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Kumar R, Oruna-Concha MJ, Balagiannis DP, Niranjan K. Elevated temperature extraction of β-carotene from freeze-dried carrot powder into sunflower oil: Extraction kinetics and thermal stability. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1642-1657. [PMID: 38317411 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
β-Carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, can alleviate the deficiency of this vitamin prevalent worldwide. Earlier research studies have addressed the extraction of β-carotene at relatively low temperatures (up to 70°C) due to its perceived instability at higher temperatures, as a result of which extraction rates recorded are relatively low. This study models the net rate of β-carotene extraction by considering both extraction and degradation kinetics. The model developed, which accounts for degradation occurring in solid and extract phases, has been experimentally validated for the extraction of β-carotene from freeze-dried carrot powder into sunflower oil over a range of temperatures 90-150°C. This study also gives insights into the application of sunflower oil as a carrier for β-carotene during cooking and food processing, by monitoring and modeling the thermal degradation and isomerization of β-carotene at temperatures up to 220°C. The modeling of extraction kinetics shows that it is possible to achieve viable extraction rates by employing temperatures in the range (90-150°C) for relatively short times (<5 min). The degradation kinetics shows that almost 75% of the β-carotene can survive heating at 180°C for 10 min-indicating the possibility of using β-carotene enriched edible oils for frying. This study also reports on the formation of three isomers of β-carotene identified using HPLC: trans-, 9-cis, and 13-cis. The reaction network model developed in this study was able to account for the transient variation of the concentration of all three isomers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: β-Carotene is a precursor of vitamin A and its consumption can potentially alleviate the deficiency of this vitamin prevalent worldwide. This study validates a model for the extraction of β-carotene in sunflower oil, which takes into account extraction as well as degradation occurring during extraction, so that a rational method is available for the design of efficient extractors for this purpose. This paper also establishes the thermal stability of β-carotene under frying conditions by quantifying its thermal degradation as well as isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Keshavan Niranjan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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2
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Uva A, Lin A, Tran H. Biobased, Degradable, and Conjugated Poly(Azomethine)s. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3606-3614. [PMID: 36748883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of biobased conjugated molecules that bear a resemblance to the substructure of polyacetylene, a well-known conductive but insoluble polymer. Solubility is an important physical attribute for processing materials using different techniques. To impart solubility in polymers, alkyl side chains are often included in the molecular design. While these design strategies are well explored in conjugated systems, they have not been implemented with carotenoids as a building block in polymers. Here, we show a series of carotenoid-based polymers with varying side chain lengths to tune solubility. Using carotenoid and p-phenylenediamine-based monomers, degradable and biobased poly(azomethine)s were synthesized via imine polycondensation. Maximum solubilities corresponding to the varying alkyl chain lengths were quantitatively determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy. Since carotenoids are biobased with known degradation products, the effect of acidic and artificial sunlight-promoted degradation was systematically investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS). Our polymer system was found to have two modes of on-demand degradation, with acid hydrolysis accelerating the rate of polymer degradation and artificial sunlight generating additional degradation products. This work highlights carotenoid monomers as viable candidates in the design of biobased, degradable, and conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Uva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Angela Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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3
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Pajot A, Hao Huynh G, Picot L, Marchal L, Nicolau E. Fucoxanthin from Algae to Human, an Extraordinary Bioresource: Insights and Advances in up and Downstream Processes. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040222. [PMID: 35447895 PMCID: PMC9027613 DOI: 10.3390/md20040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a brown-colored pigment from algae, with great potential as a bioactive molecule due to its numerous properties. This review aims to present current knowledge on this high added-value pigment. An accurate analysis of the biological function of fucoxanthin explains its wide photon absorption capacities in golden-brown algae. The specific chemical structure of this pigment also leads to many functional activities in human health. They are outlined in this work and are supported by the latest studies in the literature. The scientific and industrial interest in fucoxanthin is correlated with great improvements in the development of algae cultures and downstream processes. The best fucoxanthin producing algae and their associated culture parameters are described. The light intensity is a major influencing factor, as it has to enable both a high biomass growth and a high fucoxanthin content. This review also insists on the most eco-friendly and innovative extraction methods and their perspective within the next years. The use of bio-based solvents, aqueous two-phase systems and the centrifugal partition chromatography are the most promising processes. The analysis of the global market and multiple applications of fucoxanthin revealed that Asian companies are major actors in the market with macroalgae. In addition, fucoxanthin from microalgae are currently produced in Israel and France, and are mostly authorized in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pajot
- Ifremer, GENALG Laboratory, Unité PHYTOX, F-44000 Nantes, France; (G.H.H.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gia Hao Huynh
- Ifremer, GENALG Laboratory, Unité PHYTOX, F-44000 Nantes, France; (G.H.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Laurent Picot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7266 Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), Université La Rochelle, F-17042 La Rochelle, France;
| | - Luc Marchal
- Génie des Procédés Environnement (GEPEA), Université Nantes, F-44000 Saint Nazaire, France;
| | - Elodie Nicolau
- Ifremer, GENALG Laboratory, Unité PHYTOX, F-44000 Nantes, France; (G.H.H.); (E.N.)
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4
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Lavelli V, Sereikaitė J. Kinetic Study of Encapsulated β-Carotene Degradation in Dried Systems: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:437. [PMID: 35159587 PMCID: PMC8834586 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene serves as a precursor of vitamin A and provides relevant health benefits. To overcome the low bioavailability of β-carotene from natural sources, technologies have been designed for its encapsulation in micro- and nano-structures followed by freeze-drying, spray-drying, supercritical fluid-enhanced dispersion and electrospraying. A technological challenge is also to increase β-carotene stability, since due to its multiple conjugated double bonds, it is particularly prone to oxidation. This review analyzes the stability of β-carotene encapsulated in different dried micro- and nano-structures by comparing rate constants and activation energies of degradation. The complex effect of water activity and glass transition temperature on degradation kinetics is also addressed, since the oxidation process is remarkably dependent on the glassy or collapsed state of the matrix. The approaches to improve β-carotene stability, such as the development of inclusion complexes, the improvement of the performance of the interface between air and oil phase in which β-carotene was dissolved by application of biopolymer combinations or functionalization of natural biopolymers, the addition of hydrophilic small molecular weight molecules that reduce air entrapped in the powder and the co-encapsulation of antioxidants of various polarities are discussed and compared, in order to provide a rational basis for further development of the encapsulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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5
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Lavelli V, Sereikaitė J. Kinetic Study of Encapsulated β-Carotene Degradation in Aqueous Environments: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030317. [PMID: 35159470 PMCID: PMC8834023 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The provitamin A activity of β-carotene is of primary interest to address one of the world’s major malnutrition concerns. β carotene is a fat-soluble compound and its bioavailability from natural sources is very poor. Hence, studies have been focused on the development of specific core/shell micro- or nano-structures that encapsulate β-carotene in order to allow its dispersion in liquid systems and improve its bioavailability. One key objective when developing these structures is also to accomplish β-carotene stability. The aim of this review is to collect kinetic data (rate constants, activation energy) on the degradation of encapsulated β-carotene in order to derive knowledge on the possibility for these systems to be scaled-up to the industrial production of functional foods. Results showed that most of the nano- and micro-structures designed for β-carotene encapsulation and dispersion in the water phase provide better protection with respect to a natural matrix, such as carrot juice, increasing the β-carotene half-life from about 30 d to more than 100 d at room temperature. One promising approach to increase β-carotene stability was found to be the use of wall material, surfactants, or co-encapsulated compounds with antioxidant activity. Moreover, a successful approach was the design of structures, where the core is partially or fully solidified; alternatively, either the core or the interface or the outer phase are gelled. The data collected could serve as a basis for the rational design of structures for β-carotene encapsulation, where new ingredients, especially the extraordinary natural array of hydrocolloids, are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50319172
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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6
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Sivabalan S, Sablani S. Design of β-Carotene Encapsulated Emulsions for Thermal Processing and Storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Xu M, Watson J. Microencapsulated Vitamin A Palmitate Degradation Mechanism Study To Improve the Product Stability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15681-15690. [PMID: 34928147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By using a high-resolution mass spectrometer, four vitamin A palmitate (VAP) degradants were identified from microencapsulated VAP degradation samples. Based on the degradants, VAP first breaks down into anhydroretinol (ANHR) and palmitic acid (PA) through ester thermal elimination (ETE). Sequentially, the formed ANHR reacts with remaining VAP to ANHR-VAP and with a second ANHR to ANHR-ANHR. The migration of H+ in the transition state predicts that the H+ concentration in media will affect the ETE. Based on the degradation mechanism discovered from this study, a new product was developed and its media pH changed from 4.2 to 6.2. The new microencapsulated VAP degraded from 22.3% to 4.8% on an annualized basis. In the VAP degradation, no oxidized apo-carotenoids were found. The oxidized apo-carotenoids were detected in the degradation of β-carotene, a pro-vitamin A, through natural oxidation by oxygen in air. This indicated that, in ambient and dry conditions on its own, VAP decay was unlike that of β-carotene through natural oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minren Xu
- Glanbia Nutritional Inc., West Haven Branch, 301 Heffernan Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Jim Watson
- Glanbia Nutritional Inc., West Haven Branch, 301 Heffernan Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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Arias D, Arenas-M A, Flores-Ortiz C, Peirano C, Handford M, Stange C. Daucus carota DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 as Tools for Carotenoid Metabolic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Value of Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677553. [PMID: 34512681 PMCID: PMC8427143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are pigments with important nutritional value in the human diet. As antioxidant molecules, they act as scavengers of free radicals enhancing immunity and preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, α-carotene and β-carotene, the main carotenoids of carrots (Daucus carota) are precursors of vitamin A, whose deficiency in the diet can trigger night blindness and macular degeneration. With the aim of increasing the carotenoid content in fruit flesh, three key genes of the carotenoid pathway, phytoene synthase (DcPSY2) and lycopene cyclase (DcLCYB1) from carrots, and carotene desaturase (XdCrtI) from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, were optimized for expression in apple and cloned under the Solanum chilense (tomatillo) polygalacturonase (PG) fruit specific promoter. A biotechnological platform was generated and functionally tested by subcellular localization, and single, double and triple combinations were both stably transformed in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Microtom) and transiently transformed in Fuji apple fruit flesh (Malus domestica). We demonstrated the functionality of the S. chilense PG promoter by directing the expression of the transgenes specifically to fruits. Transgenic tomato fruits expressing DcPSY2, DcLCYB1, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI, produced 1.34, 2.0, and 1.99-fold more total carotenoids than wild-type fruits, respectively. Furthermore, transgenic tomatoes expressing DcLCYB1, DcPSY2-XdCRTI, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 exhibited an increment in β-carotene levels of 2.5, 3.0, and 2.57-fold in comparison with wild-type fruits, respectively. Additionally, Fuji apple flesh agroinfiltrated with DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 constructs showed a significant increase of 2.75 and 3.11-fold in total carotenoids and 5.11 and 5.84-fold in β-carotene, respectively whereas the expression of DcPSY2-XdCRTI and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 generated lower, but significant changes in the carotenoid profile of infiltrated apple flesh. The results in apple demonstrate that DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 are suitable biotechnological genes to increase the carotenoid content in fruits of species with reduced amounts of these pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Anita Arenas-M
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Flores-Ortiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Clio Peirano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
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9
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Wattanakul J, Syamila M, Briars R, Ayed C, Price R, Darwish R, Gedi MA, Gray DA. Effect of steam sterilisation on lipophilic nutrient stability in a chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) recovered from postharvest, pea vine field residue (haulm). Food Chem 2021; 334:127589. [PMID: 32707366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest, pea vine field residue (haulm) was steam-sterilised and then juiced; a chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) was recovered from the juice by centrifugation. The stability of selected nutrients (β-carotene, lutein, and α-tocopherol) in the freeze-dried CRF material was measured over 84 days; the impact of temperature (-20 °C, 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C), light and air on nutrient stability was established. All three nutrients were stable at -20 °C and 4 °C in the presence or absence of air; this stability was lost at higher temperatures in the presence of air. The extent and rate of nutrient breakdown significantly increased when the CRF samples were exposed to light. β-Carotene appeared to be more susceptible to degradation than lutein and α-tocopherol at 40 °C in the presence of air, but when CRF was exposed to light all three nutrients measured were significantly broken down during storage at 25 °C or 40 °C, whether exposed to air or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok 10120, Thailand.
| | - Mansor Syamila
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 78100 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Rhianna Briars
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Charfedinne Ayed
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Price
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Randa Darwish
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohamed A Gedi
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - David A Gray
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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10
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Deli M, Baudelaire ED, Nguimbou RM, Njintang Yanou N, Scher J. Micronutrients and in vivo antioxidant properties of powder fractions and ethanolic extract of Dichrostachys glomerata Forssk. fruits. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3287-3297. [PMID: 32724593 PMCID: PMC7382194 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichrostachys glomerata powders were processed by sieve fractionation and ethanolic extraction followed by freeze-drying. The micronutrient contents and the in vivo antioxidant properties of powder fractions in rats' high-fat diet-induced oxidation model were determined. Sieved fractionation was achieved by finely grinding the Dichrostachys fruits and fractionating on a sieve column to retain particle of sizes <180, 180-212, 212-315, and ≥315 µm. Unsieved powder and lyophilized ethanolic extract were used as control. All the powders were examined for the minerals, total carotenoids, and vitamins contents. For in vivo antioxidant properties assessment, the individual powder was dissolved in water and administered to rats at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. Oxidation was induced by treating the rat with high-fat diet, and the measured parameters were malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. The results showed a significant influence (p < .05) of particle size on the micronutrient contents and in vivo antioxidant properties. The smaller the particle size of the powder fractions, the higher the minerals, vitamins, total carotenoids contents, and antioxidant properties. Comparatively, the ethanolic powder had the highest carotenoids content, while the powders of particle size <180 µm and 180-212 µm had the highest minerals and vitamin contents. The highest antioxidant properties were characterized by high superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and low malondialdehyde production. The grinding of Dichrostachys fruit followed by controlled differential sieving process may compete with ethanol extraction for an efficient concentration of bioactive compounds and micronutrients except carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markusse Deli
- Food Sciences and NutritionENSAIUniversity of NgaoundereNgaoundereCameroon
| | | | | | - Nicolas Njintang Yanou
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NgaoundereNgaoundereCameroon
| | - Joël Scher
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio)Université de LorraineVandœuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
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11
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Mordi RC, Ademosun OT, Ajanaku CO, Olanrewaju IO, Walton JC. Free Radical Mediated Oxidative Degradation of Carotenes and Xanthophylls. Molecules 2020; 25:E1038. [PMID: 32110916 PMCID: PMC7179097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the excited-state quenching, pro-vitamin A activity and anticarcinogenicity of carotenes and xanthophylls in relation to their chemical structures. Excited-state quenching improved with the length of the conjugated chain structure. Pro-vitamin A activity was dependent on the presence of at least one beta-ionyl ring structure. The effectiveness of carotenoids as antioxidants depended on their ability to trap peroxyl radicals with production of resonance-stabilized carotenyl radicals. The products identified from oxidations of carotenes and xanthophylls with molecular oxygen and other oxidizing agents are presented. The free radical-mediated mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the different classes of products are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C. Mordi
- Department of Chemistry, Chrisland University, Ajebo Road, Abeokuta, Ogun State 110222, Nigeria
| | - Olabisi T. Ademosun
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State 112242, Nigeria; (O.T.A.); (C.O.A.); (I.O.O.)
| | - Christiana O. Ajanaku
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State 112242, Nigeria; (O.T.A.); (C.O.A.); (I.O.O.)
| | - Ifedolapo O. Olanrewaju
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State 112242, Nigeria; (O.T.A.); (C.O.A.); (I.O.O.)
| | - John C. Walton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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12
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Martin D, Amado AM, Gonzálvez AG, Marques MPM, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Ureña ÁG. FTIR Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations to Probe the Kinetics of β-Carotene Thermal Degradation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5266-5273. [PMID: 31084001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of β-carotene in air was investigated. The sample was heated at different temperatures (90, 100, 115, and 130 °C) for periods of up to 8 h to perform a complete kinetic study, the product analysis having been carried out via infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode coupled to density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The kinetics of this thermal degradation process was found to follow a first-order scheme, with rate coefficients varying from k90 °C = (2.0 ± 0.3) × 10-3 to k130 °C = (11.0 ± 0.7) × 10-3 min-1, the experimental activation energy having been calculated as (52 ± 1) kJ mol-1. This Ea value is close to the DFT energies corresponding to a C15-15' or a C13-14 cis-trans isomerization, followed by the formation of a carotene-oxygen diradical, which was characterized for the first time. Comparison between the experimental and calculated infrared data confirmed the C15-15'- cis rupture as the predominant reaction pathway and retinal as the major degradation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin
- Unidade de I&D Química-Física Molecular, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana M Amado
- Unidade de I&D Química-Física Molecular, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Alicia G Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Paula M Marques
- Unidade de I&D Química-Física Molecular, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Luís A E Batista de Carvalho
- Unidade de I&D Química-Física Molecular, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ángel González Ureña
- Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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13
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Syamila M, Gedi MA, Briars R, Ayed C, Gray DA. Effect of temperature, oxygen and light on the degradation of β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol in spray-dried spinach juice powder during storage. Food Chem 2019; 284:188-197. [PMID: 30744845 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between packaging parameters (transmission of light and oxygen) and storage temperatures (4, 20, 40 °C) on nutrient retention of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) juice, spray-dried in the absence of an added encapsulant. β-Carotene was more susceptible to degradation compared with lutein and α-tocopherol. Under our experimental conditions, it was observed that excluding low fluorescent light intensity and air by vacuum packaging at 20 °C did not seem to improve nutrient retention loss over time (p > 0.05). The rate of β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol loss displayed first order reaction kinetic with low activation energy of 0.665, 2.650 and 13.893 kJ/mol for vacuum, and 1.089, 4.923 and 14.142 kJ/mol for non-vacuum, respectively. The reaction kinetics and half-life for β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol at 4 °C and non-vacuumed were 2.2 × 10-2, 1.2 × 10-2, and 0.8 × 10-2 day-1, and 32.08, 58.25 and 85.37 day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Syamila
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M A Gedi
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - R Briars
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - C Ayed
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - D A Gray
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Extraction and Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Drugs. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3810-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Mejías FJR, Gutiérrez MT, Durán AG, Molinillo JMG, Valdivia MM, Macías FA. Provitamin supramolecular polymer micelle with pH responsiveness to control release, bioavailability enhancement and potentiation of cytotoxic efficacy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:85-93. [PMID: 30273872 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation techniques to generate core/shell systems provide a method that improves physicochemical properties, which are very important in biological applications. β-carotene is a common carotenoid that has shown preventive effects in skin diseases and vitamin A deficiency but this compound has limited water solubility and bioavailability, which hinder its broad application. The use of polyrotaxane compounds formed from cyclodextrins has allowed supramolecular polymer micelles (SMPMs) to be synthesized to encapsulate β-carotene. The polymeric compound Pluronic F127® was also used to create core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) that contain β-carotene. Bioactive compound encapsulation was fully confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The method based on cyclodextrin and lecithin allow to release slowly when the systems were exposed to an aqueous medium by pH control, with an increase of 16 times of bioavailability comparing with free carotenoid. This allowed to potentiate the cytotoxic activity on a melanoma cell line by enhancing the water solubility to more than 28 mg/L, and present promising applications of SMPMs to provitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J R Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Teresa Gutiérrez
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel M Valdivia
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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16
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Chen D, Zhao CX, Lagoin C, Hai M, Arriaga LR, Koehler S, Abbaspourrad A, Weitz DA. Dispersing hydrophobic natural colourant β-carotene in shellac particles for enhanced stability and tunable colour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170919. [PMID: 29308233 PMCID: PMC5750000 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour is one of the most important visual attributes of food and is directly related to the perception of food quality. The interest in natural colourants, especially β-carotene that not only imparts colour but also has well-documented health benefits, has triggered the research and development of different protocols designed to entrap these hydrophobic natural molecules to improve their stability against oxidation. Here, we report a versatile microfluidic approach that uses single emulsion droplets as templates to prepare microparticles loaded with natural colourants. The solution of β-carotene and shellac in the solvent is emulsified by microfluidics into droplets. Upon solvent diffusion, β-carotene and shellac co-precipitates, forming solid microparticles of β-carotene dispersed in the shellac polymer matrix. We substantially improve the stability of β-carotene that is protected from oxidation by the polymer matrix and achieve different colour appearances by loading particles with different β-carotene concentrations. These particles demonstrate great promise for practical use in natural food colouring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Camille Lagoin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mingtan Hai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Laura R. Arriaga
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephan Koehler
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David A. Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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17
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Higginson DM, Belloni V, Davis SN, Morrison ES, Andrews JE, Badyaev AV. Evolution of long-term coloration trends with biochemically unstable ingredients. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0403. [PMID: 27194697 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily persistent and widespread use of carotenoid pigments in animal coloration contrasts with their biochemical instability. Consequently, evolution of carotenoid-based displays should include mechanisms to accommodate or limit pigment degradation. In birds, this could involve two strategies: (i) evolution of a moult immediately prior to the mating season, enabling the use of particularly fast-degrading carotenoids and (ii) evolution of the ability to stabilize dietary carotenoids through metabolic modification or association with feather keratins. Here, we examine evolutionary lability and transitions between the two strategies across 126 species of birds. We report that species that express mostly unmodified, fast-degrading, carotenoids have pre-breeding moults, and a particularly short time between carotenoid deposition and the subsequent breeding season. Species that expressed mostly slow-degrading carotenoids in their plumage accomplished this through increased metabolic modification of dietary carotenoids, and the selective expression of these slow-degrading compounds. In these species, the timing of moult was not associated with carotenoid composition of plumage displays. Using repeated samples from individuals of one species, we found that metabolic modification of dietary carotenoids significantly slowed their degradation between moult and breeding season. Thus, the most complex and colourful ornamentation is likely the most biochemically stable in birds, and depends less on ecological factors, such as moult timing and migration tendency. We suggest that coevolution of metabolic modification, selective expression and biochemical stability of plumage carotenoids enables the use of unstable pigments in long-term evolutionary trends in plumage coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Higginson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Virginia Belloni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah N Davis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Erin S Morrison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - John E Andrews
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander V Badyaev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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18
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Mutsokoti L, Panozzo A, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Carotenoid transfer to oil during thermal processing of low fat carrot and tomato particle based suspensions. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Carail M, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Meullemiestre A, Chemat F, Caris-Veyrat C. Effects of high power ultrasound on all-E-β-carotene, newly formed compounds analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 26:200-209. [PMID: 25873346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To study effects of high power ultrasound treatment (20 kHz) on β-carotene degradation, a second-order central composite design (CCD) was performed to investigate maximum β-carotene loss with three independent factors (ultrasonic intensity, sonication time, and temperature). Results based on variance analysis and Pareto chart have shown that sonication time is the most important factor, followed by ultrasonic intensity level. The evolved degradation products have been tentatively identified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to both diode array detector and a mass spectrometer (UHPLC-DAD-MS). The main degradation products, tentatively identified, are three Z-isomers of β-carotene and seven β-apo-carotenals/ones. Hypothesis on the degradation mechanism of carotenoids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Carail
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Anne-Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France; INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Alice Meullemiestre
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France; INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Farid Chemat
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France; INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Catherine Caris-Veyrat
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France.
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20
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Structures of octenylsuccinylated starches: Effects on emulsions containing β-carotene. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Ding ZH, Zheng WY, Liu H, Wang XY, Li XX. Mechanism of Capsanthin Fadingin VitroInduced by Reactive Oxygen Species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2014.911309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Effect of gamma irradiation and storage on lutein and zeaxanthin in liquid, frozen and dried egg yolk samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Sy C, Dangles O, Borel P, Caris-Veyrat C. Iron-induced oxidation of (all-E)-β-carotene under model gastric conditions: kinetics, products, and mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:195-206. [PMID: 23688725 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stability of (all-E)-β-carotene toward dietary iron was studied in a mildly acidic (pH 4) micellar solution as a simple model of the postprandial gastric conditions. The oxidation was initiated by free iron (Fe(II), Fe(III)) or by heme iron (metmyoglobin, MbFe(III)). Fe(II) and metmyoglobin were much more efficient than Fe(III) at initiating β-carotene oxidation. Whatever the initiator, hydrogen peroxide did not accumulate. Moreover, β-carotene markedly inhibited the conversion of Fe(II) into Fe(III). β-Carotene oxidation induced by Fe(II) or MbFe(III) was maximal with 5-10 eq Fe(II) or 0.05-0.1 eq MbFe(III) and was inhibited at higher iron concentrations, especially with Fe(II). UPLC/DAD/MS and GC/MS analyses revealed a complex distribution of β-carotene-derived products including Z-isomers, epoxides, and cleavage products of various chain lengths. Finally, the mechanism of iron-induced β-carotene oxidation is discussed. Altogether, our results suggest that dietary iron, especially free (loosely bound) Fe(II) and heme iron, may efficiently induce β-carotene autoxidation within the upper digestive tract, thereby limiting its supply to tissues (bioavailability) and consequently its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sy
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
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25
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Achir N, Randrianatoandro VA, Bohuon P, Laffargue A, Avallone S. Kinetic study of β-carotene and lutein degradation in oils during heat treatment. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Intestinal β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity is markedly enhanced in copper-deficient rats fed on high-iron diets and fructose. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to examine effects of the Cu–Fe interaction on intestinal β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity when a wide range of dietary Fe (deficiency to excess) was used in relation to Cu status of rats. The effect of dietary carbohydrates was also examined since they play a role in the Cu–Fe interactionin vivo. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (n72) were divided into twelve dietary groups, which were fed on either low-, normal-, or high-Fe levels (0·9, 9·0, and 90·0 mmol Fe/kg diet respectively) combined with Cu-adequate or -deficient levels (0·94 and 0·09 mmol Cu/kg diet respectively) and with starch or fructose in the diets. The data showed that both Fe concentration and β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity in small intestinal mucosa were enhanced with increasing dietary Fe and with Cu deficiencyv. Cu adequacy. Dietary fructose did not aggravate the Fe-enhancement, related to Cu deficiency, in the small intestine; however, fructose increased the intestinal dioxygenase activity in rats fed on normal- or high-Fe diets when compared with starch controls. Thus, the highest intestinal dioxygenase activity associated with the lowest hepatic retinol (total) concentration was found in rats fed on the Cu-deficient, high-Fe, fructose-based diet. Finally, a positive linear relationship was found between the dioxygenase activity and Fe concentration in intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the data indicate that β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity requires Fe as cofactorin vivoand the enzyme is modulated by the three dietary components: Cu, Fe, and fructose.
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Kim YS, Strand E, Dickmann R, Warthesen J. Degradation of Vitamin A Palmitate in Corn Flakes During Storage. J Food Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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During A, Fields M, Lewis CG, Smith JC. Beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity is responsive to copper and iron concentrations in rat small intestine. J Am Coll Nutr 1999; 18:309-15. [PMID: 12038473 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1999.10718869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous in vitro studies have suggested that beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase is an iron-dependent enzyme. However, in vivo, it is difficult to alter iron tissue concentration by varying dietary iron because of homeostatic control. On the other hand, an interaction between iron and copper has been shown, i.e., copper-deficiency results in an increase of iron in rat liver. Therefore, we hypothesized that intestinal iron concentration could be increased by copper-deficiency. Our objective was to examine the effects of iron as affected by dietary copper on beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity in the small intestine. METHODS Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (40 to 45g) were divided into four dietary groups: two copper-adequate groups (6.0 microg Cu/g diet) and two copper-deficient groups (0.6 microg Cu/g) combined with either normal iron (44 microg Fe/g) or high iron (87 microg Fe/g). Iron and copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the dioxygenase activity by reverse phase HPLC. RESULTS Intestinal copper concentration was significantly reduced (40%) by the consumption of the copper-deficient diets, but intestinal iron was not changed by doubling dietary iron in rats fed either copper-adequate or copper-deficient diets. However, as hypothesized, the two copper-deficient groups exhibited higher intestinal iron concentration (> or =137%, p<0.001) than the copper-adequate controls. In addition, intestinal beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity was increased by 27% and 106%, respectively, for copper-deficient rats fed either normal or high iron diets, compared to the respective copper-adequate controls (p<0.01). The dioxygenase activity was not significantly affected by dietary iron in either copper-adequate or copper-deficient groups. Finally, the enzyme activity was positively correlated (r=0.67, p<0.0001) with iron concentration and negatively correlated (r=-0.49, p<0.01) with copper concentration in small intestine. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase may be an iron-dependent enzyme sensitive to copper status in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A During
- Phytonutrients Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Maryland 20705, USA
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