/740573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC), defined as the presence of systolic or diastolic cardiac dysfunction secondary to increased deposition of iron, is emerging as an important cause of heart failure due to the increased incidence of this disorder seen in thalassemic patients and in patients of primary hemochromatosis. At present, although palliative treatment by regular iron chelation was recommended; whereas IOC is still the major cause for mortality in patient with chronic heart failure induced by iron-overloading. Because iron is a prooxidant and the associated mechanism seen in iron-overload heart is still unclear; therefore, we intend to delineate the multiple signaling pathways involved in IOC. These pathways may include organelles such as calcium channels, mitochondria; paracrine effects from both macrophages and fibroblast, and novel mediators such as thromboxane A2 and adiponectin; with increased oxidative stress and inflammation found commonly in these signaling pathways. With further understanding on these complex and inter-related molecular mechanisms, we can propose potential therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the cardiac toxicity induced by iron-overloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Hirayama T, Okuda K, Nagasawa H. A highly selective turn-on fluorescent probe for iron(ii) to visualize labile iron in living cells. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Antimalarial iron chelator, FBS0701, shows asexual and gametocyte Plasmodium falciparum activity and single oral dose cure in a murine malaria model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37171. [PMID: 22629364 PMCID: PMC3357340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelators for the treatment of malaria have proven therapeutic activity in vitro and in vivo in both humans and mice, but their clinical use is limited by the unsuitable absorption and pharmacokinetic properties of the few available iron chelators. FBS0701, (S)3"-(HO)-desazadesferrithiocin-polyether [DADFT-PE], is an oral iron chelator currently in Phase 2 human studies for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The drug has very favorable absorption and pharmacokinetic properties allowing for once-daily use to deplete circulating free iron with human plasma concentrations in the high µM range. Here we show that FBS0701 has inhibition concentration 50% (IC(50)) of 6 µM for Plasmodium falciparum in contrast to the IC(50) for deferiprone and deferoxamine at 15 and 30 µM respectively. In combination, FBS0701 interfered with artemisinin parasite inhibition and was additive with chloroquine or quinine parasite inhibition. FBS0701 killed early stage P. falciparum gametocytes. In the P. berghei Thompson suppression test, a single dose of 100 mg/kg reduced day three parasitemia and prolonged survival, but did not cure mice. Treatment with a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg one day after infection with 10 million lethal P. yoelii 17XL cured all the mice. Pretreatment of mice with a single oral dose of FBS0701 seven days or one day before resulted in the cure of some mice. Plasma exposures and other pharmacokinetics parameters in mice of the 100 mg/kg dose are similar to a 3 mg/kg dose in humans. In conclusion, FBS0701 demonstrates a single oral dose cure of the lethal P. yoelii model. Significantly, this effect persists after the chelator has cleared from plasma. FBS0701 was demonstrated to remove labile iron from erythrocytes as well as enter erythrocytes to chelate iron. FBS0701 may find clinically utility as monotherapy, a malarial prophylactic or, more likely, in combination with other antimalarials.
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Intracellular iron trafficking: role of cytosolic ligands. Biometals 2012; 25:711-23. [PMID: 22350471 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Iron acquired by cells is delivered to mitochondria for metabolic processing via pathways comprising undefined chemical forms. In order to assess cytosolic factors that affect those iron delivery pathways, we relied on microscopy and flow-cytometry for monitoring iron traffic in: (a) K562 erythroleukemia cells labeled with fluorescent metal-sensors targeted to either cytosol or mitochondria and responsive to changes in labile iron and (b) permeabilized cells that retained metabolically active mitochondria accessible to test substrates. Iron supplied to intact cells as transferrin-Fe(III) or Fe(II)-salts evoked concurrent metal ingress to cytosol and mitochondria. With either supplementation modality, iron ingress into cytosol was mostly absorbed by preloaded chelators, but ingress into mitochondria was fully inhibited only by some chelators, indicating different cytosol-to-mitochondria delivery mechanisms. Iron ingress into cytosol or mitochondria were essentially unaffected by depletion of cytosolic iron ligands like glutathione or the hypothesized 2,5 dihydroxybenzoate (2,5-DHBA) siderophore/chaperone. These ligands also failed to affect mitochondrial iron ingress in permeabilized K562 cells suspended in cytosol-simulating medium. In such medium, mitochondrial iron uptake was >6-eightfold higher for Fe(II) versus Fe(III), showed saturable properties and submicromolar K(1/2) corresponding to cytosolic labile iron levels. When measured in iron(II)-containing media, ligands like AMP, ADP or ATP, did not affect mitochondrial iron uptake whereas in iron(III)-containing media ADP and ATP reduced it and AMP stimulated it. Thus, cytosolic iron forms demonstrably contribute to mitochondrial iron delivery, are apparently not associated with DHBA analogs or glutathione but rather with resident components of the cytosolic labile iron pool.
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Harned J, Ferrell J, Nagar S, Goralska M, Fleisher LN, McGahan MC. Ceruloplasmin alters intracellular iron regulated proteins and pathways: ferritin, transferrin receptor, glutamate and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Exp Eye Res 2012; 97:90-7. [PMID: 22343016 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a ferroxidase important to the regulation of both systemic and intracellular iron levels. Cp has a critical role in iron metabolism in the brain and retina as shown in patients with aceruloplasminemia and in Cp-/-hep-/y mice where iron accumulates and neural and retinal degeneration ensue. We have previously shown that cultured lens epithelial cells (LEC) secrete Cp. The purpose of the current study was to determine if cultured retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) also secrete Cp. In addition, the effects of exogenously added Cp on iron regulated proteins and pathways, ferritin, transferrin receptor, glutamate secretion and levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the nucleus were determined. Like LEC, RPE secrete Cp. Cp was found diffusely distributed within both cultured LEC and RPE, but the cell membranes had more intense staining. Exogenously added Cp caused an increase in ferritin levels in both cell types and increased secretion of glutamate. The Cp-induced increase in glutamate secretion was inhibited by both the aconitase inhibitor oxalomalic acid as well as iron chelators. As predicted by the canonical view of the iron regulatory protein (IRP) as the predominant controller of cellular iron status these results indicate that there is an increase in available iron (called the labile iron pool (LIP)) in the cytoplasm. However, both transferrin receptor (TfR) and nuclear levels of HIF-1α were increased and these results point to a decrease in available iron. Such confounding results have been found in other systems and indicate that there is a much more complex regulation of intracellularly available iron (LIP) and its downstream effects on cell metabolism. Importantly, the Cp increased production and secretion of the neurotransmitter, glutamate, is a substantive finding of clinical relevance because of the neural and retinal degeneration found in aceruloplasminemia patients. This finding and Cp-induced nuclear translocation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) subunit HIF-1α adds novel information to the list of critical pathways impacted by Cp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harned
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Aroun A, Zhong JL, Tyrrell RM, Pourzand C. Iron, oxidative stress and the example of solar ultraviolet A radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:118-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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