1
|
Pan G, Jin J, Liu H, Zhong C, Xie J, Qin Y, Zhang S. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into polysaccharide accumulation in Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce rhizome. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17699. [PMID: 39006032 PMCID: PMC11243984 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is a traditional Chinese herb that is widely cultivated in China. Polysaccharides are the major bioactive components in rhizome of P. odoratum and have many important biological functions. Methods To better understand the regulatory mechanisms of polysaccharide accumulation in P. odoratum rhizomes, the rhizomes of two P. odoratum cultivars 'Y10' and 'Y11' with distinct differences in polysaccharide content were used for transcriptome and metabolome analyses, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Results A total of 14,194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 6,689 DEGs were down-regulated in 'Y10' compared with those in 'Y11'. KEGG enrichment analysis of the down-regulated DEGs revealed a significant enrichment of 'starch and sucrose metabolism', and 'amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism'. Meanwhile, 80 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected, of which 52 were significantly up-regulated in 'Y11' compared to those in 'Y10'. The up-regulated DAMs were significantly enriched in 'tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis', 'pentose phosphate pathway' and 'ABC transporters'. The integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis have revealed that four DAMs, glucose, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate, maltose and 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol were significantly enriched for polysaccharide accumulation, which may be regulated by 17 DEGs, including UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP2), hexokinase (HK), sucrose synthase (SUS), and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH). Furthermore, 8 DEGs (sacA, HK, scrK, GPI) were identified as candidate genes for the accumulation of glucose and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate in the proposed polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, and these two metabolites were significantly associated with the expression levels of 13 transcription factors including C3H, FAR1, bHLH and ERF. This study provided comprehensive information on polysaccharide accumulation and laid the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of medicinal quality formation in P. odoratum rhizomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Pan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Colleges of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhui Qin
- Colleges of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alberione MP, González-Ruiz V, von Rohr O, Rudaz S, Soldati-Favre D, Izquierdo L, Kloehn J. N-acetylglucosamine supplementation fails to bypass the critical acetylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate required for Toxoplasma gondii replication and invasion. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011979. [PMID: 38900808 PMCID: PMC11218972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of Toxoplasma gondii is rich in glycoconjugates which hold diverse and vital functions in the lytic cycle of this obligate intracellular parasite. Additionally, the cyst wall of bradyzoites, that shields the persistent form responsible for chronic infection from the immune system, is heavily glycosylated. Formation of glycoconjugates relies on activated sugar nucleotides, such as uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The glucosamine-phosphate-N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) generates N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate critical to produce UDP-GlcNAc. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of T. gondii GNA1 results in a severe reduction of UDP-GlcNAc and a concomitant drop in glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), leading to impairment of the parasite's ability to invade and replicate in the host cell. Surprisingly, attempts to rescue this defect through exogenous GlcNAc supplementation fail to completely restore these vital functions. In depth metabolomic analyses elucidate diverse causes underlying the failed rescue: utilization of GlcNAc is inefficient under glucose-replete conditions and fails to restore UDP-GlcNAc levels in GNA1-depleted parasites. In contrast, GlcNAc-supplementation under glucose-deplete conditions fully restores UDP-GlcNAc levels but fails to rescue the defects associated with GNA1 depletion. Our results underscore the importance of glucosamine-6-phosphate acetylation in governing T. gondii replication and invasion and highlight the potential of the evolutionary divergent GNA1 in Apicomplexa as a target for the development of much-needed new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Alberione
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olivier von Rohr
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen YH, Cheng WH. Hexosamine biosynthesis and related pathways, protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation: their interconnection and role in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349064. [PMID: 38510444 PMCID: PMC10951099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a fundamental amino sugar moiety, is essential for protein glycosylation, glycolipid, GPI-anchor protein, and cell wall components. Uridine diphosphate-GlcNAc (UDP-GlcNAc), an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Although HBP is highly conserved across organisms, the enzymes involved perform subtly distinct functions among microbes, mammals, and plants. A complete block of HBP normally causes lethality in any life form, reflecting the pivotal role of HBP in the normal growth and development of organisms. Although HBP is mainly composed of four biochemical reactions, HBP is exquisitely regulated to maintain the homeostasis of UDP-GlcNAc content. As HBP utilizes substrates including fructose-6-P, glutamine, acetyl-CoA, and UTP, endogenous nutrient/energy metabolites may be integrated to better suit internal growth and development, and external environmental stimuli. Although the genes encoding HBP enzymes are well characterized in microbes and mammals, they were less understood in higher plants in the past. As the HBP-related genes/enzymes have largely been characterized in higher plants in recent years, in this review we update the latest advances in the functions of the HBP-related genes in higher plants. In addition, HBP's salvage pathway and GlcNAc-mediated two major co- or post-translational modifications, N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation, are also included in this review. Further knowledge on the function of HBP and its product conjugates, and the mechanisms underlying their response to deleterious environments might provide an alternative strategy for agricultural biofortification in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia X, Zhang H, Qin H, Li K, Liu X, Wang W, Ye M, Yin H. Protein O-GlcNAcylation impairment caused by N-acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase deficiency leads to growth variations in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:613-635. [PMID: 36799458 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As an essential enzyme in the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis pathway, the significant role of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase (AGM) remains unknown in plants. In the present study, a functional plant AGM (AtAGM) was identified from Arabidopsis thaliana. AtAGM catalyzes the isomerization of GlcNAc-1-P and GlcNAc-6-P, and has broad catalytic activity on different phosphohexoses. UDP-GlcNAc contents were significantly decreased in AtAGM T-DNA insertional mutants, which caused temperature-dependent growth defects in seedlings and vigorous growth in adult plants. Further analysis revealed that protein O-GlcNAcylation but not N-glycosylation was dramatically impaired in Atagm mutants due to UDP-GlcNAc shortage. Combined with the results from O-GlcNAcylation or N-glycosylation deficient mutants, and O-GlcNAcase inhibitor all suggested that protein O-GlcNAcylation impairment mainly leads to the phenotypic variations of Atagm plants. In conclusion, based on the essential role in UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, AtAGM is important for plant growth mainly via protein O-GlcNAcylation-level regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eliminating host-guest incompatibility via enzyme mining enables the high-temperature production of N-acetylglucosamine. iScience 2022; 26:105774. [PMID: 36636338 PMCID: PMC9829697 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-guest incompatibility between a production host and non-native enzymes has posed an arduous challenge for synthetic biology, particularly between mesophile-derived enzymes and a thermophilic chassis. In the present study, we develop a thermophilic enzyme mining strategy comprising an automated co-evolution-based screening pipeline (http://cem.sjtu.edu.cn), computation-based enzyme characterization, and gene synthesis-based function validation. Using glucosamine-6-phosphate acetyltransferase (GNA1) as an example, we successfully mined four novel GNA1s with excellent thermostabilities and catalytic performances. Calculation and analysis based on AlphaFold2-generated structures were also conducted to uncover the mechanism underlying their excellent properties. Finally, our mined GNA1s were used to enable the high-temperature N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) production with high titers of up to 119.3 g/L, with the aid of systems metabolic engineering and temperature programming. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the enzyme mining strategy, highlighting the application prospects of mining new enzymes from massive databases and providing an effective solution for tackling host-guest incompatibility.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen YH, Shen HL, Chou SJ, Sato Y, Cheng WH. Interference of Arabidopsis N-Acetylglucosamine-1-P Uridylyltransferase Expression Impairs Protein N-Glycosylation and Induces ABA-Mediated Salt Sensitivity During Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903272. [PMID: 35747876 PMCID: PMC9210984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is the fundamental amino sugar moiety that is essential for protein glycosylation. UDP-GlcNAc, an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Arabidopsis N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferases (GlcNAc1pUTs), encoded by GlcNA.UTs, catalyze the last step in the HBP pathway, but their biochemical and molecular functions are less clear. In this study, the GlcNA.UT1 expression was knocked down by the double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) in the glcna.ut2 null mutant background. The RNAi transgenic plants, which are referred to as iU1, displayed the reduced UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, altered protein N-glycosylation and induced an unfolded protein response under salt-stressed conditions. Moreover, the iU1 transgenic plants displayed sterility and salt hypersensitivity, including delay of both seed germination and early seedling establishment, which is associated with the induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These salt hypersensitive phenotypes can be rescued by exogenous fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, and by introducing an ABA-deficient mutant allele nced3 into iU1 transgenic plants. Transcriptomic analyses further supported the upregulated genes that were involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling networks, and response to salt stress in iU1 plants. Collectively, these data indicated that GlcNAc1pUTs are essential for UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, fertility, and the response of plants to salt stress through ABA signaling pathways during seed germination and early seedling development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vu KV, Jeong CY, Nguyen TT, Dinh TTH, Lee H, Hong SW. Deficiency of AtGFAT1 activity impairs growth, pollen germination and tolerance to tunicamycin in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1775-1787. [PMID: 30775776 PMCID: PMC6436160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) plays essential roles in growth and development in plants. However, insight into the biological function of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), mediating the first regulatory step of the HBP, remains unclear in plants. Here, we report the molecular characterization of Arabidopsis AtGFAT1 gene. AtGFAT1 was highly expressed in mature pollen grains, but its expression was not detectable in the rest of the organs. Pollen grains bearing the gfat1-2 knockout allele displayed defects in a polar deposition of pectin and callose in the pollen cell wall, leading to no genetic transmission of the gfat1-2 allele through the male gametophyte. AtGFAT1 overexpression increased glucosamine (GlcN) content and enhanced resistance to tunicamycin (Tm) treatment, while RNAi-mediated suppression reduced GlcN content and resistance to Tm treatment. However, the decrease in Tm resistance by RNAi suppression of AtGFAT1 was recovered by a GlcN supplement. The exogenous GlcN supplement also rescued gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants, which were otherwise not viable. The gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants stopped growing at the germination stage on GlcN-free medium, but GlcN supplement allowed wild-type growth of gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants. In addition, reactive oxygen species production, cell death and a decrease in protein N-glycosylation were observed in gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants grown on GlcN-free medium, whereas these aberrant defects were not detectable on GlcN-sufficient medium. Taken together, these results show that the reduction of protein N-glycosylation was at least partially responsible for many aberrant phenotypes in growth and development as well as the response to Tm treatment caused by AtGFAT1 deficiency in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Van Vu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Thi Huyen Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cova M, López-Gutiérrez B, Artigas-Jerónimo S, González-Díaz A, Bandini G, Maere S, Carretero-Paulet L, Izquierdo L. The Apicomplexa-specific glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase gene family encodes a key enzyme for glycoconjugate synthesis with potential as therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4005. [PMID: 29507322 PMCID: PMC5838249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa form a phylum of obligate parasitic protozoa of great clinical and veterinary importance. These parasites synthesize glycoconjugates for their survival and infectivity, but the enzymatic steps required to generate the glycosylation precursors are not completely characterized. In particular, glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) activity, needed to produce the essential UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) donor, has not been identified in any Apicomplexa. We scanned the genomes of Plasmodium falciparum and representatives from six additional main lineages of the phylum for proteins containing the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) domain. One family of GNAT-domain containing proteins, composed by a P. falciparum sequence and its six apicomplexan orthologs, rescued the growth of a yeast temperature-sensitive GNA1 mutant. Heterologous expression and in vitro assays confirmed the GNA1 enzymatic activity in all lineages. Sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analyses suggest an independent origin of the Apicomplexa-specific GNA1 family, parallel to the evolution of a different GNA1 family in other eukaryotes. The inability to disrupt an otherwise modifiable gene target suggests that the enzyme is essential for P. falciparum growth. The relevance of UDP-GlcNAc for parasite viability, together with the independent evolution and unique sequence features of Apicomplexa GNA1, highlights the potential of this enzyme as a selective therapeutic target against apicomplexans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cova
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja López-Gutiérrez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida González-Díaz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulia Bandini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Steven Maere
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Carretero-Paulet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brockhausen I, Nair DG, Chen M, Yang X, Allingham JS, Szarek WA, Anastassiades T. Human acetyl-CoA:glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1 has a relaxed donor specificity and transfers acyl groups up to four carbons in length. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 94:197-204. [PMID: 26935656 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase1 (GNA1) catalyses the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) to form N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P), which is an essential intermediate in UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis. An analog of GlcNAc, N-butyrylglucosamine (GlcNBu) has shown healing properties for bone and articular cartilage in animal models of arthritis. The goal of this work was to examine whether GNA1 has the ability to transfer a butyryl group from butyryl-CoA to GlcN6P to form GlcNBu6P, which can then be converted to GlcNBu. We developed fluorescent and radioactive assays and examined the donor specificity of human GNA1. Acetyl, propionyl, n-butyryl, and isobutyryl groups were all transferred to GlcN6P, but isovaleryl-CoA and decanoyl-CoA did not serve as donor substrates. Site-specific mutants were produced to examine the role of amino acids potentially affecting the size and properties of the AcCoA binding pocket. All of the wild type and mutant enzymes showed activities of both acetyl and butyryl transfer and can therefore be used for the enzymatic synthesis of GlcNBu for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,b Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dileep G Nair
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,c Ministry of Higher Education, Sur College of Applied Sciences, Sur, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Min Chen
- b Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,d School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- b Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- b Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Walter A Szarek
- e Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tassos Anastassiades
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,b Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Furo K, Nozaki M, Murashige H, Sato Y. Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine kinase essential for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine salvage synthesis in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3258-62. [PMID: 26408204 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) donates GlcNAc for various glycans and glycoconjugates. We previously found that GlcNAc supplementation increases the UDP-GlcNAc content in Arabidopsis; however, the metabolic pathway was undefined. Here, we show that the homolog of human GlcNAc kinase (GNK) is conserved in land plants. Enzymatic assays of the Arabidopsis homologous protein (AtGNK) revealed kinase activity that was highly specific for GlcNAc. We also demonstrate the role of AtGNK in plants by using its knockout mutant, which presents lower UDP-GlcNAc contents and is insensitive to GlcNAc supplementation. Moreover, our results demonstrate the presence of a GlcNAc salvage pathway in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Furo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nozaki
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murashige
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen YH, Shen HL, Hsu PJ, Hwang SG, Cheng WH. N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase 1 and 2 are required for gametogenesis and embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1977-93. [PMID: 25231969 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase (GlcNAc1pUT) that catalyzes the final step of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and is conserved among, organisms, produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an essential sugar moiety involved in protein glycosylation and structural polymers, its biological function in plants remains unknown. In this study, two GlcNA.UT genes were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. The single mutants glcna.ut1 and glcna.ut2 revealed no obvious phenotype, but their homozygous double mutant was lethal, reflecting the functional redundancy of these genes in being essential for plant growth. Mutant plants, GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/ glcna.ut2, obtained from an F2-segregating population following reciprocal crosses of glcna.ut1 with glcna.ut2, displayed shorter siliques and fewer seed sets combined with impaired pollen viability and unfertilized ovules. Genetic analyses further demonstrated that the progeny of the GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, but not those of the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, suffer from the aberrant transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes. In parallel, cell biology analyses revealed a substantial defect in male gametophytes appearing during the late vacuolated or pollen mitosis I stages and that the female gametophyte is arrested during the uninucleate embryo sac stage in GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants. Nevertheless, although the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants exhibited a normal transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes and gametophytic development, the development of numerous embryos was arrested during the early globular stage within the embryo sacs. Collectively, despite having overlapping functions, the GlcNA.UT genes play an indispensable role in the unique mediation of gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Gwang Hwang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Present address: Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|