1
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Lee JH. Targeting the ATM pathway in cancer: Opportunities, challenges and personalized therapeutic strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 129:102808. [PMID: 39106770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the DNA damage response, maintaining genomic stability, and regulating various cellular processes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ATM's structure, activation mechanisms, and various functions in cancer development, progression, and treatment. I discuss ATM's dual nature as both a tumor suppressor and potential promoter of cancer cell survival in certain contexts. The article explores the complex signaling pathways mediated by ATM, its interactions with other DNA repair mechanisms, and its influence on cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and metabolism. I examine the clinical implications of ATM alterations, including their impact on cancer predisposition, prognosis, and treatment response. The review highlights recent advances in ATM-targeted therapies, discussing ongoing clinical trials of ATM inhibitors and their potential in combination with other treatment modalities. I also address the challenges in developing effective biomarkers for ATM activity and patient selection strategies for personalized cancer therapy. Finally, I outline future research directions, emphasizing the need for refined biomarker development, optimized combination therapies, and strategies to overcome potential resistance mechanisms. This comprehensive overview underscores the critical importance of ATM in cancer biology and its emerging potential as a therapeutic target in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Nikjoo H, Rahmanian S, Taleei R. Modelling DNA damage-repair and beyond. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 190:1-18. [PMID: 38754703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents a review of mechanistic modelling studies of DNA damage and DNA repair, and consequences to follow in mammalian cell nucleus. We hypothesize DNA deletions are consequences of repair of double strand breaks leading to the modifications of genome that play crucial role in long term development of genetic inheritance and diseases. The aim of the paper is to review formation mechanisms underlying naturally occurring DNA deletions in the human genome and their potential relevance for bridging the gap between induced DNA double strand breaks and deletions in damaged human genome from endogenous and exogenous events. The model of the cell nucleus presented enables simulation of DNA damage at molecular level identifying the spectrum of damage induced in all chromosomal territories and loops. Our mechanistic modelling of DNA repair for double stand breaks (DSB), single strand breaks (SSB) and base damage (BD), shows the complexity of DNA damage is responsible for the longer repair times and the reason for the biphasic feature of mammalian cells repair curves. In the absence of experimentally determined data, the mechanistic model of repair predicts the in vivo rate constants for the proteins involved in the repair of DSB, SSB, and of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooshang Nikjoo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG), Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | | | - Reza Taleei
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Floccari S, Sabry R, Choux L, Neal MS, Khokhar JY, Favetta LA. DNA methylation, but not microRNA expression, is affected by in vitro THC exposure in bovine granulosa cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:42. [PMID: 39010179 PMCID: PMC11247865 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A global increase in cannabis use has led to questions about its effects on fertility. The rise in consumption amongst women of reproductive age is a growing concern, as this group is vulnerable in terms of reproductive health. Ample evidence suggests that the psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), that helps regulate mammalian reproduction. This study aimed to research the epigenetic effects of THC in bovine granulosa cells (GCs) by (1) investigating global DNA methylation via measuring 5-mC and 5-hmC levels; (2) measuring key methylation regulators, including the methylating enzymes DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b and the demethylases TDG and TET1/2/3; and (3) assessing fertility-associated miRNAs key in developmental competency, including miR-21, -155, -33b, -324 and -346. METHODS Bovine GCs were used as a translational model for reproductive toxicity in humans. To determine THC effects, GCs were isolated from Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes (COCs) from bovine ovaries, cultured in vitro for 7 days, or until confluent, and cryopreserved at passage 1 (P1). For experimentation, cells were thawed, cultured until passage 2 (P2), serum restricted for 24-h and treated for 24-h in one of five groups: control, vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol: tween: saline) and three clinically relevant THC doses (0.032, 0.32 and 3.2 μM). Global methylation was assessed by measuring 5-mC and 5-hmC levels with flow cytometry. To assess mRNA and protein expression of methylation regulators and miRNA profiles, qPCR and Western Blotting were utilized. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine normality within datasets. One-way ANOVA was applied to determine statistical significance using GraphPad Prism 6.0.0. RESULTS Results indicate a significant decrease (p = 0.0435) in 5-mC levels following low THC exposure, while no changes were observed in 5-hmC levels. A significant increase in DNMT1 following high THC exposure at the RNA level (p < 0.05) and a significant increase following low THC exposure at the protein level (p = 0.0048) were also observed. No significant differences were observed in DNMT3a/3b, TDG, TET1/2/3 mRNAs or in any of the miRNAs analyzed. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that THC mainly affects DNA methylation, but not miRNA profiles, ultimately altering gene expression and likely impairing oocyte competence, maturation, and fertilization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Floccari
- Reproductive Health and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Reem Sabry
- Reproductive Health and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Choux
- Reproductive Health and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S Neal
- ONE Fertility, Burlington, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Laura A Favetta
- Reproductive Health and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Chen XY, Wu ZX, Wang JQ, Teng QX, Tang H, Liu Q, Chen ZS, Chen W. Multidrug resistance transporters P-gp and BCRP limit the efficacy of ATR inhibitor ceralasertib in cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1400699. [PMID: 38756373 PMCID: PMC11096521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1400699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and targeted therapy are known to be limited by drug resistance. Substantial evidence has shown that ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-gp and BCRP are significant contributors to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that a clinical-staged ATR inhibitor ceralasertib is susceptible to P-gp and BCRP-mediated MDR. The drug resistant cancer cells were less sensitive to ceralasertib compared to the parental cells. Moreover, ceralasertib resistance can be reversed by inhibiting the drug efflux activity of P-gp and BCRP. Interestingly, ceralasertib was able to downregulate the level of P-gp but not BCRP, suggesting a potential regulation between ATR signaling and P-gp expression. Furthermore, computational docking analysis predicted high affinities between ceralasertib and the drug-binding sites of P-gp and BCRP. In summary, overexpression of P-gp and BCRP are sufficient to confer cancer cells resistance to ceralasertib, underscoring their role as biomarkers for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Yu Chen
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Wenkuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Sang PB, Jaiswal RK, Lyu X, Chai W. Human CST complex restricts excessive PrimPol repriming upon UV induced replication stress by suppressing p21. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3778-3793. [PMID: 38348929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA replication stress, caused by various endogenous and exogenous agents, halt or stall DNA replication progression. Cells have developed diverse mechanisms to tolerate and overcome replication stress, enabling them to continue replication. One effective strategy to overcome stalled replication involves skipping the DNA lesion using a specialized polymerase known as PrimPol, which reinitiates DNA synthesis downstream of the damage. However, the mechanism regulating PrimPol repriming is largely unclear. In this study, we observe that knockdown of STN1 or CTC1, components of the CTC1/STN1/TEN1 complex, leads to enhanced replication progression following UV exposure. We find that such increased replication is dependent on PrimPol, and PrimPol recruitment to stalled forks increases upon CST depletion. Moreover, we find that p21 is upregulated in STN1-depleted cells in a p53-independent manner, and p21 depletion restores normal replication rates caused by STN1 deficiency. We identify that p21 interacts with PrimPol, and STN1 depletion stimulates p21-PrimPol interaction and facilitates PrimPol recruitment to stalled forks. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed interplay between CST, PrimPol and p21 in promoting repriming in response to stalled replication, and shed light on the regulation of PrimPol repriming at stalled forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Biak Sang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishi K Jaiswal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinxing Lyu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Weihang Chai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Nasheuer HP, Meaney AM. Starting DNA Synthesis: Initiation Processes during the Replication of Chromosomal DNA in Humans. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:360. [PMID: 38540419 PMCID: PMC10969946 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation reactions of DNA synthesis are central processes during human chromosomal DNA replication. They are separated into two main processes: the initiation events at replication origins, the start of the leading strand synthesis for each replicon, and the numerous initiation events taking place during lagging strand DNA synthesis. In addition, a third mechanism is the re-initiation of DNA synthesis after replication fork stalling, which takes place when DNA lesions hinder the progression of DNA synthesis. The initiation of leading strand synthesis at replication origins is regulated at multiple levels, from the origin recognition to the assembly and activation of replicative helicase, the Cdc45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) complex. In addition, the multiple interactions of the CMG complex with the eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase α-primase, DNA polymerase δ and ε, at replication forks play pivotal roles in the mechanism of the initiation reactions of leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis. These interactions are also important for the initiation of signalling at unperturbed and stalled replication forks, "replication stress" events, via ATR (ATM-Rad 3-related protein kinase). These processes are essential for the accurate transfer of the cells' genetic information to their daughters. Thus, failures and dysfunctions in these processes give rise to genome instability causing genetic diseases, including cancer. In their influential review "Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions", Hanahan and Weinberg (2022) therefore call genome instability a fundamental function in the development process of cancer cells. In recent years, the understanding of the initiation processes and mechanisms of human DNA replication has made substantial progress at all levels, which will be discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Peter Nasheuer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
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7
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Statello L, Fernandez-Justel JM, González J, Montes M, Ranieri A, Goñi E, Mas AM, Huarte M. The chromatin-associated lncREST ensures effective replication stress response by promoting the assembly of fork signaling factors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:978. [PMID: 38302450 PMCID: PMC10834948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides the well-characterized protein network involved in the replication stress response, several regulatory RNAs have been shown to play a role in this critical process. However, it has remained elusive whether they act locally at the stressed forks. Here, by investigating the RNAs localizing on chromatin upon replication stress induced by hydroxyurea, we identified a set of lncRNAs upregulated in S-phase and controlled by stress transcription factors. Among them, we demonstrate that the previously uncharacterized lncRNA lncREST (long non-coding RNA REplication STress) is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and localizes at stressed replication forks. LncREST-depleted cells experience sustained replication fork progression and accumulate un-signaled DNA damage. Under replication stress, lncREST interacts with the protein NCL and assists in engaging its interaction with RPA. The loss of lncREST is associated with a reduced NCL-RPA interaction and decreased RPA on chromatin, leading to defective replication stress signaling and accumulation of mitotic defects, resulting in apoptosis and a reduction in tumorigenic potential of cancer cells. These findings uncover the function of a lncRNA in favoring the recruitment of replication proteins to sites of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Statello
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José Miguel Fernandez-Justel
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jovanna González
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Montes
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alessia Ranieri
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Goñi
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aina M Mas
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Huarte
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pio XII 55 Ave, 11 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain.
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8
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Mórocz M, Qorri E, Pekker E, Tick G, Haracska L. Exploring RAD18-dependent replication of damaged DNA and discontinuities: A collection of advanced tools. J Biotechnol 2024; 380:1-19. [PMID: 38072328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways mitigate the effects of DNA damage during replication by rescuing the replication fork stalled at a DNA lesion or other barriers and also repair discontinuities left in the newly replicated DNA. From yeast to mammalian cells, RAD18-regulated translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) represent the dominant pathways of DDT. Monoubiquitylation of the polymerase sliding clamp PCNA by HRAD6A-B/RAD18, an E2/E3 protein pair, enables the recruitment of specialized TLS polymerases that can insert nucleotides opposite damaged template bases. Alternatively, the subsequent polyubiquitylation of monoubiquitin-PCNA by Ubc13-Mms2 (E2) and HLTF or SHPRH (E3) can lead to the switching of the synthesis from the damaged template to the undamaged newly synthesized sister strand to facilitate synthesis past the lesion. When immediate TLS or TS cannot occur, gaps may remain in the newly synthesized strand, partly due to the repriming activity of the PRIMPOL primase, which can be filled during the later phases of the cell cycle. The first part of this review will summarize the current knowledge about RAD18-dependent DDT pathways, while the second part will offer a molecular toolkit for the identification and characterization of the cellular functions of a DDT protein. In particular, we will focus on advanced techniques that can reveal single-stranded and double-stranded DNA gaps and their repair at the single-cell level as well as monitor the progression of single replication forks, such as the specific versions of the DNA fiber and comet assays. This collection of methods may serve as a powerful molecular toolkit to monitor the metabolism of gaps, detect the contribution of relevant pathways and molecular players, as well as characterize the effectiveness of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Mórocz
- HCEMM-HUN-REN BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.
| | - Erda Qorri
- HCEMM-HUN-REN BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; Faculty of Science and Informatics, Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Emese Pekker
- HCEMM-HUN-REN BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Tick
- Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Haracska
- HCEMM-HUN-REN BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar tudósok krt. 2. H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Xu MJ, Jordan PW. SMC5/6 Promotes Replication Fork Stability via Negative Regulation of the COP9 Signalosome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:952. [PMID: 38256025 PMCID: PMC10815603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that DNA replication fork stalling is a common occurrence during cell proliferation, but there are robust mechanisms to alleviate this and ensure DNA replication is completed prior to chromosome segregation. The SMC5/6 complex has consistently been implicated in the maintenance of replication fork integrity. However, the essential role of the SMC5/6 complex during DNA replication in mammalian cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigate the molecular consequences of SMC5/6 loss at the replication fork in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), employing the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system to deplete SMC5 acutely and reversibly in the defined cellular contexts of replication fork stall and restart. In SMC5-depleted cells, we identify a defect in the restart of stalled replication forks, underpinned by excess MRE11-mediated fork resection and a perturbed localization of fork protection factors to the stalled fork. Previously, we demonstrated a physical and functional interaction of SMC5/6 with the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a cullin deneddylase that enzymatically regulates cullin ring ligase (CRL) activity. Employing a combination of DNA fiber techniques, the AID system, small-molecule inhibition assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we show that SMC5/6 promotes the localization of fork protection factors to stalled replication forks by negatively modulating the COP9 signalosome (CSN). We propose that the SMC5/6-mediated modulation of the CSN ensures that CRL activity and their roles in DNA replication fork stabilization are maintained to allow for efficient replication fork restart when a replication fork stall is alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip W. Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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10
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Eskandarian S, Grand RJ, Irani S, Saeedi M, Mirfakhraie R. Depletion of CNOT4 modulates the DNA damage responses following ionizing radiation (IR). J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:126-132. [PMID: 38554309 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1723_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ccr4-Not complex (CNOT complex in mammals) is a unique and highly conserved complex with numerous cellular functions. Until now, there has been relatively little known about the importance of the CNOT complex subunits in the DNA damage response (DDR) in mammalian cells. CNOT4 is a subunit of the complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that interacts transiently with the CNOT1 subunit. Here, we attempt to investigate the role of human CNOT4 subunit in the DDR in human cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, cell viability in the absence of CNOT4 was assessed using a Cell Titer-Glo Luminescence assay up to 4 days post siRNA transfection. In a further experiment, CNOT4-depleted HeLa cells were exposed to 3Gy ionizing radiation (IR). Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathways were then investigated by western blotting for phosphorylated substrates. In addition, foci formation of histone 2A family member X (γH2AX), replication protein A (RPA), TP53 binding protein 1 (53BP1), and DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 was also determined by immunofluorescence microscopy comparing control and CNOT4-depleted HeLa cells 0, 8, and 24 h post IR treatment. RESULTS Our results from cell viability assays showed a significant reduction of cell growth activity at 24 (P value 0.02) and 48 h (P value 0.002) post siRNA. Western blot analysis showed slightly reduced or slightly delayed DDR signaling in CNOT4-depleted HeLa cells after IR. More significantly, we observed increased formation of γH2AX, RPA, 53BP1, and RAD51 foci after IR in CNOT4-depleted cells compared with the control cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that depletion of CNOT4 affects various aspects of the cellular response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Eskandarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K. B15 2TT
| | - Roger J Grand
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K. B15 2TT
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Drumond-Bock AL, Wang L, Wang L, Cybula M, Rostworowska M, Kinter M, Bieniasz M. Increased expression of BRD4 isoforms long (BRD4-L) and short (BRD4-S) promotes chemotherapy resistance in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Genes Cancer 2023; 14:56-76. [PMID: 37705995 PMCID: PMC10496930 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma is a puzzling issue that urges understanding of strategies used by cancer cells to survive DNA damage and to escape cell death. Expanding efforts to understand mechanisms driving chemoresistance and to develop alternative therapies targeting chemoresistant tumors are critical. Amplification of BRD4 is frequently associated with chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma, but little is known about the biological effects of the overexpression of BRD4 isoforms in this malignancy. Here, we described the consequences of BRD4-L and BRD4-S overexpression in ovarian carcinoma shedding a light on a complex regulation of BRD4 isoforms. We demonstrated that the BRD4-L transcript expression is required to generate both isoforms, BRD4-L and BRD4-S. We showed that the BRD4-S mRNA expression positively correlated with BRD4-S protein levels, while BRD4-L isoform showed negative correlation between mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, we demonstrated that an overexpression of BRD4 isoforms is associated with chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Drumond-Bock
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Luyao Wang
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - Maria Rostworowska
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Magdalena Bieniasz
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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12
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Biswas H, Makinwa Y, Zou Y. Novel Cellular Functions of ATR for Therapeutic Targeting: Embryogenesis to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11684. [PMID: 37511442 PMCID: PMC10380702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is recognized as having an important role in cancer growth and treatment. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has shown significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. ATR inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effectiveness, not just as monotherapies but also in enhancing the effects of standard chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The biological basis of ATR is examined in this review, as well as its functional significance in the development and therapy of cancer, and the justification for inhibiting this target as a therapeutic approach, including an assessment of the progress and status of previous decades' development of effective and selective ATR inhibitors. The current applications of these inhibitors in preclinical and clinical investigations as single medicines or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are also fully reviewed. This review concludes with some insights into the many concerns highlighted or identified with ATR inhibitors in both the preclinical and clinical contexts, as well as potential remedies proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.B.); (Y.M.)
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13
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Cesari E, Ciucci A, Pieraccioli M, Caggiano C, Nero C, Bonvissuto D, Sillano F, Buttarelli M, Piermattei A, Loverro M, Camarda F, Greco V, De Bonis M, Minucci A, Gallo D, Urbani A, Vizzielli G, Scambia G, Sette C. Dual inhibition of CDK12 and CDK13 uncovers actionable vulnerabilities in patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:126. [PMID: 37202753 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is highly lethal, partly due to chemotherapy resistance and limited availability of targeted approaches. Cyclin dependent kinases 12 and 13 (CDK12/13) are promising therapeutic targets in human cancers, including HGSOC. Nevertheless, the effects of their inhibition in HGSOC and the potential synergy with other drugs are poorly known. METHODS We analyzed the effects of the CDK12/13 inhibitor THZ531 in HGSOC cells and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to identify the genome-wide effects of short-term CDK12/13 inhibition on the transcriptome of HGSOC cells. Viability assays with HGSOC cells and PDOs were performed to assess the efficacy of THZ531 as single agent or in combination with clinically relevant drugs. RESULTS The CDK12 and CDK13 genes are deregulated in HGSOC and their concomitant up-regulation with the oncogene MYC predicts poor prognosis. HGSOC cells and PDOs display high sensitivity to CDK12/13 inhibition, which synergizes with drugs in clinical use for HGSOC. Transcriptome analyses revealed cancer-relevant genes whose expression is repressed by dual CDK12/13 inhibition through impaired splicing. Combined treatment with THZ531 and inhibitors of pathways regulated by these cancer relevant genes (EGFR, RPTOR, ATRIP) exerted synergic effects on HGSOC PDO viability. CONCLUSIONS CDK12 and CDK13 represent valuable therapeutic targets for HGSOC. We uncovered a wide spectrum of CDK12/13 targets as potential therapeutic vulnerabilities for HGSOC. Moreover, our study indicates that CDK12/13 inhibition enhances the efficacy of approved drugs that are already in use for HGSOC or other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- GSTeP Organoids Research Core Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciucci
- GSTeP Organoids Research Core Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pieraccioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- GSTeP Organoids Research Core Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Caggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- GSTeP Organoids Research Core Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Nero
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Bonvissuto
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sillano
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Buttarelli
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Translational Medicine for Woman and Child Health, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Piermattei
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Loverro
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Camarda
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Bonis
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Translational Medicine for Woman and Child Health, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vizzielli
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Santa Maria Della Misericordia" University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- GSTeP Organoids Research Core Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Li L, Yuan Q, Chu YM, Jiang HY, Zhao JH, Su Q, Huo DQ, Zhang XF. Advances in holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP): Structure, molecular functions, and roles in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1106638. [PMID: 37025176 PMCID: PMC10070699 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes are increasingly recognized as important factors in the development and progression of cancer. Holliday Junction Recognition Protein (HJURP) is a highly specialized mitogenic protein that is a chaperone protein of histone H3. The HJURP gene is located on chromosome 2q37.1 and is involved in nucleosome composition in the mitotic region, forming a three-dimensional crystal structure with Centromere Protein A (CENP-A) and the histone 4 complex. HJURP is involved in the recruitment and assembly of centromere and kinetochore and plays a key role in stabilizing the chromosome structure of tumor cells, and its dysfunction may contribute to tumorigenesis. In the available studies HJURP is upregulated in a variety of cancer tissues and cancer cell lines and is involved in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis and immune response. In an in vivo model, overexpression of HJURP in most cancer cell lines promotes cell proliferation and invasiveness, reduces susceptibility to apoptosis, and promotes tumor growth. In addition, upregulation of HJURP was associated with poorer prognosis in a variety of cancers. These properties suggest that HJURP may be a possible target for the treatment of certain cancers. Various studies targeting HJURP as a prognostic and therapeutic target for cancer are gradually attracting interest and attention. This paper reviews the functional and molecular mechanisms of HJURP in a variety of tumor types with the aim of providing new targets for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yue-Ming Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hang-Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ju-Hua Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Individualized Drug Therapy, Nanchong, China
| | - Dan-Qun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Dan-Qun Huo, ; Xiao-Fen Zhang,
| | - Xiao-Fen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- *Correspondence: Dan-Qun Huo, ; Xiao-Fen Zhang,
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15
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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16
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Li S, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hong Z, Han Z. The synthetic lethality of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs in cancer treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:147. [PMID: 36253861 PMCID: PMC9578258 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell division is a hallmark of cancer, and the underlying mechanism is tumor genomics instability. Cell cycle checkpoints are critical for enabling an orderly cell cycle and maintaining genome stability during cell division. Based on their distinct functions in cell cycle control, cell cycle checkpoints are classified into two groups: DNA damage checkpoints and DNA replication stress checkpoints. The DNA damage checkpoints (ATM-CHK2-p53) primarily monitor genetic errors and arrest cell cycle progression to facilitate DNA repair. Unfortunately, genes involved in DNA damage checkpoints are frequently mutated in human malignancies. In contrast, genes associated with DNA replication stress checkpoints (ATR-CHK1-WEE1) are rarely mutated in tumors, and cancer cells are highly dependent on these genes to prevent replication catastrophe and secure genome integrity. At present, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) operate through “synthetic lethality” mechanism with mutant DNA repair pathways genes in cancer cells. However, an increasing number of patients are acquiring PARP inhibitor resistance after prolonged treatment. Recent work suggests that a combination therapy of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs act synergistically to increase the number of DNA errors, compromise the DNA repair machinery, and disrupt the cell cycle, thereby increasing the death rate of cancer cells with DNA repair deficiency or PARP inhibitor resistance. We highlight a combinational strategy involving PARP inhibitors and inhibition of two major cell cycle checkpoint pathways, ATM-CHK2-TP53 and ATR-CHK1-WEE1. The biological functions, resistance mechanisms against PARP inhibitors, advances in preclinical research, and clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Changyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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17
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Nickoloff JA. Targeting Replication Stress Response Pathways to Enhance Genotoxic Chemo- and Radiotherapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154736. [PMID: 35897913 PMCID: PMC9330692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells regularly experience replication stress caused by spontaneous DNA damage that results from endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA sequences that can assume secondary and tertiary structures, and collisions between opposing transcription and replication machineries. Cancer cells face additional replication stress, including oncogenic stress that results from the dysregulation of fork progression and origin firing, and from DNA damage induced by radiotherapy and most cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cells respond to such stress by activating a complex network of sensor, signaling and effector pathways that protect genome integrity. These responses include slowing or stopping active replication forks, protecting stalled replication forks from collapse, preventing late origin replication firing, stimulating DNA repair pathways that promote the repair and restart of stalled or collapsed replication forks, and activating dormant origins to rescue adjacent stressed forks. Currently, most cancer patients are treated with genotoxic chemotherapeutics and/or ionizing radiation, and cancer cells can gain resistance to the resulting replication stress by activating pro-survival replication stress pathways. Thus, there has been substantial effort to develop small molecule inhibitors of key replication stress proteins to enhance tumor cell killing by these agents. Replication stress targets include ATR, the master kinase that regulates both normal replication and replication stress responses; the downstream signaling kinase Chk1; nucleases that process stressed replication forks (MUS81, EEPD1, Metnase); the homologous recombination catalyst RAD51; and other factors including ATM, DNA-PKcs, and PARP1. This review provides an overview of replication stress response pathways and discusses recent pre-clinical studies and clinical trials aimed at improving cancer therapy by targeting replication stress response factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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18
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Liu Q, Chung S, Murata MM, Han B, Gao B, Zhang M, Lee TY, Chirshev E, Unternaehrer J, Tanaka H, Giuliano AE, Cui Y, Cui X. TOP1 inhibition induces bifurcated JNK/MYC signaling that dictates cancer cell sensitivity. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4203-4218. [PMID: 35844787 PMCID: PMC9274500 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.70583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not respond to anti-estrogen and anti-HER2 therapies and is commonly treated by chemotherapy. TNBC has a high recurrence rate, particularly within the first 3 years. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need to develop more effective therapies for TNBC. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors cause DNA damage, making these drugs desirable for TNBC treatment since DNA repair machinery is defective in this subtype of breast cancer. Among the main molecular subtypes of breast cancer, the TNBC cell lines exhibited the highest TOP1 inhibition sensitivity. However, clinically used TOP1 inhibitors, such as topotecan and irinotecan, have shown limited clinical applications and the reasons remain unclear. Understanding the mechanism of differential responses to TOP1 blockade and identifying the predictive markers for cancer cell sensitivity will help further TOP1-targeted therapy for TNBC treatment and improve the clinical use of TOP1 inhibitors. Methods: Viability assays were used to evaluate breast cancer cell sensitivity to topotecan and other TOP1 inhibitors as well as TOP2 inhibitors. An in vitro-derived topotecan-resistant TNBC cell model and TNBC xenograft models were employed to confirm cancer cell response to TOP1 blockade. RNA-seq was used to identify potential predictive markers for TNBC cell response to TOP1 blockade. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were performed to measure the protein levels and RNA expression. ATAC-seq and luciferase reporter assays were used to examine MYC transcriptional regulations. The effects of MYC and JNK in cancer cell response to TOP1 inhibition were validated via loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. Results: We observed two distinct and diverging cancer cell responses - sensitive versus resistant to TOP1 inhibition, which was confirmed by TNBC xenograft mouse models treated by topotecan. TNBC cells exhibited bifurcated temporal patterns of ATR pathway activation upon TOP1 inhibitor treatment. The sensitive TNBC cells showed an "up then down" dynamic pattern of ATR/Chk1 signaling, while the resistant TNBC cells exhibited a "persistently up" profile. On the contrary, opposite temporal patterns of induced expression of MYC, a key regulator and effector of DNA damage, were found in TNBC cells treated by TOP1 inhibitors. Mechanistically, we showed that TOP1-induced JNK signaling upregulated MYC expression. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of ATR reversed TNBC cell resistance to topotecan, whereas MYC knockdown and JNK inhibition reduced cancer cell sensitivity. Conclusions: Dynamic temporal profiles of induced ATR/Chk1 and JNK activation as well as MYC expression, may predict cancer cell response to TOP1 inhibitors. JNK activation-mediated constitutive elevation of MYC expression may represent a novel mechanism governing cancer cell sensitivity to TOP1-targeting therapy. Our results may provide implications for identifying TNBC patients who might benefit from the treatment with TOP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stacey Chung
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael M. Murata
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bingchen Han
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bowen Gao
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maoqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College Cancer Hospital, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Tian-Yu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Evgeny Chirshev
- Loma Linda University, Department of Basic Sciences, 11085 Campus Street Mortensen Hall 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Juli Unternaehrer
- Loma Linda University, Department of Basic Sciences, 11085 Campus Street Mortensen Hall 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E. Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yukun Cui
- Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College Cancer Hospital, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Biswas H, Zhao SJ, Makinwa Y, Bassett JS, Musich PR, Liu JY, Zou Y. Prolyl Isomerization-Mediated Conformational Changes Define ATR Subcellular Compartment-Specific Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826576. [PMID: 35721505 PMCID: PMC9204103 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR is a PI3K-like kinase protein, regulating checkpoint responses to DNA damage and replication stress. Apart from its checkpoint function in the nucleus, ATR actively engages in an antiapoptotic role at mitochondria following DNA damage. The different functions of ATR in the nucleus and cytoplasm are carried out by two prolyl isomeric forms of ATR: trans- and cis-ATR, respectively. The isomerization occurs at the Pin1 Ser428-Pro429 motif of ATR. Here, we investigated the structural basis of the subcellular location-specific functions of human ATR. Using a mass spectrometry-based footprinting approach, the surface accessibility of ATR lysine residues to sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin modification was monitored and compared between the cis- and the trans-isomers. We have identified two biotin-modified lysine residues, K459 and K469, within the BH3-like domain of cis-ATR that were not accessible in trans-ATR, indicating a conformational change around the BH3 domain between cis- and trans-ATR. The conformational alteration also involved the N-terminal domain and the middle HEAT domain. Moreover, experimental results from an array of complementary assays show that cis-ATR with the accessible BH3 domain was able to bind to tBid while trans-ATR could not. In addition, both cis- and trans-ATR can directly form homodimers via their C-terminal domains without ATRIP, while nuclear (trans-ATR) in the presence of ATRIP forms dimer-dimer complexes involving both N- and C-termini of ATR and ATRIP after UV. Structural characteristics around the Ser428-Pro429 motif and the BH3 domain region are also analyzed by molecular modeling and dynamics simulation. In support, cis conformation was found to be significantly more energetically favorable than trans at the Ser428-Pro429 bond in a 20-aa wild-type ATR peptide. Taken together, our results suggest that the isomerization-induced structural changes of ATR define both its subcellular location and compartment-specific functions and play an essential role in promoting cell survival and DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Biswas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Shu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - James S. Bassett
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Phillip R. Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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20
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Chen P, Bin H, Jiao Y, Lin G, Zhang Y, Xia A, Pan Z, Qiao J, Guo Y, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li L. Discovery of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of ATR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 63:128651. [PMID: 35245663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a key regulating protein within the DNA damage response (DDR), responsible for sensing replication stress (RS), and has been considered as a potential target for cancer therapy. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of ATR inhibitors. Among them, compound 5g exhibits an IC50 value of 0.007 μM against ATR kinase. In vitro, 5g displays good anti-tumor activity and could significantly reduce the phosphorylation level of ATR and its downstream signaling protein. Overall, this study provides a promising lead compound for subsequent drug discovery targeting ATR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huachao Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guifeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Macular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Anjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhilin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yinping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China.
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21
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Meessen S, Najjar G, Azoitei A, Iben S, Bolenz C, Günes C. A Comparative Assessment of Replication Stress Markers in the Context of Telomerase. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092205. [PMID: 35565334 PMCID: PMC9103842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic alterations such as oncogenic- or aneuploidy-inducing mutations can induce replication stress as a tumor protection mechansim. Previous data indicated that telomerase may ameliorate the cellular responses that induce replication stress. However, the mechanisms how this may occur are still unclear. In order to address this question, the accurate evaluation of replication stress in the presence and absence of telomerase is crucial. Therefore, we used telomerase negative normal human fibroblasts, as well as their telomerase positive counterparts to compare the suitability of three protein markers (pRPA2, γ-H2AX and 53BP1), which were previously reported to accumulate in response to harmful conditions leading to replication stress in cells. In summary, we find that pRPA2 is the most consistent and reliable marker for the detection of replication stress. Further, we demonstrated that the inhibition of the DNA-damage activated ATM and ATR kinases by specific small compounds impaired the accumulation of pRPA2 foci in the absence of telomerase. These data suggest that telomerase rescues the cells from replication stress upon supression of DNA damage induction by modulating the ATM and ATR signaling pathways, and may therefore support tumor formation of genetically unstable cells. Abstract Aberrant replication stress (RS) is a source of genome instability and has serious implications for cell survival and tumourigenesis. Therefore, the detection of RS and the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of tumourigenesis. Currently, three protein markers—p33-phosphorylated replication protein A2 (pRPA2), γ-phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX), and Tumor Protein P53 Binding Protein 1 (53BP1)—are frequently used to detect RS. However, to our knowledge, there is no report that compares their suitability for the detection of different sources of RS. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the suitability of pRPA2, γ-H2AX, and 53BP1 for the detection of RS caused by different sources of RS. In addition, we examine their suitability as markers of the telomerase-mediated alleviation of RS. For these purposes, we use here telomerase-negative human fibroblasts (BJ) and their telomerase-immortalized counterparts (BJ-hTERT). Replication stress was induced by the ectopic expression of the oncogenic RAS mutant RASG12V (OI-RS), by the knockdown of ploidy-control genes ORP3 or MAD2 (AI-RS), and by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (ROS-induced RS). The level of RS was determined by immunofluorescence staining for pRPA2, γ-H2AX, and 53BP1. Evaluation of the staining results revealed that pRPA2- and γ-H2AX provide a significant and reliable assessment of OI-RS and AI-RS compared to 53BP1. On the other hand, 53BP1 and pRPA2 proved to be superior to γ-H2AX for the evaluation of ROS-induced RS. Moreover, the data showed that among the tested markers, pRPA2 is best suited to evaluate the telomerase-mediated suppression of all three types of RS. In summary, the data indicate that the choice of marker is important for the evaluation of RS activated through different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Meessen
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.M.); (G.N.); (A.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Gregoire Najjar
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.M.); (G.N.); (A.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.M.); (G.N.); (A.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Sebastian Iben
- Department of Dermatology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.M.); (G.N.); (A.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.M.); (G.N.); (A.A.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)731-500-58019; Fax: +49-(0)731-500-58093
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22
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Bin H, Chen P, Wu M, Wang F, Lin G, Pan S, Liu J, Mu B, Nan J, Huang Q, Li L, Yang S. Discovery of a potent and highly selective inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) kinase: Structural activity relationship and antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Hu S, Hui Z, Duan J, Garrido C, Xie T, Ye XY. Discovery of small-molecule ATR inhibitors for potential cancer treatment: a patent review from 2014 to present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:401-421. [PMID: 35001778 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2027911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related kinase (ATR) is one of the key PIKKs family members important for DNA damage response and repair pathways. Targeting ATR kinase for potential cancer therapy has attracted a great deal of attention to both pharmaceutical industries and academic community. AREA COVERED This article surveys the patents published since 2014 aiming to analyze the structural features of scaffolds and the patent space. It also discusses the recent clinical developments and provides perspectives on the challenges and the future directions. EXPERT OPINION ATR kinase appears to be a viable drug target for anticancer therapy. Similar to DNA-PK inhibitors, the clinical investigation of an ATRi employs both monotherapy and combination strategy. In the combination strategy, an ATRi is typically combined with a radiation or a targeted drug such as chemotherapy agent poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, etc. Diverse structures comprising different scaffolds from mono-heteroaryl to bicyclic heteroaryl to tricyclic heteroaryl to macrocycle are capable to achieve good ATR inhibitory activity and good ATR selectivity over other closely related enzymes. There are eight ATR inhibitors currently being evaluated in clinics, with the hope to get approval in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province.,Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hanzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province
| | - Jilong Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM Unit U1231, Label LIPSTIC, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, I-SITE, 7, Bvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province
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24
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Jak HPV wysokiego ryzyka indukuje optymalne środowisko dla własnej replikacji w różnicującym się nabłonku. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstrakt
Wirusy brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) są często czynnikami wywołującymi niegroźne dla człowieka infekcje, ale przetrwałe zakażenie niektórymi typami HPV jest poważnym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia, ponieważ jest związane z wieloma nowotworami, w tym z rakiem szyjki macicy oraz rosnącą liczbą nowotworów głowy i szyi. Cykl replikacyjny HPV jest ściśle zależny od różnicowania komórek wielowarstwowego nabłonka, co oznacza, że genom wirusa musi być replikowany za pomocą różnych mechanizmów na różnych etapach różnicowania komórek. Ustanowienie infekcji i utrzymywanie genomu wirusa zachodzi w proliferujących komórkach nabłonka, gdzie dostępność czynników replikacji jest optymalna dla wirusa. Jednak produktywna faza cyklu rozwojowego wirusa, w tym produktywna replikacja, późna ekspresja genów i wytwarzanie wirionów, zachodzi w wyniku różnicowania się nabłonka w komórkach, które prawidłowo opuszczają cykl komórkowy. Wirus wykorzystuje wiele szlaków sygnalizacyjnych komórki, w tym odpowiedź na uszkodzenia DNA (DDR, DNA damage response) do realizacji produktywnej replikacji własnego genomu. Zrozumienie mechanizmów związanych z cyklem replikacyjnym HPV jest potrzebne do ustalenia właściwego podejścia terapeutycznego do zwalczania chorób powodowanych przez HPV.
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25
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Cell Synchronization Protocols Based on Inhibition of DNA Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910759. [PMID: 34639098 PMCID: PMC8509769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronous cell populations are commonly used for the analysis of various aspects of cellular metabolism at specific stages of the cell cycle. Cell synchronization at a chosen cell cycle stage is most frequently achieved by inhibition of specific metabolic pathway(s). In this respect, various protocols have been developed to synchronize cells in particular cell cycle stages. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols for cell synchronization of mammalian cells based on the inhibition of synthesis of DNA building blocks-deoxynucleotides and/or inhibition of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action, examples of their use, and advantages and disadvantages are described with the aim of providing a guide for the selection of suitable protocol for different studied situations.
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26
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Chandra PK, Cikic S, Baddoo MC, Rutkai I, Guidry JJ, Flemington EK, Katakam PV, Busija DW. Transcriptome analysis reveals sexual disparities in gene expression in rat brain microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2311-2328. [PMID: 33715494 PMCID: PMC8392780 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21999553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex is an important determinant of brain microvessels (MVs) function and susceptibility to cerebrovascular and neurological diseases, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using high throughput RNA sequencing analysis, we examined differentially expressed (DE) genes in brain MVs from young, male, and female rats. Bioinformatics analysis of the 23,786 identified genes indicates that 298 (1.2%) genes were DE using False Discovery Rate criteria (FDR; p < 0.05), of which 119 (40%) and 179 (60%) genes were abundantly expressed in male and female MVs, respectively. Nucleic acid binding, enzyme modulator, and transcription factor were the top three DE genes, which were more highly expressed in male than female MVs. Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins, steroid and cholesterol synthesis, were the top three significantly enriched canonical pathways in male MVs. In contrast, respiratory chain, ribosome, and 3 ́-UTR-mediated translational regulation were the top three enriched canonical pathways in female MVs. Different gene functions of MVs were validated by proteomic analysis and western blotting. Our novel findings reveal major sex disparities in gene expression and canonical pathways of MVs and these differences provide a foundation to study the underlying mechanisms and consequences of sex-dependent differences in cerebrovascular and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sinisa Cikic
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melody C Baddoo
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jessie J Guidry
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad Vg Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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27
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Thakur V, Tiburcio de Freitas J, Li Y, Zhang K, Savadelis A, Bedogni B. MT1-MMP-dependent ECM processing regulates laminB1 stability and mediates replication fork restart. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253062. [PMID: 34237080 PMCID: PMC8266045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains a mainstay of treatment for a majority of cancer patients. We have previously shown that the membrane bound matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP confers radio- and chemotherapy resistance to breast cancer via processing of the ECM and activation of integrinβ1/FAK signaling. Here, we further discovered that the nuclear envelope protein laminB1 is a potential target of integrinβ1/FAK. FAK interacts with laminB1 contributing to its stability. Stable laminB1 is found at replication forks (RFs) where it is likely to allow the proper positioning of RF protection factors, thus preventing RF degradation. Indeed, restoration of laminB1 expression rescues replication fork stalling and collapse that occurs upon MT1-MMP inhibition, and reduces DNA damage in breast cancer cells. Together, these data highlight a novel mechanism of laminB1 stability and replication fork restart via MT1-MMP dependent extracelluar matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Thakur
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Juliano Tiburcio de Freitas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Keman Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Savadelis
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Barbara Bedogni
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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28
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Staniszewska M, Iking J, Lückerath K, Hadaschik B, Herrmann K, Ferdinandus J, Fendler WP. Drug and molecular radiotherapy combinations for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:101-111. [PMID: 33866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a highly lethal disease. Several novel therapies have been assessed in the past years. Targeting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in prostate cancer became a promising treatment strategy and olaparib and rucaparib, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, have been approved for patients carrying mutations in homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways. Other DDR inhibitor targets, such as ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1 are under extensive investigation. Additionally, molecular radiotherapy (MRT) including [177Lu]Lu-PSMA, [225Ac]Ac-PSMA, [223Ra]Ra-dichloride, [153Sm]-EDTMP, [188Re]Re-HDMP and GRPR-targeted MRT treat cancer through internal ionizing radiation causing DNA damage and demonstrate promising efficacy in clinical trials. In the field of immunotherapy, checkpoint inhibition as well as sipuleucel-T and PROSTVAC demonstrated only limited efficacy in mCRPC when used as monotherapy. This review discusses recent therapeutic strategies for mCRPC highlighting the need for rational combination of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Staniszewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Janette Iking
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Ferdinandus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P Fendler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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29
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Li Z, Yu DS, Doetsch PW, Werner E. Replication stress and FOXM1 drive radiation induced genomic instability and cell transformation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235998. [PMID: 33253193 PMCID: PMC7703902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the vast majority of research that has focused on the immediate effects of ionizing radiation, this work concentrates on the molecular mechanism driving delayed effects that emerge in the progeny of the exposed cells. We employed functional protein arrays to identify molecular changes induced in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBEC3-KT) and osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS) and evaluated their impact on outcomes associated with radiation induced genomic instability (RIGI) at day 5 and 7 post-exposure to a 2Gy X-ray dose, which revealed replication stress in the context of increased FOXM1b expression. Irradiated cells had reduced DNA replication rate detected by the DNA fiber assay and increased DNA resection detected by RPA foci and phosphorylation. Irradiated cells increased utilization of homologous recombination-dependent repair detected by a gene conversion assay and DNA damage at mitosis reflected by RPA positive chromosomal bridges, micronuclei formation and 53BP1 positive bodies in G1, all known outcomes of replication stress. Interference with the function of FOXM1, a transcription factor widely expressed in cancer, employing an aptamer, decreased radiation-induced micronuclei formation and cell transformation while plasmid-driven overexpression of FOXM1b was sufficient to induce replication stress, micronuclei formation and cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David S. Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Doetsch
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity and Structural Biology, NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Feng H, Lu J, Song X, Thongkum A, Zhang F, Lou L, Reizes O, Almasan A, Gong Z. CK2 kinase-mediated PHF8 phosphorylation controls TopBP1 stability to regulate DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10940-10952. [PMID: 33010150 PMCID: PMC7641741 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR functions as a master regulator of the DNA-damage response. ATR activation requires the ATR activator, topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1). However, the underlying mechanism of TopBP1 regulation and how its regulation affects DNA replication remain unknown. Here, we report a specific interaction between TopBP1 and the histone demethylase PHF8. The TopBP1/PHF8 interaction is mediated by the BRCT 7+8 domain of TopBP1 and phosphorylation of PHF8 at Ser854. This interaction is cell-cycle regulated and phosphorylation-dependent. PHF8 is phosphorylated by CK2, which regulates binding of PHF8 to TopBP1. Importantly, PHF8 regulates TopBP1 protein level by preventing its ubiquitination and degradation mediated by the E3 ligase UBR5. Interestingly, PHF8pS854 is likely to contribute to regulation of TopBP1 stability and DNA replication checkpoint. Further, both TopBP1 and PHF8 are required for efficient replication fork restart. Together, these data identify PHF8 as a TopBP1-binding protein and provide mechanistic insight into how PHF8 regulates TopBP1 stability to maintain DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaotian Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Angkana Thongkum
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lihong Lou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zihua Gong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Martin JC, Hoegel TJ, Lynch ML, Woloszynska A, Melendy T, Ohm JE. Exploiting Replication Stress as a Novel Therapeutic Intervention. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:192-206. [PMID: 33020173 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric tumor of the bone and soft tissue. The current standard of care is radiation and chemotherapy, and patients generally lack targeted therapies. One of the defining molecular features of this tumor type is the presence of significantly elevated levels of replication stress as compared with both normal cells and many other types of cancers, but the source of this stress is poorly understood. Tumors that harbor elevated levels of replication stress rely on the replication stress and DNA damage response pathways to retain viability. Understanding the source of the replication stress in Ewing sarcoma may reveal novel therapeutic targets. Ewing sarcomagenesis is complex, and in this review, we discuss the current state of our knowledge regarding elevated replication stress and the DNA damage response in Ewing sarcoma, one contributor to the disease process. We will also describe how these pathways are being successfully targeted therapeutically in other tumor types, and discuss possible novel, evidence-based therapeutic interventions in Ewing sarcoma. We hope that this consolidation will spark investigations that uncover new therapeutic targets and lead to the development of better treatment options for patients with Ewing sarcoma. IMPLICATIONS: This review uncovers new therapeutic targets in Ewing sarcoma and highlights replication stress as an exploitable vulnerability across multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Martin
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Tamara J Hoegel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Miranda L Lynch
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anna Woloszynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Thomas Melendy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Joyce E Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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32
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Makinwa Y, Cartwright BM, Musich PR, Li Z, Biswas H, Zou Y. PP2A Regulates Phosphorylation-Dependent Isomerization of Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial-Associated ATR by Pin1 in DNA Damage Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:813. [PMID: 32984322 PMCID: PMC7484947 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase of the PI3K family and is well known for its key role in regulating DNA damage responses in the nucleus. In addition to its nuclear functions, ATR also was found to be a substrate of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 in the cytoplasm where Pin1 isomerizes cis ATR at the Ser428-Pro429 motif, leading to formation of trans ATR. Cis ATR is an antiapoptotic protein at mitochondria upon UV damage. Here we report that Pin1’s activity on cis ATR requires the phosphorylation of the S428 residue of ATR and describe the molecular mechanism by which Pin1-mediated ATR isomerization in the cytoplasm is regulated. We identified protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as the phosphatase that dephosphorylates Ser428 following DNA damage. The dephosphorylation led to an increased level of the antiapoptotic cis ATR (ATR-H) in the cytoplasm and, thus, its accumulation at mitochondria via binding with tBid. Inhibition or depletion of PP2A promoted the isomerization by Pin1, resulting in a reduction of cis ATR with an increased level of trans ATR. We conclude that PP2A plays an important role in regulating ATR’s anti-apoptotic activity at mitochondria in response to DNA damage. Our results also imply a potential strategy in enhancing cancer therapies via selective moderation of cis ATR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Brian M Cartwright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhengke Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Himadri Biswas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Ma X, Tang TS, Guo C. Regulation of translesion DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:680-692. [PMID: 31983077 DOI: 10.1002/em.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of all living cells are under endogenous and exogenous attacks every day, causing diverse genomic lesions. Most of the lesions can be timely repaired by multiple DNA repair pathways. However, some may persist during S-phase, block DNA replication, and challenge genome integrity. Eukaryotic cells have evolved DNA damage tolerance (DDT) to mitigate the lethal effects of arrested DNA replication without prior removal of the offending DNA damage. As one important mode of DDT, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) utilizes multiple low-fidelity DNA polymerases to incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions to maintain genome integrity. Three different mechanisms have been proposed to regulate the polymerase switching between high-fidelity DNA polymerases in the replicative machinery and one or more specialized enzymes. Additionally, it is known that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mono-ubiquitination is essential for optimal TLS. Given its error-prone property, TLS is closely associated with spontaneous and drug-induced mutations in cells, which can potentially lead to tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, TLS process must be tightly modulated to avoid unwanted mutagenesis. In this review, we will focus on polymerase switching and PCNA mono-ubiquitination, the two key events in TLS pathway in mammalian cells, and summarize current understandings of regulation of TLS process at the levels of protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications as well as transcription and noncoding RNAs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:680-692, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Ma
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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León TE, Rapoz-D'Silva T, Bertoli C, Rahman S, Magnussen M, Philip B, Farah N, Richardson SE, Ahrabi S, Guerra-Assunção JA, Gupta R, Nacheva EP, Henderson S, Herrero J, Linch DC, de Bruin RAM, Mansour MR. EZH2-Deficient T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Is Sensitized to CHK1 Inhibition through Enhanced Replication Stress. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:998-1017. [PMID: 32349972 PMCID: PMC7611258 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of EZH2, the enzymatic component of PRC2, have been associated with poor outcome and chemotherapy resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Using isogenic T-ALL cells, with and without CRISPR/Cas9-induced EZH2-inactivating mutations, we performed a cell-based synthetic lethal drug screen. EZH2-deficient cells exhibited increased sensitivity to structurally diverse inhibitors of CHK1, an interaction that could be validated genetically. Furthermore, small-molecule inhibition of CHK1 had efficacy in delaying tumor progression in isogenic EZH2-deficient, but not EZH2 wild-type, T-ALL cells in vivo, as well as in a primary cell model of PRC2-mutant ALL. Mechanistically, EZH2 deficiency resulted in a gene-expression signature of immature T-ALL cells, marked transcriptional upregulation of MYCN, increased replication stress, and enhanced dependency on CHK1 for cell survival. Finally, we demonstrate this phenotype is mediated through derepression of a distal PRC2-regulated MYCN enhancer. In conclusion, we highlight a novel and clinically exploitable pathway in high-risk EZH2-mutated T-ALL. SIGNIFICANCE: Loss-of-function mutations of PRC2 genes are associated with chemotherapy resistance in T-ALL, yet no specific therapy for this aggressive subtype is currently clinically available. Our work demonstrates that loss of EZH2 activity leads to MYCN-driven replication stress, resulting in increased sensitivity to CHK1 inhibition, a finding with immediate clinical relevance.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E León
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Rapoz-D'Silva
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunniyat Rahman
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Magnussen
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Philip
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Farah
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Richardson
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ahrabi
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Stem Cell Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth P Nacheva
- Health Service Laboratories LLP, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Herrero
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Linch
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R Mansour
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Makinwa Y, Musich PR, Zou Y. Phosphorylation-Dependent Pin1 Isomerization of ATR: Its Role in Regulating ATR's Anti-apoptotic Function at Mitochondria, and the Implications in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:281. [PMID: 32426354 PMCID: PMC7203486 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerization is an important post-translational modification of protein because proline is the only amino acid that can stably exist as cis and trans, while other amino acids are in the trans conformation in protein backbones. This makes prolyl isomerization a unique mechanism for cells to control many cellular processes. Isomerization is a rate-limiting process that requires a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) to overcome the energy barrier between cis and trans isomeric forms. Pin1, a key PPIase in the cell, recognizes a phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motif to catalyze peptidyl-prolyl isomerization in proteins. The significance of the phosphorylation-dependent Pin1 activity was recently highlighted for isomerization of ATR (ataxia telangiectasia- and Rad3-related). ATR, a PIKK protein kinase, plays a crucial role in DNA damage responses (DDR) by phosphorylating hundreds of proteins. ATR can form cis or trans isomers in the cytoplasm depending on Pin1 which isomerizes cis-ATR to trans-ATR. Trans-ATR functions primarily in the nucleus. The cis-ATR, containing an exposed BH3 domain, is anti-apoptotic at mitochondria by binding to tBid, preventing activation of pro-apoptotic Bax. Given the roles of apoptosis in many human diseases, particularly cancer, we propose that cytoplasmic cis-ATR enables cells to evade apoptosis, thus addicting cancer cells to cis-ATR formation for survival. But in normal DDR, a predominance of trans-ATR in the nucleus coordinates with a minimal level of cytoplasmic cis-ATR to promote DNA repair while preventing cell death; however, cells can die when DNA repair fails. Therefore, a delicate balance/equilibrium of the levels of cis- and trans-ATR is required to ensure the cellular homeostasis. In this review, we make a case that this anti-apoptotic role of cis-ATR supports oncogenesis, while Pin1 that drives the formation of trans-ATR suppresses tumor growth. We offer a potential, novel target that can be specifically targeted in cancer cells, without killing normal cells, to significantly reduce the adverse effects usually seen in cancer treatment. We also raise important issues regarding the roles of phosphorylation-dependent Pin1 isomerization of ATR in diseases and propose areas of future studies that would shed more understanding on this important cellular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, JH Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Jahn SK, Hennicke T, Kassack MU, Drews L, Reichert AS, Fritz G. Distinct influence of the anthracycline derivative doxorubicin on the differentiation efficacy of mESC-derived endothelial progenitor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118711. [PMID: 32224192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a highly relevant, because often life-threatening, adverse effect of doxorubicin (Doxo)-based anticancer therapy. Here, we investigated the Doxo-response of cardiovascular stem/progenitor cells employing a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-based in vitro differentiation model. Endothelial progenitor cells revealed a pronounced Doxo sensitivity as compared to mESC, differentiated endothelial-like (EC) and cardiomyocyte-like cells (CM) and CM progenitors, which rests on the activation of senescence. Doxo treatment of EC progenitors altered protein expression of individual endothelial markers, actin cytoskeleton morphology, mRNA expression of genes related to mitochondrial functions, autophagy, apoptosis, and DNA repair as well as mitochondrial DNA content, respiration and ATP production in the surviving differentiated EC progeny. By contrast, LDL uptake, ATP-stimulated Ca2+ release, and cytokine-stimulated ICAM-1 expression remained unaffected by the anthracycline treatment. Thus, exposure of EC progenitors to Doxo elicits isolated and persistent dysfunctions in the surviving EC progeny. In conclusion, we suggest that Doxo-induced injury of EC progenitors adds to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, making this cell-type a preferential target for pharmacoprotective and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Jahn
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatiana Hennicke
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonie Drews
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Chauhan N, Wagh V, Joshi P, Jariyal H. ATM and ATR checkpoint kinase pathways: A concise review. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_78_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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38
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CD98hc (SLC3A2) sustains amino acid and nucleotide availability for cell cycle progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14065. [PMID: 31575908 PMCID: PMC6773781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) forms heteromeric amino acid (AA) transporters by interacting with different light chains. Cancer cells overexpress CD98hc-transporters in order to meet their increased nutritional and antioxidant demands, since they provide branched-chain AA (BCAA) and aromatic AA (AAA) availability while protecting cells from oxidative stress. Here we show that BCAA and AAA shortage phenocopies the inhibition of mTORC1 signalling, protein synthesis and cell proliferation caused by CD98hc ablation. Furthermore, our data indicate that CD98hc sustains glucose uptake and glycolysis, and, as a consequence, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Thus, loss of CD98hc triggers a dramatic reduction in the nucleotide pool, which leads to replicative stress in these cells, as evidenced by the enhanced DNA Damage Response (DDR), S-phase delay and diminished rate of mitosis, all recovered by nucleoside supplementation. In addition, proper BCAA and AAA availability sustains the expression of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In this regard, BCAA and AAA shortage results in decreased content of deoxynucleotides that triggers replicative stress, also recovered by nucleoside supplementation. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that CD98hc plays a central role in AA and glucose cellular nutrition, redox homeostasis and nucleotide availability, all key for cell proliferation.
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Pacheco S, Maldonado-Linares A, Garcia-Caldés M, Roig I. ATR function is indispensable to allow proper mammalian follicle development. Chromosoma 2019; 128:489-500. [PMID: 31489491 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-019-00723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian female fertility relies on the proper development of follicles. Right after birth in the mouse, oocytes associate with somatic ovarian cells to form follicles. These follicles grow during the adult lifetime to produce viable gametes. In this study, we analyzed the role of the ATM and rad3-related (ATR) kinase in mouse oogenesis and folliculogenesis using a hypomorphic mutation of the Atr gene (Murga et al. 2009). Female mice homozygotes for this allele have been reported to be sterile. Our data show that female meiotic prophase is not grossly altered when ATR levels are reduced. However, follicle development is substantially compromised, since Atr mutant ovaries present a decrease of growing follicles. Comprehensive analysis of follicular cell death and proliferation suggest that wild-type levels of ATR are required to achieve optimal follicular development. Altogether, these findings suggest that reduced ATR expression causes sterility due to defects in follicular progression rather than in meiotic recombination. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of ATR inhibitors such as anti-cancer drugs and its possible side-effects on female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Pacheco
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andros Maldonado-Linares
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Caldés
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ignasi Roig
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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40
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Murai J, Thomas A, Miettinen M, Pommier Y. Schlafen 11 (SLFN11), a restriction factor for replicative stress induced by DNA-targeting anti-cancer therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:94-102. [PMID: 31128155 PMCID: PMC6708787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) sensitizes cells to a broad range of anti-cancer drugs including platinum derivatives (cisplatin and carboplatin), inhibitors of topoisomerases (irinotecan, topotecan, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone and etoposide), DNA synthesis inhibitors (gemcitabine, cytarabine, hydroxyurea and nucleoside analogues), and poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib and talazoparib). In spite of their different primary mechanisms of action, all these drugs damage DNA during S-phase, activate the intra-S-phase checkpoint and induce replication fork slowing and stalling with single-stranded DNA segments coated with replication protein A. Such situation with abnormal replication forks is known as replication stress. SLFN11 irreversibly blocks replication in cells under replication stress, explaining why SLFN11-positive cells are markedly more efficiently killed by DNA-targeting drugs than SLFN11-negative cells. SLFN11 is inactivated in ~50% of cancer cell lines and in a large fraction of tumors, and is linked with the native immune, interferon and T-cells responses, implying the translational relevance of measuring SLFN11 expression as a predictive biomarker of response and resistance in patients. SLFN11 is also a plausible epigenetic target for reactivation by inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC), DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and EZH2 histone methyltransferase and for combination of these epigenetic inhibitors with DNA-targeting drugs in cells lacking SLFN11 expression. In addition, resistance due to lack of SLFN11 expression in tumors is a potential indication for cell-cycle checkpoint inhibitors in combination with DNA-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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41
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Landsverk HB, Sandquist LE, Sridhara SC, Rødland GE, Sabino JC, de Almeida SF, Grallert B, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Syljuåsen RG. Regulation of ATR activity via the RNA polymerase II associated factors CDC73 and PNUTS-PP1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1797-1813. [PMID: 30541148 PMCID: PMC6393312 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a key factor activated by DNA damage and replication stress. An alternative pathway for ATR activation has been proposed to occur via stalled RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). However, how RNAPII might signal to activate ATR remains unknown. Here, we show that ATR signaling is increased after depletion of the RNAPII phosphatase PNUTS-PP1, which dephosphorylates RNAPII in its carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). High ATR signaling was observed in the absence and presence of ionizing radiation, replication stress and even in G1, but did not correlate with DNA damage or RPA chromatin loading. R-loops were enhanced, but overexpression of EGFP-RNaseH1 only slightly reduced ATR signaling after PNUTS depletion. However, CDC73, which interacted with RNAPII in a phospho-CTD dependent manner, was required for the high ATR signaling, R-loop formation and for activation of the endogenous G2 checkpoint after depletion of PNUTS. In addition, ATR, RNAPII and CDC73 co-immunoprecipitated. Our results suggest a novel pathway involving RNAPII, CDC73 and PNUTS-PP1 in ATR signaling and give new insight into the diverse functions of ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga B Landsverk
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise E Sandquist
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sreerama C Sridhara
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - João C Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beata Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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42
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Pooley KA, Dunning AM. DNA damage and hormone-related cancer: a repair pathway view. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:R180-R186. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this short review, we examine the overlap between genes known to be mutated in the germlines of individuals at risk of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, and their positions in DNA damage repair pathways. Cancer risk mutations have been consistently reported in certain genes at the top of these pathways, but none have been reported in others. We consider whether some of these gene products are too crucial to life for mutations to be tolerated, whilst others, further down the pathways, are less essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Public Health and Primary Care, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Oncology and Strangeways Research Laboratory, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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43
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Fang Z, Pan Z. Essential Role of Ubiquitin-Fold Modifier 1 Conjugation in DNA Damage Response. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1030-1039. [PMID: 31368785 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Both endogenous and exogenous factors can cause DNA damage that compromises genomic integrity and cell viability. A proper DNA damage response (DDR) plays a role in maintaining genome stability and preventing tumorigenesis. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most toxic DNA lesion, whose response is dominated by the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase. After being activated by the sensor Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex or acetyltransferase Tip60, ATM rapidly phosphorylates downstream targets to launch DDR signaling when DNA is damaged. However, the exact mechanism of DDR is complex and ambiguous. Ufmylation, one type of ubiquitin-like modification, proceeds mainly through a three-step enzymatic reaction to help ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1), attach to substrates with ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 5 (Uba5), Ufm1-conjugating enzyme 1 (Ufc1) and Ufm1-specific ligase 1 (Ufl1). Although ubiquitination is essential to the DSBs response, the potential function of ufmylation in DDR is largely unknown. Herein, we review the relationship between ufmylation and DDR to elucidate the function and mechanism of ufmylation in DDR, which would reveal the pathogenesis of some diseases and provide new guidance to create a therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zezheng Pan
- Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Yao X, Zhai M, Zhou L, Yang L. Protective effects of SND1 in retinal photoreceptor cell damage induced by ionizing radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:919-925. [PMID: 31084926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 (SND1) has multiple functions in a variety of cellular processes. Here, we assessed the effects of SND1 in cellular DNA damage after ionizing radiation (IR). Knocking down SND1 in the mouse-derived photoreceptor 661 W cell line markedly inhibited cell proliferation and increased apoptosis after IR treatment. After DNA damage, SND1 induced Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) signaling to launch DNA repair. Defects of SND1 were associated with missing response to DNA damage signal to cell cycle checkpoints or DNA repair. The current findings reveal SND1 as a new regulatory factor in DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Zhai
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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45
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Luan J, Gao X, Hu F, Zhang Y, Gou X. SLFN11 is a general target for enhancing the sensitivity of cancer to chemotherapy (DNA-damaging agents). J Drug Target 2019; 28:33-40. [PMID: 31092045 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1616746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In patients with cancer, drug tolerance often occurs during the use of chemotherapy drugs, seriously affecting patient prognosis and survival. Therefore, scientists began to study the factors that affect chemotherapy drug sensitivity, and the high correlation between Schlafen-11 (SLFN11) and sensitivity to chemical drugs (mainly DNA-damaging agents, DDAs) has received increasing attention since it was discovered through bioinformatics analyses. Regarding the mechanism, SLFN11 may sensitise cells to chemotherapy drugs by preventing DNA damage repair. In recent years, SLFN11 has gradually become a hot research topic, and the results are enriching our understanding of this molecule. Indeed, the biological functions of SLFN11 under normal physiological conditions and in cancer, changes in its expression levels and mechanisms promoting apoptosis within the context of chemotherapeutic interventions have gradually been uncovered. Studies to date provide knowledge and the experimental and theoretical bases underlying SLFN11 and its effects on sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. This review summarises the existing research on SLFN11 with the aim of achieving a more comprehensive understanding and furthering the development of strategies to target SLFN11 in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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46
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Chen BR, Quinet A, Byrum AK, Jackson J, Berti M, Thangavel S, Bredemeyer AL, Hindi I, Mosammaparast N, Tyler JK, Vindigni A, Sleckman BP. XLF and H2AX function in series to promote replication fork stability. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2113-2123. [PMID: 31123184 PMCID: PMC6605786 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chen et al. show that XLF functions to limit fork reversal during DNA replication. H2AX prevents MRE11-dependent replication stress in XLF-deficient cells, suggesting that H2AX prevents the resection of regressed arms at reversed forks. XRCC4-like factor (XLF) is a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA double strand break repair protein. However, XLF deficiency leads to phenotypes in mice and humans that are not necessarily consistent with an isolated defect in NHEJ. Here we show that XLF functions during DNA replication. XLF undergoes cell division cycle 7–dependent phosphorylation; associates with the replication factor C complex, a critical component of the replisome; and is found at replication forks. XLF deficiency leads to defects in replication fork progression and an increase in fork reversal. The additional loss of H2AX, which protects DNA ends from resection, leads to a requirement for ATR to prevent an MRE11-dependent loss of newly synthesized DNA and activation of DNA damage response. Moreover, H2ax−/−:Xlf−/− cells exhibit a marked dependence on the ATR kinase for survival. We propose that XLF and H2AX function in series to prevent replication stress induced by the MRE11-dependent resection of regressed arms at reversed replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrea K Byrum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Matteo Berti
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrea L Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Issa Hindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jessica K Tyler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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47
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Knegtel R, Charrier JD, Durrant S, Davis C, O'Donnell M, Storck P, MacCormick S, Kay D, Pinder J, Virani A, Twin H, Griffiths M, Reaper P, Littlewood P, Young S, Golec J, Pollard J. Rational Design of 5-(4-(Isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(4-((methylamino)methyl)phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (VX-970, M6620): Optimization of Intra- and Intermolecular Polar Interactions of a New Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5547-5561. [PMID: 31074988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a DNA damage surveillance and repair mechanism that can limit the effectiveness of radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy, commonly used treatment modalities in cancer. Two related kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), work together as apical proteins in the DDR to maintain genome stability and cell survival in the face of potentially lethal forms of DNA damage. However, compromised ATM signaling is a common characteristic of tumor cells, which places greater reliance on ATR to mediate the DDR. In such circumstances, ATR inhibition has been shown to enhance the toxicity of DNA damaging chemotherapy to many cancer cells in multiple preclinical studies, while healthy tissue with functional ATM can tolerate ATR inhibition. ATR therefore represents a very attractive anticancer target. Herein we describe the discovery of VX-970/M6620, the first ATR inhibitor to enter clinical studies, which is based on a 2-aminopyrazine core first reported by Charrier ( J. Med. Chem. 2011 , 54 , 2320 - 2330 , DOI: 10.1021/jm101488z ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Knegtel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Damien Charrier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Steven Durrant
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Chris Davis
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Storck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Somhairle MacCormick
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - David Kay
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Pinder
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Anisa Virani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Heather Twin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Griffiths
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Philip Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Young
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Julian Golec
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - John Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
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Restelli V, Lupi M, Chilà R, Vagni M, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Damia G, Carrassa L. DNA Damage Response Inhibitor Combinations Exert Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1255-1264. [PMID: 31064869 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATR, Chk1, and Wee1 play vital roles in the response to replication stress and in maintaining cancer genomic stability. Inhibitors of these kinases are currently under clinical investigation. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are aggressive lymphomas whose clinical outcome is still largely unsatisfactory. These cell lymphoma subtypes are highly dependent on both Chk1 and Wee1 for survival. We investigated the activity of the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 as single agent and in combination with either Chk1 (AZD6738) or Wee1 (AZD1775) inhibitors in several preclinical models of MCL and DLBCL. This study included preclinical in vitro activity screening on a large panel of cell lines, both as single agent and in combination, and validation experiments on in vivo models. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the observed synergistic effect as well as pharmacodynamic analysis of in vivo samples were studied. AZD6738 exerted a strong synergistic cytotoxic effect in combination with both AZD7762 and AZD1775 in the 2 lymphoma subtypes regardless of their TP53, MYC, and ATM mutational status. These DDR inhibitor combinations, similarly to the Chk1/Wee1 inhibitor combination, caused a marked S-phase delay, with an increase in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity, increased DNA damage, and decreases in Wee1, MYC, and RRM2 protein levels. The synergistic in vitro activity translated to striking in vivo antitumor activity. DDR-DDR inhibitor combinations could potentially offer promising novel therapeutic strategies for patients with B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Restelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Chilà
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Vagni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Carrassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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49
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JMJD2 promotes acquired cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5643-5657. [PMID: 30967636 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin (CP) are the first-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Unfortunately, NSCLC has a low response rate to CP and acquired resistance always occurs. Histone methylation regulates chromatin structure and is implicated in DNA repair. We hypothesize histone methylation regulators are involved in CP resistance. We therefore screened gene expression of known histone methyltransferases and demethylases in three NSCLC cell lines with or without acquired resistance to CP. JMJD2s are a family of histone demethylases that remove tri-methyl groups from H3K9 and H3K36. We found expression of several JMJD2 family genes upregulated in CP-resistant cells, with JMJD2B expression being upregulated in all three CP-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Further analysis showed increased JMJD2 protein expression coincided with decreased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3. Chemical inhibitors of JMJD2-family proteins increased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 levels and sensitized resistant cells to CP. Mechanistic studies showed that JMJD2 inhibition decreased chromatin association of ATR and Chk1 and inhibited the ATR-Chk1 replication checkpoint. Our results reveal that JMJD2 demethylases are potential therapeutic targets to overcome CP resistance in NSCLC.
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50
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Murai J, Pommier Y. PARP Trapping Beyond Homologous Recombination and Platinum Sensitivity in Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have recently been approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers with BRCA mutations, as well as for maintenance therapies regardless of BRCA mutation for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers that previously responded to platinum-based chemotherapy. The rationale of these indications is derived from the facts that cancer cells with BRCA mutations are defective in homologous recombination (HR), which confers synthetic lethality with PARPis, and that some of the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis are shared with platinums. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 are central for HR, more players within and beyond HR are emerging as response determinants to PARPis. Furthermore, there are similarities as well as differences in the DNA lesions and repair pathways induced by PARPis, platinums, and camptothecin topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors. Here we review the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis and the rationale for using PARPis as single agents and in combination therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
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