1
|
Li J, Peng L, Chen Q, Ye Z, Zhao T, Hou S, Gu J, Hang Q. Integrin β1 in Pancreatic Cancer: Expressions, Functions, and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143377. [PMID: 35884437 PMCID: PMC9318555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving the survival rate of PC patients. Emerging studies show that integrins might contribute to the pathogenesis of PC. This review presents the various signaling pathways that are mediated by integrins in PC and emphasizes the multiple functions of integrin β1 in malignant behaviors of PC. It also discusses the clinical significance of integrin β1 as well as integrin β1-based therapy in PC patients. Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by rapid progression and a high mortality rate. The current treatment is still based on surgical treatment, supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and new methods of combining immune and molecular biological treatments are being explored. Despite this, the survival rate of PC patients is still very disappointing. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanism of PC pathogenesis and developing precisely targeted drugs are key to improving PC prognosis. As the most common β subunit of the integrin family, integrin β1 has been proved to be closely related to the vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and survival of PC patients, and treatment targeting integrin β1 in PC has gained initial success in animal models. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways by which integrins are involved in PC, focusing on the roles of integrin β1 in the malignant behaviors of PC. Additionally, recent studies regarding the feasibility of integrin β1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in PC are also discussed. Finally, we present the progress of several integrin β1-based clinical trials to highlight the potential of integrin β1 as a target for personalized therapy in PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Liyao Peng
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Ziping Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Sicong Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Sochacki KA, Strub MP, Taraska JW. Dual clathrin and integrin signaling systems regulate growth factor receptor activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:905. [PMID: 35173166 PMCID: PMC8850434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between growth factor and adhesion receptors is key for cell growth and migration. In pathological settings, these receptors are drivers of cancer. Yet, how growth and adhesion signals are spatially organized and integrated is poorly understood. Here we use quantitative fluorescence and electron microscopy to reveal a mechanism where flat clathrin lattices partition and activate growth factor signals via a coordinated response that involves crosstalk between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adhesion receptor β5-integrin. We show that ligand-activated EGFR, Grb2, Src, and β5-integrin are captured by clathrin coated-structures at the plasma membrane. Clathrin structures dramatically grow in response to EGF into large flat plaques and provide a signaling platform that link EGFR and β5-integrin through Src-mediated phosphorylation. Disrupting this EGFR/Src/β5-integrin axis prevents both clathrin plaque growth and dampens receptor signaling. Our study reveals a reciprocal regulation between clathrin lattices and two different receptor systems to coordinate and enhance signaling. These findings have broad implications for the regulation of growth factor signaling, adhesion, and endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Yan J, Springer TA. Low affinity integrin states have faster ligand binding kinetics than the high affinity state. eLife 2021; 10:73359. [PMID: 34854380 PMCID: PMC8730728 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin conformational ensembles contain two low-affinity states, bent-closed and extended-closed, and an active, high-affinity, extended-open state. It is widely thought that integrins must be activated before they bind ligand; however, one model holds that activation follows ligand binding. As ligand-binding kinetics are not only rate limiting for cell adhesion but also have important implications for the mechanism of activation, we measure them here for integrins α4β1 and α5β1 and show that the low-affinity states bind substantially faster than the high-affinity state. On- and off-rates are similar for integrins on cell surfaces and as ectodomain fragments. Although the extended-open conformation’s on-rate is ~20-fold slower, its off-rate is ~25,000-fold slower, resulting in a large affinity increase. The tighter ligand-binding pocket in the open state may slow its on-rate. Low-affinity integrin states not only bind ligand more rapidly, but are also more populous on the cell surface than high-affinity states. Thus, our results suggest that integrin binding to ligand may precede, rather than follow, activation by ‘inside-out signaling.’
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jiabin Yan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yokosaki Y, Nishimichi N. New Therapeutic Targets for Hepatic Fibrosis in the Integrin Family, α8β1 and α11β1, Induced Specifically on Activated Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312794. [PMID: 34884600 PMCID: PMC8657911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A huge effort has been devoted to developing drugs targeting integrins over 30 years, because of the primary roles of integrins in the cell-matrix milieu. Five αv-containing integrins, in the 24 family members, have been a central target of fibrosis. Currently, a small molecule against αvβ1 is undergoing a clinical trial for NASH-associated fibrosis as a rare agent aiming at fibrogenesis. Latent TGFβ activation, a distinct talent of αv-integrins, has been intriguing as a therapeutic target. None of the αv-integrin inhibitors, however, has been in the clinical market. αv-integrins commonly recognize an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and thus the pharmacophore of inhibitors for the 5-integrins is based on the same RGD structure. The RGD preference of the integrins, at the same time, dilutes ligand specificity, as the 5-integrins share ligands containing RGD sequence such as fibronectin. With the inherent little specificity in both drugs and targets, "disease specificity" has become less important for the inhibitors than blocking as many αv-integrins. In fact, an almighty inhibitor for αv-integrins, pan-αv, was in a clinical trial. On the contrary, approved integrin inhibitors are all specific to target integrins, which are expressed in a cell-type specific manner: αIIbβ3 on platelets, α4β1, α4β7 and αLβ2 on leukocytes. Herein, "disease specific" integrins would serve as attractive targets. α8β1 and α11β1 are selectively expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and distinctively induced upon culture activation. The exceptional specificity to activated HSCs reflects a rather "pathology specific" nature of these new integrins. The monoclonal antibodies against α8β1 and α11β1 in preclinical examinations may illuminate the road to the first medical agents.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu Q, Xiao W, Sun S, Sohrabi A, Liang J, Seidlits SK. Extracellular Matrix Proteins Confer Cell Adhesion-Mediated Drug Resistance Through Integrin α v in Glioblastoma Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:616580. [PMID: 33834020 PMCID: PMC8021872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.616580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance to glioblastoma (GBM) remains an obstacle that is difficult to overcome, leading to poor prognosis of GBM patients. Many previous studies have focused on resistance mechanisms intrinsic to cancer cells; the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells has been found more recently to have significant impacts on the response to chemotherapeutic agents. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may confer cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAMDR). Here, expression of the ECM proteins laminin, vitronectin, and fibronectin was assessed in clinical GBM tumors using immunohistochemistry. Then, patient-derived GBM cells grown in monolayers on precoated laminin, vitronectin, or fibronectin substrates were treated with cilengitide, an integrin inhibitor, and/or carmustine, an alkylating chemotherapy. Cell adhesion and viability were quantified. Transcription factor (TF) activities were assessed over time using a bioluminescent assay in which GBM cells were transduced with lentiviruses containing consensus binding sites for specific TFs linked to expression a firefly luciferase reporter. Apoptosis, mediated by p53, was analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytofluorescence. Integrin αv activation of the FAK/paxillin/AKT signaling pathway and effects on expression of the proliferative marker Ki67 were investigated. To assess effects of integrin αv activation of AKT and ERK pathways, which are typically deregulated in GBM, and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is amplified and/or mutated in many GBM tumors, shRNA knockdown was used. Laminin, vitronectin, and fibronectin were abundant in clinical GBM tumors and promoted CAMDR in GBM cells cultured on precoated substrates. Cilengitide treatment induced cell detachment, which was most pronounced for cells cultured on vitronectin. Cilengitide treatment increased cytotoxicity of carmustine, reversing CAMDR. ECM adhesion increased activity of NFκB and decreased that of p53, leading to suppression of p53-mediated apoptosis and upregulation of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1; also known as ABCB1 or P-glycoprotein). Expression of Ki67 was correlative with activation of the integrin αv-mediated FAK/paxillin/AKT signaling pathway. EGFR expression increased with integrin αv knockdown GBM cells and may represent a compensatory survival mechanism. These results indicate that ECM proteins confer CAMDR through integrin αv in GBM cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weikun Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Songping Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alireza Sohrabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jesse Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Understanding the role of integrins in breast cancer invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Oncogene 2021; 40:1043-1063. [PMID: 33420366 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell adhesion receptors, which are typically transmembrane glycoproteins that connect to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The function of integrins regulated by biochemical events within the cells. Understanding the mechanisms of cell growth by integrins is important in elucidating their effects on tumor progression. One of the major events in integrin signaling is integrin binding to extracellular ligands. Another event is distant signaling that gathers chemical signals from outside of the cell and transmit the signals upon cell adhesion to the inside of the cell. In normal breast tissue, integrins function as checkpoints to monitor effects on cell proliferation, while in cancer tissue these functions altered. The combination of tumor microenvironment and its associated components determines the cell fate. Hypoxia can increase the expression of several integrins. The exosomal integrins promote the growth of metastatic cells. Expression of certain integrins is associated with increased metastasis and decreased prognosis in cancers. In addition, integrin-binding proteins promote invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. Targeting specific integrins and integrin-binding proteins may provide new therapeutic approaches for breast cancer therapies. This review will examine the current knowledge of integrins' role in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sani S, Messe M, Fuchs Q, Pierrevelcin M, Laquerriere P, Entz-Werle N, Reita D, Etienne-Selloum N, Bruban V, Choulier L, Martin S, Dontenwill M. Biological Relevance of RGD-Integrin Subtype-Specific Ligands in Cancer. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1151-1160. [PMID: 33140906 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins able to connect cells with the micro-environment. They represent a family of receptors involved in almost all the hallmarks of cancer. Integrins recognizing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide in their natural extracellular matrix ligands have been particularly investigated as tumoral therapeutic targets. In the last 30 years, intense research has been dedicated to designing specific RGD-like ligands able to discriminate selectively the different RGD-recognizing integrins. Chemists' efforts have led to the proposition of modified peptide or peptidomimetic libraries to be used for tumor targeting and/or tumor imaging. Here we review, from the biological point of view, the rationale underlying the need to clearly delineate each RGD-integrin subtype by selective tools. We describe the complex roles of RGD-integrins (mainly the most studied αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins) in tumors, the steps towards selective ligands and the current usefulness of such ligands. Although the impact of integrins in cancer is well acknowledged, the biological characteristics of each integrin subtype in a specific tumor are far from being completely resolved. Selective ligands might help us to reconsider integrins as therapeutic targets in specific clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saidu Sani
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Cancer and Diabetic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B, 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Mélissa Messe
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR CNRS 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Fuchs
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Marina Pierrevelcin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Laquerriere
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR CNRS 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Natacha Entz-Werle
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, Pediatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Reita
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Department of Oncobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Institut du Cancer Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Service de Pharmacie, 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Bruban
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Choulier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SJ, Kim MS, Park HJ, Lee H, Yun JI, Lim HW, Lee ST. Screening of integrins localized on the surface of human epidermal melanocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:435-443. [PMID: 32572848 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, melanocytes occupy three-dimensional (3D) space. Nevertheless, most experiments involving melanocytes are performed in a two-dimensional microenvironment, resulting in difficulty obtaining accurate results. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an artificial in vivo-like 3D microenvironment. Here, as a step towards engineering a precisely defined acellular 3D microenvironment supporting the maintenance of human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs), we examined the types of integrin heterodimers that are expressed transcriptionally, translationally, and functionally in HEMs. Real-time PCR and fluorescent immunoassay analyses were used to elucidate the expression of integrin α and β subunit genes at the transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. The functionality of the presumed integrin heterodimers was confirmed using attachment and antibody-inhibition assays. Among the genes encoding 12 integrin subunits (α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, α7, αV, β1, β3, β5, and β8) showing significantly higher transcription levels, proteins translated from the integrin α2, α4, α5, β1, β3, and β5 subunit genes were detected on the surface of HEMs. These HEMs showed significantly increased adhesion to collagen I, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin, and functional blockade of the integrin α2 subunits significantly inhibited adhesion to collagen I, fibronectin, and laminin. In addition, there was no significant inhibition of the adhesion to fibronectin or vitronectin in HEMs with functional blockade of the integrin α4, α5, or αV subunits. These results indicate that the active integrin α2β1 heterodimer and the inactive integrin α4, α5, αV, β3, and β5 subunits are all localized on the surface of HEMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jung Im Yun
- Institute of Animal Resources, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc, Chuncheon, 24398, South Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea. .,Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea. .,KustoGen Inc, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mehmood A, Zhao L, Wang C, Hossen I, Nadeem M. Stevia residue extract alone and combination with allopurinol attenuate hyperuricemia in fructose-PO-induced hyperuricemic mice. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13087. [PMID: 31680279 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The current project was designed to utilize flavonoids and chlorogenic acids enriched stevia residue extract (STVRE) against hyperuricemia (HU). The in vitro results showed that STVRE potently and synergistically inhibits Xanthine oxidase (XO) with allopurinol. The AFM results predicted that STVRE compounds bind with XO and alter its structure which further prevents the entrance of substrate with XO. These in vitro results were further confirmed in fructose-PO-induced hyperuricemic mice model. The results showed that supplementation of STVRE with allopurinol significantly attenuated HU, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by UA via inhibiting the production of uric acid and lowering cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6, and interleukin 1-beta levels in serum and renal tissues. Moreover, STVRE and allopurinol treatment attenuated, tubular dilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, improved structure disorder of podocyte, and foot process fusion, and decreased glomerular basement membrane thickness. These findings suggested that STVRE can be used as an antihyperuricemic agent along with allopurinol. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of present study showed that STVRE has a beneficial effect against fructose-PO-induced hyperuricemia by decreasing uric acid level, xanthine oxidase activity, improving oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings suggested that by-product of stevia (STVRE) enriched with polyphenolic compounds can be used as a functional ingredient against hyperuricemia and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Are Integrins Still Practicable Targets for Anti-Cancer Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070978. [PMID: 31336983 PMCID: PMC6678560 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative clinical evidence and experimental observations indicate that integrin adhesion receptors, in particular those of the αV family, are relevant to cancer cell features, including proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, integrins promote events in the tumor microenvironment that are critical for tumor progression and metastasis, including tumor angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and the recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells. In spite of compelling preclinical results demonstrating that the inhibition of integrin αVβ3/αVβ5 and α5β1 has therapeutic potential, clinical trials with integrin inhibitors targeting those integrins have repeatedly failed to demonstrate therapeutic benefits in cancer patients. Here, we review emerging integrin functions and their proposed contribution to tumor progression, discuss preclinical evidence of therapeutic significance, revisit clinical trial results, and consider alternative approaches for their therapeutic targeting in oncology, including targeting integrins in the other cells of the tumor microenvironment, e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune/inflammatory cells. We conclude that integrins remain a valid target for cancer therapy; however, agents with better pharmacological properties, alternative models for their preclinical evaluation, and innovative combination strategies for clinical testing (e.g., together with immuno-oncology agents) are needed.
Collapse
|
11
|
The metastasis suppressor NME1 inhibits melanoma cell motility via direct transcriptional induction of the integrin beta-3 gene. Exp Cell Res 2018; 374:85-93. [PMID: 30458180 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the metastasis suppressor NME1 in melanoma is associated with reduced cellular motility, invasion, and metastasis, but mechanisms underlying these activities are not completely understood. Herein we report a novel mechanism through which NME1 drives formation of large, stable focal adhesions (FAs) in melanoma cells via induction of integrin β3 (ITGβ3), and in one cell line, concomitant suppression of integrin β1 (ITGβ1) transcripts. Forced expression of NME1 resulted in a strong activation of the promoter region (-301 to +13) of the ITGB3 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed the transcriptional induction was associated with direct recruitment of NME1 and an increase in the epigenetic activation mark, acetylation of histone 3 on lysine 27 (H3K27Ac) to a 1 kb stretch of 5'-flanking sequence of the ITGB3 gene. Unexpectedly, NME1 did not affect the amount either ITGβ1 or ITGβ3 proteins were internalized and recycled, processes commonly associated with regulating expression of integrins at the cell surface. The ability of NME1 to suppress motile and invasive phenotypes of melanoma cells was dependent on its induction of ITGβ3. Expression of ITGβ3 mRNA was associated with increased disease-free survival time in melanoma patients of the TCGA collection, consistent with its potential role as an effector of the metastasis suppressor function of NME1. Together, these data indicate metastasis suppressor activity of NME1 in melanoma is mediated by induction of ITGB3 gene transcription, with NME1-driven enrichment of ITGβ3 protein at the cell membrane resulting in attenuated cell motility through the stabilization of large focal adhesions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zuidema A, Wang W, Kreft M, Te Molder L, Hoekman L, Bleijerveld OB, Nahidiazar L, Janssen H, Sonnenberg A. Mechanisms of integrin αVβ5 clustering in flat clathrin lattices. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs221317. [PMID: 30301780 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of integrin transmembrane receptors is essential for the normal function of multicellular organisms by facilitating cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. The vitronectin-binding integrin αVβ5 localizes to focal adhesions (FAs) as well as poorly characterized flat clathrin lattices (FCLs). Here, we show that, in human keratinocytes, αVβ5 is predominantly found in FCLs, and formation of the αVβ5-containing FCLs requires the presence of vitronectin as ligand, Ca2+, and the clathrin adaptor proteins ARH (also known as LDLRAP1), Numb and EPS15/EPS15L1. Integrin chimeras, containing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of β5 and the cytoplasmic domains of β1 or β3, almost exclusively localize in FAs. Interestingly, lowering actomyosin-mediated contractility promotes integrin redistribution to FLCs in an integrin tail-dependent manner, while increasing cellular tension favors αVβ5 clustering in FAs. Our findings strongly indicate that clustering of integrin αVβ5 in FCLs is dictated by the β5 subunit cytoplasmic domain, cellular tension and recruitment of specific adaptor proteins to the β5 subunit cytoplasmic domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Zuidema
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Te Molder
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekman
- Mass spectrometry/Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- Mass spectrometry/Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Leila Nahidiazar
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Electron Microscopy Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
In this unit, methods for the analysis of integrin-dependent adhesion are described. Two major types of assays are commonly used for this analysis. The first are cell adhesion assays. A key application of this type of assay is to identify which integrin(s) mediate cell-substrate interactions; a comprehensive list of antibodies suitable for this purpose is detailed. The second are solid-phase assays in which purified integrins and integrin ligands are used. These assays can be used, e.g., to measure apparent affinities of integrins for different ligands and IC50 values of pharmacological inhibitors. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 53:9.4.1-9.4.17. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Paul Mould
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Integrin extension enables ultrasensitive regulation by cytoskeletal force. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4685-4690. [PMID: 28416675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704171114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins undergo large-scale conformational changes upon activation. Signaling events driving integrin activation have previously been discussed conceptually, but not quantitatively. Here, recent measurements of the intrinsic ligand-binding affinity and free energy of each integrin conformational state on the cell surface, together with the length scales of conformational change, are used to quantitatively compare models of activation. We examine whether binding of cytoskeletal adaptors to integrin cytoplasmic domains is sufficient for activation or whether exertion of tensile force by the actin cytoskeleton across the integrin-ligand complex is also required. We find that only the combination of adaptor binding and cytoskeletal force provides ultrasensitive regulation. Moreover, switch-like activation by force depends on the large, >130 Å length-scale change in integrin extension, which is well tailored to match the free-energy difference between the inactive (bent-closed) and active (extended-open) conformations. The length scale and energy cost in integrin extension enable activation by force in the low pN range and appear to be the key specializations that enable cell adhesion through integrins to be coordinated with cytoskeletal dynamics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Demircioglu F, Hodivala-Dilke K. αvβ3 Integrin and tumour blood vessels-learning from the past to shape the future. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:121-127. [PMID: 27474973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is thought to enhance tumour growth and these blood vessels can act as conduits of tumour cell metastasis. Integrins, the family of cell surface extracellular matrix receptors, can promote endothelial cell migration and survival, both essential features of angiogenesis, and were thus considered good targets for anti-angiogenic therapy. This sparked the development of agents to block integrin function as new cancer therapies. Here, we review the current status of αvβ3-integrin in tumour angiogenesis. Learning from what we now know about integrin conformational changes and endocytosis, we discuss the possible future of targeting blood vessel αvβ3-integrin in the control of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mould AP, Askari JA, Byron A, Takada Y, Jowitt TA, Humphries MJ. Ligand-induced Epitope Masking: DISSOCIATION OF INTEGRIN α5β1-FIBRONECTIN COMPLEXES ONLY BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WITH AN ALLOSTERIC MODE OF ACTION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20993-21007. [PMID: 27484800 PMCID: PMC5076510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing ligand-mimetic inhibitors of integrins are unable to dissociate pre-formed integrin-fibronectin complexes (IFCs). These observations suggested that amino acid residues involved in integrin-fibronectin binding become obscured in the ligand-occupied state. Because the epitopes of some function-blocking anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) lie near the ligand-binding pocket, it follows that the epitopes of these mAbs may become shielded in the ligand-occupied state. Here, we tested whether function-blocking mAbs directed against α5β1 can interact with the integrin after it forms a complex with an RGD-containing fragment of fibronectin. We showed that the anti-α5 subunit mAbs JBS5, SNAKA52, 16, and P1D6 failed to disrupt IFCs and hence appeared unable to bind to the ligand-occupied state. In contrast, the allosteric anti-β1 subunit mAbs 13, 4B4, and AIIB2 could dissociate IFCs and therefore were able to interact with the ligand-bound state. However, another class of function-blocking anti-β1 mAbs, exemplified by Lia1/2, could not disrupt IFCs. This second class of mAbs was also distinguished from 13, 4B4, and AIIB2 by their ability to induce homotypic cell aggregation. Although the epitope of Lia1/2 was closely overlapping with those of 13, 4B4, and AIIB2, it appeared to lie closer to the ligand-binding pocket. A new model of the α5β1-fibronectin complex supports our hypothesis that the epitopes of mAbs that fail to bind to the ligand-occupied state lie within, or very close to, the integrin-fibronectin interface. Importantly, our findings imply that the efficacy of some therapeutic anti-integrin mAbs could be limited by epitope masking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Paul Mould
- From the Biomolecular Analysis Core Facility and
| | - Janet A Askari
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Byron
- the Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Yoshikazu Takada
- the Department of Vascular Biology, VB-1, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yurdagul A, Orr AW. Blood Brothers: Hemodynamics and Cell-Matrix Interactions in Endothelial Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:415-34. [PMID: 26715135 PMCID: PMC5011636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in endothelial function contribute to a variety of vascular diseases. In pathological conditions, the endothelium shows a reduced ability to regulate vasodilation (endothelial dysfunction) and a conversion toward a proinflammatory and leaky phenotype (endothelial activation). At the interface between the vessel wall and blood, the endothelium exists in a complex microenvironment and must translate changes in these environmental signals to alterations in vessel function. Mechanical stimulation and endothelial cell interactions with the vascular matrix, as well as a host of soluble factors, coordinately contribute to this dynamic regulation. RECENT ADVANCES Blood hemodynamics play an established role in the regulation of endothelial function. However, a growing body of work suggests that subendothelial matrix composition similarly and coordinately regulates endothelial cell phenotype such that blood flow affects matrix remodeling, which affects the endothelial response to flow. CRITICAL ISSUES Hemodynamics and soluble factors likely affect endothelial matrix remodeling through multiple mechanisms, including transforming growth factor β signaling and alterations in cell-matrix receptors, such as the integrins. Likewise, differential integrin signaling following matrix remodeling appears to regulate several key flow-induced responses, including nitric oxide production, regulation of oxidant stress, and activation of proinflammatory signaling and gene expression. Microvascular remodeling responses, such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, may also show coordinated regulation by flow and matrix. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Identifying the mechanisms regulating the dynamic interplay between hemodynamics and matrix remodeling and their contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease remains an important research area with therapeutic implications across a variety of conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 415-434.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - A. Wayne Orr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pharmacology of the cell/matrix form of adhesion. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:430-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Schaufler V, Czichos-Medda H, Hirschfeld-Warnecken V, Neubauer S, Rechenmacher F, Medda R, Kessler H, Geiger B, Spatz JP, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Selective binding and lateral clustering of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins: Unraveling the spatial requirements for cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:505-515. [PMID: 27003228 PMCID: PMC5079398 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of the specific functions of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins is crucial for the precise regulation of cell adhesion, spreading and migration, yet the contribution of differential integrin-specific crosstalk to these processes remains unclear. To determine the specific functions of αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins, we used nanoarrays of gold particles presenting immobilized, integrin-selective peptidomimetic ligands. Integrin binding to the peptidomimetics is highly selective, and cells can spread on both ligands. However, spreading is faster and the projected cell area is greater on α5β1 ligand; both depend on ligand spacing. Quantitative analysis of adhesion plaques shows that focal adhesion size is increased in cells adhering to αvβ3 ligand at 30 and 60 nm spacings. Analysis of αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin clusters indicates that fibrillar adhesions are more prominent in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand, while clusters are mostly localized at the cell margins in cells adhering to αvβ3 ligand. αvβ3 integrin clusters are more pronounced on αvβ3 ligand, though they can also be detected in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand. Furthermore, α5β1 integrin clusters are present in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand, and often colocalize with αvβ3 clusters. Taken together, these findings indicate that the activation of αvβ3 integrin by ligand binding is dispensable for initial adhesion and spreading, but essential to formation of stable focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Schaufler
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Helmi Czichos-Medda
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Vera Hirschfeld-Warnecken
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Rebecca Medda
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- d Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - E Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|