1
|
Bharadwaj P, Shet SM, Bisht M, Sarkar DK, Franklin G, Sanna Kotrappanavar N, Mondal D. Suitability of Adenosine Derivatives in Improving the Activity and Stability of Cytochrome c under Stress: Insights into the Effect of Phosphate Groups. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:86-95. [PMID: 38127495 PMCID: PMC10788901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adenosine and its phosphate derivatives play a crucial role in biological phenomena such as apoptosis and cell signaling and act as the energy currency of the cell. Although their interactions with various proteins and enzymes have been described, the focus of this work is to demonstrate the effect of the phosphate group on the activity and stability of the native heme metalloprotein cytochrome c (Cyt c), which is important from both biological and industrial aspects. In situ and in silico characterizations are used to correlate the relationship between the binding affinity of adenosine and its phosphate groups with unfolding behavior, corresponding peroxidase activities, and stability factors. Interaction of adenosine (ADN), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) with Cyt c increases peroxidase-like activity by up to 1.8-6.5-fold compared to native Cyt c. This activity is significantly maintained even after multiple stress conditions such as oxidative stress and the presence of a chaotropic agent such as guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). With binding affinities on the order of ADN < AMP < ADP < ATP, adenosine derivatives were found to stabilize Cyt c by varying the secondary structural features of the protein. Thus, in addition to being a fundamental study, the current work also proposes a way of stabilizing protein systems to be used for real-time biocatalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Bharadwaj
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, India
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sachin M. Shet
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Meena Bisht
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dheeraj Kumar Sarkar
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression,
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- International
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Ks Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gregory Franklin
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Nataraj Sanna Kotrappanavar
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, India
- School of
Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam
National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, India
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aponte AM, Phillips D, Hopper RK, Johnson DT, Harris RA, Blinova K, Boja ES, French S, Balaban RS. Use of (32)P to study dynamics of the mitochondrial phosphoproteome. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2679-95. [PMID: 19351177 PMCID: PMC3177856 DOI: 10.1021/pr800913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a well-characterized regulatory mechanism in the cytosol, but remains poorly defined in the mitochondrion. In this study, we characterized the use of (32)P-labeling to monitor the turnover of protein phosphorylation in the heart and liver mitochondria matrix. The (32)P labeling technique was compared and contrasted to Phos-tag protein phosphorylation fluorescent stain and 2D isoelectric focusing. Of the 64 proteins identified by MS spectroscopy in the Phos-Tag gels, over 20 proteins were correlated with (32)P labeling. The high sensitivity of (32)P incorporation detected proteins well below the mass spectrometry and even 2D gel protein detection limits. Phosphate-chase experiments revealed both turnover and phosphate associated protein pool size alterations dependent on initial incubation conditions. Extensive weak phosphate/phosphate metabolite interactions were observed using nondisruptive native gels, providing a novel approach to screen for potential allosteric interactions of phosphate metabolites with matrix proteins. We confirmed the phosphate associations in Complexes V and I due to their critical role in oxidative phosphorylation and to validate the 2D methods. These complexes were isolated by immunocapture, after (32)P labeling in the intact mitochondria, and revealed (32)P-incorporation for the alpha, beta, gamma, OSCP, and d subunits in Complex V and the 75, 51, 42, 23, and 13a kDa subunits in Complex I. These results demonstrate that a dynamic and extensive mitochondrial matrix phosphoproteome exists in heart and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert S. Balaban
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room B1D416, Bethesda, MD 20892-1061. Telephone: (301) 496-3658. Fax: (301) 402-2389.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kagan VE, Bayir A, Bayir H, Stoyanovsky D, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Wipf P, Atkinson J, Greenberger JS, Chapkin RS, Belikova NA. Mitochondria-targeted disruptors and inhibitors of cytochrome c/cardiolipin peroxidase complexes: a new strategy in anti-apoptotic drug discovery. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:104-14. [PMID: 18979502 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of mitochondria in programmed cell death leads to the design of mitochondriotropic agents as a strategy in regulating apoptosis. For anticancer therapy, stimulation of proapoptotic mitochondrial events in tumor cells and their suppression in surrounding normal cells represents a promising paradigm for new therapies. Different approaches targeting regulation of components of mitochondrial antioxidant system such as Mn-SOD demonstrated significant antitumor efficiency, particularly in combination therapy. This review is focused on a newly discovered early stage of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis - oxidative lipid signaling involving a mitochondria-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). Cytochrome c (cyt c) acts as a CL-specific peroxidase very early in apoptosis. At this stage, the hostile events are still secluded within the mitochondria and do not reach the cytosolic targets. CL oxidation process is required for the release of pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol. Manipulation of cyt c interactions with CL, inhibition of peroxidase activity, and prevention of CL peroxidation are prime targets for the discovery of anti-apoptotic drugs acting before the "point-of-no-return" in the fulfillment of the cell death program. Therefore, mitochondria-targeted disruptors and inhibitors of cyt c/CL peroxidase complexes and suppression of CL peroxidation represent new strategies in anti-apoptotic drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The titratable potentiometric response of hemoglobin (Hb) induced by adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is observed. The concentration-dependent effect of ATP on the anaerobic redox reaction of the protein at pH 7.0 reflects that ATP will induce stabilization of the reduced state and destabilization of the R-like (met Fe(III)) state of the metHb, when ATP concentration is lower than 3.0 mM. But when ATP concentration is between 4 and 7 mM, shift of the oxidation potential may also be observed. With reference to the study of adenosine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, adenosine-5'-diphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, the allosteric effect of ATP on Hb is discussed extensively. This study has given an electrochemical approach to the investigation of effect of ATP, an in vivo allosteric effector, on Hb in the physiological concentration range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tuominen EK, Zhu K, Wallace CJ, Clark-Lewis I, Craig DB, Rytomaa M, Kinnunen PK. ATP induces a conformational change in lipid-bound cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19356-62. [PMID: 11279142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance energy transfer studies using a pyrene-labeled phospholipid derivative 1-palmitoyl-2-[10-(pyren-1-yl)decanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (donor) and the heme (acceptor) of cytochrome c (cyt c) have indicated that ATP causes changes in the conformation of the lipid-bound protein (Rytömaa, M., Mustonen, P., and Kinnunen, P. K. J. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22243-22248). Accordingly, after binding cyt c via its so called C-site to neat phosphatidylglycerol liposomes (mole fraction of PG = 1.0) has commenced, further quenching of donor fluorescence is caused by ATP, saturating at 2 mm nucleotide. ATP-induced conformational changes in liposome-associated cyt c could be directly demonstrated by CD in the Soret band region (380-460 nm). The latter data were further supported by time-resolved spectroscopy using the fluorescent cyt c analog with a Zn(2+)-substituted heme moiety. A high affinity ATP-binding site has been demonstrated in cyt c (Craig, D. B., and Wallace, C. J. A. (1993) Protein Sci. 2, 966-976) that is compromised by replacing the invariant Arg(91) to norleucine. Although no major effects on conformation and function of cyt c were concluded due to the modification, a significantly reduced effect by ATP on the lipid-bound [Nle(91)]cyt c was evident, implying that this modulation is mediated via the Arg(91)-containing binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Tuominen
- Helsinki Biophysics and Biomembrane Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box B8 (Siltavuorenpenger 10 A), University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arnold S, Kadenbach B. Cell respiration is controlled by ATP, an allosteric inhibitor of cytochrome-c oxidase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 249:350-4. [PMID: 9363790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The activity of cytochrome-c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is known to be regulated by the substrate pressure, i.e. the ferro-/ferricytochrome c ratio, by the oxygen concentration, and by the electrochemical proton gradient delta muH+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here we describe a further mechanism of 'respiratory control' via allosteric inhibition of cytochrome-c oxidase by ATP, which binds to the matrix domain, of subunit IV. The cooperativity between cytochrome-c-binding sites in the dimeric enzyme complex is mediated by cardiolipin, which is essential for cooperativity of the enzyme within the lipid membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arnold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Napiwotzki J, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Yoshikawa S, Kadenbach B. ATP and ADP bind to cytochrome c oxidase and regulate its activity. Biol Chem 1997; 378:1013-21. [PMID: 9348111 DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1997.378.9.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By equilibrium dialysis of cytochrome c oxidase from bovine heart with [35S]ATPalphaS and [35S]ADPalphaS, seven binding sites for ATP and ten for ADP were determined per monomer of the isolated enzyme. The binding of ATP occurs in a time-dependent manner, as shown by a filtration method, which is apparently due to slow exchange of bound cholate. In the crystallized enzyme 10 mol of cholate were determined and partly identified in the high resolution crystal structure. Binding of ADP leads to conformational changes of the Tween 20-solubilized enzyme, as shown by a 12% decrease of the gamma-band. The conformational change is specific for ADP, since CDP, GDP and UDP showed no effects. The spectral changes are not obtained with the dodecylmaltoside solubilized enzyme. The polarographically measured activity of cytochrome c oxidase is lower after preincubation with high ATP/ADP-ratios than with low, in the presence of Tween 20. This effect of nucleotides is due to interaction with subunit IV, because preincubation of the enzyme with a monoclonal antibody to subunit IV released the inhibition by ATP. In the presence of dodecylmaltoside the enzyme had a 2 to 3-fold higher total activity, but this activity was not influenced by preincubation with ATP or ADP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Napiwotzki
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- L I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
McIntosh DB, Parrish JC, Wallace CJ. Definition of a nucleotide binding site on cytochrome c by photoaffinity labeling. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18379-86. [PMID: 8702481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used TNP-8N3-AMP (2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-8-azidoadenosine monophosphate) and TNP-8N3-ATP to probe the ATP binding site(s) of cytochrome c. Irradiation of cytochrome c with close to stoichiometric amounts of TNP-8N3-AMP at low ionic strength derivatized approximately half of the protein, with the mono-derivatized species being associated with four peaks (B, 6%; C, 17%; D, 24%; E, 4%) eluted from a cation exchange column. Irradiation in the presence of ATP suggested that the main peaks C and D resulted from more specific nucleotide binding. Thermolysin digestion and TNP-peptide purification and sequencing revealed that peak C was associated with derivatization of mainly Lys-86 and to a lesser extent Lys-72 and peak D with mainly Lys-87 and less so with Lys-72. Minor peaks B and E could not be identified. TNP-8N3-ATP photolabeling produced similar results, showing favored interaction of the adenyl ring with Lys-86 and Lys-87 and to a lesser extent with Lys-72. The results are compatible with previous findings that suggest that the principal locus of ATP binding is at nearby Arg-91 (Corthesy, B. E., and Wallace, C. J. A.(1986) Biochem. J. 236, 359-364). Molecular modeling with energy-minimized docking of ATP between the 60s helix and the 80s stretch with the gamma-phosphate constrained to interact with Arg-91, places the 8 position close to Lys-86 and Lys-87 in the anti conformation about the glycosidic bond and to Lys-72 in the syn conformation, and the ribose hydroxyls within H-bonding distance of Glu-69.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B McIntosh
- Medical Research Council Biomembrane Research Unit and Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Taanman JW, Turina P, Capaldi RA. Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase by interaction of ATP at two binding sites, one on subunit VIa. Biochemistry 1994; 33:11833-41. [PMID: 7918401 DOI: 10.1021/bi00205a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase isolated from a wild-type yeast strain and a mutant in which the gene for subunit VIa had been disrupted were used to study the interaction of adenine nucleotides with the enzyme complex. At low ionic strength (25 mM potassium phosphate), in the absence of nucleotides, the cytochrome c oxidase activity of the mutant enzyme lacking subunit VIa was higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. Increasing concentrations of ATP, in the physiological range, enhanced the cytochrome c oxidase activity of the mutant much more than the activity of the wild-type strain, whereas ADP, in the same concentration range, had no significant effect on the activity of the cytochrome c oxidase of either strain. These results indicate an interaction of ATP with subunit VIa in the wild-type enzyme that prevents the stimulation of the activity observed in the mutant enzyme. The stimulation of the mutant enzyme implies the presence of a second ATP binding site on the enzyme. Quantitative titrations with the fluorescent adenine nucleotide analogues 2'(or 3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) and 2'(or 3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP-ADP) confirmed the presence of two binding sites for adenine nucleotides per monomer of wild-type cytochrome c oxidase and one binding site per monomer of mutant enzyme. Covalent photolabeling of yeast cytochrome c oxidase with radioactive 2-azido-ATP further confirmed the presence of an ATP binding site on subunit VIa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Taanman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kinnunen PK, Kõiv A, Lehtonen JY, Rytömaa M, Mustonen P. Lipid dynamics and peripheral interactions of proteins with membrane surfaces. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 73:181-207. [PMID: 8001181 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence strongly indicates biomembranes to be organized into compositionally and functionally specialized domains, supramolecular assemblies, existing on different time and length scales. For these domains and intimate coupling between their chemical composition, physical state, organization, and functions has been postulated. One important constituent of biomembranes are peripheral proteins whose activity can be controlled by non-covalent binding to lipids. Importantly, the physical chemistry of the lipid interface allows for a rapid and reversible control of peripheral interactions. In this review examples are provided on how membrane lipid (i) composition (i.e., specific lipid structures), (ii) organization, and (iii) physical state can each regulate peripheral binding of proteins to the lipid surface. In addition, a novel and efficient mechanism for the control of the lipid surface association of peripheral proteins by [Ca2+], lipid composition, and phase state is proposed. The phase state is, in turn, also dependent on factors such as temperature, lateral packing, presence of ions, metabolites and drugs. Confining reactions to interfaces allows for facile and cooperative large scale integration and control of metabolic pathways due to mechanisms which are not possible in bulk systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Kinnunen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Craig DB, Wallace CJ. ATP binding to cytochrome c diminishes electron flow in the mitochondrial respiratory pathway. Protein Sci 1993; 2:966-76. [PMID: 8391357 PMCID: PMC2142400 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cytochrome c possesses an ATP-binding site of substantial specificity and high affinity that is conserved between highly divergent species and which includes the invariant residue arginine91. Such evolutionary conservatism strongly suggests a physiological role for ATP binding that demands further investigation. We report the preparation of adducts of the protein and the affinity labels 8-azido adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate-2',3'-dialdehyde, and 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine. The two former reagents were seen to react at the arginine91-containing site, yet the reaction of the latter, although specific, occurred elsewhere, suggesting caution is necessary in its use. None of the adducts displayed significant modification of global structure, stability, or physicochemical properties, leading us to believe that the 8-N3-ATP and oATP adducts are good stabilized models of the noncovalent interaction; yet modification led to significant, and sometimes pronounced, effects on biological activity. We therefore propose that the role of ATP binding to this site, which we have shown to occur when the phosphorylation potential of the system is high under the equivalent of physiological conditions, is to cause a decrease in electron flow through the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Differences in the degree of inhibition produced by differences in adduct chemistry suggest that this putative regulatory role is mediated primarily by electrostatic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Craig
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reimann A, Kadenbach B. Stoichiometric binding of 2'(or 3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate to bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. FEBS Lett 1992; 307:294-6. [PMID: 1322834 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80698-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The binding of 2'(or 3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) to isolated bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was studied by following its specific spectral change at 510 nm. The quantitative titration revealed two binding sites for TNP-ATP per monomer COX with a Kd of 1.6 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Reimann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Craig DB, Wallace CJ. The specificity and Kd at physiological ionic strength of an ATP-binding site on cytochrome c suit it to a regulatory role. Biochem J 1991; 279 ( Pt 3):781-6. [PMID: 1659388 PMCID: PMC1151514 DOI: 10.1042/bj2790781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c binds ATP with marked specificity at a site that contains the evolutionarily invariant residue Arg-91. The binding of ATP to this site was studied using equilibrium gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis and affinity chromatography. At physiological ionic strength the affinity is such that the major change in occupancy coincides with the normal cellular ATP concentration range, and the degree of saturation is proportional to the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP]. The specificity of binding at this site is more a function of the degree of phosphorylation of the nucleotide, than of the nature of the nucleoside moiety. Thus under physiological conditions the degree of occupancy of this site is proportional to the energy state of the cell, providing a means for the regulation of the respiratory chain which is sensitive to cytoplasmic ATP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Craig
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hüther FJ, Berden J, Kadenbach B. Influence of 8-azido-ATP and other anions on the activity of cytochrome c oxidase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1988; 20:503-16. [PMID: 2851591 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ATP and other anions on the kinetics of cytochrome c oxidation by reconstituted bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase was investigated. The following results were obtained: (1) ATP and other polyvalent anions increase the Km for cytochrome c and the Vmax (if assayed by the photometric method). The magnitude of the effect is proportional to the charge of the anion as follows from the series of increasing effectiveness: Pi less than AMP less than ADP less than PPi less than ATP less than PPPi. (2) The kinetic effects are obtained in the millimolar physiological concentration range. (3) The kinetic changes are not saturated at high concentrations. (4) A specific interaction site for ATP at the cytosolic domain of the enzyme is concluded from the increase of Km for cytochrome c after photolabelling of proteoliposomes with 8-azido-[gamma-32P]-ATP, which is protected by ATP but not by ADP. (5) No specific "binding site" for ATP could be identified by photolabelling with 8-azido-[gamma-32P]-ATP. The labelling is only partly protected by ATP or ADP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Hüther
- Biochemie, Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg, FRG
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Corthésy BE, Wallace CJ. The oxidation-state-dependent ATP-binding site of cytochrome c. Implication of an essential arginine residue and the effect of occupancy on the oxidation-reduction potential. Biochem J 1988; 252:349-55. [PMID: 2843168 PMCID: PMC1149151 DOI: 10.1042/bj2520349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arg-91 is not part of the active site of cytochrome c that mediates binding and electron transfer, yet it is absolutely conserved in eukaryotic cytochromes c, indicating a special function. The physicochemical properties of analogues are unaffected by the modification of this residue, so they can be used with confidence to study the role of Arg-91. We have established limiting conditions under which this residue alone is specifically modified by cyclohexane-1,2-dione, and have subsequently shown that ATP, and to a lesser extent ADP or Pi, protects it from the action of the reagent in an oxidation-state-dependent manner. These observations strongly support the idea that this site exerts a controlling influence on cytochrome c activity in the electron transport or other cellular redox systems, and we have commenced a study of how that influence might operate. We find that the redox potentials of both cytochrome c and analogue are little affected by changing ATP or Pi concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Corthésy
- Département de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wallace CJ, Corthésy BE. Alkylamine derivatives of cytochrome c. Comparison with other lysine-modified analogues illuminates structure/function relations in the protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 170:293-8. [PMID: 2826157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For investigations of the functional roles of the lysine residues of cytochrome c, analogues in which these residues are modified without charge loss are highly desirable. The 19 lysine residues of the horse heart protein have been modified by reductive alkylation. Two analogues were prepared, using formaldehyde and acetone as the dialkylating and monoalkylating reagent respectively. Modification was shown to be clean and quantitative. Characterisation of the alkylamine derivatives by physicochemical measurements and biological activity determinations was carried out. The potential of these analogues in structure/function studies of cytochrome c is discussed. It is illustrated by their use, in conjunction with other lysine-modified derivatives, to investigate the extent to which surface charge determines redox potential, and to study the physicochemical changes that accompany rising pH. In the latter case the observed phenomena are not as closely correlated as previously thought, suggesting that there is a complex set of rearrangements of structure underlying the functional changes. The data confirm that modification of the lysine residues influences these changes. These residues participate in numerous surface intramolecular links, so the lack of correlation may be explained if each of the changing parameters were under the influence of a different set of residues. However, neither a lysine residue, nor a histidine residue directly displaces methionine from the sixth coordination position of the haem iron at alkaline pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Wallace
- Département de Biochimie Médicale, Université de Genève
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brand MD, Murphy MP. Control of electron flux through the respiratory chain in mitochondria and cells. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1987; 62:141-93. [PMID: 3300795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1987.tb01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
19
|
Wallace CJ, Corradin G, Marchiori F, Borin G. Cytochrome c chimerae from natural and synthetic fragments: significance of the biological properties. Biopolymers 1986; 25:2121-32. [PMID: 3034347 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360251107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|