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Grunert M, Dorn C, Dopazo A, Sánchez-Cabo F, Vázquez J, Rickert-Sperling S, Lara-Pezzi E. Technologies to Study Genetics and Molecular Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:435-458. [PMID: 38884724 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the study of congenital heart disease (CHD) has benefited from various model systems and the development of molecular biological techniques enabling the analysis of single gene as well as global effects. In this chapter, we first describe different models including CHD patients and their families, animal models ranging from invertebrates to mammals, and various cell culture systems. Moreover, techniques to experimentally manipulate these models are discussed. Second, we introduce cardiac phenotyping technologies comprising the analysis of mouse and cell culture models, live imaging of cardiogenesis, and histological methods for fixed hearts. Finally, the most important and latest molecular biotechniques are described. These include genotyping technologies, different applications of next-generation sequencing, and the analysis of transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome. In summary, the models and technologies presented in this chapter are essential to study the function and development of the heart and to understand the molecular pathways underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grunert
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DiNAQOR AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Dorn
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jésus Vázquez
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Myocardial Homeostasis and Cardiac Injury Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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3
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Rashid SA, Blanchard AT, Combs JD, Fernandez N, Dong Y, Cho HC, Salaita K. DNA Tension Probes Show that Cardiomyocyte Maturation Is Sensitive to the Piconewton Traction Forces Transmitted by Integrins. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5335-5348. [PMID: 35324164 PMCID: PMC11238821 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle cells (CMCs) are the unit cells that comprise the heart. CMCs go through different stages of differentiation and maturation pathways to fully mature into beating cells. These cells can sense and respond to mechanical cues through receptors such as integrins which influence maturation pathways. For example, cell traction forces are important for the differentiation and development of functional CMCs, as CMCs cultured on varying substrate stiffness function differently. Most work in this area has focused on understanding the role of bulk extracellular matrix stiffness in mediating the functional fate of CMCs. Given that stiffness sensing mechanisms are mediated by individual integrin receptors, an important question in this area pertains to the specific magnitude of integrin piconewton (pN) forces that can trigger CMC functional maturation. To address this knowledge gap, we used DNA adhesion tethers that rupture at specific thresholds of force (∼12, ∼56, and ∼160 pN) to test whether capping peak integrin tension to specific magnitudes affects CMC function. We show that adhesion tethers with greater force tolerance lead to functionally mature CMCs as determined by morphology, twitching frequency, transient calcium flux measurements, and protein expression (F-actin, vinculin, α-actinin, YAP, and SERCA2a). Additionally, sarcomeric actinin alignment and multinucleation were significantly enhanced as the mechanical tolerance of integrin tethers was increased. Taken together, the results show that CMCs harness defined pN integrin forces to influence early stage development. This study represents an important step toward biophysical characterization of the contribution of pN forces in early stage cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Aysha Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Aaron T Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - J Dale Combs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Natasha Fernandez
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Lippi M, Stadiotti I, Pompilio G, Sommariva E. Human Cell Modeling for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6388. [PMID: 32887493 PMCID: PMC7503257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of appropriate and reliable in vitro cell models recapitulating human cardiovascular diseases has been the aim of numerous researchers, in order to retrace pathologic phenotypes, elucidate molecular mechanisms, and discover therapies using simple and reproducible techniques. In the past years, several human cell types have been utilized for these goals, including heterologous systems, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular primary cells, and embryonic stem cells. The introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiation potential brought new prospects for large-scale cardiovascular experiments, bypassing ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells and providing an advanced tool for disease modeling, diagnosis, and therapy. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of accessibility, maintenance, throughput, physiological relevance, recapitulation of the disease. A higher level of complexity in diseases modeling has been achieved with multicellular co-cultures. Furthermore, the important progresses reached by bioengineering during the last years, together with the opportunities given by pluripotent stem cells, have allowed the generation of increasingly advanced in vitro three-dimensional tissue-like constructs mimicking in vivo physiology. This review provides an overview of the main cell models used in cardiovascular research, highlighting the pros and cons of each, and describing examples of practical applications in disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Lippi
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (I.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Ilaria Stadiotti
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (I.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (I.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sommariva
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (I.S.); (G.P.)
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5
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Secreto FJ, Li X, Smith AJ, Bruinsma ES, Perales-Clemente E, Oommen S, Hawse G, Hrstka SCL, Arendt BK, Brandt EB, Wigle DA, Nelson TJ. Quantification of Etoposide Hypersensitivity: A Sensitive, Functional Method for Assessing Pluripotent Stem Cell Quality. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1829-1839. [PMID: 28924979 PMCID: PMC6430057 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, translation of hiPSC technology depends upon a means of assessing hiPSC quality that is quantitative, high‐throughput, and can decipher malignant teratocarcinoma clones from normal cell lines. These attributes are lacking in current approaches such as detection of cell surface makers, RNA profiling, and/or teratoma formation assays. The latter remains the gold standard for assessing clone quality in hiPSCs, but is expensive, time‐consuming, and incompatible with high‐throughput platforms. Herein, we describe a novel method for determining hiPSC quality that exploits pluripotent cells’ documented hypersensitivity to the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide (CAS No. 33419‐42‐0). Based on a study of 115 unique hiPSC clones, we established that a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of <300 nM following 24 hours of exposure to etoposide demonstrated a positive correlation with RNA profiles and colony morphology metrics associated with high quality hiPSC clones. Moreover, our etoposide sensitivity assay (ESA) detected differences associated with culture maintenance, and successfully distinguished malignant from normal pluripotent clones independent of cellular morphology. Overall, the ESA provides a simple, straightforward method to establish hiPSC quality in a quantitative and functional assay capable of being incorporated into a generalized method for establishing a quality control standard for all types of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1829–1839
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Secreto
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyson J Smith
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ester Perales-Clemente
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Saji Oommen
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gresin Hawse
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sybil C L Hrstka
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bonnie K Arendt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma B Brandt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dennis A Wigle
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine BioTrust, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Chiang MY, Lin YZ, Chang SJ, Shyu WC, Lu HE, Chen SY. Direct Reprogramming of Human Suspension Cells into Mesodermal Cell Lineages via Combined Magnetic Targeting and Photothermal Stimulation by Magnetic Graphene Oxide Complexes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700703. [PMID: 28665509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Suspension cells can provide a source of cells for cellular reprogramming, but they are difficult to transfect by nonviral vectors. An efficient and safe nonviral vector (GO-Fe3 O4 -PEI complexes) based on iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe3 O4 )-decorated graphene oxide (GO) complexed with polyethylenimine (PEI) for the first time is developed for delivering three individual episomal plasmids (pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53, pCXLE-hSK, and pCXLE-hUL) encoding pluripotent-related factors of Oct3/4, shRNA against p53, Sox2, Klf4, L-Myc, and Lin28 into human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) simultaneously. The combined treatment of magnetic stirring and near-infrared (NIR)-laser irradiation, which can promote contact between the complexes and floating cells and increase the cell membrane permeability, respectively, is used to conduct multiple physical stimulations for suspension PBMCs transfection. The PCR analysis shows that the combinatorial effect of magnetic targeting and photothermal stimulation obviously promoted the transfection efficiency of suspension cells. The transfected cells show positive expression of the pluripotency markers, including Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, and have potential to differentiate into mesoderm and ectoderm cells. The results demonstrate that the GO-Fe3 O4 -PEI complex provides a safe, convenient, and efficient tool for reprogramming PBMCs into partially induced pluripotent stem cells, which are able to rapidly transdifferentiate into mesodermal lineages without full reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Zhen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shwu-Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC
- Translational Medicine Research Center and Department of Neurology, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huai-En Lu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, 30062, Taiwan, ROC
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC
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7
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Siede D, Rapti K, Gorska A, Katus H, Altmüller J, Boeckel J, Meder B, Maack C, Völkers M, Müller O, Backs J, Dieterich C. Identification of circular RNAs with host gene-independent expression in human model systems for cardiac differentiation and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 109:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Galdos FX, Guo Y, Paige SL, VanDusen NJ, Wu SM, Pu WT. Cardiac Regeneration: Lessons From Development. Circ Res 2017; 120:941-959. [PMID: 28302741 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sharon L Paige
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Nathan J VanDusen
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - William T Pu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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9
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Human Cord Blood-Derived CD133 +/C-Kit +/Lin - Cells Have Bipotential Ability to Differentiate into Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Outgrowth Endothelial Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7162160. [PMID: 28074098 PMCID: PMC5203918 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7162160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from bone marrow and cord blood can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs). However, controversy exists as to whether MNCs have the pluripotent capacity to differentiate into MSCs or OECs or are a mixture of cell lineage-determined progenitors of MSCs or OECs. Here, using CD133+/C-kit+/Lin− mononuclear cells (CKL− cells) isolated from human umbilical cord blood using magnetic cell sorting, we characterized the potency of MNC differentiation. We first found that CKL− cells cultured with conditioned medium of OECs or MSCs differentiated into OECs or MSCs and this differentiation was also induced by cell-to-cell contact. When we cultured single CKL− cells on OEC- or MSC-conditioned medium, the cells differentiated morphologically and genetically into OEC- or MSC-like cells, respectively. Moreover, we confirmed that OECs or MSCs differentiated from CKL− cells had the ability to form capillary-like structures in Matrigel and differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Finally, using microarray analysis, we identified specific factors of OECs or MSCs that could potentially be involved in the differentiation fate of CKL− cells. Together, these results suggest that cord blood-derived CKL− cells possess at least bipotential differentiation capacity toward MSCs or OECs.
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10
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Kerscher P, Kaczmarek JA, Head SE, Ellis ME, Seeto WJ, Kim J, Bhattacharya S, Suppiramaniam V, Lipke EA. Direct Production of Human Cardiac Tissues by Pluripotent Stem Cell Encapsulation in Gelatin Methacryloyl. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1499-1509. [PMID: 33429637 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct stem cell encapsulation and cardiac differentiation within supporting biomaterial scaffolds are critical for reproducible and scalable production of the functional human tissues needed in regenerative medicine and drug-testing applications. Producing cardiac tissues directly from pluripotent stem cells rather than assembling tissues using pre-differentiated cells can eliminate multiple cell-handling steps that otherwise limit the potential for process automation and production scale-up. Here we asked whether our process for forming 3D developing human engineered cardiac tissues using poly(ethylene glycol)-fibrinogen hydrogels can be extended to widely used and printable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. We demonstrate that low-density GelMA hydrogels can be formed rapidly using visible light (<1 min) and successfully employed to encapsulate human induced pluripotent stem cells while maintaining high cell viability. Resulting constructs had an initial stiffness of approximately 220 Pa, supported tissue growth and dynamic remodeling, and facilitated high-efficiency cardiac differentiation (>70%) to produce spontaneously contracting GelMA human engineered cardiac tissues (GEhECTs). GEhECTs initiated spontaneous contractions on day 8 of differentiation, with synchronicity, frequency, and velocity of contraction increasing over time, and displayed developmentally appropriate temporal changes in cardiac gene expression. GEhECT-dissociated cardiomyocytes displayed well-defined and aligned sarcomeres spaced at 1.85 ± 0.1 μm and responded appropriately to drug treatments, including the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and antagonist propranolol, as well as to outside pacing up to 3.0 Hz. Overall results demonstrate that GelMA is a suitable biomaterial for the production of developing cardiac tissues and has the potential to be employed in scale-up production and bioprinting of GEhECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kerscher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Jennifer A Kaczmarek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Sara E Head
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Morgan E Ellis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Wen J Seeto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Joonyul Kim
- Proximity Biosciences LLC, Auburn, Alabama 36832, United States
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 2316 Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama 36829, United States
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 2316 Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama 36829, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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11
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Bielawski KS, Leonard A, Bhandari S, Murry CE, Sniadecki NJ. Real-Time Force and Frequency Analysis of Engineered Human Heart Tissue Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Magnetic Sensing. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:932-940. [PMID: 27600722 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered heart tissues made from human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been used for modeling cardiac pathologies, screening new therapeutics, and providing replacement cardiac tissue. Current methods measure the functional performance of engineered heart tissue by their twitch force and beating frequency, typically obtained by optical measurements. In this article, we describe a novel method for assessing twitch force and beating frequency of engineered heart tissue using magnetic field sensing, which enables multiple tissues to be measured simultaneously. The tissues are formed as thin structures suspended between two silicone posts, where one post is rigid and another is flexible and contains an embedded magnet. When the tissue contracts it causes the flexible post to bend in proportion to its twitch force. We measured the bending of the post using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors located underneath a 24-well plate containing the tissues. We validated the accuracy of the readings from the GMR sensors against optical measurements. We demonstrated the utility and sensitivity of our approach by testing the effects of three concentrations of isoproterenol and verapamil on twitch force and beating frequency in real-time, parallel experiments. This system should be scalable beyond the 24-well format, enabling greater automation in assessing the contractile function of cardiomyocytes in a tissue-engineered environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Bielawski
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea Leonard
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Shiv Bhandari
- 2 Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Chuck E Murry
- 2 Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,5 Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,6 Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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12
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Wu B, Yu H, Wang Y, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Li T, Li L, Zhang W, Ge L, Chen Y, Ho CK, Zhu D, Huang X, Lou Y. Peroxiredoxin-2 nitrosylation facilitates cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells via XBP-1s/PI3K pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:179-191. [PMID: 27261193 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein nitrosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification in almost all biological systems. However, its function on stem cell biology is so far incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx-2) nitrosylation was involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells induced by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). We found that temporary GSNO exposure could promote ES cell-derived cardiomyogenesis. Using a stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics approach, coupled with biotin switch technique, a total of 104 nitrosylated proteins were identified. Specifically, one of the antioxidant enzymes, Prdx-2, was abundantly nitrosylated and temporarily reduced in antioxidant activity, causing transient endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and subsequent X-box binding protein-1s/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway activation. The present study reveals the mechanism in which GSNO favors cardiomyocyte differentiation. Prdx-2 nitrosylation could be a potent strategy to affect the pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Science and Technology Innovation Team for Stem Cell Translational Medicine of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Science and Technology Innovation Team for Stem Cell Translational Medicine of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Choe Kyong Ho
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of International Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Haeju Medical University, Haeju, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Danyan Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Science and Technology Innovation Team for Stem Cell Translational Medicine of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Science and Technology Innovation Team for Stem Cell Translational Medicine of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Yijia Lou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Science and Technology Innovation Team for Stem Cell Translational Medicine of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Mujoo K, Butler EB, Pandita RK, Hunt CR, Pandita TK. Pluripotent Stem Cells and DNA Damage Response to Ionizing Radiations. Radiat Res 2016; 186:17-26. [PMID: 27332952 PMCID: PMC4963261 DOI: 10.1667/rr14417.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, functional genomics, toxicological studies and cell-based therapeutics due to their unique characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. Novel methods for generation of pluripotent stem cells and their differentiation to the specialized cell types such as neuronal cells, myocardial cells, hepatocytes and beta cells of the pancreas and many other cells of the body are constantly being refined. Pluripotent stem cell derived differentiated cells, including neuronal cells or cardiac cells, are ideal for stem cell transplantation as autologous or allogeneic cells from healthy donors due to their minimal risk of rejection. Radiation-induced DNA damage, ultraviolet light, genotoxic stress and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors triggers a series of biochemical reactions known as DNA damage response. To maintain genomic stability and avoid transmission of mutations into progenitors cells, stem cells have robust DNA damage response signaling, a contrast to somatic cells. Stem cell transplantation may protect against radiation-induced late effects. In particular, this review focuses on differential DNA damage response between stem cells and derived differentiated cells and the possible pathways that determine such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030
| | - E. Brian Butler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030
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14
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Beussman KM, Rodriguez ML, Leonard A, Taparia N, Thompson CR, Sniadecki NJ. Micropost arrays for measuring stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte contractility. Methods 2016; 94:43-50. [PMID: 26344757 PMCID: PMC4761463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have the potential to be used to study heart disease and maturation, screen drug treatments, and restore heart function. Here, we discuss the procedures involved in using micropost arrays to measure the contractile forces generated by stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte contractility is needed for the heart to pump blood, so measuring the contractile forces of cardiomyocytes is a straightforward way to assess their function. Microfabrication and soft lithography techniques are utilized to create identical arrays of flexible, silicone microposts from a common master. Micropost arrays are functionalized with extracellular matrix protein to allow cardiomyocytes to adhere to the tips of the microposts. Live imaging is used to capture videos of the deflection of microposts caused by the contraction of the cardiomyocytes. Image analysis code provides an accurate means to quantify these deflections. The contractile forces produced by a beating cardiomyocyte are calculated by modeling the microposts as cantilever beams. We have used this assay to assess techniques for improving the maturation and contractile function of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Beussman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marita L Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea Leonard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikita Taparia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Curtis R Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Lewandowski J, Kolanowski TJ, Kurpisz M. Techniques for the induction of human pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards cardiomyocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:1658-1674. [PMID: 26777594 DOI: 10.1002/term.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The derivation of pluripotent stem cells from human embryos and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells opened a new chapter in studies on the regeneration of the post-infarction heart and regenerative medicine as a whole. Thus, protocols for obtaining iPSCs were enthusiastically adopted and widely used for further experiments on cardiac differentiation. iPSC-mediated cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) under in vitro culture conditions are generated by simulating natural cardiomyogenesis and involve the wingless-type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site family (WNT), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathways. New strategies have been proposed to take advantage of small chemical molecules, organic compounds and even electric or mechanical stimulation. There are three main approaches to support cardiac commitment in vitro: embryoid bodis (EBs), monolayer in vitro cultures and inductive co-cultures with visceral endoderm-like (END2) cells. In EB technique initial uniform size of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) colonies has a pivotal significance. Hence, some methods were designed to support cells aggregation. Another well-suited procedure is based on culturing cells in monolayer conditions in order to improve accessibility of growth factors and nutrients. Other distinct tactics are using visceral endoderm-like cells to culture them with PSCs due to secretion of procardiac cytokines. Finally, the appropriate purification of the obtained cardiomyocytes is required prior to their administration to a patient under the prospective cellular therapy strategy. This goal can be achieved using non-genetic methods, such as the application of surface markers and fluorescent dyes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Lewandowski
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Kolanowski
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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16
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Jones AR, Edwards DH, Cummins MJ, Williams AJ, George CH. A Systemized Approach to Investigate Ca(2+) Synchronization in Clusters of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:89. [PMID: 26793710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (IPS-CM) are considered by many to be the cornerstone of future approaches to repair the diseased heart. However, current methods for producing IPS-CM typically yield highly variable populations with low batch-to-batch reproducibility. The underlying reasons for this are not fully understood. Here we report on a systematized approach to investigate the effect of maturation in embryoid bodies (EB) vs. "on plate" culture on spontaneous activity and regional Ca(2+) synchronization in IPS-CM clusters. A detailed analysis of the temporal and spatial organization of Ca(2+) spikes in IPS-CM clusters revealed that the disaggregation of EBs between 0.5 and 2 weeks produced IPS-CM characterized by spontaneous beating and high levels of regional Ca(2+) synchronization. These phenomena were typically absent in IPS-CM obtained from older EBs (>2 weeks). The maintenance of all spontaneously active IPS-CM clusters under "on plate" culture conditions promoted the progressive reduction in regional Ca(2+) synchronization and the loss of spontaneous Ca(2+) spiking. Raising the extracellular [Ca(2+)] surrounding these quiescent IPS-CM clusters from ~0.4 to 1.8 mM unmasked discrete behaviors typified by either (a) long-lasting Ca(2+) elevation that returned to baseline or (b) persistent, large-amplitude Ca(2+) oscillations around an increased cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)]. The different responses of IPS-CM to elevated extracellular [Ca(2+)] could be traced back to their routes of derivation. The data point to the possibility of predictably influencing IPS-CM phenotype and response to external activation via defined interventions at early stages in their maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aled R Jones
- Ionic Cell Signalling, School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University Wales, UK
| | - David H Edwards
- Ionic Cell Signalling, School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University Wales, UK
| | - Michael J Cummins
- Ionic Cell Signalling, School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University Wales, UK
| | - Alan J Williams
- Ionic Cell Signalling, School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University Wales, UK
| | - Christopher H George
- Ionic Cell Signalling, School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University Wales, UK
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17
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Kokkinopoulos I, Ishida H, Saba R, Coppen S, Suzuki K, Yashiro K. Cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells using a simple and defined protocol. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:157-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Hidekazu Ishida
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Rie Saba
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Steven Coppen
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square; London United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Current cell therapies, despite all of the progress in this field, still faces major ethical, technical and regulatory hurdles. Because these issues possibly stem from the current, restricted, stereotypical view of cell ultrastructure and function, we must think radically about the nature of the cell. In this regard, the author's theory of the cell memory disc offers ‘memory-based therapy’, which, with the help of immune system rejuvenation, nervous system control and microparticle-based biodrugs, may have substantial therapeutic potential. In addition to its potential value in the study and prevention of premature cell aging, age-related diseases and cell death, memory therapy may improve the treatment of diseases that are currently limited by genetic disorders, risk of tumour formation and the availability and immunocompatibility of tissue transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Anjamrooz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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19
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LI ZHOUBIN, MARGARITI ANDRIANA, WU YUTAO, YANG FENG, HU JIAN, ZHANG LI, CHEN TING. MicroRNA-199a induces differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells by targeting sirtuin 1. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3711-3717. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Rodriguez ML, Graham BT, Pabon LM, Han SJ, Murry CE, Sniadecki NJ. Measuring the contractile forces of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with arrays of microposts. J Biomech Eng 2015; 136:051005. [PMID: 24615475 DOI: 10.1115/1.4027145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes hold promise for heart repair, disease modeling, drug screening, and for studies of developmental biology. All of these applications can be improved by assessing the contractility of cardiomyocytes at the single cell level. We have developed an in vitro platform for assessing the contractile performance of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes that is compatible with other common endpoints such as microscopy and molecular biology. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were seeded onto elastomeric micropost arrays in order to characterize the contractile force, velocity, and power produced by these cells. We assessed contractile function by tracking the deflection of microposts beneath an individual hiPSC-CM with optical microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining of these cells was employed to assess their spread area, nucleation, and sarcomeric structure on the microposts. Following seeding of hiPSC-CMs onto microposts coated with fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV, we found that hiPSC-CMs on laminin coatings demonstrated higher attachment, spread area, and contractile velocity than those seeded on fibronectin or collagen IV coatings. Under optimized conditions, hiPSC-CMs spread to an area of approximately 420 μm2, generated systolic forces of approximately 15 nN/cell, showed contraction and relaxation rates of 1.74 μm/s and 1.46 μm/s, respectively, and had a peak contraction power of 29 fW. Thus, elastomeric micropost arrays can be used to study the contractile strength and kinetics of hiPSC-CMs. This system should facilitate studies of hiPSC-CM maturation, disease modeling, and drug screens as well as fundamental studies of human cardiac contraction.
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21
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Vieira JM, Riley PR. Chemical genetics and its potential in cardiac stem cell therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:318-27. [PMID: 22385148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade or so, intensive research in cardiac stem cell biology has led to significant discoveries towards a potential therapy for cardiovascular disease; the main cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The major goal within the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine is to replace lost or damaged cardiac muscle and coronaries following ischaemic disease. At present, de novo cardiomyocytes can be generated either in vitro, for cell transplantation or disease modelling using directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, or in vivo via direct reprogramming of resident adult cardiac fibroblast or ectopic stimulation of resident cardiac stem or progenitor cells. A major bottleneck with all of these approaches is the low efficiency of cardiomyocyte differentiation alongside their relative functional immaturity. Chemical genetics, and the application of phenotypic screening with small molecule libraries, represent a means to enhance understanding of the molecular pathways controlling cardiovascular cell differentiation and, moreover, offer the potential for discovery of new drugs to invoke heart repair and regeneration. Here, we review the potential of chemical genetics in cardiac stem cell therapy, highlighting not only the major contributions to the field so far, but also the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim M Vieira
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Dambrot C, Buermans HP, Varga E, Kosmidis G, Langenberg K, Casini S, Elliott DA, Dinnyes A, Atsma DE, Mummery CL, Braam SR, Davis RP. Strategies for rapidly mapping proviral integration sites and assessing cardiogenic potential of nascent human induced pluripotent stem cell clones. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:297-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represent a powerful new model system to study the basic mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies. hiPSC-CMs have been utilized to model several cardiovascular diseases, achieving the most success in the inherited arrhythmias, including long QT and Timothy syndromes (Moretti et al. N Engl J Med. 363:1397-409, 2010; Yazawa et al. Nature. 471:230-4, 2011) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) (Ma et al. Eur Heart J. 34:1122-33, 2013). Recently, studies have applied hiPSC-CMs to the study of both dilated (DCM) (Sun et al. Sci Transl Med. 4:130ra47, 2012) and hypertrophic (HCM) cardiomyopathies (Lan et al. Cell Stem Cell. 12:101-13, 2013; Carvajal-Vergara et al. Nature. 465:808-12, 2010), providing new insights into basic mechanisms of disease. However, hiPSC-CMs do not recapitulate many of the structural and functional aspects of mature human cardiomyocytes, instead mirroring an immature - embryonic or fetal - phenotype. Much work remains in order to better understand these differences, as well as to develop methods to induce hiPSC-CMs into a fully mature phenotype. Despite these limitations, hiPSC-CMs represent the best current in vitro correlate of the human heart and an invaluable tool in the search for mechanisms underlying cardiomyopathy and for screening new pharmacologic therapies.
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24
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Abstract
Ischemic cardiac disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to adequately repair itself has motivated stem cell researchers to explore various strategies to regenerate cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Over the past century, progressive gains in our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms governing fate determination have led to recent advances in cellular reprogramming. The identification of specific factors capable of inducing pluripotent phenotype in somatic cells as well as factors that can directly reprogram somatic cells into cardiomyocytes suggests the potential for these approaches to translate into clinical therapies in the future. Although conceptually appealing, the field of cell lineage reprogramming is in its infancy, and further research will be needed to improve the efficiency of the reprogramming process and the fidelity of the reprogrammed cells to their in vivo counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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25
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Dorn C, Grunert M, Sperling SR. Application of high-throughput sequencing for studying genomic variations in congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:51-65. [PMID: 24095982 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHD) represent the most common birth defect in human. The majority of cases are caused by a combination of complex genetic alterations and environmental influences. In the past, many disease-causing mutations have been identified; however, there is still a large proportion of cardiac malformations with unknown precise origin. High-throughput sequencing technologies established during the last years offer novel opportunities to further study the genetic background underlying the disease. In this review, we provide a roadmap for designing and analyzing high-throughput sequencing studies focused on CHD, but also with general applicability to other complex diseases. The three main next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms including their particular advantages and disadvantages are presented. To identify potentially disease-related genomic variations and genes, different filtering steps and gene prioritization strategies are discussed. In addition, available control datasets based on NGS are summarized. Finally, we provide an overview of current studies already using NGS technologies and showing that these techniques will help to further unravel the complex genetics underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dorn
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany. Department of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49-(0)30-450540123; Fax: +49-(0)30-84131699;
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26
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Dambrot C, van de Pas S, van Zijl L, Brändl B, Wang JW, Schalij MJ, Hoeben RC, Atsma DE, Mikkers HM, Mummery CL, Freund C. Polycistronic lentivirus induced pluripotent stem cells from skin biopsies after long term storage, blood outgrowth endothelial cells and cells from milk teeth. Differentiation 2013; 85:101-9. [PMID: 23665895 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) requires the collection of donor tissue, but clinical circumstances in which the interests of patients have highest priority may compromise the quality and availability of cells that are eventually used for reprogramming. Here we compared (i) skin biopsies stored in standard physiological salt solution for up to two weeks (ii) blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) isolated from fresh peripheral blood and (iii) children's milk teeth lost during normal replacement for their ability to form somatic cell cultures suitable for reprogramming to hiPSCs. We derived all hiPSC lines using the same reprogramming method (a conditional (FLPe) polycistronic lentivirus) and under similar conditions (same batch of virus, fetal calf serum and feeder cells). Skin fibroblasts could be reprogrammed robustly even after long-term biopsy storage. Generation of hiPSCs from juvenile dental pulp cells gave similar high efficiencies, but that of BOECs was lower. In terms of invasiveness of biopsy sampling, biopsy storage and reprogramming efficiencies skin fibroblasts appeared best for the generation of hiPSCs, but where non-invasive procedures are required (e.g., for children and minors) dental pulp cells from milk teeth represent a valuable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dambrot
- Department of Anatomy, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Effects of miR-19b Overexpression on Proliferation, Differentiation, Apoptosis and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in P19 Cell Model of Cardiac Differentiation In Vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66:709-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Yokoo T, Matsunari H, Iwai S, Yokote S, Teratani T, Gheisari Y, Tsuji O, Okano H, Utsunomiya Y, Hosoya T, Okano HJ, Nagashima H, Kobayashi E. Xenotransplanted embryonic kidney provides a niche for endogenous mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into erythropoietin-producing tissue. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1228-35. [PMID: 22488594 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have demonstrated that stem cells can differentiate into mature tissue when supplied with a niche containing factors identical to those in the normal developmental program. A niche for the development of an organ can be provided by xenotransplantation of a similar developing organ. However, this process has many technical, safety, and ethical concerns. Here, we established xenotransplantation models that control endogenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into mature erythropoietin (EPO)-producing tissue in a niche provided by a developing xenometanephros. Transplantation of rat metanephroi into mouse omentum, and similarly pig metanephroi into cat omentum, led to the recruitment of host cells and EPO production. EPO-expressing cells were not differentiated from integrating vessels because they did not coexpress endothelial markers (Tie-2 and VE-cadherin). Instead, EPO-expressing cells were shown to be derived from circulating host cells, as shown by enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in the grown transplants of chimeric mice bearing bone marrow from a transgenic mouse expressing EGFP under the control of the EPO promoter. These results suggest that donor cell recruitment and differentiation in a xenotransplanted developing organ may be consistent between species. The cells responsible for EPO expression were identified as MSCs by injecting human bone marrow-derived MSCs and endothelial progenitor cells into NOD/SCID mice. Furthermore, using metanephroi from transgenic ER-E2F1 suicide-inducible mice, the xenotissue component could be eliminated, leaving autologous EPO-producing tissue. Our findings may alleviate adverse effects due to long-lasting immunosuppression and help mitigate ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Matsumoto
- Project Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1773-90. [PMID: 23043623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle diseases are major health concerns. For example, ischemic heart disease is the third most common cause of death. Cell therapy is an attractive approach for treating muscle diseases, although this is hampered by the need to generate large numbers of functional muscle cells. Small molecules have become established as attractive tools for modulating cell behavior and, in this review, we discuss the recent, rapid research advances made in the development of small molecule methods to facilitate the production of functional cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. We also describe how new developments in small molecule strategies for muscle disease aim to induce repair and remodelling of the damaged tissues in situ. Recent progress has been made in developing small molecule cocktails that induce skeletal muscle regeneration, and these are discussed in a broader context, because a similar phenomenon occurs in the early stages of salamander appendage regeneration. Although formidable technical hurdles still remain, these new advances in small molecule-based methodologies should provide hope that cell therapies for patients suffering from muscle disease can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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30
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Bellin M, Marchetto MC, Gage FH, Mummery CL. Induced pluripotent stem cells: the new patient? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:713-26. [PMID: 23034453 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide increases in life expectancy have been paralleled by a greater prevalence of chronic and age-associated disorders, particularly of the cardiovascular, neural and metabolic systems. This has not been met by commensurate development of new drugs and therapies, which is in part owing to the difficulty in modelling human diseases in laboratory assays or experimental animals. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are an emerging paradigm that may address this. Reprogrammed somatic cells from patients are already applied in disease modelling, drug testing and drug discovery, thus enabling researchers to undertake studies for treating diseases 'in a dish', which was previously inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Blazeski A, Zhu R, Hunter DW, Weinberg SH, Zambidis ET, Tung L. Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells as models for normal and diseased cardiac electrophysiology and contractility. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:166-77. [PMID: 22971665 PMCID: PMC3910285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), these cells have garnered tremendous interest for their potential use in patient-specific analysis and therapy. Additionally, hiPSC-CMs can be derived from donor cells from patients with specific cardiac disorders, enabling in vitro human disease models for mechanistic study and therapeutic drug assessment. However, a full understanding of their electrophysiological and contractile function is necessary before this potential can be realized. Here, we review this emerging field from a functional perspective, with particular emphasis on beating rate, action potential, ionic currents, multicellular conduction, calcium handling and contraction. We further review extant hiPSC-CM disease models that recapitulate genetic myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blazeski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Renjun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David W. Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Seth H. Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elias T. Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Otsuji TG, Kurose Y, Suemori H, Tada M, Nakatsuji N. Dynamic link between histone H3 acetylation and an increase in the functional characteristics of human ESC/iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45010. [PMID: 22984602 PMCID: PMC3440326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are functionally heterogeneous, display insufficient biological efficacy and generally possess the electrophysiological properties seen in fetal CMs. However, a homogenous population of hESC/hiPSC-CMs, with properties similar to those of adult human ventricular cells, is required for use in drug cardiotoxicity screening. Unfortunately, despite the requirement for the functional characteristics of post-mitotic beating cell aggregates to mimic the behavior of mature cardiomyocytes in vitro, few technological improvements have been made in this field to date. Previously, we showed that culturing hESC-CMs under low-adhesion conditions with cyclic replating confers continuous contractility on the cells, leading to a functional increase in cardiac gene expression and electrophysiological properties over time. The current study reveals that culturing hESC/hiPSC-CMs under non-adhesive culture conditions enhances the electrophysiological properties of the CMs through an increase in the acetylation of histone H3 lysine residues, as confirmed by western blot analyses. Histone H3 acetylation was induced chemically by treating primitive hESC/hiPSC-CMs with Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, resulting in an immediate increase in global cardiac gene expression. In functional analyses using multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings, TSA-treated hESC/hiPSC-CM colonies showed appropriate responses to particular concentrations of known potassium ion channel inhibitors. Thus, the combination of a cell-autonomous functional increase in response to non-adhesive culture and short-term TSA treatment of hESC/hiPSC-CM colonies cultured on MEA electrodes will help to make cardiac toxicity tests more accurate and reproducible via genome-wide chromatin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi G. Otsuji
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Ushinomiya-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurose
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Tada
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Ushinomiya-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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33
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Wang Y, Zhang WY, Hu S, Lan F, Lee AS, Huber B, Lisowski L, Liang P, Huang M, de Almeida PE, Won JH, Sun N, Robbins RC, Kay MA, Urnov FD, Wu JC. Genome editing of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells with zinc finger nucleases for cellular imaging. Circ Res 2012; 111:1494-503. [PMID: 22967807 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular imaging has proven to be a vital tool in the characterization of stem cell behavior in vivo. However, the integration of reporter genes has typically relied on random integration, a method that is associated with unwanted insertional mutagenesis and positional effects on transgene expression. OBJECTIVE To address this barrier, we used genome editing with zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology to integrate reporter genes into a safe harbor gene locus (PPP1R12C, also known as AAVS1) in the genome of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells for molecular imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS We used ZFN technology to integrate a construct containing monomeric red fluorescent protein, firefly luciferase, and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase reporter genes driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter into a safe harbor locus for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and positron emission tomography imaging, respectively. High efficiency of ZFN-mediated targeted integration was achieved in both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. ZFN-edited cells maintained both pluripotency and long-term reporter gene expression. Functionally, we successfully tracked the survival of ZFN-edited human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in murine models, demonstrating the use of ZFN-edited cells for preclinical studies in regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a novel application of ZFN technology to the targeted genetic engineering of human pluripotent stem cells and their progeny for molecular imaging in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hoekstra M, Mummery CL, Wilde AAM, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as models for cardiac arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2012; 3:346. [PMID: 23015789 PMCID: PMC3449331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In younger patients, the majority of sudden cardiac deaths have an underlying Mendelian genetic cause. Over the last 15 years, enormous progress has been made in identifying the distinct clinical phenotypes and in studying the basic cellular and genetic mechanisms associated with the primary Mendelian (monogenic) arrhythmia syndromes. Investigation of the electrophysiological consequences of an ion channel mutation is ideally done in the native cardiomyocyte (CM) environment. However, the majority of such studies so far have relied on heterologous expression systems in which single ion channel genes are expressed in non-cardiac cells. In some cases, transgenic mouse models have been generated, but these also have significant shortcomings, primarily related to species differences. The discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has generated much interest since it presents an opportunity to generate patient- and disease-specific cell lines from which normal and diseased human CMs can be obtained These genetically diverse human model systems can be studied in vitro and used to decipher mechanisms of disease and identify strategies and reagents for new therapies. Here, we review the present state of the art with respect to cardiac disease models already generated using IPSC technology and which have been (partially) characterized. Human iPSC (hiPSC) models have been described for the cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including LQT1, LQT2, LQT3-Brugada Syndrome, LQT8/Timothy syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In most cases, the hiPSC-derived cardiomyoctes recapitulate the disease phenotype and have already provided opportunities for novel insight into cardiac pathophysiology. It is expected that the lines will be useful in the development of pharmacological agents for the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Hoekstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy to promote engraftment of de novo beating cardiac muscle cells in cardiomyopathies could potentially improve clinical outcomes for many patients with congestive heart failure. Clinical trials carried out over the last decade for cardiac regeneration have revealed inadequacy of current approaches in cell therapy. Chief among them is the choice of stem cells to achieve the desired outcomes. Initial enthusiasm of adult bone marrow stems cells for myocyte regeneration has largely been relegated to paracrine-driven, donor cell-independent, endogenous cardiac repair. However, true functional restoration in heart failure is likely to require considerable myocyte replacement. In order to match stem cell application to various clinical scenarios, we review the necessity to preprime stem cells towards cardiac fate before myocardial transplantation and if these differentiated stem cells could confer added advantage over current choice of undifferentiated stem cells. We explore differentiation ability of various stem cells to cardiac progenitors/cardiomyocytes and compare their applicability in providing targeted recovery in light of current clinical challenges of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mehta
- Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Margariti A, Winkler B, Karamariti E, Zampetaki A, Tsai TN, Baban D, Ragoussis J, Huang Y, Han JDJ, Zeng L, Hu Y, Xu Q. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into endothelial cells capable of angiogenesis and reendothelialization in tissue-engineered vessels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13793-8. [PMID: 22869753 PMCID: PMC3427074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205526109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is an important tool for regenerative medicine. However, the main restriction is the risk of tumor development. In this study we found that during the early stages of somatic cell reprogramming toward a pluripotent state, specific gene expression patterns are altered. Therefore, we developed a method to generate partial-iPS (PiPS) cells by transferring four reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC) to human fibroblasts for 4 d. PiPS cells did not form tumors in vivo and clearly displayed the potential to differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in response to defined media and culture conditions. To clarify the mechanism of PiPS cell differentiation into ECs, SET translocation (myeloid leukemia-associated) (SET) similar protein (SETSIP) was indentified to be induced during somatic cell reprogramming. Importantly, when PiPS cells were treated with VEGF, SETSIP was translocated to the cell nucleus, directly bound to the VE-cadherin promoter, increasing vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) expression levels and EC differentiation. Functionally, PiPS-ECs improved neovascularization and blood flow recovery in a hindlimb ischemic model. Furthermore, PiPS-ECs displayed good attachment, stabilization, patency, and typical vascular structure when seeded on decellularized vessel scaffolds. These findings indicate that reprogramming of fibroblasts into ECs via SETSIP and VEGF has a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana Margariti
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Winkler
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Karamariti
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Tsung-neng Tsai
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Dilair Baban
- The Genomics Group, Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- The Genomics Group, Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Yi Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing-Dong J. Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart FoundationCentre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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Dierickx P, Doevendans PA, Geijsen N, van Laake LW. Embryonic template-based generation and purification of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for heart repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:566-80. [PMID: 22806916 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death in Western countries. Many types of cardiovascular diseases are due to a loss of functional cardiomyocytes, which can result in irreversible cardiac failure. Since the adult human heart has limited regenerative potential, cardiac transplantation is still the only effective therapy to address this cardiomyocyte loss. However, drawbacks, such as immune rejection and insufficient donor availability, are limiting this last-resort solution. Recent developments in the stem cell biology field have improved the potential of cardiac regeneration. Improvements in reprogramming strategies of differentiated adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, together with increased efficiency of directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward cardiac myocytes, have brought cell-based heart muscle regeneration a few steps closer to the clinic. In this review, we outline the status of research on cardiac regeneration with a focus on directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward the cardiac lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Dierickx
- Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Drews K, Jozefczuk J, Prigione A, Adjaye J. Human induced pluripotent stem cells—from mechanisms to clinical applications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:735-45. [PMID: 22643868 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Drews
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Kawaguchi N, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Nakanishi T. Prospective in vitro models of channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:439219. [PMID: 22969812 PMCID: PMC3437306 DOI: 10.1155/2012/439219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro heart disease model is a promising model used for identifying the genes responsible for the disease, evaluating the effects of drugs, and regenerative medicine. We were interested in disease models using a patient-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes because of their similarity to a patient's tissues. However, as these studies have just begun, we would like to review the literature in this and other related fields and discuss the path for future models of molecular biology that can help to diagnose and cure diseases, and its involvement in regenerative medicine. The heterogeneity of iPS cells and/or differentiated cardiomyocytes has been recognized as a problem. An in vitro heart disease model should be evaluated using molecular biological analyses, such as mRNA and micro-RNA expression profiles and proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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40
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Gauthier M, Maury Y, Peschanski M, Martinat C. Human pluripotent stem cells for genetic disease modeling and drug screening. Regen Med 2012; 6:607-22. [PMID: 21916596 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable hope surrounds the use of disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, as starting materials to generate models of human disease that will allow exploration of pathological mechanisms and the search for new treatments. Disease-specific human embryonic stem cells have provided a useful source for studying certain disease states. However, reprogramming of human somatic cells that use readily accessible tissue, such as skin or blood, to generate embryonic-like induced pluripotent stem cells has opened new perspectives for modeling and understanding a larger number of human pathologies. Here, we examine the challenges in creating a disease model from human pluripotent stem cells, and describe their use to model both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, the need for adequate control experiments and the genetic limitations of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Progress in these areas will substantially accelerate effective application of disease-specific human pluripotent stem cells for drug screening.
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41
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Shaw SY, Brettman AD. Phenotyping patient-derived cells for translational studies in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2012; 124:2444-55. [PMID: 22125190 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.043943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Y Shaw
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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The potential of stem cells in the treatment of skeletal muscle injury and disease. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2012:282348. [PMID: 22220178 PMCID: PMC3246792 DOI: 10.1155/2012/282348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a pioneering field with huge advances in recent times. These advances are not only in the understanding of how cells can be manipulated but also in potential clinical applications. Thus, tissue engineering, when applied to skeletal muscle cells, is an area of huge prospective benefit to patients with muscle disease/damage. This could include damage to muscle from trauma and include genetic abnormalities, for example, muscular dystrophies. Much of this research thus far has been focused on satellite cells, however, mesenchymal stem cells have more recently come to the fore. In particular, results of trials and further research into their use in heart failure, stress incontinence, and muscular dystrophies are eagerly awaited. Although no doubt, stem cells will have much to offer in the future, the results of further research still limit their use.
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43
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Mujoo K, Krumenacker JS, Murad F. Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling in stem cell differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2150-7. [PMID: 22019632 PMCID: PMC3232180 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP (NO-cGMP) pathway mediates important physiological functions associated with various integrative body systems including the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Furthermore, NO regulates cell growth, survival, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation at the cellular level. To understand the significance of the NO-cGMP pathway in development and differentiation, studies have been conducted both in developing embryos and in stem cells. Manipulation of the NO-cGMP pathway, by employing activators and inhibitors as pharmacological probes, and genetic manipulation of NO signaling components have implicated the involvement of this pathway in the regulation of stem cell differentiation. This review focuses on some of the work pertaining to the role of NO-cGMP in the differentiation of stem cells into cells of various lineages, particularly into myocardial cells, and in stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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44
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Glaser T, Cappellari AR, Pillat MM, Iser IC, Wink MR, Battastini AMO, Ulrich H. Perspectives of purinergic signaling in stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:523-37. [PMID: 22143354 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost or dysfunctional tissues by stem cells has recently raised many investigations on therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and successful engraftment of stem cells originated from diverse origins. Adenosine triphosphate release occurs in a controlled way by exocytosis, transporters, and lysosomes or in large amounts from damaged cells, which is then subsequently degraded into adenosine. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms induced by immune responses present critical factors for the success of stem cell therapy. While P1 receptors generally exert beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory activity, P2 receptor-mediated actions depend on the subtype of stimulated receptors and localization of tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory actions and excitatory tissue damages mainly result from P2X7 receptor activation, while other purinergic receptor subtypes participate in proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing adequate niches for stem cell engraftment and novel mechanisms for cell therapy and endogenous tissue repair. Therapeutic applications based on regulation of purinergic signaling are foreseen for kidney and heart muscle regeneration, Clara-like cell replacement for pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells as well as for induction of neurogenesis in case of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto de Química, Universidade São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748-Bloco 8S/Room 0858, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kraushaar U, Meyer T, Hess D, Gepstein L, L Mummery C, R Braam S, Guenther E. Cardiac safety pharmacology: from human ether-a-gogo related gene channel block towards induced pluripotent stem cell based disease models. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 11:285-98. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.639358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Maury Y, Gauthier M, Peschanski M, Martinat C. Human pluripotent stem cells for disease modelling and drug screening. Bioessays 2011; 34:61-71. [PMID: 22038777 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considerable hope surrounds the use of disease-specific pluripotent stem cells to generate models of human disease allowing exploration of pathological mechanisms and search for new treatments. Disease-specific human embryonic stem cells were the first to provide a useful source for studying certain disease states. The recent demonstration that human somatic cells, derived from readily accessible tissue such as skin or blood, can be converted to embryonic-like induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has opened new perspectives for modelling and understanding a larger number of human pathologies. In this review, we examine the opportunities and challenges for the use of disease-specific pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug screening. Progress in these areas will substantially accelerate effective application of disease-specific human pluripotent stem cells for drug screening.
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Elliott DA, Braam SR, Koutsis K, Ng ES, Jenny R, Lagerqvist EL, Biben C, Hatzistavrou T, Hirst CE, Yu QC, Skelton RJP, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Lim SM, Khammy O, Li X, Hawes SM, Davis RP, Goulburn AL, Passier R, Prall OWJ, Haynes JM, Pouton CW, Kaye DM, Mummery CL, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. NKX2-5(eGFP/w) hESCs for isolation of human cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes. Nat Methods 2011; 8:1037-40. [PMID: 22020065 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NKX2-5 is expressed in the heart throughout life. We targeted eGFP sequences to the NKX2-5 locus of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs); NKX2-5(eGFP/w) hESCs facilitate quantification of cardiac differentiation, purification of hESC-derived committed cardiac progenitor cells (hESC-CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and the standardization of differentiation protocols. We used NKX2-5 eGFP(+) cells to identify VCAM1 and SIRPA as cell-surface markers expressed in cardiac lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Elliott
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Feinberg AW. Engineered tissue grafts: opportunities and challenges in regenerative medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 4:207-20. [PMID: 22012681 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body has limited regenerative capacity in most of the major tissues and organs. This fact has spurred the field of regenerative medicine, promising to repair damage following traumatic injury or disease. Multiple therapeutic strategies are being explored including small molecules, gene delivery, and stem cells; however, tissue engineering remains a primary approach to achieving regeneration. Organ transplantation demonstrates that damaged tissues can be replaced, but technology to regenerate complex organs de novo is not yet available. Instead, tissue engineering can augment the body's own regenerative ability by replacing tissue sections and enhancing the regenerative cascade. As a consequence of these opportunities, it is timely to review the criteria and current status of engineered tissue grafts designed as patches to replace or regenerate damaged or diseased tissue and restore organ function. This topic will be explored starting from the biomaterials and cells incorporated into the engineered graft, the environment into which the graft is implanted and the integration of the engineered graft with the host. Common issues will be addressed that are relevant to regeneration in multiple tissue and organ systems. Specific examples will focus on engineered grafts for myocardial and corneal repair to illustrate the tissue-specific challenges and opportunities and highlight the innovation needed as the field moves forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rai M, Walthall JM, Hu J, Hatzopoulos AK. Continuous antagonism by Dkk1 counter activates canonical Wnt signaling and promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:54-66. [PMID: 21861760 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells give rise to mesodermal progenitors that differentiate to hematopoietic and cardiovascular cells. The wnt signaling pathway plays multiple roles in cardiovascular development through a network of intracellular effectors. To monitor global changes in wnt signaling during ES cell differentiation, we generated independent ES cell lines carrying the luciferase gene under promoters that uniquely respond to specific wnt pathway branches. Our results show that successive, mutually exclusive waves of noncanonical and canonical wnt signaling precede mesoderm differentiation. Blocking the initial noncanonical JNK/AP-1 signaling with SP60125 aborts cardiovascular differentiation and promotes hematopoiesis, whereas interference with the subsequent peak of canonical wnt signaling using Dkk1 has the opposite effect. Dkk1 blockade triggers counter mechanisms that lead to delayed and extended activation of canonical wnt signaling and mesoderm differentiation that appear to favor the cardiomyocytic lineage at the expense of hematopoietic cells. The cardiomyocytic yield can be further enhanced by overexpression of Wnt11 leading to approximately 95-fold enrichment in contracting cells. Our results suggest that the initial noncanonical wnt signaling is necessary for subsequent activation of canonical signaling and that the latter operates under a regulatory loop which responds to suppression with hyperactivation of compensatory mechanisms. This model provides new insights on wnt signaling during ES cell differentiation and points to a method to induce cardiomyocytic differentiation without precise timing of wnt signaling manipulation. Taking into account the heterogeneity of pluripotent cells, these findings might present an advantage to enhance the cardiogenic potential of stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Embryonic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/physiology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Luciferases, Firefly/biosynthesis
- Luciferases, Firefly/genetics
- Mice
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptional Activation
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Rai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6300, USA
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Freytes DO, Santambrogio L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Optimizing dynamic interactions between a cardiac patch and inflammatory host cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:171-82. [PMID: 21996612 DOI: 10.1159/000331392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged heart muscle has only a minimal ability for regeneration following myocardial infarction in which cardiomyocytes are lost to ischemia. The most clinically promising approach to regeneration of cardiac muscle currently under investigation is that of injecting cardiogenic repair cells or implanting a preformed tissue-engineered patch. While major advances are being made in the derivation of functional human cardiomyocytes and the development of tissue-engineering modalities for cardiac repair, the host environment into which the repair cells are placed is largely overlooked. Within seconds of myocardial ischemia, hypoxia sets in in the myocardium and the inflammatory response starts, characterized by rapid deployment of circulating cells and the release of paracrine and autocrine signals. Therefore, the inflammatory conditions under which these interactions take place, the design of the scaffold material used, and the maturity of the implanted cells will determine the outcomes of any stem cell-based therapy. We discuss here the interactions between implanted and inflammatory cells of the host, which are critical for the design of effective heart repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O Freytes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
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