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Borges AR, Link F, Engstler M, Jones NG. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720536. [PMID: 34790656 PMCID: PMC8591177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein’s attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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The Glycan Structure of T. cruzi mucins Depends on the Host. Insights on the Chameleonic Galactose. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173913. [PMID: 32867240 PMCID: PMC7504415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa that causes Chagas disease in humans, is transmitted by insects from the Reduviidae family. The parasite has developed the ability to change the structure of the surface molecules, depending on the host. Among them, the mucins are the most abundant glycoproteins. Structural studies have focused on the epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes that colonize the insect, and on the mammal trypomastigotes. The carbohydrate in the mucins fulfills crucial functions, the most important of which being the accepting of sialic acid from the host, a process catalyzed by the unique parasite trans-sialidase. The sialylation of the parasite influences the immune response on infection. The O-linked sugars have characteristics that differentiate them from human mucins. One of them is the linkage to the polypeptide chain by the hexosamine, GlcNAc, instead of GalNAc. The main monosaccharide in the mucins oligosaccharides is galactose, and this may be present in three configurations. Whereas β-d-galactopyranose (β-Galp) was found in the insect and the human stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, β-d-galactofuranose (β-Galf) is present only in the mucins of some strains of epimastigotes and α-d-galactopyranose (α-Galp) characterizes the mucins of the bloodstream trypomastigotes. The two last configurations confer high antigenic properties. In this review we discuss the different structures found and we pose the questions that still need investigation on the exchange of the configurations of galactose.
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3
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Pinzón Martín S, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Mucins and Pathogenic Mucin-Like Molecules Are Immunomodulators During Infection and Targets for Diagnostics and Vaccines. Front Chem 2019; 7:710. [PMID: 31696111 PMCID: PMC6817596 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins and mucin-like molecules are highly O-glycosylated proteins present on the cell surface of mammals and other organisms. These glycoproteins are highly diverse in the apoprotein and glycan cores and play a central role in many biological processes and diseases. Mucins are the most abundant macromolecules in mucus and are responsible for its biochemical and biophysical properties. Mucin-like molecules cover various protozoan parasites, fungi and viruses. In humans, modifications in mucin glycosylation are associated with tumors in epithelial tissue. These modifications allow the distinction between normal and abnormal cell conditions and represent important targets for vaccine development against some cancers. Mucins and mucin-like molecules derived from pathogens are potential diagnostic markers and targets for therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the distribution, structure, role as immunomodulators, and the correlation of human mucins with diseases and perform a comparative analysis of mucins with mucin-like molecules present in human pathogens. Furthermore, we review the methods to produce pathogenic and human mucins using chemical synthesis and expression systems. Finally, we present applications of mucin-like molecules in diagnosis and prevention of relevant human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinzón Martín
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Overview of the role of kinetoplastid surface carbohydrates in infection and host cell invasion: prospects for therapeutic intervention. Parasitology 2019; 146:1743-1754. [PMID: 31603063 PMCID: PMC6939169 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for serious diseases in humans and livestock such as Chagas disease and sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively), and the different forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (produced by Leishmania spp). The limited number of antiparasitic drugs available together with the emergence of resistance underscores the need for new therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of agents binding to surface glycans has been recently suggested as a new approach to antitrypanosomal design and a series of peptidic and non-peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents have been identified as antiparasitics showing efficacy in animal models of sleeping sickness. Here we provide an overview of the nature of surface glycans in three kinetoplastid parasites, T. cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania. Their role in virulence and host cell invasion is highlighted with the aim of identifying specific glycan-lectin interactions and carbohydrate functions that may be the target of novel carbohydrate-binding agents with therapeutic applications.
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5
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Synthesis of the hexasaccharide from Trypanosoma cruzi mucins with the Galp(1 → 2)Galf unit constructed with a superarmed thiogalactopyranosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2019; 482:107734. [PMID: 31271957 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→ 2)-[β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)]-β-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-[β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-β-D-Galf-(1 → 4)]-D-GlcNAc (1) was found O-linked in mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomatigotes. Studies on the biological pathways and functionalities of the mucin oligosaccharides are prompted in order to understand the interactions of these molecules with the insect host. Trisaccharide constituent β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-β-D-Galf-(1 → 4)-D-GlcNAc was constructed from the reducing to the non-reducing end. We discuss the difficulties to introduce a Galp unit at the O-2 position of a partially protected galactofuranosyl unit which were overcome using an anchimerically superarmed donor. By this route and employing a [3 + 3] nitrilium convergent approach hexasaccharide 1 was synthesized in moderate yield.
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6
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Agusti R, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. A tool for the synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2019; 479:48-58. [PMID: 31132642 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells are covered by a complex array of carbohydrates. Among them, sialosides are of key importance in intracellular adhesion, recognition and signaling. The need for structurally diverse sialosides impelled the search for efficient synthetic methods since their isolation from natural sources is a difficult task. The enzymatic approach obviates the need of a chemical synthesis for protecting or participating groups in the substrates. The trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) is highly stereospecific for the transfer of sialic acid from an α-sialylglycoside donor to a terminal β-galactopyranosyl unit in the acceptor substrate to form the α-Neu5Ac-(2 → 3)-β-D-Galp motif. The enzyme was cloned and easily available glycoproteins, e.g. fetuin, may be used as donors of sialic acid, constituting strong points for the scalability of TcTS-catalyzed reactions. This review outlines the preparative use of TcTS for the sialylation of oligosaccharides. A detailed description of the substrates used as sialic acid donors, the acceptor substrates and the methods employed to monitor the reaction is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agusti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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da Fonseca LM, da Costa KM, Chaves VDS, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Freire-de-Lima L. Theft and Reception of Host Cell's Sialic Acid: Dynamics of Trypanosoma Cruzi Trans-sialidases and Mucin-Like Molecules on Chagas' Disease Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:164. [PMID: 30787935 PMCID: PMC6372544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decades have produced a plethora of evidence on the role of glycans, from cell adhesion to signaling pathways. Much of that information pertains to their role on the immune system and their importance on the surface of many human pathogens. A clear example of this is the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which displays on its surface a great variety of glycoconjugates, including O-glycosylated mucin-like glycoproteins, as well as multiple glycan-binding proteins belonging to the trans-sialidase (TS) family. Among the latter, different and concurrently expressed molecules may present or not TS activity, and are accordingly known as active (aTS) and inactive (iTS) members. Over the last thirty years, it has been well described that T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acid (SIA) on its own, making use of aTS to steal the host's SIA. Although iTS did not show enzymatic activity, it retains a substrate specificity similar to aTS (α-2,3 SIA-containing glycotopes), displaying lectinic properties. It is accepted that aTS members act as virulence factors in mammals coursing the acute phase of the T. cruzi infection. However, recent findings have demonstrated that iTS may also play a pathogenic role during T. cruzi infection, since it modulates events related to adhesion and invasion of the parasite into the host cells. Since both aTS and iTS proteins share structural substrate specificity, it might be plausible to speculate that iTS proteins are able to assuage and/or attenuate biological phenomena depending on the catalytic activity displayed by aTS members. Since SIA-containing glycotopes modulate the host immune system, it should not come as any surprise that changes in the sialylation of parasite's mucin-like molecules, as well as host cell glycoconjugates might disrupt critical physiological events, such as the building of effective immune responses. This review aims to discuss the importance of mucin-like glycoproteins and both aTS and iTS for T. cruzi biology, as well as to present a snapshot of how disturbances in both parasite and host cell sialoglycophenotypes may facilitate the persistence of T. cruzi in the infected mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victoria de Sousa Chaves
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Torres-Gutiérrez E, Pérez-Cervera Y, Camoin L, Zenteno E, Aquino-Gil MO, Lefebvre T, Cabrera-Bravo M, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Bucio-Torres MI, Salazar-Schettino PM. Identification of O-Glcnacylated Proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30984116 PMCID: PMC6449728 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally an anthropozoonosis in the Americas, Chagas disease has spread from its previous borders through migration. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Differences in disease severity have been attributed to a natural pleomorphism in T. cruzi. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been studied in T. cruzi, but to date no work has focused on O-GlcNAcylation, a highly conserved monosaccharide-PTM of serine and threonine residues mainly found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is thought to regulate protein function analogously to protein phosphorylation; indeed, crosstalk between both PTMs allows the cell to regulate its functions in response to nutrient levels and stress. Herein, we demonstrate O-GlcNAcylation in T. cruzi epimastigotes by three methods: by using specific antibodies against the modification in lysates and whole parasites, by click chemistry labeling, and by proteomics. In total, 1,271 putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins and six modification sequences were identified by mass spectrometry (data available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD010285). Most of these proteins have structural and metabolic functions that are essential for parasite survival and evolution. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation pattern variations were observed by antibody detection under glucose deprivation and heat stress conditions, supporting their possible role in the adaptive response. Given the numerous biological processes in which O-GlcNAcylated proteins participate, its identification in T. cruzi proteins opens a new research field in the biology of Trypanosomatids, improve our understanding of infection processes and may allow us to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yobana Pérez-Cervera
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Luc Camoin
- INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmetes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico, Oaxaca, Mexico
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Paz María Salazar-Schettino
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9
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FONSECA LEONARDOM, GARCEZ TATIANAC, PENHA LUCIANA, FREIRE-DE-LIMA LEONARDO, MAES EMMANUEL, COSTA KELLIM, MENDONÇA-PREVIATO LUCIA, PREVIATO JOSEO. Expanding the knowledge of the chemical structure of glycoconjugates from Trypanosoma cruzi TcI genotype. Contribution to taxonomic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:1519-29. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - EMMANUEL MAES
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France
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10
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Freire-de-Lima L, da Fonseca LM, da Silva VA, da Costa KM, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Modulation of Cell Sialoglycophenotype: A Stylish Mechanism Adopted by Trypanosoma cruzi to Ensure Its Persistence in the Infected Host. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:698. [PMID: 27242722 PMCID: PMC4862976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease exhibits multiple mechanisms to guarantee its establishment and persistence in the infected host. It has been well demonstrated that T. cruzi is not able to synthesize sialic acids (Sia). To acquire the monosaccharide, the parasite makes use of a multifunctional enzyme called trans-sialidase (Tc-TS). Since this enzyme has no analogous in the vertebrate host, it has been used as a target in drug therapy development. Tc-TS preferentially catalyzes the transfer of Sia from the host glycoconjugates to the terminal β-galactopyranosyl residues of mucin-like molecules present on the parasite's cell surface. Alternatively, the enzyme can sialylate/re-sialylate glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of host cells. Since its discovery, several studies have shown that T. cruzi employs the Tc-TS activity to modulate the host cell sialoglycophenotype, thus favoring its perpetuation in the infected vertebrate. In this review, we summarize the dynamic of host/parasite sialoglycophenotype modulation, highlighting its role in the subversion of host immune response in order to promote the establishment of persistent chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A da Silva
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelli M da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio G Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose O Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Baptista CG, Rodrigues EC, Morking P, Klinke A, Zardo ML, Soares MJ, de Aguiar AM, Goldenberg S, Ramos ASP. Identification of a Golgi-localized UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter in Trypanosoma cruzi. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:269. [PMID: 26589870 PMCID: PMC4654811 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) play an essential role in translocating nucleotide sugars into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to be used as substrates in glycosylation reactions. This intracellular transport is an essential step in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates. RESULTS We have identified a family of 11 putative NSTs in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter, TcNST1, was identified by a yeast complementation approach. Based on a phylogenetic analysis four candidate genes were selected and used for complementation assays in a Kluyveromyces lactis mutant strain. The transporter is likely expressed in all stages of the parasite life cycle and during differentiation of epimastigotes to infective metacyclics. Immunofluorescence analyses of a GFP-TcNST1 fusion protein indicate that the transporter is localized to the Golgi apparatus. As many NSTs are multisubstrate transporters, we also tested the capacity of TcNST1 to transport GDP-Man. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter in T. cruzi, which is specifically localized to the Golgi apparatus and seems to be expressed, at the mRNA level, throughout the parasite life cycle. Functional studies of TcNST1 will be important to unravel the role of NSTs and specific glycoconjugates in T. cruzi survival and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gustavo Baptista
- Present address: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Rodrigues
- Present address: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Morking
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba, 81350-010, PR, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Klinke
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba, 81350-010, PR, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Zardo
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba, 81350-010, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Samuel Goldenberg
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba, 81350-010, PR, Brazil.
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12
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de Morais CGV, Castro Lima AK, Terra R, dos Santos RF, Da-Silva SAG, Dutra PML. The Dialogue of the Host-Parasite Relationship: Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:324915. [PMID: 26090399 PMCID: PMC4450238 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoa Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi and the causative agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, belong to the Trypanosomatidae family. Together, these two neglected tropical diseases affect approximately 25 million people worldwide. Whether the host can control the infection or develops disease depends on the complex interaction between parasite and host. Parasite surface and secreted molecules are involved in triggering specific signaling pathways essential for parasite entry and intracellular survival. The recognition of the parasite antigens by host immune cells generates a specific immune response. Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have a multifaceted repertoire of strategies to evade or subvert the immune system by interfering with a range of signal transduction pathways in host cells, which causes the inhibition of the protective response and contributes to their persistence in the host. The current therapeutic strategies in leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are very limited. Efficacy is variable, toxicity is high, and the emergence of resistance is increasingly common. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of the host-parasite interaction of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi infection and their mechanisms of subverting the immune response and how this knowledge can be used as a tool for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gustavo Vieira de Morais
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Castro Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Terra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Freire dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Amaral Gonçalves Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Lourenço Dutra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Agustí R, Giorgi ME, Mendoza VM, Kashiwagi GA, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of the O-linked hexasaccharide containing β-D-Galp-(1→2)-D-Galf in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Differences on sialylation by trans-sialidase of the two constituent hexasaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1213-22. [PMID: 25703305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→2)-[β-D-Galp-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp(1→2)-β-D-Galf(1→4)]-D-GlcNAc (10) and its β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf containing isomer (7) are the largest carbohydrates in mucins of some strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. The terminal β-D-Galp units are sites of sialylation by the parasite trans-sialidase. Hexasaccharide 10 was chemically synthesized for the first time by a [3+3] nitrilium based convergent approach, using the trichloroacetimidate method of glycosylation. The (1)H NMR spectrum of its alditol was identical to the spectrum of the product released by β-elimination from the parasite mucin. The trans-sialylation reaction studied on the benzyl glycoside of 10 showed two monosialylated products whose relative abundance changed with time. On the other hand, only one product was produced by sialylation of the benzyl glycoside of 7. A preparative synthesis of the latter and spectroscopic analysis of the product unequivocally established the sialylation site at the less hindered (1→3)-linked galactopyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa M de Lederkremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Golgi UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide O-α-N-Acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase 2 (TcOGNT2) regulates trypomastigote production and function in Trypanosoma cruzi. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1312-27. [PMID: 25084865 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00165-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All life cycle stages of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi are enveloped by mucin-like glycoproteins which, despite major changes in their polypeptide cores, are extensively and similarly O-glycosylated. O-Glycan biosynthesis is initiated by the addition of αGlcNAc to Thr in a reaction catalyzed by Golgi UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide O-α-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferases (ppαGlcNAcTs), which are encoded by TcOGNT1 and TcOGNT2. We now directly show that TcOGNT2 is associated with the Golgi apparatus of the epimastigote stage and is markedly downregulated in both differentiated metacyclic trypomastigotes (MCTs) and cell culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCTs). The significance of downregulation was examined by forced continued expression of TcOGNT2, which resulted in a substantial increase of TcOGNT2 protein levels but only modestly increased ppαGlcNAcT activity in extracts and altered cell surface glycosylation in TCTs. Constitutive TcOGNT2 overexpression had no discernible effect on proliferating epimastigotes but negatively affected production of both types of trypomastigotes. MCTs differentiated from epimastigotes at a low frequency, though they were apparently normal based on morphological and biochemical criteria. However, these MCTs exhibited an impaired ability to produce amastigotes and TCTs in cell culture monolayers, most likely due to a reduced infection frequency. Remarkably, inhibition of MCT production did not depend on TcOGNT2 catalytic activity, whereas TCT production was inhibited only by active TcOGNT2. These findings indicate that TcOGNT2 downregulation is important for proper differentiation of MCTs and functioning of TCTs and that TcOGNT2 regulates these functions by using both catalytic and noncatalytic mechanisms.
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Oliveira IA, Freire-de-Lima L, Penha LL, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidase: structural features and biological implications. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:181-201. [PMID: 24264246 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS) has intrigued researchers all over the world since it was shown that T. cruzi incorporates sialic acid through a mechanism independent of sialyltransferases. The enzyme has being involved in a vast myriad of functions in the biology of the parasite and in the pathology of Chagas' disease. At the structural level experiments trapping the intermediate with fluorosugars followed by peptide mapping, X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling and magnetic nuclear resonance have opened up a three-dimensional understanding of the way this enzyme works. Herein we review the multiple biological roles of TcTS and the structural studies that are slowly revealing the secrets underlining an efficient sugar transfer activity rather than simple hydrolysis by TcTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-Bloco D-3, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Mendonça-Previato L, Penha L, Garcez TC, Jones C, Previato JO. Addition of α-O-GlcNAc to threonine residues define the post-translational modification of mucin-like molecules in Trypanosoma cruzi. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:659-66. [PMID: 23430107 PMCID: PMC3769586 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, an intracellular protozoan etiologic agent of Chagas disease is covered by a dense coat of mucin-type glycoproteins, which is important to promote the parasite entry and persistence in the mammalian host cells. The O-glycosylation of T. cruzi mucins (Tc-mucins) is initiated by enzymatic addition of α-O-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to threonine (Thr) by the UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide α-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (pp-α-GlcNAcT) in the Golgi. The Tc-mucin is characterized by the presence of a high structural diversity of O-linked oligosaccharides found among different parasite strains, comprising two O-glycan Cores. In the Core 1, from strains principally associated with the domestic transmission cycle of Chagas disease, the GlcNAc O-4 is substituted with a β-galactopyranose (βGalp) unit, and in the most complex oligosaccharides the GlcNAc O-6 is further processed by the addition of β1 → 2-linked Galp residues creating a short linear Galp-containing chain. In the Core 2 structures, expressed by strains isolated from T. cruzi sylvatic hosts, the GlcNAc O-4 carries a β-galactofuranose (βGalf) unit and the GlcNAc O-6 can carry a branched Galpβ1 → 3[Galpβ1 → 2]Galpβ1 → 6 motif. The O-glycans carrying nonreducing terminal βGalp are available for sialylation by a surface T. cruzi trans-sialidase activity. Based on structural results, this review summarizes available data on the highly conserved process, which adds the GlcNAc unit in α-linkage to Thr residues the basis of the post-translational modification system in T. cruzi mucins. In addition, a mechanism unique employed by the parasite to transfer exogenous sialic acid residues to Tc-mucins is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21 941 902, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
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Freire-de-Lima L, Oliveira IA, Neves JL, Penha LL, Alisson-Silva F, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Sialic acid: a sweet swing between mammalian host and Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Immunol 2012; 3:356. [PMID: 23230438 PMCID: PMC3515882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly found at the outermost ends of complex carbohydrates in extracellular medium or on outer cell membranes, sialic acids play important roles in a myriad of biological processes. Mammals synthesize sialic acid through a complex pathway, but Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas’ disease, evolved to obtain sialic acid from its host through a trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. Studies of the parasite cell surface architecture and biochemistry indicate that a unique system comprising sialoglycoproteins and sialyl-binding proteins assists the parasite in several functions including parasite survival, infectivity, and host–cell recognition. Additionally, TcTS activity is capable of extensively remodeling host cell glycomolecules, playing a role as virulence factor. This review presents the state of the art of parasite sialobiology, highlighting how the interplay between host and parasite sialic acid helps the pathogen to evade host defense mechanisms and ensure lifetime host parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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18
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Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Assis RR, Rocha MN, Moura e Castro FA, Freitas GF, Murta SM, Santos SL, Marques AF, Almeida IC, Romanha AJ. Intraspecies variation in Trypanosoma cruzi GPI-mucins: biological activities and differential expression of α-galactosyl residues. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:87-96. [PMID: 22764297 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes play an important immunomodulatory role during the course of Chagas disease. Here, some biological activities of tGPI-mucins from four T. cruzi isolates, including benznidazole-susceptible (BZS-Y), benznidazole-resistant (BZR-Y), CL, and Colombiana, were evaluated. GPI-mucins were able to differentially trigger the production of interleukin-12 and nitric oxide in BALB/c macrophages and modulate LLC-MK2 cell invasion. The significance of these variations was assessed after analysis of the terminal α-galactosyl residues. Enzymatic treatment with α-galactosidase indicated a differential expression of O-linked α-galactosyl residues among the strains, with higher expression of this sugar in BZS-Y and BZR-Y T. cruzi populations followed by Colombiana and CL. Unweighted pair group method analysis of the carbohydrate anchor profile and biological parameters allowed the clustering of two groups. One group includes Y and CL strains (T. cruzi II and VI), and the other group is represented by Colombiana strain (T. cruzi I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Kashiwagi GA, Mendoza VM, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of the O-linked hexasaccharide containing β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6322-32. [PMID: 22735493 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→2)-[β-D-Galp-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galf(1→2)-β-D-Galf(1→4)]-D-GlcNAc (1) is the largest carbohydrate structure released as alditol by reductive β-elimination from mucins of some strains of T. cruzi. The terminal β-D-Galp units are sites of sialylation by trans-sialidase which transfers sialic acid from the host to the parasite. Hexasaccharide 1 was synthesized by a [3 + 3]-convergent strategy based on a nitrile assisted glycosylation, using the trichloroacetimidate method. The β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf-D-GlcNAc synthon was sequentially constructed from the reducing end to the non-reducing end employing benzyl α-D-galactofuranoside as starting material for the internal Galf unit. The choice of this novel precursor, obtained in one-reaction step from galactose, allowed the introduction of an orthogonal and participating levulinoyl group at O-2. Thus, the diastereoselective construction of the Galf-β(1→4)-GlcNAc linkage by the trichloroacetimidate method of glycosylation was achieved. The (1)H NMR spectrum of alditol 2 was identical to the product released by β-elimination from the parasite mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. The Chemistry and Biology of Trypanosomal trans-Sialidases: Virulence Factors in Chagas Disease and Sleeping Sickness. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Tefsen B, Ram AF, van Die I, Routier FH. Galactofuranose in eukaryotes: aspects of biosynthesis and functional impact. Glycobiology 2011; 22:456-69. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Oppenheimer M, Valenciano AL, Sobrado P. Biosynthesis of galactofuranose in kinetoplastids: novel therapeutic targets for treating leishmaniasis and chagas' disease. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:415976. [PMID: 21687654 PMCID: PMC3112513 DOI: 10.4061/2011/415976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteins of parasites play a role in pathogenesis by modulating mammalian cell recognition and cell adhesion during infection. β-Galactofuranose (Galf) is an important component of glycoproteins and glycolipids found on the cell surface of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. β-Galf-containing glycans have been shown to be important in parasite-cell interaction and protection against oxidative stress. Here, we discuss the role of β-Galf in pathogenesis and recent studies on the Galf-biosynthetic enzymes: UDP-galactose 4′ epimerase (GalE), UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), and UDP-galactofuranosyl transferase (GalfT). The central role in Galf formation, its unique chemical mechanism, and the absence of a homologous enzyme in humans identify UGM as the most attractive drug target in the β-Galf-biosynthetic pathway in protozoan parasites.
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Giorgi ME, de Lederkremer RM. Trans-sialidase and mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi: an important interplay for the parasite. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1389-93. [PMID: 21645882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A dense glycocalix covers the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Sialic acid in the surface of the parasite plays an important role in the infectious process, however, T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acid or the usual donor CMP-sialic acid. Instead, T. cruzi expresses a unique enzyme, the trans-sialidase (TcTS) involved in the transfer of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to mucins of the parasite. The mucins are the major glycoproteins in the insect stage epimastigotes and in the infective trypomastigotes. Both, the mucins and the TcTS are anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Thus, TcTS may be shed into the bloodstream of the mammal host by the action of a parasite phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C, affecting the immune system. The composition and structure of the sugars in the parasite mucins is characteristic of each differentiation stage, also, interstrain variations were described for epimastigote mucins. This review focus on the characteristics of the interplay between the trans-sialidase and the mucins of T. cruzi and summarizes the known carbohydrate structures of the mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Effects of platelet-activating factor on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with Rhodnius prolixus. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1473-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Zeidan Q, Hart GW. The intersections between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation: implications for multiple signaling pathways. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:13-22. [PMID: 20016062 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.053678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm-changing discovery in biology came about when it was found that nuclear and cytosolic proteins could be dynamically glycosylated with a single O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety. O-GlcNAcylation is akin to phosphorylation: it occurs on serine and/or threonine side chains of proteins, and cycles rapidly upon cellular activation. O-GlcNAc and phosphate show a complex interplay: they can either competitively occupy a single site or proximal sites, or noncompetitively occupy different sites on a substrate. Phosphorylation regulates O-GlcNAc-cycling enzymes and, conversely, O-GlcNAcylation controls phosphate-cycling enzymes. Such crosstalk is evident in all compartments of the cell, a finding that is congruent with the fundamental role of O-GlcNAc in regulating nutrient- and stress-induced signal transduction. O-GlcNAc transferase is recruited to the plasma membrane in response to insulin and is targeted to substrates by forming transient holoenzyme complexes that have different specificities. Cytosolic O-GlcNAcylation is important for the proper transduction of signaling cascades such as the NFkappaB pathway, whereas nuclear O-GlcNAc is crucial for regulating the activity of numerous transcription factors. This Commentary focuses on recent findings supporting an emerging concept that continuous crosstalk between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation is essential for the control of vital cellular processes and for understanding the mechanisms that underlie certain neuropathologies.
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Yoshida N. Molecular mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by oral route. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:101-7. [PMID: 19753464 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent reports on outbreaks of acute Chagas' disease by ingestion of food contaminated with parasites from triatomine insects illustrate the importance of this mode of transmission. Studies on oral Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice have indicated that metacyclic trypomastigotes invade the gastric mucosal epithelium. A key molecule in this process is gp82, a stage-specific surface glycoprotein that binds to both gastric mucin and to target epithelial cells. By triggering Ca2+ signalling, gp82 promotes parasite internalisation. Gp82 is relatively resistant to peptic digestion at acidic pH, thus preserving the properties critical for oral infection. The infection process is also influenced by gp90, a metacyclic stage-specific molecule that negatively regulates the invasion process. T. cruzi strains expressing high gp90 levels invade cells poorly in vitro. However, their infectivity by oral route varies considerably due to varying susceptibilities of different gp90 isoforms to peptic digestion. Parasites expressing pepsin-susceptible gp90 become highly invasive against target cells upon contact with gastric juice. Such is the case of a T. cruzi isolate from an acute case of orally acquired Chagas' disease; the gp90 from this strain is extensively degraded upon short period of parasite permanence in the gastric milieu. If such an exacerbation of infectivity occurs in humans, it may be responsible for the severity of Chagas' disease reported in outbreaks of oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Mendoza VM, Kashiwagi GA, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of trisaccharides containing internal galactofuranose O-linked in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Carbohydr Res 2009; 345:385-96. [PMID: 20044082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The trisaccharides beta-D-Galf-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (5) and beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (6) constitute novel structures isolated as alditols when released by reductive beta-elimination from mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen strain). Trisaccharides 5 and 6 were synthesized employing the aldonolactone approach. Thus, a convenient D-galactono-1,4-lactone derivative was used for the introduction of the internal galactofuranose and the trichloroacetimidate method was employed for glycosylation reactions. Due to the lack of anchimeric assistance on O-2 of the galactofuranosyl precursor, glycosylation studies were performed under different conditions. The nature of the solvent strongly determined the stereochemical course of the glycosylation reactions when the galactofuranosyl donor was substituted either by 2-O-Galp or 2-O-Galf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Penha LL, Sant'Anna CB, Mendonça-Previato L, Cunha-e-Silva NL, Previato JO, Lima APCA. Sorting of phosphoglucomutase to glycosomes in Trypanosoma cruzi is mediated by an internal domain. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1462-72. [PMID: 19696235 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi relies on highly galactosylated molecules as virulence factors and the enzymes involved in sugar biosynthesis are potential therapeutic targets. The synthesis of UDP-galactose in T. cruzi requires the activity of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), the enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate. Several enzymes that participate in carbohydrate metabolism in trypanosomes are confined to specialized peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes. The majority of glycosomal proteins contain peroxisome-targeting signals (PTS) at the COOH- or at the amino-terminus, which drive their transport to glycosomes. We had previously identified the T. cruzi PGM gene (TcPGM) and demonstrated that it encodes a functional enzyme. Here, we show that, in contrast to yeast and mammalian cells, TcPGM resides in glycosomes of the parasite. However, no classical PTS1 or PTS2 motif is present in its sequence. We investigated glycosomal targeting by generating T. cruzi cell lines expressing different domains of TcPGM fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The analysis of the subcellular localization of fusion proteins revealed that an internal targeting signal of TcPGM, residing between amino acid residues 260 and 380, is capable of targeting GFP to glycosomes. These results demonstrate that, in T. cruzi, PGM import into glycosomes is mediated by a novel non-PTS domain that is located internally in the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Penha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21 944 970, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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29
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Heise N, Singh D, van der Wel H, Sassi SO, Johnson JM, Feasley CL, Koeller CM, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, West CM. Molecular analysis of a UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase implicated in the initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Glycobiology 2009; 19:918-33. [PMID: 19468051 PMCID: PMC2704902 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is surrounded by a mucin coat that plays important functions in parasite survival/invasion and is extensively O-glycosylated by Golgi and cell surface glycosyltransferases. The addition of the first sugar, alpha-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) linked to Threonine (Thr), is catalyzed by a polypeptide alpha-GlcNAc-transferase (pp-alphaGlcNAcT) which is unstable to purification. Here, a comparison of the genomes of T. cruzi and Dictyostelium discoideum, an amoebazoan which also forms this linkage, identified two T. cruzi genes (TcOGNT1 and TcOGNT2) that might encode this activity. Though neither was able to complement the Dictyostelium gene, expression in the trypanosomatid Leishmania tarentolae resulted in elevated levels of UDP-[(3)H]GlcNAc:Thr-peptide GlcNAc-transferase activity and UDP-[(3)H]GlcNAc breakdown activity. The ectodomain of TcOGNT2 was expressed and the secreted protein was found to retain both activities after extensive purification away from other proteins and the endogenous activity. Product analysis showed that (3)H was transferred as GlcNAc to a hydroxyamino acid, and breakdown was due to hydrolysis. Both activities were specific for UDP-GlcNAc relative to UDP-GalNAc and were abolished by active site point mutations that inactivate a related Dictyostelium enzyme and distantly related animal pp-alphaGalNAcTs. The peptide preference and the alkaline pH optimum were indistinguishable from those of the native activity in T. cruzi microsomes. The results suggest that mucin-type O-glycosylation in T. cruzi is initiated by conserved members of CAZy family GT60, which is homologous to the GT27 family of animal pp-alphaGalNAcTs that initiate mucin-type O-glycosylation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton Heise
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +1-405-271-4147; Fax: +1-405-271-3910; e-mail: ; or N. Heise, Tel: 55-21-2562-6589; Fax: 55-21-2280-8193; e-mail:
| | - Divyendu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hanke van der Wel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Slim O Sassi
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA
| | - Jennifer M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christa L Feasley
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Carolina M Koeller
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Jose O Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Fate of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-less procyclin and characterization of sialylated non-GPI-anchored surface coat molecules of procyclic-form Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1407-17. [PMID: 19633269 PMCID: PMC2747833 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00178-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Trypanosoma brucei TbGPI12 null mutant that is unable to express cell surface procyclins and free glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPI) revealed that these are not the only surface coat molecules of the procyclic life cycle stage. Here, we show that non-GPI-anchored procyclins are N-glycosylated, accumulate in the lysosome, and appear as proteolytic fragments in the medium. We also show, using lectin agglutination and galactose oxidase-NaB(3)H(4) labeling, that the cell surface of the TbGPI12 null parasites contains glycoconjugates that terminate in sialic acid linked to galactose. Following desialylation, a high-apparent-molecular-weight glycoconjugate fraction was purified by ricin affinity chromatography and gel filtration and shown to contain mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and fucose. The latter has not been previously reported in T. brucei glycoproteins. A proteomic analysis of this fraction revealed a mixture of polytopic transmembrane proteins, including P-type ATPase and vacuolar proton-translocating pyrophosphatase. Immunolocalization studies showed that both could be labeled on the surfaces of wild-type and TbGPI12 null cells. Neither galactose oxidase-NaB(3)H(4) labeling of the non-GPI-anchored surface glycoconjugates nor immunogold labeling of the P-type ATPase was affected by the presence of procyclins in the wild-type cells, suggesting that the procyclins do not, by themselves, form a macromolecular barrier.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Alves MJM, Mortara RA. A century of research: what have we learned about the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host cells? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104 Suppl 1:76-88. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Todeschini AR, Almeida EGD, Agrellos OA, Jones C, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. α-N-acetylglucosamine-linked O-glycans of sialoglycoproteins (Tc-mucins) from Trypanosoma cruzi Colombiana strain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104 Suppl 1:270-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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34
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Agustí R, Giorgi ME, de Lederkremer RM. The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi efficiently transfers alpha-(2-->3)-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid to terminal beta-galactosyl units. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2465-9. [PMID: 17765882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), the agent of Chagas' disease, is a unique enzyme involved in mammalian host-cell invasion. Since T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acids de novo, TcTS catalyzes the transfer of alpha-(2-->3)-sialyl residues from the glycoconjugates of the host to terminal beta-galactopyranosyl units present on the surface of the parasite. TcTS also plays a key role in the immunomodulation of the infected host. Chronic Chagas' disease patients elicit TcTS-neutralizing antibodies that are able to inhibit the enzyme. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid has been detected in T. cruzi, and the trans-sialidase was pointed out as the enzyme involved in its incorporation from host glycoconjugates. However, N-glycolylneuraminic acid alpha-(2-->3)-linked-containing oligosaccharides have not been analyzed as donors in the T. cruzi trans-sialidase reaction. In this paper we studied the ability of TcTS to transfer N-glycolylneuraminic acid from Neu5Gc(alpha2-->3)Gal(beta1-->4)GlcbetaOCH(2)CH(2)N(3) (1) and Neu5Gc(alpha2-->3)Gal(beta1-->3)GlcNAcbetaOCH(2)CH(2)N(3) (2) to lactitol, N-acetyllactosamine and lactose as acceptor substrates. Transfer from 1 was more efficient (50-65%) than from 2 (20-30%) for the three acceptors. The reactions were inhibited when the enzyme was preincubated with a neutralizing antibody. K(m) values were calculated for 1 and 2 and compared with 3'-sialyllactose using lactitol as acceptor substrate. Analysis was performed by high-performance anion-exchange (HPAEC) chromatography. A competitive transfer reaction of compound 1 in the presence of 3'-sialyllactose and N-acetyllactosamine showed a better transfer of Neu5Gc than of Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Agustí R, Giorgi ME, Mendoza VM, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Comparative rates of sialylation by recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitor properties of synthetic oligosaccharides from Trypanosoma cruzi mucins-containing galactofuranose and galactopyranose. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2611-6. [PMID: 17292612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mucin-like glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi have novel O-linked oligosaccharides that are acceptors of sialic acid in the trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. The transference of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to the mucins is involved in infection and pathogenesis. The O-linked chains may contain galactofuranose in addition to the acceptor galactopyranose units. Thus far, the galactofuranose form was found in the mucins of strains belonging to the less infective lineage. The acceptor properties of the chemically synthesized oligosaccharides were now studied in order to correlate their structure with the ability to act as substrates. Recombinant TcTS and sialyllactose as donor were used. The reactions were followed by HPAEC-PAD. The K(m) values were calculated for the free sugars, the sugar alditols and the benzyl glycosides. All the compounds showed to be good acceptors of sialic acid. Thus, the introduction of galactofuranose in the mucins of the strains of lineage 1 would not be responsible for the diminished virulence of the strains. The oligosaccharides and derivatives inhibited the transfer of sialic acid to the substrate N-acetyllactosamine with IC(50) values between 0.6 and 4 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Campo VL, Carvalho I, Allman S, Davis BG, Field RA. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosyl-amino acids and glycopeptides related to Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2645-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b707772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mendoza VM, Agusti R, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Synthesis of the O-linked pentasaccharide in glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi and selective sialylation by recombinant trans-sialidase. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1488-97. [PMID: 16630598 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mucin-like glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi have novel O-linked oligosaccharides that are acceptors of sialic acid in the trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. The transference of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to the mucins is involved in infection and pathogenesis. The synthesis of the pentasaccharide, beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)]-D-GlcpNAc and the corresponding alditol, previously isolated by reductive beta-elimination of the mucins, is described. The key step was the 6-O-glycosylation of a easily accessible derivative of beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcpNAc with a beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)]-D-Galp donor using the trichloroacetimidate method. The beta-linkage was diastereoselectively obtained by the nitrile effect. The pentasaccharide is the major oligosaccharide in the mucins of T. cruzi, G strain and presents two terminal beta-D-Galp residues for possible sialylation by TcTS. A preparative sialylation reaction was performed with its benzyl glycoside and the sialylated product was isolated and characterized. NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that selective monosialylation occurred at the terminal (1-->3) linked galactopyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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38
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Buscaglia CA, Campo VA, Frasch ACC, Di Noia JM. Trypanosoma cruzi surface mucins: host-dependent coat diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:229-36. [PMID: 16489349 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is covered in mucins, which contribute to parasite protection and to the establishment of a persistent infection. Their importance is highlighted by the fact that the approximately 850 mucin-encoding genes comprise approximately 1% of the parasite genome and approximately 6% of all predicted T. cruzi genes. The coordinate expression of a large repertoire of mucins containing variable regions in the mammal-dwelling stages of the T. cruzi life cycle suggests a possible strategy to thwart the host immune response. Here, we discuss the expression profiling of T. cruzi mucins, the mechanisms leading to the acquisition of mucin diversity and the possible consequences of a mosaic surface coat in the interplay between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de General San Martn-CONICET, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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39
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MacRae JI, Obado SO, Turnock DC, Roper JR, Kierans M, Kelly JM, Ferguson MAJ. The suppression of galactose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes causes changes in cell surface molecular architecture and cell morphology. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:126-36. [PMID: 16569451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi is covered by glycoconjugates rich in galactose. The parasite cannot take up galactose through its hexose transporter, suggesting that the epimerisation of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose may be the parasite's only route to this sugar. The T. cruzi UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase is encoded by the TcGALE gene. We were unable to make a CL-Brener strain T. cruzi epimastigote TcGALE-/- null mutant, suggesting that the gene is essential. Two TcGALE+/- single-allele knockout clones displayed aberrant morphology and haploid deficiency with respect to galactose metabolism. The morphological phenotypes included shortened flagella, increased incidence of spheromastigotes, agglutination and a novel walnut-like appearance. The reduced supply of UDP-galactose was manifest in the two clones as a six- or nine-fold reduction in the expression of galactopyranose-containing cell surface mucins and negligible or two-fold reduction in the expression of galactofuranose-containing glycoinositolphospholipids. The major loss of mucins as opposed to glycoinositolphospholipids may indicate that the latter are more important for basic parasite survival in culture. The apparent haploid deficiency suggests that epimerase levels are close to limiting, at least in the epimastigote form, and might be exploited as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I MacRae
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Microbiology, The School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Establishment of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, depends on a series of events involving interactions of diverse parasite molecules with host components. Here we focus on the mechanisms of target cell invasion by metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) and mammalian tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCT). During MT or TCT internalization, signal transduction pathways are activated both in the parasite and the target cell, leading to Ca2+ mobilization. For cell adhesion, MT engage surface glycoproteins, such as gp82 and gp35/50, which are Ca2+ signal-inducing molecules. In T. cruzi isolates that enter host cells in gp82-mediated manner, parasite protein tyrosine kinase as well as phospholipase C are activated, and Ca2+ is released from I P3-sensitive stores, whereas in T. cruzi isolates that attach to target cells mainly through gp35/50, the signaling pathway involving adenylate cyclase appears to be stimulated, with Ca2+ release from acidocalciosomes. In addition, T. cruzi isolate-dependent inhibitory signals, mediated by MT-specific gp90, may be triggered both in the host cell and the parasite. The repertoire of TCT molecules implicated in cell invasion includes surface glycoproteins of gp85 family, with members containing binding sites for laminin and cytokeratin 18, enzymes such as cruzipain, trans-sialidase, and an oligopeptidase B that generates a Ca2+-agonist from a precursor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Amin DN, Kamita SG, Muluvi GM, Machuka J, Hammock BD, Osir EO. Glossina proteolytic lectin does not require a carbohydrate moiety for enzymatic or trypanosome-transforming activities. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 43:301-8. [PMID: 16619615 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0301:gpldnr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The developmental cycle of the cyclically transmitted African trypanosome involves an obligatory passage through the tsetse fly, Glossina spp. This intricate relationship requires the presence of molecules within the insect vector, including a midgut lectin, that interact with the trypanosome. Recently, a gene encoding for a proteolytic lectin, with trypanosome-transforming activity, was isolated from a midgut cDNA library of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Austen in our laboratory. Using the same approach, we have identified a similar gene from a midgut cDNA library of Glossina austeni (Newstead). The protein encoded by this gene was expressed in bacteria and a baculovirus-based expression system. The baculovirus-expressed lectin was found in the medium of baculovirus-infected Sf-21 cell cultures, indicating that the tsetse fly-derived signal peptide was recognized and cleaved by the Sf-21 cells. The baculovirus-expressed protein also was glycosylated despite the absence of classical O-linked and N-linked sugar attachment motifs. Both the baculovirus- and bacterium-expressed lectin proteins were shown to agglutinate trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells in vitro. This agglutination was strongly inhibited by D-glucosamine. D-Glucosamine also inhibited the action of the authentic and recombinant lectins upon the chromogenic substrate Chromozym TRY. Interestingly, both baculovirus- and bacterium-expressed lectins showed no significant differences in terms of these activities, indicating that a sugar moiety is not essential for biological activity. Our results provide an important molecular tool for further characterization of Glossina proteolytic lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Amin
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
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42
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Figueiredo J, Dias W, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato J, Heise N. Characterization of the inositol phosphorylceramide synthase activity from Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem J 2005; 387:519-29. [PMID: 15569002 PMCID: PMC1134981 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IPC (inositol phosphorylceramide) synthase is an enzyme essential for fungal viability, and it is the target of potent antifungal compounds such as rustmicin and aureobasidin A. Similar to fungi and some other lower eukaryotes, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is capable of synthesizing free or protein-linked glycoinositolphospholipids containing IPC. As a first step towards understanding the importance and mechanism of IPC synthesis in T. cruzi, we investigated the effects of rustmicin and aureobasidin A on the proliferation of different life-cycle stages of the parasite. The compounds did not interfere with the axenic growth of epimastigotes, but aureobasidin A decreased the release of trypomastigotes from infected murine peritoneal macrophages and the number of intracellular amastigotes in a dose-dependent manner. We have demonstrated for the first time that all forms of T. cruzi express an IPC synthase activity that is capable of transferring inositol phosphate from phosphatidylinositol to the C-1 hydroxy group of C6-NBD-cer {6-[N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-amino]hexanoylceramide} to form inositol phosphoryl-C6-NBD-cer, which was purified and characterized by its chromatographic behaviour on TLC and HPLC, sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis. Unlike the Saccharomyces cerevisiae IPC synthase, the T. cruzi enzyme is stimulated by Triton X-100 but not by bivalent cations, CHAPS or fatty-acid-free BSA, and it is not inhibited by rustmicin or aureobasidin A, or the two in combination. Further studies showed that aureobasidin A has effects on macrophages independent of the infecting T. cruzi cells. These results suggest that T. cruzi synthesizes its own IPC, but by a mechanism that is not affected by rustmicin and aureobasidin A.
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Key Words
- aureobasidin a
- chagas disease
- glycoinositolphospholipid (gipl)
- inositol phosphorylceramide (ipc) synthase
- sphingolipid synthesis
- trypanosoma cruzi
- bhi, brain–heart infusion
- c6-nbd-cer, 6-[n-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoylceramide
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- etnp, ethanolamine phosphate
- fcs, foetal calf serum
- gipl, glycoinositolphospholipid
- gpi, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- ifn-γ, interferon-γ
- ipc, inositol phosphorylceramide
- ip-c6-nbd-cer, inositol phosphoryl-c6-nbd-cer
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- mø, murine peritoneal macrophages
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- pi-plc, pi-specific phospholipase c from bacillus thuringiensis
- sbp, sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway
- tct, tissue-culture-derived trypomastigote
- tx-100, triton x-100
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21944-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner B. Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21944-970, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21944-970, Brazil
| | - José O. Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21944-970, Brazil
| | - Norton Heise
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21944-970, Brazil
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43
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Macrae JI, Acosta-Serrano A, Morrice NA, Mehlert A, Ferguson MAJ. Structural characterization of NETNES, a novel glycoconjugate in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12201-11. [PMID: 15649890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412939200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular stercorarian protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. The epimastigote form of the parasite is covered in a dense coat of glycoinositol phospholipids and short glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucinlike molecules. Here, we describe the purification and structural characterization of NETNES, a relatively minor but unusually complex glycoprotein that coexists with these major surface components. The mature glycoprotein is only 13 amino acids in length, with the sequence AQENETNESGSID, and exists in two forms with either four or five post-translational modifications. These are either one or two asparagine-linked oligomannose glycans, two linear alpha-mannose glycans linked to serine residues via phosphodiester linkages, and a GPI membrane anchor attached to the C-terminal aspartic acid residue. The variety and density of post-translational modifications on an unusually small peptide core make NETNES a unique type of glycoprotein. The N-glycans are predominantly Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3) Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-Asn; the phosphate-linked glycans are a mixture of (Manalpha1-2)0-3Man1-P-Ser; and the GPI anchor has the structure Manalpha1-2(ethanolamine phosphate)Manalpha1-2Manalpha1-6Manalpha1-4(2-aminoethylphosphonate-6)GlcNalpha1-6-myo-inositol-1-P-3(sn-1-O-(C16:0)alkyl-2-O-(C16:0)acylglycerol). Four putative NETNES genes were found in the T. cruzi genome data base. These genes are predicted to encode 65-amino acid proteins with cleavable 26-amino acid N-terminal signal peptides and 26-amino acid C-terminal GPI addition signal peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Asparagine/chemistry
- Aspartic Acid/chemistry
- Carbohydrate Conformation
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Chromatography
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Databases as Topic
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Glycoconjugates/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/chemistry
- Hydrofluoric Acid/chemistry
- Hydrolysis
- Ions
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Methylation
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrous Acid/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Phospholipids/chemistry
- Phosphorylation
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Sorting Signals
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protozoan Proteins
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Macrae
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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44
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Agusti R, Mendoza VM, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Selective sialylation of 2,3-di-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-d-galactose catalyzed by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Jones C, Todeschini AR, Agrellos OA, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Heterogeneity in the biosynthesis of mucin O-glycans from Trypanosoma cruzi tulahuen strain with the expression of novel galactofuranosyl-containing oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 2004; 43:11889-97. [PMID: 15362875 DOI: 10.1021/bi048942u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialoglycoprotein from Trypanosoma cruzi strains participates in important biological functions in which the O-linked glycans play a pivotal role, and their structural diversity may be related to the parasite's virulence pattern. To provide supporting evidence for this idea, we have determined the structure of novel linear and branched alpha-O-GlcNAc-linked oligosaccharides present on the mucins of the T. cruzi Tulahuen strain. The O-glycans were isolated as oligosaccharide alditols by reductive beta-elimination, purified, and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Two core families were synthesized by the parasite: the Galfbeta1-->4GlcNAc and Galpbeta1-->4GlcNAc. The Galfbeta1-->4GlcNAc core yields three series of O-chain structures. In the first, the Galf residue is nonsubstituted, while in the other series it is elongated by the activity of galactopyranosyl or galactofuranosyl transferases giving rise to Galp-beta-(1-->2)-Galf-beta-(1-->4) or Galf-beta-(1-->2)-Galf-beta-(1-->4) substructures not previously observed. The three series can arise by further galactopyranosylation of the GlcNAc O-6 arm. Sialylation was the only observed elaboration of the Galpbeta1-->4GlcNAc core family. Thus the determination of the structures of the O-glycans from T. cruzi Tulahuen mucins confirms the strain specificity of the glycosylation and predicts a relationship between it and parasite pathogenicity and the epidemiology of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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46
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Buscaglia CA, Campo VA, Di Noia JM, Torrecilhas ACT, De Marchi CR, Ferguson MAJ, Frasch ACC, Almeida IC. The Surface Coat of the Mammal-dwelling Infective Trypomastigote Stage of Trypanosoma cruzi Is Formed by Highly Diverse Immunogenic Mucins. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15860-9. [PMID: 14749325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A thick coat of mucin-like glycoproteins covers the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi and plays a crucial role in parasite protection and infectivity and host immunomodulation. The appealing candidate genes coding for the mucins of the mammal-dwelling stages define a heterogeneous family termed TcMUC, which comprises up to 700 members, thus precluding a genetic approach to address the protein core identity. Here, we demonstrate by multiple approaches that the TcMUC II genes code for the majority of trypomastigote mucins. These molecules display a variable, non-repetitive, highly O-glycosylated central domain, followed by a short conserved C terminus and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. A simultaneous expression of multiple TcMUC II gene products was observed. Moreover, the C terminus of TcMUC II mucins, but not their central domain, elicited strong antibody responses in patients with Chagas' disease and T. crusi infected animals. This highly diverse coat of mucins may represent a refined parasite strategy to elude the mammalian host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Roper JR, Ferguson MAJ. Cloning and characterisation of the UDP-glucose 4′-epimerase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 132:47-53. [PMID: 14563536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi incorporates galactose into many of its cell-surface glycoconjugates but it is unable to transport this sugar through its hexose transporter. Epimerisation of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose by UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase may be the only way that the parasites can obtain galactose. Here, we describe cloning the T. cruzi UDP-Glc 4'-epimerase (TcGALE) gene and show that it is functional by complementing an Escherichia coli epimerase-deficient strain. The T. cruzi GALE gene encodes a 42.4 kDa protein and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli is a homodimer in solution with a specific activity of 3.8 U mg(-1) and K(m) for UDP-Gal of 114 microM. Unlike the human epimerase, T. cruzi UDP-Glc 4'-epimerase is unable to inter-convert UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. This may explain why T. cruzi initiates O-glycosylation of its abundant GPI-anchored surface mucins via GlcNAcalpha1-O-Thr/Ser rather than the GalNAcalpha1-O-Thr/Ser linkage that is common for mucins from many other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine R Roper
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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48
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Miletti LC, Mariño K, Marino C, Colli W, Alves MJM, de Lederkremer RM. Evidence for exo beta-D-galactofuranosidase in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 127:85-8. [PMID: 12615340 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05599-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Abstract
Cell fractionation, a methodological strategy for obtaining purified organelle preparations, has been applied successfully to parasitic protozoa by a number of investigators. Here we present and discuss the work of several groups that have obtained highly purified subcellular fractions from trypanosomatids, Apicomplexa and trichomonads, and whose work have added substantially to our knowledge of the cell biology of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-900, Brasil.
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50
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Agrellos OA, Jones C, Todeschini AR, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. A novel sialylated and galactofuranose-containing O-linked glycan, Neu5Acalpha2-->3Galpbeta1-->6(Galfbeta1-->4)GlcNAc, is expressed on the sialoglycoprotein of Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 126:93-6. [PMID: 12554088 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando A Agrellos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Brazil
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