1
|
Wu Z, Yan C, Xing K, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li H, Sun Y, Zhang J. Membrane-bound trehalase enhances cadmium tolerance by regulating cell apoptosis in Neocaridina denticulata sinensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173798. [PMID: 38844236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Trehalase gene is mainly expressed in the digestive circulatory system for regulating energy metabolism and chitin synthesis in insects, but it is significantly expressed in gill for immunomodulation in shrimp. However, its function in regulating immunity, particularly metal resistance in crustaceans has yet to be elucidated. In this study, one Tre2 gene (NdTre2) was isolated from Neocaridina denticulata sinensis. It could bind to Cd2+ and inhibit its toxicity. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that the expression of NdTre2 was highest in the gill and significantly reduced at 12 h after Cd2+ stimulation. The transcriptomic analysis of the gill after NdTre2 knockdown showed that the expression of genes synthetizing 20E was up-regulated and the increased 20E could further induce apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, exogenous death receptor-ligand pathway, and MAPK pathway. In vitro, overexpressing NdTre2 enhanced the tolerance of E. coli in Cd2+ environment. In summary, these results indicate that NdTre2 plays an essential role in regulating immunity and chitin metabolism in N. denticulata sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Congcong Yan
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kefan Xing
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan ZJ, Wu WT, Xu LY, Bi N, Yang F, Yang WJ, Yang JS. Downregulation of a CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) promotes the formation of diapause embryos in the brine shrimp Artemia. Gene 2023; 866:147349. [PMID: 36893874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
To survive under harsh environments, embryonic development of Artemia was arrested at the gastrula stage and released as the diapause embryo. Cell cycle and metabolism were highly suppressed in this state of quiescence. However, cellular mechanisms underlying diapause remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that the expression level of a CT10 regulator of kinase-encoding gene (Ar-Crk) in diapause embryos was significantly lower than non-diapause embryos at the early embryogenetic stage of Artemia. Knockdown of Ar-Crk by RNA interference induced formation of diapause embryos, while the control group produced nauplii. Western blot analysis and metabolic assays revealed that the diapause embryos produced by Ar-Crk-knocked-down Artemia had similar characteristics of diapause markers, arrested cell cycle, and suppressed metabolism with those diapause embryos produced by natural oviparous Artemia. Transcriptomic analysis of Artemia embryos revealed knockdown of Ar-Crk induced downregulation of the aurora kinase A (AURKA) signaling pathway, as well as energetic and biomolecular metabolisms. Taken together, we proposed that Ar-Crk is a crucial factor in determining the process of diapause in Artemia. Our results provide insight into the functions of Crk in fundamental regulations such as cellular quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Lian-Ying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Ning Bi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wood CR, Wu WT, Yang YS, Yang JS, Xi Y, Yang WJ. From ecology to oncology: To understand cancer stem cell dormancy, ask a Brine shrimp (Artemia). Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:199-231. [PMID: 36990533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The brine shrimp (Artemia), releases embryos that can remain dormant for up to a decade. Molecular and cellular level controlling factors of dormancy in Artemia are now being recognized or applied as active controllers of dormancy (quiescence) in cancers. Most notably, the epigenetic regulation by SET domain-containing protein 4 (SETD4), is revealed as highly conserved and the primary control factor governing the maintenance of cellular dormancy from Artemia embryonic cells to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Conversely, DEK, has recently emerged as the primary factor in the control of dormancy exit/reactivation, in both cases. The latter has been now successfully applied to the reactivation of quiescent CSCs, negating their resistance to therapy and leading to their subsequent destruction in mouse models of breast cancer, without recurrence or metastasis potential. In this review, we introduce the many mechanisms of dormancy from Artemia ecology that have been translated into cancer biology, and herald Artemia's arrival on the model organism stage. We show how Artemia studies have unlocked the mechanisms of the maintenance and termination of cellular dormancy. We then discuss how the antagonistic balance of SETD4 and DEK fundamentally controls chromatin structure and consequently governs CSCs function, chemo/radiotherapy resistance, and dormancy in cancers. Many key stages from transcription factors to small RNAs, tRNA trafficking, molecular chaperones, ion channels, and links with various pathways and aspects of signaling are also noted, all of which link studies in Artemia to those of cancer on a molecular and/or cellular level. We particularly emphasize that the application of such emerging factors as SETD4 and DEK may open new and clear avenues for the treatment for various human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Wood
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao-Shun Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- The Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Zhang X, Ye A, Wu X, Cao J, Zhou W. Toxic effects of triphenyltin on the silkworm Bombyx mori as a lepidopterous insect model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114245. [PMID: 36327780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is a widely used reagent in various industries and agriculture, but is also known to accumulate in natural ecosystems and animal tissues. Hence, the aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the toxicity of TPT in the silkworm Bombyx mori as a model insect. The results showed that TPT exposure for the entire 5th instar larval stage significantly reduced the weight of silkworm pupa and inhibited development of the silkworm midgut. Following exposure to 2 μg/kg of TPT for 4 days, differentially expressed genes in midgut were associated with enriched pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, as determined by RNA sequencing. Furthermore, the metabolic profiles of the intestinal content of silkworms exposed to 2 μg/kg of TPT for 4 days were markedly altered and differential metabolites produced by metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids were enriched as determined by non-targeted GC-MS/MS metabolomics. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of TPT and emphasizes the risks posed by such pollutants released into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aihong Ye
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xuehui Wu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jinru Cao
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenlin Zhou
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hadj-Moussa H, Hawkins LJ, Storey KB. Role of MicroRNAs in Extreme Animal Survival Strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2257:311-347. [PMID: 34432286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The critical role microRNAs play in modulating global functions is emerging, both in the maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms and in the adaptation to diverse environmental stresses. When stressed, cells must divert metabolic requirements toward immediate survival and eventual recovery and the unique features of miRNAs, such as their relatively ATP-inexpensive biogenesis costs, and the quick and reversible nature of their action, renders them excellent "master controllers" for rapid responses. Many animal survival strategies for dealing with extreme environmental pressures involve prolonged retreats into states of suspended animation to extend the time that they can survive on their limited internal fuel reserves until conditions improve. The ability to retreat into such hypometabolic states is only possible by coupling the global suppression of nonessential energy-expensive functions with an activation of prosurvival networks, a process in which miRNAs are now known to play a major role. In this chapter, we discuss the activation, expression, biogenesis, and unique attributes of miRNA regulation required to facilitate profound metabolic rate depression and implement stress-specific metabolic adaptations. We examine the role of miRNA in strategies of biochemical adaptation including mammalian hibernation, freeze tolerance, freeze avoidance, anoxia and hypoxia survival, estivation, and dehydration tolerance. By comparing these seemingly different adaptive programs in traditional and exotic animal models, we highlight both unique and conserved miRNA-meditated mechanisms for survival. Additional topics discussed include transcription factor networks, temperature dependent miRNA-targeting, and novel species-specific and stress-specific miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam J Hawkins
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li YN, Ren XB, Liu ZC, Ye B, Zhao ZJ, Fan Q, Liu YB, Zhang JN, Li WL. Insulin-Like Peptide and FoxO Mediate the Trehalose Catabolism Enhancement during the Diapause Termination Period in the Chinese Oak Silkworm ( Antheraea pernyi). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090784. [PMID: 34564224 PMCID: PMC8472214 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In insects, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) pathway regulates the carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, and plays important roles in diapause regulation. Trehalose accumulates in many diapausing insects, as it is a major carbohydrate reserve and a stress protectant. Because of metabolism depression, the trehalose concentration is maintained at relatively high levels over the diapause phase. In the present study, bovine insulin injection triggered diapause termination and synchronous eclosion in Antheraea pernyi pupae. Moreover, treatment with bovine insulin elevated the trehalose catabolism in diapausing pupae. As a homologue of vertebrate insulin, insulin-like peptide (ApILP) enhances the trehalose catabolism during the diapause termination process. The transcription factor forkhead box O (ApFoxO)—the downstream target of the IIS pathway—exhibited a contrasting effect on the trehalose catabolism to that of ApILP. These results suggest that ApILP and ApFoxO are involved in the regulation of trehalose catabolism during diapause termination in A. pernyi pupae. Abstract In insects, trehalose accumulation is associated with the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) pathway. However, whether insulin-like peptide is involved in the regulation of the trehalose metabolism during diapause termination remains largely unknown. This study assessed whether insulin-like peptide (ApILP) enhances the trehalose catabolism in the pupae of Antheraeapernyi during their diapause termination process. Injection of 10 μg of bovine insulin triggered diapause termination and synchronous adult eclosion in diapausing pupae. Moreover, treatment with bovine insulin increased the expression of trehalase 1A (ApTre-1A) and trehalase 2 (ApTre-2), as well as the activity of soluble and membrane-bound trehalase, resulting in a decline in trehalose levels in the haemolymph. Silencing ApILP via RNA interference significantly suppressed the expression of ApTre-1A and ApTre-2, thus leading to an increase in the trehalose concentration during diapause termination. However, neither injection with bovine insulin nor ApILP knockdown directly affected trehalase 1B (ApTre-1B) expression. Moreover, overexpression of the transcription factor forkhead box O (ApFoxO) induced an increase in trehalose levels during diapause termination; however, depletion of ApFoxO accelerated the breakdown of trehalose in diapausing pupae by increasing the expression of ApTre-1A and ApTre-2. The results of this study help to understand the contributions of ApILP and ApFoxO to the trehalose metabolism during diapause termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Xiao-Bing Ren
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China; (X.-B.R.); (Z.-C.L.); (Y.-B.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
| | - Zhi-Chao Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China; (X.-B.R.); (Z.-C.L.); (Y.-B.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
| | - Bo Ye
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (B.Y.); (Z.-J.Z.); (Q.F.)
| | - Zhen-Jun Zhao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (B.Y.); (Z.-J.Z.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qi Fan
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (B.Y.); (Z.-J.Z.); (Q.F.)
| | - Yu-Bo Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China; (X.-B.R.); (Z.-C.L.); (Y.-B.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China; (X.-B.R.); (Z.-C.L.); (Y.-B.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
| | - Wen-Li Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124211, China; (X.-B.R.); (Z.-C.L.); (Y.-B.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chitin Synthesis and Degradation in Crustaceans: A Genomic View and Application. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030153. [PMID: 33804177 PMCID: PMC8002005 DOI: 10.3390/md19030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is among the most important components of the crustacean cuticular exoskeleton and intestinal peritrophic matrix. With the progress of genomics and sequencing technology, a large number of gene sequences related to chitin metabolism have been deposited in the GenBank database in recent years. Here, we summarized the genes and pathways associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of chitins in crustaceans based on genomic analyses. We found that chitin biosynthesis genes typically occur in single or two copies, whereas chitin degradation genes are all multiple copies. Moreover, the chitinase genes are significantly expanded in most crustacean genomes. The gene structure and expression pattern of these genes are similar to those of insects, albeit with some specific characteristics. Additionally, the potential applications of the chitin metabolism genes in molting regulation and immune defense, as well as industrial chitin degradation and production, are also summarized in this review.
Collapse
|
8
|
Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hand SC, Denlinger DL, Podrabsky JE, Roy R. Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent developments from nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1193-211. [PMID: 27053646 PMCID: PMC4935499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarifying proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns. Overlapping themes are also seen in mechanisms that control cell cycle arrest. Evidence is emerging for epigenetic contributions to diapause regulation via small RNAs in nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Knockdown of circadian clock genes in selected insect species supports the importance of clock genes in the photoperiodic response that cues diapause. A large suite of chaperone-like proteins, expressed during diapause, protects biological structures during long periods of energy-limited stasis. More information is needed to paint a complete picture of how environmental cues are coupled to the signal transduction that initiates the complex diapause phenotype, as well as molecular explanations for how the state is terminated. Excellent examples of molecular memory in post-dauer animals have been documented in Caenorhabditis elegans It is clear that a single suite of mechanisms does not regulate diapause across all species and developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason E Podrabsky
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Richard Roy
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
MacRae TH. Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:9-18. [PMID: 26334984 PMCID: PMC4679736 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATP-independent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gene cloning, characterization and expression and enzymatic activities related to trehalose metabolism during diapause of the onion maggot Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Gene 2015; 565:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|