1
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Zhang Y, Guan T, Li Z, Guo B, Luo X, Guo L, Li M, Xu M, Liu M, Liu Y. Eml1 promotes axonal growth by enhancing αTAT1-mediated microtubule acetylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119770. [PMID: 38897390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule stabilization is critical for axonal growth and regeneration, and many microtubule-associated proteins are involved in this process. In this study, we found that the knockdown of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 (EML1) hindered axonal growth in cultured cortical and dorsal root ganglion neurons. We further revealed that EML1 facilitated the acetylation of microtubules and that the impairment of axonal growth due to EML1 inhibition could be restored by treatment with deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting that EML1 affected tubulin acetylation. Moreover, we verified an interaction between EML1 and the alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase 1, which is responsible for the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. We thus proposed that EML1 might regulate microtubule acetylation and stabilization via alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 and then promote axon growth. Finally, we verified that the knockdown of EML1 in vivo also inhibited sciatic nerve regeneration. Our findings revealed a novel effect of EML1 on microtubule acetylation during axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Longyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
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2
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Centonza A, Mazza T, Trombetta D, Sparaneo A, Petrizzelli F, Castellana S, Centra F, Fabrizio FP, Di Micco CM, Benso F, Tabbò F, Righi L, Merlini A, Graziano P, Muscarella LA. Clinical and Molecular Traits of a Novel SPECC1L-ALK Fusion in a Patient with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Pers Med 2024; 14:670. [PMID: 39063924 PMCID: PMC11278239 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions account for 5-7% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, the therapeutic approaches for which have significantly evolved in the last few years. However, the response to target therapies remains heterogeneous, partially due to the many different ALK fusion variants reported to date. Rare fusion variants have also been discovered, but their role in influencing responses to ALK inhibitors (ALKis) remains poorly elucidated. Laboratory investigation at both the tissue and protein levels, and a molecular profile by next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed on a lung biopsy sample from one patient with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. An in silico prediction model using ColabFold software v1.5.5 was used to model and predict the entire structure of the chimeric aberrant ALK protein. Here, we report a case of a former smoker, a 60-year-old man, diagnosed with NSCLC and undergoing ALK translocation. He received first-, second- and third-generation ALK protein inhibitors (ALKis), showing a clinical benefit for about 4 years. IHC analysis and the molecular examination of the tissue biopsy indicated a positive staining for ALK and a novel ALK gene fusion variant, involving the sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domain 1-like (SPECC1L) gene with an unreported breakpoint in exon 7. The novel SPECCL1::ALK fusion was identified using Anchored Multiplex PCR (AMP)-NGS technology and was predicted to retain the Pkinase_Tyr domain at the carboxy-terminal region of the resulting chimeric protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an ALK-positive NSCLC patient carrying the SPECC1L exon 7 fusion breakpoint and one of the few reports about clinical outcomes related to SPECC1L::ALK fusion. The in silico hypothesized biological role of this newly identified fusion variant corroborates the observed clinical response to multiple ALKis. The molecular findings also reinforce the utility of AMP-based NGS technology as a valuable tool for the identification of rare chromosomal events that may be related to the variability of patient outcomes to different ALKis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Centonza
- Unit of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.D.M.)
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (T.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (D.T.); (A.S.); (F.C.); (F.P.F.)
| | - Angelo Sparaneo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (D.T.); (A.S.); (F.C.); (F.P.F.)
| | - Francesco Petrizzelli
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (T.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Stefano Castellana
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (T.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Flavia Centra
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (D.T.); (A.S.); (F.C.); (F.P.F.)
| | - Federico Pio Fabrizio
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (D.T.); (A.S.); (F.C.); (F.P.F.)
| | - Concetta Martina Di Micco
- Unit of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.D.M.)
| | - Federica Benso
- Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy; (F.B.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Tabbò
- Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy; (F.B.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
- SOC Oncologia ASLCN2 Alba e Bra, Ospedale Michele e Pietro Ferrero, 12060 Verduno, CN, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy; (F.B.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy; (F.B.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Graziano
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy;
| | - Lucia Anna Muscarella
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; (D.T.); (A.S.); (F.C.); (F.P.F.)
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3
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Pashley SL, Papageorgiou S, O'Regan L, Barone G, Robinson SW, Lucken K, Straatman KR, Roig J, Fry AM. The mesenchymal morphology of cells expressing the EML4-ALK V3 oncogene is dependent on phosphorylation of Eg5 by NEK7. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107144. [PMID: 38458397 PMCID: PMC11061729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncogenic fusion proteins are found in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancers. Different EML4-ALK fusion variants exist with variant 3 (V3) being associated with a significantly higher risk than other common variants, such as variant 1 (V1). Patients with V3 respond less well to targeted ALK inhibitors, have accelerated rates of metastasis, and have poorer overall survival. A pathway has been described downstream of EML4-ALK V3 that is independent of ALK catalytic activity but dependent on the NEK9 and NEK7 kinases. It has been proposed that assembly of an EML4-ALK V3-NEK9-NEK7 complex on microtubules leads to cells developing a mesenchymal-like morphology and exhibiting enhanced migration. However, downstream targets of this complex remain unknown. Here, we show that the microtubule-based kinesin, Eg5, is recruited to interphase microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3, whereas chemical inhibition of Eg5 reverses the mesenchymal morphology of cells. Furthermore, we show that depletion of NEK7 interferes with Eg5 recruitment to microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and cell length is reduced, but this is reversed by coexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of Eg5, in a site, S1033, phosphorylated by NEK7. Intriguingly, we also found that expression of Eg5-S1033D led to cells expressing EML4-ALK V1 adopting a more mesenchymal-like morphology. Together, we propose that Eg5 acts as a substrate of NEK7 in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and Eg5 phosphorylation promotes the mesenchymal morphology typical of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pashley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Savvas Papageorgiou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Giancarlo Barone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan W Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kellie Lucken
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kees R Straatman
- Advanced Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joan Roig
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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4
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Yue L, Lu Z, Guo T, Liu J, Yang B, Yuan C. Proteome Analysis of Alpine Merino Sheep Skin Reveals New Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in Regulating Wool Fiber Diameter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15227. [PMID: 37894908 PMCID: PMC10607505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool fiber is a textile material that is highly valued based on its diameter, which is crucial in determining its economic value. To analyze the molecular mechanisms regulating wool fiber diameter, we used a Data-independent acquisition-based quantitative proteomics approach to analyze the skin proteome of Alpine Merino sheep with four fiber diameter ranges. From three contrasts of defined groups, we identified 275, 229, and 190 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Further analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed that pathways associated with cyclic adenosine monophosphate and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling are relevant to wool fiber diameter. Using the K-means method, we investigated the DEP expression patterns across wool diameter ranges. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified seven key proteins (CIDEA, CRYM, MLX, TPST2, GPD1, GOPC, and CAMK2G) that may be involved in regulating wool fiber diameter. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for identifying DEPs and pathways associated with wool fiber diameter in Alpine Merino sheep to enable a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the genetic regulation of wool fiber quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
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5
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López-Palacios TP, Andersen JL. Kinase regulation by liquid-liquid phase separation. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:649-666. [PMID: 36528418 PMCID: PMC10267292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is emerging as a mechanism of spatiotemporal regulation that could answer long-standing questions about how order is achieved in biochemical signaling. In this review we discuss how LLPS orchestrates kinase signaling, either by creating condensate structures that are sensed by kinases or by direct LLPS of kinases, cofactors, and substrates - thereby acting as a mechanism to compartmentalize kinase-substrate relationships, and in some cases also sequestering the kinase away from inhibitory factors. We also examine the possibility that selective pressure promotes genomic rearrangements that fuse pro-growth kinases to LLPS-prone protein sequences, which in turn drives aberrant kinase activation through LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania P López-Palacios
- Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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6
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Berry MA, Bland AR, Ashton JC. Mechanisms of synergistic suppression of ALK-positive lung cancer cell growth by the combination of ALK and SHP2 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10041. [PMID: 37339995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Alectinib is the first line of treatment for patients with ALK-positive lung cancer, but the survival rate beyond 2-3 years is low. Co-targeting secondary oncogenic drivers such as SHP2 is a potential strategy for improving drug efficacy. This is because SHP2 is expressed ubiquitously, but ALK expression is largely restricted to cancer cells. Thus, the combination of ALK and SHP2 inhibitors may provide a way to restrict synergistic cytotoxicity to cancer cells only, by reducing the dose of SHP2 inhibitors required for anticancer action and minimising SHP2-dependent systemic toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the combination of a SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) with alectinib would synergistically suppress the growth of ALK-positive lung cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that the drug combination significantly and synergistically decreased cell viability at relatively low concentrations in ALK-positive H3122 and H2228 cells, due to G1 cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis because of suppressed downstream RAS/MAPK signalling. The drug combination also induced the expression of mediators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, Bim and cleaved caspase-3, and modulated the expression of cell cycle mediators cyclin D1, cyclin B1, and phosphorylated CDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Berry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A R Bland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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7
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Elshatlawy M, Sampson J, Clarke K, Bayliss R. EML4-ALK biology and drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: a new phase of discoveries. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:950-963. [PMID: 37149843 PMCID: PMC10257413 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) can be driven to oncogenic activity by different types of mutational events such as point-mutations, for example F1174L in neuroblastoma, and gene fusions, for example with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EML4-ALK variants result from different breakpoints, generating fusions of different sizes and properties. The most common variants (Variant 1 and Variant 3) form cellular compartments with distinct physical properties. The presence of a partial, probably misfolded beta-propeller domain in variant 1 confers solid-like properties to the compartments it forms, greater dependence on Hsp90 for protein stability and higher cell sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These differences translate to the clinic because variant 3, on average, worsens patient prognosis and increases metastatic risk. Latest generation ALK-TKIs are beneficial for most patients with EML4-ALK fusions. However, resistance to ALK inhibitors can occur via point-mutations within the kinase domain of the EML4-ALK fusion, for example G1202R, reducing inhibitor effectiveness. Here, we discuss the biology of EML4-ALK variants, their impact on treatment response, ALK-TKI drug resistance mechanisms and potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Elshatlawy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Josephina Sampson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Katy Clarke
- Leeds Cancer Center, St.James' University HospitalLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustUK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
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8
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Cheon SY, Kwon S. Molecular Anatomy of the EML4-ALK Fusion Protein for the Development of Novel Anticancer Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065821. [PMID: 36982897 PMCID: PMC10054655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4)-ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was first identified in 2007. As the EML4-ALK fusion protein promotes carcinogenesis in lung cells, much attention has been paid to it, leading to the development of therapies for patients with NSCLC. These therapies include ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. However, detailed information on the entire structure and function of the EML4-ALK protein remains deficient, and there are many obstacles to overcome in the development of novel anticancer agents. In this review, we describe the respective partial structures of EML4 and ALK that are known to date. In addition to their structures, noteworthy structural features and launched inhibitors of the EML4-ALK protein are summarized. Furthermore, based on the structural features and inhibitor-binding modes, we discuss strategies for the development of novel inhibitors targeting the EML4-ALK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghark Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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9
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Schneider JL, Lin JJ, Shaw AT. ALK-positive lung cancer: a moving target. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:330-343. [PMID: 36797503 PMCID: PMC10754274 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a potent oncogenic driver in lung cancer. ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors yield significant benefit in patients with ALK fusion-positive (ALK+) lung cancers; yet the durability of response is limited by drug resistance. Elucidation of on-target resistance mechanisms has facilitated the development of next-generation ALK inhibitors, but overcoming ALK-independent resistance mechanisms remains a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the molecular underpinnings of acquired resistance to ALK-directed therapy and highlight new treatment approaches aimed at inducing long-term remission in ALK+ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Schneider
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica J Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Tursi NJ, Xu Z, Helble M, Walker S, Liaw K, Chokkalingam N, Kannan T, Wu Y, Tello-Ruiz E, Park DH, Zhu X, Wise MC, Smith TRF, Majumdar S, Kossenkov A, Kulp DW, Weiner DB. Engineered antibody cytokine chimera synergizes with DNA-launched nanoparticle vaccines to potentiate melanoma suppression in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1072810. [PMID: 36911698 PMCID: PMC9997082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated great promise with several checkpoint inhibitors being approved as the first-line therapy for some types of cancer, and new engineered cytokines such as Neo2/15 now being evaluated in many studies. In this work, we designed antibody-cytokine chimera (ACC) scaffolding cytokine mimetics on a full-length tumor-specific antibody. We characterized the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of first-generation ACC TA99-Neo2/15, which synergized with DLnano-vaccines to suppress in vivo melanoma proliferation and induced significant systemic cytokine activation. A novel second-generation ACC TA99-HL2-KOA1, with retained IL-2Rβ/γ binding and attenuated but preserved IL-2Rα binding, induced lower systemic cytokine activation with non-inferior protection in murine tumor studies. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated an upregulation of Type I interferon responsive genes, particularly ISG15, in dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes following TA99-HL2-KOA1 treatment. Characterization of additional ACCs in combination with cancer vaccines will likely be an important area of research for treating melanoma and other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Tursi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michaela Helble
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susanne Walker
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neethu Chokkalingam
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Toshitha Kannan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuanhan Wu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edgar Tello-Ruiz
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel H Park
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xizhou Zhu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan C Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Bluebell, PA, United States
| | | | - Sonali Majumdar
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Aepala MR, Peiris MN, Jiang Z, Yang W, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Nefarious NTRK oncogenic fusions in pediatric sarcomas: Too many to Trk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:93-106. [PMID: 36153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) genes undergo chromosomal translocations to create novel open reading frames coding for oncogenic fusion proteins; the N-terminal portion, donated by various partner genes, becomes fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of either NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3. NTRK fusion proteins have been identified as driver oncogenes in a wide variety of tumors over the past three decades, including Pediatric Gliomas, Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Spitzoid Neoplasms, Glioblastoma, and additional tumors. Importantly, NTRK fusions function as drivers of pediatric sarcomas, accounting for approximately 15% of childhood cancers including Infantile Fibrosarcoma (IFS), a subset of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (STS). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have demonstrated profound results against NTRK fusion-positive cancers, acquired resistance to these TKIs has resulted in the formation of gatekeeper, solvent-front, and compound mutations. We present a comprehensive compilation of oncogenic fusions involving NTRKs focusing specifically on pediatric STS, examining their biological signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation. The importance of an obligatory dimerization or multimerization domain, invariably donated by the N-terminal fusion partner, is discussed using characteristic fusions that occur in pediatric sarcomas. In addition, examples are presented of oncogenic fusion proteins in which the N-terminal partners may contribute additional biological activities beyond an oligomerization domain. Lastly, therapeutic approaches to the treatment of pediatric sarcoma will be presented, using first generation and second-generation agents such as selitrectinib and repotrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha R Aepala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Zian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA; UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA.
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12
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Wang Z, Han Y, Tao H, Xu M, Liu Z, Zhu J, Li W, Ma J, Liu Z, Wang W, Ma T. Molecular characterization of genomic breakpoints of ALK rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:765-778. [PMID: 36423218 PMCID: PMC10158786 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ALK rearrangement is called the 'diamond mutation' in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Accurately identifying patients who are candidates for ALK inhibitors is a key step in making clinical treatment decisions. In this study, a total of 783 ALK rearrangement-positive NSCLC cases were identified by DNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), including 731 patients with EML4-ALK and 52 patients with other ALK rearrangements. Diverse genomic breakpoints of ALK rearrangements were identified. Approximately 94.4% (739/783) of the cases carried ALK rearrangements with genomic breakpoints in the introns of ALK and its partner genes, and 2.8% (21/739) of these cases resulted in frameshift transcripts of ALK. Meanwhile, 5.6% (44/783) of the ALK rearrangement-positive cases had breakpoints in the exons that would be expected to result in abnormal transcripts. RNA-based NGS was performed to analyse the aberrant fusions at the transcript level. Some of these rearranged DNAs were not transcribed, and the others were fixed by some mechanisms so that the fusion kinase proteins could be expressed. Altogether, these findings emphasize that, when using DNA-based NGS, functional RNA fusions should be confirmed in cases with uncommon/frameshift rearrangement by RNA-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
| | - Yushuai Han
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China
| | - Houquan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Mengxiang Xu
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China
| | - Zhengchuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China
| | - Wei Li
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiran Wang
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- Hangzhou Jichenjunchuang Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd., China.,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Gabere M, Tylor MA, Simoes CC, Dumbauld C, Barro O, Tesfay MZ, Graham AL, Ferdous KU, Savenka AV, Chamcheu JC, Washam CL, Alkam D, Gies A, Byrum SD, Conti M, Post SR, Kelly T, Borad MJ, Cannon MJ, Basnakian A, Nagalo BM. Repurposing live attenuated trivalent MMR vaccine as cost-effective cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1042250. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1042250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that oncolytic viruses wield their therapeutic capability by priming an inflammatory state within the tumor and activating the tumor immune microenvironment, resulting in a multifaceted antitumor immune response. Vaccine-derived viruses, such as measles and mumps, have demonstrated promising potential for treating human cancer in animal models and clinical trials. However, the extensive cost of manufacturing current oncolytic viral products makes them far out of reach for most patients. Here by analyzing the impact of intratumoral (IT) administrations of the trivalent live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses (MMR) vaccine, we unveil the cellular and molecular basis of MMR-induced anti-cancer activity. Strikingly, we found that IT delivery of low doses of MMR correlates with tumor control and improved survival in murine hepatocellular cancer and colorectal cancer models via increased tumor infiltration of CD8+ granzyme B+ T-cells and decreased macrophages. Moreover, our data indicate that MMR activates key cellular effectors of the host’s innate and adaptive antitumor immunity, culminating in an immunologically coordinated cancer cell death. These findings warrant further work on the potential for MMR to be repurposed as safe and cost-effective cancer immunotherapy to impact cancer patients globally.
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14
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Therapeutic Advances of Rare ALK Fusions in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7816-7831. [PMID: 36290895 PMCID: PMC9601201 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Despite advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the prognosis for advanced patients remains poor. The discovery of oncogenic driver mutations, such as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations, means that a subset of patients has opportunities for targeted therapy. With the improvement of genetic testing coverage, more and more ALK fusion subtypes and ALK partners have been discovered, and more than 90 rare ALK fusion subtypes have been found in NSCLC. However, unlike the common fusion, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK, some rare ALK fusions such as striatin (STRN)-ALK and huntingtin interacting protein 1 (HIP1)-ALK, etc., the large-scale clinical data related to its efficacy are still immature. The clinical application of ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs) mainly depends on the positivity of the ALK gene, regardless of the molecular characteristics of the fusion partner. Recent clinical studies in the ALK-positive NSCLC population have demonstrated differences in progression-free survival (PFS) among patients based on different ALK fusion subtypes. This article will introduce the biological characteristics of ALK fusion kinase and common detection methods of ALK fusion and focus on summarizing the differential responses of several rare ALK fusions to ALK-TKIs, and propose corresponding treatment strategies, so as to better guide the application of ALK-TKIs in rare ALK fusion population.
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15
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Hotta T, McAlear TS, Yue Y, Higaki T, Haynes SE, Nesvizhskii AI, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Bechstedt S, Ohi R. EML2-S constitutes a new class of proteins that recognizes and regulates the dynamics of tyrosinated microtubules. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3898-3910.e14. [PMID: 35963242 PMCID: PMC9530018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter microtubule properties by affecting the binding of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Microtubule detyrosination, which occurs by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal tyrosine from ɑ-tubulin, generates the oldest known tubulin PTM, but we lack comprehensive knowledge of MAPs that are regulated by this PTM. We developed a screening pipeline to identify proteins that discriminate between Y- and ΔY-microtubules and found that echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 2 (EML2) preferentially interacts with Y-microtubules. This activity depends on a Y-microtubule interaction motif built from WD40 repeats. We show that EML2 tracks the tips of shortening microtubules, a behavior not previously seen among human MAPs in vivo, and influences dynamics to increase microtubule stability. Our screening pipeline is readily adapted to identify proteins that specifically recognize a wide range of microtubule PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology (FAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarah E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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16
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Davis RB, Moosa MM, Banerjee PR. Ectopic biomolecular phase transitions: fusion proteins in cancer pathologies. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:681-695. [PMID: 35484036 PMCID: PMC9288518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that are enriched in specific proteins and nucleic acids, compartmentalized to perform biochemical functions. Such condensates are formed by phase separation (PS) enabled by protein domains that allow multivalent interactions. Chromosomal translocation-derived in-frame gene fusions often generate proteins with non-native domain combinations that rewire protein-protein interaction networks. Several recent studies have shown that, for a subset of these fusion proteins, pathogenesis can be driven by the ability of the fusion protein to undergo phase transitions at non-physiological cellular locations to form ectopic condensates. We highlight how such ectopic phase transitions can alter biological processes and posit that dysfunction via protein PS at non-physiological locations represents a generic route to oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richoo B Davis
- Department of Physics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Mahdi Muhammad Moosa
- Department of Physics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Priya R Banerjee
- Department of Physics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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17
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Alternative Treatment Options to ALK Inhibitor Monotherapy for EML4-ALK-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143452. [PMID: 35884511 PMCID: PMC9325236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein that accounts for approximately 5% of NSCLC cases. Targeted inhibitors of ALK are the standard of care treatment, often leading to a good initial response. Sadly, some patients do not respond well, and most will develop resistance over time, emphasizing the need for alternative treatments. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms behind EML4-ALK-driven NSCLC progression and the opportunities they present for alternative treatment options to ALK inhibitor monotherapy. Targeting ALK-dependent signalling pathways can overcome resistance that has developed due to mutations in the ALK catalytic domain, as well as through activation of bypass mechanisms that utilise the same pathways. We also consider evidence for polytherapy approaches that combine targeted inhibition of these pathways with ALK inhibitors. Lastly, we review combination approaches that use targeted inhibitors of ALK together with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Throughout this article, we highlight the importance of alternative breakpoints in the EML4 gene that result in the generation of distinct EML4-ALK variants with different biological and pathological properties and consider monotherapy and polytherapy approaches that may be selective to particular variants.
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18
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Lei Y, Lei Y, Shi X, Wang J. EML4‑ALK fusion gene in non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:277. [PMID: 35928804 PMCID: PMC9344266 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant tumor with a high morbidity and mortality rate that is a threat to human health. With the development of molecular targeted research, breakthroughs have been made on the molecular mechanism of lung cancer. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene is one of the most important pathogenic driver genes of NSCLC discovered thus far. Four generations of targeted drugs for EML4-ALK have been developed, with patients benefiting significantly from these drugs. Therefore, EML4-ALK has become a research hotspot in NSCLC. The aim of the present study is to introduce the current research progress of EML4-ALK and its association with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
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19
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Lucken K, O'Regan L, Choi J, Sampson J, Pashley SL, Bayliss R, Khan S, Fry AM. EML4-ALK Variant 3 Promotes Mitotic Errors and Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Deficiency Leading to Increased Microtubule Poison Sensitivity. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:854-866. [PMID: 35656694 PMCID: PMC9381094 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein present in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Alternative breakpoints in the gene encoding EML4 result in distinct variants that are linked to markedly different patient outcomes. Patients with EML4-ALK variant 3 (V3) respond poorly to ALK inhibitors and have lower survival rates compared with patients with other common variants, such as V1. Here, we use isogenic Beas-2B bronchial epithelial cell lines expressing EML4-ALK V1 or V3, as well as ALK-positive NSCLC patient cells that express V1 (H3122 cells) or V3 (H2228 cells), to show that EML4-ALK V3 but not V1 leads to hyperstabilized K-fibers in mitosis, as well as errors in chromosome congression and segregation. This is consistent with our observation that EML4-ALK V3 but not V1 localizes to spindle microtubules and that wild-type EML4 is a microtubule stabilizing protein. In addition, cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 exhibit loss of spindle assembly checkpoint control that is at least in part dependent on ALK catalytic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 have increased sensitivity to microtubule poisons that interfere with mitotic spindle assembly, whereas combination treatment with paclitaxel and clinically approved ALK inhibitors leads to a synergistic response in terms of reduced survival of H2228 cells. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that combining the microtubule poison, paclitaxel, with targeted ALK inhibitors may provide an effective new treatment option for patients with NSCLC with tumors that express the EML4-ALK V3 oncogenic fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Lucken
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Josephina Sampson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Pashley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Khan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Author: Andrew M. Fry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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20
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Jabali A, Hoffrichter A, Uzquiano A, Marsoner F, Wilkens R, Siekmann M, Bohl B, Rossetti AC, Horschitz S, Koch P, Francis F, Ladewig J. Human cerebral organoids reveal progenitor pathology in EML1-linked cortical malformation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54027. [PMID: 35289477 PMCID: PMC9066063 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of human cortical development (MCD) can cause severe disabilities. The lack of human‐specific models hampers our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the intricate processes leading to MCD. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from patients and genome edited‐induced pluripotent stem cells to address pathophysiological changes associated with a complex MCD caused by mutations in the echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 1 (EML1) gene. EML1‐deficient organoids display ectopic neural rosettes at the basal side of the ventricular zone areas and clusters of heterotopic neurons. Single‐cell RNA sequencing shows an upregulation of basal radial glial (RG) markers and human‐specific extracellular matrix components in the ectopic cell population. Gene ontology and molecular analyses suggest that ectopic progenitor cells originate from perturbed apical RG cell behavior and yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1)‐triggered expansion. Our data highlight a progenitor origin of EML1 mutation‐induced MCD and provide new mechanistic insight into the human disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Jabali
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Hoffrichter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marsoner
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruven Wilkens
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Siekmann
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Rossetti
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Horschitz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Novel TENM3–ALK fusion is an alternate mechanism for ALK activation in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:2789-2797. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Sampson J, Ju HM, Song JY, Fry AM, Bayliss R, Choi J. A Polytherapy Strategy Using Vincristine and ALK Inhibitors to Sensitise EML4-ALK-Positive NSCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:779. [PMID: 35159046 PMCID: PMC8833940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion of EML4-ALK is present in about 4-6% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A targeted approach with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been proven highly effective in ALK-positive NSCLC patients. However, despite the initial responses, the outcome of the treatment is variable. Previous studies have shown that the differential response depends in part on the type of EML4-ALK variant. Here, we examined the combination of ALK inhibitors and microtubule poison, vincristine, in cells expressing EML4-ALK V1 and V3, the two most common variants in NSCLC. We showed that combination therapy of ALK-TKIs with vincristine had anti-proliferative effects and blocked RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT3 signalling pathways in EML4-ALK V1 but not V3 cells. Our results demonstrate that high levels of tubulin acetylation are associated with poor response to vincristine in EML4-ALK V3 cells. Additionally, we demonstrated differences in microtubule stability between the two EML4-ALK fusions. EML4-ALK V3 cells exhibited dynamic microtubules that confer poor response to vincristine compared to V1 cells. Hence, we suggested that the portion of EML4 in the fusion has an important role for the outcome of the combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Sampson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Hyun-min Ju
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; (H.-m.J.); (J.-y.S.)
| | - Ji-young Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; (H.-m.J.); (J.-y.S.)
| | - Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK;
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; (H.-m.J.); (J.-y.S.)
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23
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Sampson J, Richards MW, Choi J, Fry AM, Bayliss R. Phase-separated foci of EML4-ALK facilitate signalling and depend upon an active kinase conformation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53693. [PMID: 34661367 PMCID: PMC8647013 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the oncogenic EML4-ALK fusion protein contain a similar region of ALK encompassing the kinase domain, but different portions of EML4. Here, we show that EML4-ALK V1 and V3 proteins form cytoplasmic foci that contain components of the MAPK, PLCγ and PI3K signalling pathways. The ALK inhibitors ceritinib and lorlatinib dissolve these foci and EML4-ALK V3 but not V1 protein re-localises to microtubules, an effect recapitulated in a catalytically inactive EML4-ALK mutant. Mutations that promote a constitutively active ALK stabilise the cytoplasmic foci even in the presence of these inhibitors. In contrast, the inhibitor alectinib increases foci formation of both wild-type and catalytically inactive EML4-ALK V3 proteins, but not a Lys-Glu salt bridge mutant. We propose that EML4-ALK foci formation occurs as a result of transient association of stable EML4-ALK trimers mediated through an active conformation of the ALK kinase domain. Our results demonstrate the formation of EML4-ALK cytoplasmic foci that orchestrate oncogenic signalling and reveal that their assembly depends upon the conformational state of the catalytic domain and can be differentially modulated by structurally divergent ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Sampson
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyAstbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Mark W Richards
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyAstbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of PathologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyAstbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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24
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Wang S, Luo R, Shi Y, Han X. The impact of the ALK fusion variant on clinical outcomes in EML4-ALK patients with NSCLC: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2021; 18:385-402. [PMID: 34783600 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies showed that ALK-fusion variants are associated with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. However, contradictory conclusions have been drawn in other studies showing no correlation between ALK variants and prognoses. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of EML4-ALK fusion variants for patient outcomes. Results: 28 studies were included in the analysis. According to the pooled results, patients harboring variant 1 showed equivalent progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with non-v1 patients (hazard ratio [HR] for PFS: 0.91 [0.68-1.21]; p = 0.499; OS: 1.12 [0.73-1.72]; p = 0.610). Similarly, patients with v3 showed the same disease progress as non-v3 patients (pooled HR for PFS = 1.07 [0.72-1.58]; p = 0.741). However, pooled results for OS suggested that patients with v3 had worse survival than non-v3 patients (HR = 3.44 [1.42-8.35]; p = 0.006). Conclusion: Results suggest that patients with v1 exhibited no significant difference from non-v1 in terms of OS and PFS, while v3 was associated with shorter OS in ALK-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Rongrong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe & Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research & Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China
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25
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Yin H, Zhang T, Wang H, Hu X, Hou X, Fang X, Yin Y, Li H, Shi L, Su YQ. Echinoderm Microtubule Associated Protein Like 1 Is Indispensable for Oocyte Spindle Assembly and Meiotic Progression in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687522. [PMID: 34124073 PMCID: PMC8194061 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Completion of the first meiosis is an essential prerequisite for producing a functionally normal egg for fertilization and embryogenesis, but the precise mechanisms governing oocyte meiotic progression remains largely unclear. Here, we report that echinoderm microtubule associated protein (EMAP) like 1 (EML1), a member of the conserved EMAP family proteins, plays a crucial role in the control of oocyte meiotic progression in the mouse. Female mice carrying an ENU-induced nonsense mutation (c.1956T > A; p.Tyr652∗) of Eml1 are infertile, and the majority of their ovulated oocytes contain abnormal spindles and misaligned chromosomes. In accordance with the mutant oocyte phenotype, we find that EML1 is colocalized with spindle microtubules during the process of normal oocyte meiotic maturation, and knockdown (KD) of EML1 by specific morpholinos in the fully grown oocytes (FGOs) disrupts the integrity of spindles, and delays meiotic progression. Moreover, EML1-KD oocytes fail to progress to metaphase II (MII) stage after extrusion of the first polar body, but enter into interphase and form a pronucleus containing decondensed chromatins. Further analysis shows that EML1-KD impairs the recruitment of γ-tubulin and pericentrin to the spindle poles, as well as the attachment of kinetochores to microtubules and the proper inactivation of spindle assembly checkpoint at metaphase I (MI). The loss of EML1 also compromises the activation of maturation promoting factor around the time of oocyte resumption and completion of the first meiosis, which, when corrected by WEE1/2 inhibitor PD166285, efficiently rescues the phenotype of oocyte delay of meiotic resumption and inability of reaching MII. Through IP- mass spectrometry analysis, we identified that EML1 interacts with nuclear distribution gene C (NUDC), a critical mitotic regulator in somatic cells, and EML1-KD disrupts the specific localization of NUDC at oocyte spindles. Taken together, these data suggest that EML1 regulates acentrosomal spindle formation and the progression of meiosis to MII in mammalian oocytes, which is likely mediated by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoxue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanying Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - You-Qiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Abak A, Shoorei H, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. In vivo Engineering of Chromosome 19 q-arm by Employing the CRISPR/AsCpf1 and ddAsCpf1 Systems in Human Malignant Gliomas (Hypothesis). J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1648-1663. [PMID: 33990905 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of the q13.3 region of chromosome 19 have been found commonly in all three main kinds of diffuse human malignant gliomas, powerfully demonstrating the existence of tumor suppressor genes in this region. Consistent with the previous studies, the most common deletion interval has been mapped to a roughly 4 Mb region of 19q13.3 between the APOC2 and HRC genes, between genetic markers D19S219 and D19S246. EML2 is a tumor suppressor gene that is located on 19q13.32 and is considerably methylated in high-grade gliomas. Notably, MIR330 gene that is situated within the non-coding intronic region of EML2 is also detected as an oncosuppressor-miR in a variety of cancers including gliomas. Additionally, glioma oncoprotein Bcl2L12 which is located on 19q13.33 is significantly overexpressed in glioblastoma multiform and has a pivotal role in cancer evolution and resistance to apoptosis. Other genes such as MIR519D and NOP53 are also discovered as tumor suppressor genes in gliomas which are located on 19q13.3 and 19q13.4, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesize that a CRISPR/AsCpf1-based genome engineering strategy might be utilized to attach these deleted sizeable chromosomal portions of genes coding tumor suppressors as vital parts of the chromosome 19 q-arm with the purpose of treatment of this chromosomal abnormality in gliomas. Also, we can concurrently employ the CRISPR-ddAsCpf1 strategy for the precise suppression of Bcl2L12 oncogene in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Abak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics. Shahid, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Tulpule A, Guan J, Neel DS, Allegakoen HR, Lin YP, Brown D, Chou YT, Heslin A, Chatterjee N, Perati S, Menon S, Nguyen TA, Debnath J, Ramirez AD, Shi X, Yang B, Feng S, Makhija S, Huang B, Bivona TG. Kinase-mediated RAS signaling via membraneless cytoplasmic protein granules. Cell 2021; 184:2649-2664.e18. [PMID: 33848463 PMCID: PMC8127962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of downstream effector pathways such as the RAS GTPase/MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is thought to occur exclusively from lipid membrane compartments in mammalian cells. Here, we uncover a membraneless, protein granule-based subcellular structure that can organize RTK/RAS/MAPK signaling in cancer. Chimeric (fusion) oncoproteins involving certain RTKs including ALK and RET undergo de novo higher-order assembly into membraneless cytoplasmic protein granules that actively signal. These pathogenic biomolecular condensates locally concentrate the RAS activating complex GRB2/SOS1 and activate RAS in a lipid membrane-independent manner. RTK protein granule formation is critical for oncogenic RAS/MAPK signaling output in these cells. We identify a set of protein granule components and establish structural rules that define the formation of membraneless protein granules by RTK oncoproteins. Our findings reveal membraneless, higher-order cytoplasmic protein assembly as a distinct subcellular platform for organizing oncogenic RTK and RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmin Tulpule
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Juan Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dana S Neel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hannah R Allegakoen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yone Phar Lin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ann Heslin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nilanjana Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shriya Perati
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shruti Menon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tan A Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Siyu Feng
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Suraj Makhija
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Wagner SA, Szczesniak PP, Voigt A, Gräf JF, Beli P. Proteomic analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation induced by exogenous expression of oncogenic kinase fusions identified in lung adenocarcinoma. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000283. [PMID: 33768672 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinase fusions are considered oncogenic drivers in numerous types of cancer. In lung adenocarcinoma 5-10% of patients harbor kinase fusions. The most frequently detected kinase fusion involves the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 4 (EML4). In addition, oncogenic kinase fusions involving the tyrosine kinases RET and ROS1 are found in smaller subsets of patients. In this study, we employed quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to define the cellular tyrosine phosphorylation patterns induced by different oncogenic kinase fusions identified in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. We show that exogenous expression of the kinase fusions in HEK 293T cells leads to widespread tyrosine phosphorylation. Direct comparison of different kinase fusions demonstrates that the kinase part and not the fusion partner primarily defines the phosphorylation pattern. The tyrosine phosphorylation patterns differed between ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions, suggesting that oncogenic signaling induced by these kinases involves the modulation of different cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawel P Szczesniak
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Voigt
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Justus F Gräf
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Li H, Chen JA, Ding QZ, Lu GY, Wu N, Su RB, Li F, Li J. Behavioral sensitization induced by methamphetamine causes differential alterations in gene expression and histone acetylation of the prefrontal cortex in rats. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:24. [PMID: 33823794 PMCID: PMC8022387 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most widely abused illicit substances worldwide; unfortunately, its addiction mechanism remains unclear. Based on accumulating evidence, changes in gene expression and chromatin modifications might be related to the persistent effects of METH on the brain. In the present study, we took advantage of METH-induced behavioral sensitization as an animal model that reflects some aspects of drug addiction and examined the changes in gene expression and histone acetylation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult rats. Methods We conducted mRNA microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled to DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) analyses to screen and identify changes in transcript levels and histone acetylation patterns. Functional enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, were performed to analyze the differentially expressed genes. We then further identified alterations in ANP32A (acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A) and POU3F2 (POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2) using qPCR and ChIP-PCR assays. Results In the rat model of METH-induced behavioral sensitization, METH challenge caused 275 differentially expressed genes and a number of hyperacetylated genes (821 genes with H3 acetylation and 10 genes with H4 acetylation). Based on mRNA microarray and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, 24 genes may be involved in METH-induced behavioral sensitization, and 7 genes were confirmed using qPCR. We further examined the alterations in the levels of the ANP32A and POU3F2 transcripts and histone acetylation at different periods of METH-induced behavioral sensitization. H4 hyperacetylation contributed to the increased levels of ANP32A mRNA and H3/H4 hyperacetylation contributed to the increased levels of POU3F2 mRNA induced by METH challenge-induced behavioral sensitization, but not by acute METH exposure. Conclusions The present results revealed alterations in transcription and histone acetylation in the rat PFC by METH exposure and provided evidence that modifications of histone acetylation contributed to the alterations in gene expression caused by METH-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-An Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Zhi Ding
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China.
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30
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Markus F, Kannengießer A, Näder P, Atigbire P, Scholten A, Vössing C, Bültmann E, Korenke GC, Owczarek-Lipska M, Neidhardt J. A novel missense variant in the EML1 gene associated with bilateral ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia leads to ciliary defects. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1159-1167. [PMID: 34211111 PMCID: PMC8612930 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopia is a brain malformation caused by a failed migration of cortical neurons during development. Clinical symptoms of heterotopia vary in severity of intellectual disability and may be associated with epileptic disorders. Abnormal neuronal migration is known to be associated with mutations in the doublecortin gene (DCX), the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene (PAFAH1B1), or tubulin alpha-1A gene (TUBA1A). Recently, a new gene encoding echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 (EML1) was reported to cause a particular form of subcortical heterotopia, the ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia (RSH). EML1 mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Only six unrelated EML1-associated heterotopia-affected families were reported so far. The EML1 protein is a member of the microtubule-associated proteins family, playing an important role in microtubule assembly and stabilization as well as in mitotic spindle formation in interphase. Herein, we present a novel homozygous missense variant in EML1 (NM_004434.2: c.692G>A, NP_004425.2: p.Gly231Asp) identified in a male RSH-affected patient. Our clinical and molecular findings confirm the genotype-phenotype associations of EML1 mutations and RSH. Analyses of patient-derived fibroblasts showed the significantly reduced length of primary cilia. In addition, our results presented, that the mutated EML1 protein did not change binding capacities with tubulin. The data described herein will expand the mutation spectrum of the EML1 gene and provide further insight into molecular and cellular bases of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying RSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Markus
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Annika Kannengießer
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Näder
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Paul Atigbire
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholten
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Division of Biochemistry, Biochemistry of signal transduction/neurosensory processes, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christine Vössing
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bültmann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G. Christoph Korenke
- grid.419838.f0000 0000 9806 6518Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marta Owczarek-Lipska
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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31
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Singh SS, Dahal A, Shrestha L, Jois SD. Genotype Driven Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Resistance, Pan Inhibitors and Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5274-5316. [PMID: 30854949 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190222183219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-five percent of patients with lung cancer present with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Targeted therapy approaches are promising treatments for lung cancer. However, despite the development of targeted therapies using Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) as well as monoclonal antibodies, the five-year relative survival rate for lung cancer patients is still only 18%, and patients inevitably become resistant to therapy. Mutations in Kirsten Ras Sarcoma viral homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the two most common genetic events in lung adenocarcinoma; they account for 25% and 20% of cases, respectively. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, and ALK rearrangements are responsible for 3-7% of NSCLC, predominantly of the adenocarcinoma subtype, and occur in a mutually exclusive manner with KRAS and EGFR mutations. Among drug-resistant NSCLC patients, nearly half exhibit the T790M mutation in exon 20 of EGFR. This review focuses on some basic aspects of molecules involved in NSCLC, the development of resistance to treatments in NSCLC, and advances in lung cancer therapy in the past ten years. Some recent developments such as PD-1-PD-L1 checkpoint-based immunotherapy for NSCLC are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitanshu S Singh
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Achyut Dahal
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Leeza Shrestha
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
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Li Y, Ma X, Wu W, Chen Z, Meng G. PML Nuclear Body Biogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Targeted Therapy. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:889-906. [PMID: 32527650 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has become increasingly important in cancer therapy. For example, targeting the promyelocytic leukemia PML protein in leukemia has proved to be an effective treatment. PML is the core component of super-assembled structures called PML nuclear bodies (NBs). Although this nuclear megaDalton complex was first observed in the 1960s, the mechanism of its assembly remains poorly understood. We review recent breakthroughs in the PML field ranging from a revised assembly mechanism to PML-driven genome organization and carcinogenesis. In addition, we highlight that oncogenic oligomerization might also represent a promising target in the treatment of leukemias and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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O'Regan L, Barone G, Adib R, Woo CG, Jeong HJ, Richardson EL, Richards MW, Muller PAJ, Collis SJ, Fennell DA, Choi J, Bayliss R, Fry AM. EML4-ALK V3 oncogenic fusion proteins promote microtubule stabilization and accelerated migration through NEK9 and NEK7. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241505. [PMID: 32184261 PMCID: PMC7240300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion present in ∼5% of non-small cell lung cancers. However, alternative breakpoints in the EML4 gene lead to distinct variants of EML4-ALK with different patient outcomes. Here, we show that, in cell models, EML4-ALK variant 3 (V3), which is linked to accelerated metastatic spread, causes microtubule stabilization, formation of extended cytoplasmic protrusions and increased cell migration. EML4-ALK V3 also recruits the NEK9 and NEK7 kinases to microtubules via the N-terminal EML4 microtubule-binding region. Overexpression of wild-type EML4, as well as constitutive activation of NEK9, also perturbs cell morphology and accelerates migration in a microtubule-dependent manner that requires the downstream kinase NEK7 but does not require ALK activity. Strikingly, elevated NEK9 expression is associated with reduced progression-free survival in EML4-ALK patients. Hence, we propose that EML4-ALK V3 promotes microtubule stabilization through NEK9 and NEK7, leading to increased cell migration. This represents a novel actionable pathway that could drive metastatic disease progression in EML4-ALK lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Giancarlo Barone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Rozita Adib
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Chang Gok Woo
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Emily L Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Patricia A J Muller
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Spencer J Collis
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Dean A Fennell
- Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Hirai N, Sasaki T, Okumura S, Minami Y, Chiba S, Ohsaki Y. Monomerization of ALK Fusion Proteins as a Therapeutic Strategy in ALK-Rearranged Non-small Cell Lung Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:419. [PMID: 32300555 PMCID: PMC7142238 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Oncogenic echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) (EML4-ALK) fusion proteins found in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are constitutively phosphorylated and activated by dimerization via the coiled-coil domain (cc) within EML4. Here, we investigated whether disruption of ALK fusion protein oligomerization via competitive cc mimetic compounds could be a therapeutic strategy for EML4-ALK NSCLC. Methods: A Ba/F3 cell model was created that expressed an ALK intracellular domain in which the dimer/monomer state is ligand-regulated. This novel cell model was used to investigate the effect of disrupting ALK fusion protein oligomerization on tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo using nude mice. Subsequently, the antiproliferative effects of endogenous cc domain co-expression and mimetic cc peptides were assayed in EML4-ALK cancer cell lines. Results: Cells induced to express monomeric ALK in vitro did not survive. When transplanted into mice, induction of monomers abrogated tumor formation. Using a fluorescent protein system to quantify protein-protein interactions of EML4-ALK and EML4cc, we demonstrated that co-expression of EML4cc suppressed EML4-ALK assembly concomitant with decreasing the rate of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In EML4-ALK cancer cell lines, administration of synthetic EML4cc peptide elicited a decrease of phosphorylation of ALK leading to reduction in tumor cell growth. Conclusions: Our findings support the monomerization of ALK fusion proteins using EML4cc peptides for competitive inhibition of dimerization as a promising therapeutic strategy for EML4-ALK NSCLC. Further studies are warranted to explore the use of specific cc peptide as a therapeutic option for other lung cancers harboring driver fusion genes containing a cc or oligomerization domain within the fusion partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hirai
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sasaki
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Okumura
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Minami
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Chiba
- Center for Advanced Research and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohsaki
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
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35
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Grosenbaugh DK, Joshi S, Fitzgerald MP, Lee KS, Wagley PK, Koeppel AF, Turner SD, McConnell MJ, Goodkin HP. A deletion in Eml1 leads to bilateral subcortical heterotopia in the tish rat. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104836. [PMID: 32179177 PMCID: PMC7814471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with malformations of cortical development (MCD) are at risk for epilepsy, developmental delays, behavioral disorders, and intellectual disabilities. For a subset of these children, antiseizure medications or epilepsy surgery may result in seizure freedom. However, there are limited options for treating or curing the other conditions, and epilepsy surgery is not an option in all cases of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Understanding the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying MCD is a necessary step in elucidating novel therapeutic targets. The tish (telencephalic internal structural heterotopia) rat is a unique model of MCD with spontaneous seizures, but the underlying genetic mutation(s) have remained unknown. DNA and RNA-sequencing revealed that a deletion encompassing a previously unannotated first exon markedly diminished Eml1 transcript and protein abundance in the tish brain. Developmental electrographic characterization of the tish rat revealed early-onset of spontaneous spike-wave discharge (SWD) bursts beginning at postnatal day (P) 17. A dihybrid cross demonstrated that the mutant Eml1 allele segregates with the observed dysplastic cortex and the early-onset SWD bursts in monogenic autosomal recessive frequencies. Our data link the development of the bilateral, heterotopic dysplastic cortex of the tish rat to a deletion in Eml1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K Grosenbaugh
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark P Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kevin S Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Pravin K Wagley
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alexander F Koeppel
- Center for Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Center for Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Michael J McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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36
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Mattar MS, Chang J, Benayed R, Halpenny D, Powers A, Kleiner DE, Drilon A, Kris MG. Complete Pathological Response to Crizotinib in a Patient with ALK-rearranged Lung Adenocarcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 21:e25-e29. [PMID: 31690489 PMCID: PMC6996866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Mattar
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Darragh Halpenny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Astin Powers
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
| | - Mark G Kris
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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37
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Adib R, Montgomery JM, Atherton J, O'Regan L, Richards MW, Straatman KR, Roth D, Straube A, Bayliss R, Moores CA, Fry AM. Mitotic phosphorylation by NEK6 and NEK7 reduces the microtubule affinity of EML4 to promote chromosome congression. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaaw2939. [PMID: 31409757 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
EML4 is a microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule stability. We investigated its regulation across the cell cycle and found that EML4 was distributed as punctate foci along the microtubule lattice in interphase but exhibited reduced association with spindle microtubules in mitosis. Microtubule sedimentation and cryo-electron microscopy with 3D reconstruction revealed that the basic N-terminal domain of EML4 mediated its binding to the acidic C-terminal tails of α- and β-tubulin on the microtubule surface. The mitotic kinases NEK6 and NEK7 phosphorylated the EML4 N-terminal domain at Ser144 and Ser146 in vitro, and depletion of these kinases in cells led to increased EML4 binding to microtubules in mitosis. An S144A-S146A double mutant not only bound inappropriately to mitotic microtubules but also increased their stability and interfered with chromosome congression. In addition, constitutive activation of NEK6 or NEK7 reduced the association of EML4 with interphase microtubules. Together, these data support a model in which NEK6- and NEK7-dependent phosphorylation promotes the dissociation of EML4 from microtubules in mitosis in a manner that is required for efficient chromosome congression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Adib
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jessica M Montgomery
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kees R Straatman
- Centre for Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Daniel Roth
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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38
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Bodakuntla S, Jijumon AS, Villablanca C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Janke C. Microtubule-Associated Proteins: Structuring the Cytoskeleton. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:804-819. [PMID: 31416684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were initially discovered as proteins that bind to and stabilize microtubules. Today, an ever-growing number of MAPs reveals a more complex picture of these proteins as organizers of the microtubule cytoskeleton that have a large variety of functions. MAPs enable microtubules to participate in a plethora of cellular processes such as the assembly of mitotic and meiotic spindles, neuronal development, and the formation of the ciliary axoneme. Although some subgroups of MAPs have been exhaustively characterized, a strikingly large number of MAPs remain barely characterized other than their interactions with microtubules. We provide a comprehensive view on the currently known MAPs in mammals. We discuss their molecular mechanisms and functions, as well as their physiological role and links to pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - A S Jijumon
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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39
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Ducray SP, Natarajan K, Garland GD, Turner SD, Egger G. The Transcriptional Roles of ALK Fusion Proteins in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081074. [PMID: 31366041 PMCID: PMC6721376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase involved in neuronal and gut development. Initially discovered in T cell lymphoma, ALK is frequently affected in diverse cancers by oncogenic translocations. These translocations involve different fusion partners that facilitate multimerisation and autophosphorylation of ALK, resulting in a constitutively active tyrosine kinase with oncogenic potential. ALK fusion proteins are involved in diverse cellular signalling pathways, such as Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Janus protein tyrosine kinase (JAK)/STAT. Furthermore, ALK is implicated in epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and miRNA expression, and an interaction with nuclear proteins has been described. Through these mechanisms, ALK fusion proteins enable a transcriptional programme that drives the pathogenesis of a range of ALK-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ducray
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | | | - Gavin D Garland
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK.
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Collins SC, Uzquiano A, Selloum M, Wendling O, Gaborit M, Osipenko M, Birling MC, Yalcin B, Francis F. The neuroanatomy of Eml1 knockout mice, a model of subcortical heterotopia. J Anat 2019; 235:637-650. [PMID: 31173351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Its development relies on a series of steps including neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal migration, axonal outgrowth and brain wiring. Disruption of these steps leads to cortical malformations, often associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. We have generated a new resource to shed further light on subcortical heterotopia, a malformation characterized by abnormal neuronal position. We describe here the generation and characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse model for Eml1, a microtubule-associated protein showing mutations in human ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia. As previously reported for a spontaneous mouse mutant showing a mutation in Eml1, we observe severe cortical heterotopia in the KO. We also observe abnormal progenitor cells in early corticogenesis, likely to be the origin of the defects. EML1 KO mice on the C57BL/6N genetic background also appear to present a wider phenotype than the original mouse mutant, showing additional brain anomalies, such as corpus callosum abnormalities. We compare the anatomy of male and female mice and also study heterozygote animals. This new resource will help unravel roles for Eml1 in brain development and tissue architecture, as well as the mechanisms leading to severe subcortical heterotopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Collins
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Olivia Wendling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marion Gaborit
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maria Osipenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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41
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Alidousty C, Baar T, Heydt C, Wagener-Ryczek S, Kron A, Wolf J, Buettner R, Schultheis AM. Advance of theragnosis biomarkers in lung cancer: from clinical to molecular pathology and biology. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S3-S8. [PMID: 30775023 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One distinct molecular subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is defined by rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). The increasing knowledge over the last years has enabled the continuous improvement of ALK inhibitors; however, resistance in these patients remains a major concern. In this review, we summarize recent findings in ALK+-adenocarcinoma of the lung, highlighting the role of TP53 mutations in this specific cancer type and suggest new diagnostic strategies for the future, in order to improve patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Till Baar
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Heydt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anna Kron
- Network Genomic Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juergen Wolf
- Network Genomic Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Network Genomic Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yoshida R, Sasaki T, Umekage Y, Tanno S, Ono Y, Ogata M, Chiba S, Mizukami Y, Ohsaki Y. Highly sensitive detection of ALK resistance mutations in plasma using droplet digital PCR. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1136. [PMID: 30453899 PMCID: PMC6245722 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background On-target resistance mechanisms found in one-third of patients receiving anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are secondary ALK mutations in ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are large variations in the resistant mutations, unlike the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790 M seen with the use of EGFR-TKIs. Liquid biopsy approaches using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) are used for screening and monitoring of mutations in NSCLC. However, feasible protocol for the simultaneous detection of multiple secondary ALK mutations using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has not been developed. An efficient strategy using cfDNA in cancer diagnostics, the development of more accurate and cost-effective tools to identify informative multiple secondary ALK mutations is clinically required. Methods To establish a feasible assay to monitor ALK-TKI resistance mutations, we first evaluated the feasibility of ddPCR-based screening for cfDNA mutation detection of 10 distinct secondary ALK mutations. Positive samples were then re-analyzed using mutation-specific probes to track the growth of mutation clones with a high sensitivity. Results Blood samples from seven ALK-positive patients were analyzed using the ddPCR protocol. Secondary G1202R ALK mutations were identified in 2 of 7 patients by the screening assay. Using the mutation-specific probes, monitoring the resistant clone during the clinical course of the disease was well demonstrated in each of the patients. Conclusion The protocol for ddPCR-based liquid biopsy has a feasibility for the screening of secondary ALK-TKI resistance mutations and offers a tool for a cost-effective monitoring of progression in NSCLC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5031-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yoshida
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Sasaki
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Umekage
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Sachie Tanno
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Munehiko Ogata
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinichi Chiba
- Center for Advanced Research and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohsaki
- Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Mitiushkina NV, Tiurin VI, Iyevleva AG, Kholmatov MM, Filippova EA, Moiseyenko FV, Levchenko NE, Sardaryan IS, Odintsova SV, Lozhkina AM, Volkov NM, Karaseva NA, Moiseyenko VM, Orlov SV, Imyanitov EN. Variability in lung cancer response to ALK inhibitors cannot be explained by the diversity of ALK fusion variants. Biochimie 2018; 154:19-24. [PMID: 30071258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple laboratory evidences indicate that distinct variants of ALK translocations differ in their biochemical properties and responsiveness to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These data are supported by some clinical studies, which showed improved responses to crizotinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carrying particular variants of ALK translocation. We retrospectively considered 64 Russian patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC, who were treated by crizotinib (n = 23), ceritinib (n = 39) or alectinib (n = 2). ALK fusion variants were genotyped by PCR. Median progression-free survival (PFS) approached to 18 and 21 months in subjects with "short" (v.3a/b, v.5a/b) vs. "long" (TAPE-domain containing) fusion variants (p = 0.783), respectively; similar data were obtained while comparing EML4/ALK variant 1 vs. other ALK translocations (19 and 21 months, respectively; p = 0.604). Objective response rates were also strikingly similar in the above groups ("short": 88%, "long": 77%, p = 0.479; variant 1: 76%, other translocations: 81%, p = 0.753). Furthermore, ALK variants did not influence the disease outcomes when patients treated by crizotinib and ceritinib were analyzed separately. Overall, PFS on ALK TKI did not depend on whether the drug was administered upfront or after chemotherapy. Ceritinib produced significantly longer PFS than crizotinib (p = 0.022). In conclusion, this study revealed that distinct ALK translocation variants render similar clinical responsiveness to ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Mitiushkina
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia.
| | - Vladislav I Tiurin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia
| | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Litovskaya 2, 194100, Russia
| | - Maxim M Kholmatov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Litovskaya 2, 194100, Russia
| | - Elena A Filippova
- I.P. Pavlov St.-Petersburg State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy Street 6-8, 197022, Russia
| | - Fedor V Moiseyenko
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia; City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68A, 197758, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Kirochnaya Street 41, 191015, Russia
| | - Nikita E Levchenko
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia
| | - Ivan S Sardaryan
- LLC Bioeq, St.-Petersburg, Krasnogvardeisky Pereulok 23, 197342, Russia
| | | | - Alexandra M Lozhkina
- I.P. Pavlov St.-Petersburg State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy Street 6-8, 197022, Russia
| | - Nikita M Volkov
- City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68A, 197758, Russia
| | - Nina A Karaseva
- City Cancer Dispensary, St.-Petersburg, Veteranov Prospect 56, 198255, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Orlov
- I.P. Pavlov St.-Petersburg State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy Street 6-8, 197022, Russia; Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Veseloye, Mira Street 177, 354376, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68, 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Litovskaya 2, 194100, Russia; I.P. Pavlov St.-Petersburg State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy Street 6-8, 197022, Russia; City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya 68A, 197758, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Kirochnaya Street 41, 191015, Russia; Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Veseloye, Mira Street 177, 354376, Russia; St.-Petersburg State University, St.-Petersburg, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya 7/9, 199034, Russia
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Childress MA, Himmelberg SM, Chen H, Deng W, Davies MA, Lovly CM. ALK Fusion Partners Impact Response to ALK Inhibition: Differential Effects on Sensitivity, Cellular Phenotypes, and Biochemical Properties. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1724-1736. [PMID: 30002191 PMCID: PMC6214753 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic tyrosine kinase fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are detected in numerous tumor types. Although more than 30 distinct 5' fusion partner genes have been reported, treatment of ALK-rearranged cancers is decided without regard to which 5' partner is present. There is little data addressing how the 5' partner affects the biology of the fusion or responsiveness to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). On the basis of the hypothesis that the 5' partner influences the intrinsic properties of the fusion protein, cellular functions that impact oncogenic potential, and sensitivity to ALK TKIs, clonal 3T3 cell lines stably expressing seven different ALK fusion variants were generated. Biochemical and cellular assays were used to assess the efficacy of various ALK TKIs in clinical use, transformative phenotypes, and biochemical properties of each fusion. All seven ALK fusions induced focus formation and colonies in soft agar, albeit to varying degrees. IC50s were calculated for different ALK TKIs (crizotinib, ensartinib, alectinib, lorlatinib) and consistent differences (5-10 fold) in drug sensitivity were noted across the seven ALK fusions tested. Finally, biochemical analyses revealed negative correlations between kinase activity and protein stability. These results demonstrate that the 5' fusion partner plays an important biological role that affects sensitivity to ALK TKIs.Implications: This study shows that the 5' ALK fusion partner influences ALK TKI drug sensitivity. As many other kinase fusions are found in numerous cancers, often with overlapping fusion partners, these studies have ramifications for other kinase-driven malignancies. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1724-36. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Himmelberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christine M Lovly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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45
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Melosky B, Cheema P, Agulnik J, Albadine R, Bebb DG, Blais N, Burkes R, Butts C, Card PB, Chan AMY, Hirsh V, Ionescu DN, Juergens R, Morzycki W, Poonja Z, Sangha R, Tehfe M, Tsao MS, Vincent M, Xu Z, Liu G. Canadian perspectives: update on inhibition of ALK-positive tumours in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol 2018; 25:317-328. [PMID: 30464681 PMCID: PMC6209554 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk) oncogenic driver in advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma (nsclc) improves survival. In 2015, Canadian thoracic oncology specialists published a consensus guideline about the identification and treatment of ALK-positive patients, recommending use of the alk inhibitor crizotinib in the first line. New scientific literature warrants a consensus update. Methods Clinical trials of alk inhibitor were reviewed to assess benefits, risks, and implications relative to current Canadian guidance in patients with ALK-positive nsclc. Results Randomized phase iii trials have demonstrated clinical benefit for single-agent alectinib and ceritinib used in treatment-naïve patients and as second-line therapy after crizotinib. Phase ii trials have demonstrated activity for single-agent brigatinib and lorlatinib in further lines of therapy. Improved responses in brain metastases were observed for all second- and next/third-generation alk tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients progressing on crizotinib. Canadian recommendations are therefore revised as follows:■ Patients with advanced nonsquamous nsclc have to be tested for the presence of an ALK rearrangement.■ Treatment-naïve patients with ALK-positive disease should initially be offered single-agent alectinib or ceritinib, or both sequentially.■ Crizotinib-refractory patients should be treated with single-agent alectinib or ceritinib, or both sequentially.■ Further treatments could include single-agent brigatinib or lorlatinib, or both sequentially.■ Patients progressing on alk tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be considered for pemetrexed-based chemotherapy.■ Other systemic therapies should be exhausted before immunotherapy is considered. Summary Multiple lines of alk inhibition are now recommended for patients with advanced nsclc with an ALK rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Melosky
- BC Cancer-Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC
| | - P Cheema
- William Osler Health System, University of Toronto, Brampton, ON
| | - J Agulnik
- Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - R Albadine
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC
| | - D G Bebb
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - N Blais
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC
| | - R Burkes
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - C Butts
- Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - P B Card
- Kaleidoscope Strategic, Inc., Toronto, ON
| | - A M Y Chan
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - V Hirsh
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | | | - R Juergens
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - W Morzycki
- qeii Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Z Poonja
- BC Cancer-Vancouver Island Center, Victoria, BC
| | - R Sangha
- Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - M Tehfe
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC
| | - M S Tsao
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - M Vincent
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Z Xu
- qeii Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - G Liu
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
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Cortinovis D, Canova S, Abbate MI, Colonese F, Cogliati V, Bidoli P. Challenges in ALK inhibition of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: from ALK positivity detection to treatment strategies after relapse. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2303-2317. [PMID: 30088419 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ALK positivity, despite representing only in a small proportion of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, is worth researching at diagnosis given the possibility to treat these patients with some targeted ALK inhibitors, which are more potent than chemotherapy. Thanks to understanding the resistance mechanisms, newer and more selective inhibitors are now available in clinical practice. Hence, this disease represents, after EGFR inhibition, a largely effective precision medicine approach. However, there are still some clinical situations in which the targeted drug seems to be ineffective. This review discusses some uncertainty about such a 'precision medicine application', focusing on some weaknesses and giving perspectives and suggestions to improve the management of this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Bidoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, ASST San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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47
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Zhang C, Han XR, Yang X, Jiang B, Liu J, Xiong Y, Jin J. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:304-314. [PMID: 29627725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activation has been associated with many types of human cancer. Significant efforts have been devoted to the development of ALK inhibitors to antagonize the kinase activity of ALK. Four ALK inhibitors have been approved by the FDA to date for treating patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). However, drug resistance has been observed in the majority of patients treated with these inhibitors. New therapeutic strategies (e.g., compounds with novel mechanisms of action) are needed to overcome the drug resistance issue. The emerging PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) technology has been successfully applied to selective degradation of multiple protein targets, but not ALK. Since ALK protein levels are not important for viability in mammals, ALK PROTACs could lead to novel therapeutics with minimal toxicity. Here we report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel PROTACs (degraders) of ALK. MS4077 (5) and MS4078 (6) potently decreased cellular levels of oncogenic active ALK fusion proteins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in SU-DHL-1 lymphoma and NCI-H2228 lung cancer cells. The ALK protein degradation induced by compounds 5 and 6 was cereblon and proteasome dependent. In addition, compounds 5 and 6 potently inhibited proliferation of SU-DHL-1 cells. Furthermore, compound 6 displayed good plasma exposure in a mouse pharmacokinetic study, thus is suitable for in vivo efficacy studies. We also developed MS4748 (7) and MS4740 (8), very close analogs of 5 and 6 respectively, which are incapable to degrade the ALK fusion proteins, as negative controls. Compounds 5-8 are valuable chemical tools for investigating effects of ALK pharmacological degradation. Our study paved the way for developing the next generation of ALK PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Zhang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States
| | - Xiao-Ran Han
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States.
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States.
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States.
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48
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Samsuwan J, Muangsub T, Yanatatsaneejit P, Mutirangura A, Kitkumthorn N. Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis for brain tissue identification. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:42-45. [PMID: 29558685 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the tissue-specific methylation database (doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.060), methylation at CpG locus cg03096975 in EML2 has been preliminarily proven to be specific to brain tissue. In this study, we enlarged sample size and developed a technique for identifying brain tissue in aged samples. Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis-for EML2 (COBRA-EML2) technique was established and validated in various organ samples obtained from 108 autopsies. In addition, this technique was also tested for its reliability, minimal DNA concentration detected, and use in aged samples and in samples obtained from specific brain compartments and spinal cord. COBRA-EML2 displayed 100% sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing brain tissue from other tissues, showed high reliability, was capable of detecting minimal DNA concentration (0.015ng/μl), could be used for identifying brain tissue in aged samples. In summary, COBRA-EML2 is a technique to identify brain tissue. This analysis is useful in criminal cases since it can identify the vital organ tissues from small samples acquired from criminal scenes. The results from this analysis can be counted as a medical and forensic marker supporting criminal investigations, and as one of the evidences in court rulings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunya Samsuwan
- Sub Division of Forensic Biochemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Police General Hospital, Royal Thai Police, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tachapol Muangsub
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Früh
- Martin Früh, Cantonal Hospital of St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland; and Solange Peters, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solange Peters
- Martin Früh, Cantonal Hospital of St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland; and Solange Peters, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Identification of a novel partner gene, KIAA1217, fused to RET: Functional characterization and inhibitor sensitivity of two isoforms in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36101-36114. [PMID: 27150058 PMCID: PMC5094986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
REarranged during Transfection (RET) fusion genes are detected in approximately 1% of lung adenocarcinomas and known primarily as oncogenic driver factors. Here, we found a novel RET fusion gene, KIAA1217-RET, and examined the functional differences of RET51 and RET9 protein, fused with KIAA1217 in cancer progression and drug response. KIAA1217-RET, resulting from the rearrangement of chromosome 10, was generated by the fusion of KIAA1217 exon 11 and RET exon 11 from a non-small cell lung cancer patient. Expression of this gene led to increased cell growth and invasive properties through activations of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways and subsequently enabled oncogenic transformation of lung cells. We observed that cells expressing KIAA1217-RET9 fusion protein were more sensitive to vandetanib than those expressing KIAA1217-RET51 and both isoforms attenuated cellular growth via cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrated that KIAA1217-RET fusion represents a novel oncogenic driver gene, the products of which are sensitive to vandetanib treatment, and suggested that the KIAA1217-RET-fusion gene is a promising target for lung cancer treatment.
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