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Blumenreich S, Nehushtan T, Kupervaser M, Shalit T, Gabashvili A, Joseph T, Milenkovic I, Hardy J, Futerman AH. Large-scale proteomics analysis of five brain regions from Parkinson's disease patients with a GBA1 mutation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:33. [PMID: 38331996 PMCID: PMC10853186 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, little is known about Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. A number of genetic factors predispose towards PD, among them mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid-β-glucosidase. We now perform non-targeted, mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics on five brain regions from PD patients with a GBA1 mutation (PD-GBA) and compare to age- and sex-matched idiopathic PD patients (IPD) and controls. Two proteins were differentially-expressed in all five brain regions whereas significant differences were detected between the brain regions, with changes consistent with loss of dopaminergic signaling in the substantia nigra, and activation of a number of pathways in the cingulate gyrus, including ceramide synthesis. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was inactivated in PD samples in most brain regions and to a larger extent in PD-GBA. This study provides a comprehensive large-scale proteomics dataset for the study of PD-GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meital Kupervaser
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alexandra Gabashvili
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tammar Joseph
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurogenerative Disease, UCL Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
- The Joseph Meyerhof Professor of Biochemistry at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Wei J, Wong LC, Boland S. Lipids as Emerging Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:131. [PMID: 38203300 PMCID: PMC10778656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are molecules that can be used to observe changes in an individual's biochemical or medical status and provide information to aid diagnosis or treatment decisions. Dysregulation in lipid metabolism in the brain is a major risk factor for many neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, there is a growing interest in using lipids as biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases, with the anionic phospholipid bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate and (glyco-)sphingolipids being the most promising lipid classes thus far. In this review, we provide a general overview of lipid biology, provide examples of abnormal lysosomal lipid metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss how these insights might offer novel and promising opportunities in biomarker development and therapeutic discovery. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of lipid biomarkers and biomarker panels in diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment response in the clinic.
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3
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Pewzner-Jung Y, Joseph T, Blumenreich S, Vardi A, Ferreira NS, Cho SM, Eilam R, Tsoory M, Biton IE, Brumfeld V, Haffner-Krausz R, Brenner O, Sharabi N, Addadi Y, Salame TM, Rotkopf R, Wigoda N, Yayon N, Merrill AH, Schiffmann R, Futerman AH. Brain pathology and cerebellar purkinje cell loss in a mouse model of chronic neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 197:101939. [PMID: 33152398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is currently the focus of considerable attention due primarily to the association between the gene that causes GD (GBA) and Parkinson's disease. Mouse models exist for the systemic (type 1) and for the acute neuronopathic forms (type 2) of GD. Here we report the generation of a mouse that phenotypically models chronic neuronopathic type 3 GD. Gba-/-;Gbatg mice, which contain a Gba transgene regulated by doxycycline, accumulate moderate levels of the offending substrate in GD, glucosylceramide, and live for up to 10 months, i.e. significantly longer than mice which model type 2 GD. Gba-/-;Gbatg mice display behavioral abnormalities at ∼4 months, which deteriorate with age, along with significant neuropathology including loss of Purkinje neurons. Gene expression is altered in the brain and in isolated microglia, although the changes in gene expression are less extensive than in mice modeling type 2 disease. Finally, bone deformities are consistent with the Gba-/-;Gbatg mice being a genuine type 3 GD model. Together, the Gba-/-;Gbatg mice share pathological pathways with acute neuronopathic GD mice but also display differences that might help understand the distinct disease course and progression of type 2 and 3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Tammar Joseph
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Blumenreich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Soo Min Cho
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbal E Biton
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ori Brenner
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Sharabi
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tomer-Meir Salame
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Wigoda
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Yayon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Karatas M, Dogan S, Spahiu E, Ašić A, Bešić L, Turan Y. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition parameters of human leukocyte glucosylceramidase. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05191. [PMID: 33163670 PMCID: PMC7609449 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramidase (GCase) is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of β-glucosidic linkage of glucocerebroside (GC) into glucose and ceramide; thereby, plays an essential function in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes. The growing list of 460 mutations in the gene coding for it-glucosylceramidase beta acid 1 (GBA1)-is reported to abolish its catalytic activity and decrease its enzyme stability, associating it with severe health conditions such as Gaucher disease (GD), Parkinson Disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Although the three-dimensional structure of wild type glucosylceramidase is elucidated, little is known about its features in human cells. Moreover, alternative sources of GCase that prove to be effective in the treatment of diseases with enzyme treatment therapies, impose the need for a simple and cost-effective procedure to study the enzyme behavior. This work, for the first time, shows a well-established, yet simple, cost- and time-efficient protocol for the study of GCase enzyme in human leukocytes by the artificial substrate p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG). Characterization of the enzyme in human leukocytes for activation parameters (optimal pH, Km, and Vmax) and enzyme inhibition was done. The results indicate that the optimum pH of GCase enzyme with PNPG is 5.0. The Km and Vmax values are 12.6mM and 333 U/mg, respectively. Gluconolactone competitively inhibits GCase, with a Ki value of 0.023 mM and IC50 of 0.047 mM. Glucose inhibition is uncompetitive with a Ki of 1.94 mM and IC50 of 55.3 mM. This is the first report for the inhibitory effect of glucose, δ-gluconolactone on human leukocyte GCase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Karatas
- International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Francuske revolucije bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Senol Dogan
- Leipzig University, Faculty for Physics and Earth Sciences, Peter Debye Institute, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emrulla Spahiu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adna Ašić
- International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Francuske revolucije bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Larisa Bešić
- International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Francuske revolucije bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Yusuf Turan
- International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Francuske revolucije bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are cell-type-specific components of the outer leaflet of mammalian plasma membranes. Gangliosides, sialic acid–containing glycosphingolipids, are especially enriched on neuronal surfaces. As amphi-philic molecules, they comprise a hydrophilic oligosaccharide chain attached to a hydrophobic membrane anchor, ceramide. Whereas glycosphingolipid formation is catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes along the secretory pathway, degradation takes place at the surface of intralysosomal vesicles of late endosomes and lysosomes catalyzed in a stepwise fashion by soluble hydrolases and assisted by small lipid-binding glycoproteins. Inherited defects of lysosomal hydrolases or lipid-binding proteins cause the accumulation of undegradable material in lysosomal storage diseases (GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis; Fabry, Gaucher, and Krabbe diseases; and metachromatic leukodystrophy). The catabolic processes are strongly modified by the lipid composition of the substrate-carrying membranes, and the pathological accumulation of primary storage compounds can trigger an accumulation of secondary storage compounds (e.g., small glycosphingolipids and cholesterol in Niemann-Pick disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;,
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;,
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6
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Kim MJ, Jeon S, Burbulla LF, Krainc D. Acid ceramidase inhibition ameliorates α-synuclein accumulation upon loss of GBA1 function. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1972-1988. [PMID: 29579237 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GBA1 encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) which converts glucosylceramide into ceramide and glucose. Mutations in GBA1 lead to Gaucher's disease and are a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), synucleinopathies characterized by accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein. In this study, we examined whether decreased ceramide that is observed in GCase-deficient cells contributes to α-synuclein accumulation. We demonstrated that deficiency of GCase leads to a reduction of C18-ceramide species and altered intracellular localization of Rab8a, a small GTPase implicated in secretory autophagy, that contributed to impaired secretion of α-synuclein and accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein. This secretory defect was rescued by exogenous C18-ceramide or chemical inhibition of lysosomal enzyme acid ceramidase that converts lysosomal ceramide into sphingosine. Inhibition of acid ceramidase by carmofur resulted in increased ceramide levels and decreased glucosylsphingosine levels in GCase-deficient cells, and also reduced oxidized α-synuclein and levels of ubiquitinated proteins in GBA1-PD patient-derived dopaminergic neurons. Together, these results suggest that decreased ceramide generation via the catabolic lysosomal salvage pathway in GCase mutant cells contributes to α-synuclein accumulation, potentially due to impaired secretory autophagy. We thus propose that acid ceramidase inhibition which restores ceramide levels may be a potential therapeutic strategy to target synucleinopathies linked to GBA1 mutations including PD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jong Kim
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sohee Jeon
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Sandhoff R, Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Ganglioside Metabolism in Health and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:1-62. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, which are abundant in mammalian brain tissue. Several fatal human diseases are caused by defects in glycolipid metabolism. Defects in their degradation lead to an accumulation of metabolites upstream of the defective reactions, whereas defects in their biosynthesis lead to diverse problems in a large number of organs.Gangliosides are primarily positioned with their ceramide anchor in the neuronal plasma membrane and the glycan head group exposed on the cell surface. Their biosynthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the ceramide anchor, followed by sequential glycosylation reactions, mainly at the luminal surface of Golgi and TGN membranes, a combinatorial process, which is catalyzed by often promiscuous membrane-bound glycosyltransferases.Thereafter, the gangliosides are transported to the plasma membrane by exocytotic membrane flow. After endocytosis, they are degraded within the endolysosomal compartments by a complex machinery of degrading enzymes, lipid-binding activator proteins, and negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Schonauer S, Körschen HG, Penno A, Rennhack A, Breiden B, Sandhoff K, Gutbrod K, Dörmann P, Raju DN, Haberkant P, Gerl MJ, Brügger B, Zigdon H, Vardi A, Futerman AH, Thiele C, Wachten D. Identification of a feedback loop involving β-glucosidase 2 and its product sphingosine sheds light on the molecular mechanisms in Gaucher disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6177-6189. [PMID: 28258214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal acid β-glucosidase GBA1 and the non-lysosomal β-glucosidase GBA2 degrade glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to glucose and ceramide in different cellular compartments. Loss of GBA2 activity and the resulting accumulation of GlcCer results in male infertility, whereas mutations in the GBA1 gene and loss of GBA1 activity cause the lipid-storage disorder Gaucher disease. However, the role of GBA2 in Gaucher disease pathology and its relationship to GBA1 is not well understood. Here, we report a GBA1-dependent down-regulation of GBA2 activity in patients with Gaucher disease. Using an experimental approach combining cell biology, biochemistry, and mass spectrometry, we show that sphingosine, the cytotoxic metabolite accumulating in Gaucher cells through the action of GBA2, directly binds to GBA2 and inhibits its activity. We propose a negative feedback loop, in which sphingosine inhibits GBA2 activity in Gaucher cells, preventing further sphingosine accumulation and, thereby, cytotoxicity. Our findings add a new chapter to the understanding of the complex molecular mechanism underlying Gaucher disease and the regulation of β-glucosidase activity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schonauer
- From the Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, and
| | - Heinz G Körschen
- the Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke Penno
- the Department of Cell Biology of Lipids, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Rennhack
- the Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernadette Breiden
- the LIMES Institute, c/o Kekulé-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- the LIMES Institute, c/o Kekulé-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- the Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- the Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana N Raju
- From the Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, and
| | - Per Haberkant
- the Proteomic Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias J Gerl
- the Biochemie-Zentrum (BZH), Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- the Biochemie-Zentrum (BZH), Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hila Zigdon
- the Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- the Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- the Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and
| | - Christoph Thiele
- the Department of Cell Biology of Lipids, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- From the Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, and .,the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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10
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Vardi A, Zigdon H, Meshcheriakova A, Klein AD, Yaacobi C, Eilam R, Kenwood BM, Rahim AA, Massaro G, Merrill AH, Vitner EB, Futerman AH. Delineating pathological pathways in a chemically induced mouse model of Gaucher disease. J Pathol 2016; 239:496-509. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Hila Zigdon
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Anna Meshcheriakova
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Chen Yaacobi
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Brandon M Kenwood
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; University College London; London UK
| | - Giulia Massaro
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; University College London; London UK
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Einat B Vitner
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
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11
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Kubo SI. Membrane lipids as therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease: a possible link between Lewy pathology and membrane lipids. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:1301-1310. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular stomachs. They degrade macromolecules and release their components as nutrients into the cytosol. Digestion of sphingolipids and other membrane lipids occurs at luminal intraendosomal vesicles and IMs (intraendosomal membranes). Sphingolipid and membrane digestion needs catabolic hydrolases with the help of lipid-binding proteins [SAPs (sphingolipid activator proteins)] and anionic lipids such as BMP [bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate]. Inherited defects of hydrolases or SAPs or uptake of cationic amphiphilic drugs cause lipid accumulation, eventually leading to death, especially in inherited sphingolipid storage diseases. IMs are formed during endocytosis and their lipid composition is adjusted for degradation. Their cholesterol content, which stabilizes membranes, decreases and the level of negatively charged BMP, which stimulates sphingolipid degradation, increases. At the level of late endosomes, cholesterol is transported out of the luminal vesicles preferentially by cholesterol-binding proteins, NPC (Niemann-Pick type C)-2 and NPC-1. Their defects lead to an endolysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in Niemann-Pick type C disease. BMP and ceramide stimulate NPC-2-mediated cholesterol transfer, whereas sphingomyelin inhibits it. Anionic membrane lipids also activate sphingomyelin degradation by ASM (acid sphingomyelinase), facilitating cholesterol export by NPC-2. ASM is a non-specific phospholipase C and degrades more than 23 phospholipids. SAPs are membrane-perturbing proteins which solubilize lipids, facilitating glycolipid digestion by presenting them to soluble catabolic enzymes at acidic pH. High BMP and low cholesterol levels favour lipid extraction and membrane disintegration by saposin A and B. The simultaneous inherited defect of saposins A-D causes a severe membrane and sphingolipid storage disease, also disrupting the water permeability barrier of the skin.
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13
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Farfel-Becker T, Vitner EB, Kelly SL, Bame JR, Duan J, Shinder V, Merrill AH, Dobrenis K, Futerman AH. Neuronal accumulation of glucosylceramide in a mouse model of neuronopathic Gaucher disease leads to neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:843-54. [PMID: 24064337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease has recently received wide attention due to the unexpected discovery that it is a genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Gaucher disease is caused by the defective activity of the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase; GBA1), resulting in intracellular accumulation of the glycosphingolipids, glucosylceramide and psychosine. The rare neuronopathic forms of GD (nGD) are characterized by profound neurological impairment and neuronal cell death. We have previously described the progression of neuropathological changes in a mouse model of nGD. We now examine the relationship between glycosphingolipid accumulation and initiation of pathology at two pre-symptomatic stages of the disease in four different brain areas which display differential degrees of susceptibility to GCase deficiency. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated glucosylceramide and psychosine accumulation in nGD brains prior to the appearance of neuroinflammation, although only glucosylceramide accumulation correlated with neuroinflammation and neuron loss. Levels of other sphingolipids, including the pro-apoptotic lipid, ceramide, were mostly unaltered. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that glucosylceramide accumulation occurs in neurons, mostly in the form of membrane-delimited pseudo-tubules located near the nucleus. Highly disrupted glucosylceramide-storing cells, which are likely degenerating neurons containing massive inclusions, numerous autophagosomes and unique ultrastructural features, were also observed. Together, our results indicate that a certain level of neuronal glucosylceramide storage is required to trigger neuropathological changes in affected brain areas, while other brain areas containing similar glucosylceramide levels are unaltered, presumably because of intrinsic differences in neuronal properties, or in the neuronal environment, between various brain regions.
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14
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Denny RA, Gavrin LK, Saiah E. Recent developments in targeting protein misfolding diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1935-44. [PMID: 23454013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is an emerging field that crosses multiple therapeutic areas and causes many serious diseases. As the biological pathways of protein misfolding become more clearly elucidated, small molecule approaches in this arena are gaining increased attention. This manuscript will survey current small molecules from the literature that are known to modulate misfolding, stabilization or proteostasis. Specifically, the following targets and approaches will be discussed: CFTR, glucocerebrosidase, modulation of toxic oligomers, serum amyloid P (SAP) sections and HSF1 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiah Aldrin Denny
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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15
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Lee S, Kim HJ, Jeong SY, Hwang JM. Ocular Abnormality of Korean Patients with Molecular Genetically Confirmed Gaucher Disease. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyon J. Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seon-Yong Jeong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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16
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Sandhoff K. My journey into the world of sphingolipids and sphingolipidoses. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:554-82. [PMID: 23229750 PMCID: PMC3552047 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of lipid storage in postmortem brains of patients with amaurotic idiocy led to the recognition of five lysosomal ganglioside storage diseases and identification of their inherited metabolic blocks. Purification of lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase and ceramidase and analysis of their gene structures were the prerequisites for the clarification of Niemann-Pick and Farber disease. For lipid catabolism, intraendosomal vesicles are formed during the endocytotic pathway. They are subjected to lipid sorting processes and were identified as luminal platforms for cellular lipid and membrane degradation. Lipid binding glycoproteins solubilize lipids from these cholesterol poor membranes and present them to water-soluble hydrolases for digestion. Biosynthesis and intracellular trafficking of lysosomal hydrolases (hexosaminidases, acid sphingomyelinase and ceramidase) and lipid binding and transfer proteins (GM2 activator, saposins) were analyzed to identify the molecular and metabolic basis of several sphingolipidoses. Studies on the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids yielded the scheme of Combinatorial Ganglioside Biosynthesis involving promiscuous glycosyltransferases. Their defects in mutagenized mice impair brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES c/o Kekulé-Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Yap TL, Gruschus JM, Velayati A, Westbroek W, Goldin E, Moaven N, Sidransky E, Lee JC. Alpha-synuclein interacts with Glucocerebrosidase providing a molecular link between Parkinson and Gaucher diseases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28080-8. [PMID: 21653695 PMCID: PMC3151053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.237859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presynaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn), particularly in its amyloid form, is widely recognized for its involvement in Parkinson disease (PD). Recent genetic studies reveal that mutations in the gene GBA are the most widespread genetic risk factor for parkinsonism identified to date. GBA encodes for glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the enzyme deficient in the lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher disease (GD). In this work, we investigated the possibility of a physical linkage between α-syn and GCase, examining both wild type and the GD-related N370S mutant enzyme. Using fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined that α-syn and GCase interact selectively under lysosomal solution conditions (pH 5.5) and mapped the interaction site to the α-syn C-terminal residues, 118-137. This α-syn-GCase complex does not form at pH 7.4 and is stabilized by electrostatics, with dissociation constants ranging from 1.2 to 22 μm in the presence of 25 to 100 mm NaCl. Intriguingly, the N370S mutant form of GCase has a reduced affinity for α-syn, as does the inhibitor conduritol-β-epoxide-bound enzyme. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies verified this interaction in human tissue and neuronal cell culture, respectively. Although our data do not preclude protein-protein interactions in other cellular milieux, we suggest that the α-syn-GCase association is favored in the lysosome, and that this noncovalent interaction provides the groundwork to explore molecular mechanisms linking PD with mutant GBA alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Leong Yap
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, and
| | - James M. Gruschus
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, and
| | - Arash Velayati
- the Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Wendy Westbroek
- the Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ehud Goldin
- the Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nima Moaven
- the Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- the Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, and
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18
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Hill T, Tropak MB, Mahuran D, Withers SG. Synthesis, Kinetic Evaluation and Cell-Based Analysis of C-Alkylated Isofagomines as Chaperones of β-Glucocerebrosidase. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2151-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang F, Chou A, Segatori L. Lacidipine Remodels Protein Folding and Ca2+ Homeostasis in Gaucher's Disease Fibroblasts: A Mechanism to Rescue Mutant Glucocerebrosidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:766-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Lysosomal lipid storage diseases, or lipidoses, are inherited metabolic disorders in which typically lipids accumulate in cells and tissues. Complex lipids, such as glycosphingolipids, are constitutively degraded within the endolysosomal system by soluble hydrolytic enzymes with the help of lipid binding proteins in a sequential manner. Because of a functionally impaired hydrolase or auxiliary protein, their lipid substrates cannot be degraded, accumulate in the lysosome, and slowly spread to other intracellular membranes. In Niemann-Pick type C disease, cholesterol transport is impaired and unesterified cholesterol accumulates in the late endosome. In most lysosomal lipid storage diseases, the accumulation of one or few lipids leads to the coprecipitation of other hydrophobic substances in the endolysosomal system, such as lipids and proteins, causing a "traffic jam." This can impair lysosomal function, such as delivery of nutrients through the endolysosomal system, leading to a state of cellular starvation. Therapeutic approaches are currently restricted to mild forms of diseases with significant residual catabolic activities and without brain involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schulze
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, University of Bonn, Germany
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21
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Kolter T. A view on sphingolipids and disease. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:590-606. [PMID: 21570958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid levels and expression of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes are altered in a variety of diseases or in response to drug treatment. Inherited defects of enzymes and other proteins required for the lysosomal degradation of these lipids lead to human sphingolipidoses. Also genetic defects that affect sphingolipid biosynthesis are known. Although the molecular details are often far from clear, (glyco)sphingolipids have been implicated to play a role in atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, cancer, and infections by pathogens. More general aspects of selected diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- LiMES-Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Wang F, Agnello G, Sotolongo N, Segatori L. Ca2+ homeostasis modulation enhances the amenability of L444P glucosylcerebrosidase to proteostasis regulation in patient-derived fibroblasts. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:158-68. [PMID: 21043486 DOI: 10.1021/cb100321m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease is caused by deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GC) activity and accumulation of GC substrate, glucosylceramide. A number of point mutations in GC encoding gene have been reported to destabilize the enzyme native structure, resulting in protein misfolding and degradation. Particularly, the L444P GC variant, often associated with neuropathic manifestations of the disease, is severely destabilized and immediately degraded, resulting in complete loss of enzymatic activity. In addition, glucosylceramide accumulation causes Ca(2+) efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the neurons of Gaucher's disease patients. We hypothesized that excessive [Ca(2+)](ER) efflux impairs ER folding and studied how modulation of [Ca(2+)](ER) affects folding of L444P GC in patient-derived fibroblasts. We report that RyRs blockers mediated [Ca(2+)] modulation, recreating a "wild type-like" folding environment in the ER, more amenable to rescuing the folding of mutated L444P GC through proteostasis regulation. Treating patient-derived fibroblasts with a RyRs blocker and a proteostasis modulator, MG-132, results in enhanced folding, trafficking, and activity of the severely destabilized L444P GC variant. Global gene expression profiling and mechanistic studies were conducted to investigate the folding quality control expression pattern conducive to native folding of mutated L444P GC and revealed that the ER-lumenal BiP/GRP78 plays a key role in the biogenesis of this GC variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, CHBE-MS 362, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Giulia Agnello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, CHBE-MS 362, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Natasha Sotolongo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, CHBE-MS 362, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Laura Segatori
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, CHBE-MS 362, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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23
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Bodamer OA, Hung C. Laboratory and genetic evaluation of Gaucher disease. Wien Med Wochenschr 2010; 160:600-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-010-0814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Pewzner-Jung Y, Park H, Laviad EL, Silva LC, Lahiri S, Stiban J, Erez-Roman R, Brügger B, Sachsenheimer T, Wieland F, Prieto M, Merrill AH, Futerman AH. A critical role for ceramide synthase 2 in liver homeostasis: I. alterations in lipid metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10902-10. [PMID: 20110363 PMCID: PMC2856296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is an important lipid signaling molecule that plays critical roles in regulating cell behavior. Ceramide synthesis is surprisingly complex and is orchestrated by six mammalian ceramide synthases, each of which produces ceramides with restricted acyl chain lengths. We have generated a CerS2 null mouse and characterized the changes in the long chain base and sphingolipid composition of livers from these mice. Ceramide and downstream sphingolipids were devoid of very long (C22-C24) acyl chains, consistent with the substrate specificity of CerS2 toward acyl-CoAs. Unexpectedly, C16-ceramide levels were elevated, and as a result, total ceramide levels were unaltered; however, C16-ceramide synthesis in vitro was not increased. Levels of sphinganine were also significantly elevated, by up to 50-fold, reminiscent of the effect of the ceramide synthase inhibitor, fumonisin B1. With the exceptions of glucosylceramide synthase and neutral sphingomyelinase 2, none of the other enzymes tested in either the sphingolipid biosynthetic or degradative pathways were significantly changed. Total glycerophospholipid and cholesterol levels were unaltered, although there was a marked elevation in C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine, concomitant with a reduction in C18:0 and C20:4 fatty acids. Finally, differences were observed in the biophysical properties of lipid extracts isolated from liver microsomes, with membranes from CerS2 null mice displaying higher membrane fluidity and showing morphological changes. Together, these results demonstrate novel modes of cross-talk and regulation between the various branches of lipid metabolic pathways upon inhibition of very long acyl chain ceramide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Pewzner-Jung
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hyejung Park
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Elad L. Laviad
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liana C. Silva
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- the Centro Química Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, and
| | - Sujoy Lahiri
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Johnny Stiban
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Racheli Erez-Roman
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Britta Brügger
- the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Wieland
- the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Prieto
- the Centro Química Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal, and
| | - Alfred H. Merrill
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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25
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Hardy J, Lewis P, Revesz T, Lees A, Paisan-Ruiz C. The genetics of Parkinson's syndromes: a critical review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:254-65. [PMID: 19419854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis has identified many loci designated as PARK loci (OMIM #168600). Many of these loci do not refer to idiopathic Parkinson's disease which is characterized by Lewy body pathology, but rather to clinical parkinsonisms. In this review, besides reviewing the genetic of the disorder, we argue that this designation is misleading and that if we seek to understand the pathogenesis, we should study the genetics of Lewy body diseases: these include not only idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but also such disparate syndromes as Hallevorden-Spatz disease and Niemann-Pick Type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK.
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26
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Kacher Y, Brumshtein B, Boldin-Adamsky S, Toker L, Shainskaya A, Silman I, Sussman JL, Futerman AH. Acid beta-glucosidase: insights from structural analysis and relevance to Gaucher disease therapy. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1361-9. [PMID: 18783340 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the simplest glycosphingolipid, is hydrolyzed by the lysosomal enzyme acid beta-glucosidase (GlcCerase). In the human metabolic disorder Gaucher disease, GlcCerase activity is significantly decreased owing to one of approximately 200 mutations in the GlcCerase gene. The most common therapy for Gaucher disease is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in which patients are given intravenous injections of recombinant human GlcCerase; the Genzyme product Cerezyme has been used clinically for more than 15 years and is administered to approximately 4000 patients worldwide. Here we review the crystal structure of Cerezyme and other recombinant forms of GlcCerase, as well as of their complexes with covalent and non-covalent inhibitors. We also discuss the stability of Cerezyme, which can be altered by modification of its N-glycan chains with possible implications for improved ERT in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Kacher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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27
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Shaaltiel Y, Bartfeld D, Hashmueli S, Baum G, Brill-Almon E, Galili G, Dym O, Boldin-Adamsky SA, Silman I, Sussman JL, Futerman AH, Aviezer D. Production of glucocerebrosidase with terminal mannose glycans for enzyme replacement therapy of Gaucher's disease using a plant cell system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:579-90. [PMID: 17524049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCD), is currently treated by enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant GCD (Cerezyme) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. As complex glycans in mammalian cells do not terminate in mannose residues, which are essential for the biological uptake of GCD via macrophage mannose receptors in human patients with Gaucher's disease, an in vitro glycan modification is required in order to expose the mannose residues on the glycans of Cerezyme. In this report, the production of a recombinant human GCD in a carrot cell suspension culture is described. The recombinant plant-derived GCD (prGCD) is targeted to the storage vacuoles, using a plant-specific C-terminal sorting signal. Notably, the recombinant human GCD expressed in the carrot cells naturally contains terminal mannose residues on its complex glycans, apparently as a result of the activity of a special vacuolar enzyme that modifies complex glycans. Hence, the plant-produced recombinant human GCD does not require exposure of mannose residues in vitro, which is a requirement for the production of Cerezyme. prGCD also displays a level of biological activity similar to that of Cerezyme produced in CHO cells, as well as a highly homologous high-resolution three-dimensional structure, determined by X-ray crystallography. A single-dose toxicity study with prGCD in mice demonstrated the absence of treatment-related adverse reactions or clinical findings, indicating the potential safety of prGCD. prGCD is currently undergoing clinical studies, and may offer a new and alternative therapeutic option for Gaucher's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseph Shaaltiel
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, Science Park, Carmiel 20100, Israel
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28
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Deganuto M, Pittis MG, Pines A, Dominissini S, Kelley MR, Garcia R, Quadrifoglio F, Bembi B, Tell G. Altered intracellular redox status in Gaucher disease fibroblasts and impairment of adaptive response against oxidative stress. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:223-35. [PMID: 17443679 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, due to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) accumulation in several body tissues, which causes cellular failure by yet unidentified mechanisms. Several evidence indicates that GD pathogenesis is associated to an impairment in intracellular redox state. In fibroblast primary cultures, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and protein carbonyl content resulted significantly increased in GD patients compared to healthy donors, suggesting that GD cells, facing a condition of chronic oxidative stress, have evolved an adaptive response to survive. The ROS rise is probably due to NAD(P)H oxidase activity, being inhibited by the treatment with diphenylene iodonium chloride. Interestingly, GD cells are more sensitive to H(2)O(2) induced cell death, suggesting a dysregulation in the adaptive response to oxidative stress in which APE1/Ref-1 plays a central role. We found that the cytoplasmic amounts of APE1/Ref-1 protein were significantly higher in GD fibroblasts with respect to controls, and that GD cells failed to upregulate its expression upon H(2)O(2) treatment. Both ROS and APE1/Ref-1 increases are due to GlcCer accumulation, being prevented by treatment of GD fibroblasts with Cerezyme and induced in healthy fibroblasts treated with conduritol-beta-epoxide. These data, suggesting that GD cells display an impairment in the cellular redox state and in the adaptive cellular response to oxidative stress, may open new perspectives in the comprehension of GD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Deganuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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29
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Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Sphingolipid metabolism diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2057-79. [PMID: 16854371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human diseases caused by alterations in the metabolism of sphingolipids or glycosphingolipids are mainly disorders of the degradation of these compounds. The sphingolipidoses are a group of monogenic inherited diseases caused by defects in the system of lysosomal sphingolipid degradation, with subsequent accumulation of non-degradable storage material in one or more organs. Most sphingolipidoses are associated with high mortality. Both, the ratio of substrate influx into the lysosomes and the reduced degradative capacity can be addressed by therapeutic approaches. In addition to symptomatic treatments, the current strategies for restoration of the reduced substrate degradation within the lysosome are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), cell-mediated therapy (CMT) including bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and cell-mediated "cross correction", gene therapy, and enzyme-enhancement therapy with chemical chaperones. The reduction of substrate influx into the lysosomes can be achieved by substrate reduction therapy. Patients suffering from the attenuated form (type 1) of Gaucher disease and from Fabry disease have been successfully treated with ERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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30
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Alfonso P, Pampín S, Estrada J, Rodríguez-Rey JC, Giraldo P, Sancho J, Pocoví M. Miglustat (NB-DNJ) works as a chaperone for mutated acid beta-glucosidase in cells transfected with several Gaucher disease mutations. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 35:268-76. [PMID: 16039881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a disorder of glycosphinglipid metabolism caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid beta-glucosidase (GC), resulting in progressive deposition of glucosylceramide in macrophages. The glucose analogue, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ, Miglustat), is an inhibitor of the ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase (CSG) which catalyzes the first step of glycosphingolipids biosynthesis and is currently approved for the oral treatment of type 1 GD. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we constructed plasmids containing wild-type and several mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. The plasmids were transfected into COS-7 cells and stable transfected cell lines were obtained by geneticin (G418) selection. Cells were cultured during 6 days with medium with or without 10 microM NB-DNJ. The addition of NB-DNJ to COS-7 cell medium leads to 1.3-, 2.1-, 2.3-, 3.6-, and 9.9-fold increase in the activity of S364R, wild-type, N370S, V15M, and M123T GC, respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the activity of the L444P, L336P, and S465del mutated proteins, but a small decrease in the rare P266L variant was observed. These results suggest that NB-DNJ, in addition to the inhibitory effect on CSG, also works as a "chemical chaperone", increasing the activity of acid beta-glucosidase of wild-type and several GC mutated proteins, including the most frequent N370S mutation. The specific location of the Miglustat binding site in GC is unknown. Potential binding sites in the enzyme have been searched for using computational molecular docking. The searching strategy identified three potential GC binding sites for Miglustat, one being the substrate-binding site of the enzyme, which was the best-ranked site by AutoDock program. Therefore, it is possible that Miglustat exerts its chaperoning activity on acid beta-glucosidase by acting as an inhibitor bound at the active site. This increase on the activity of the acid beta-glucosidase would imply that Miglustat is not only a substrate reducer but also an inhibitor of the GC degradation, with very promising clinical implications for the treatment of GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alfonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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31
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Premkumar L, Sawkar AR, Boldin-Adamsky S, Toker L, Silman I, Kelly JW, Futerman AH, Sussman JL. X-ray structure of human acid-beta-glucosidase covalently bound to conduritol-B-epoxide. Implications for Gaucher disease. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23815-9. [PMID: 15817452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502799200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme acid-beta-glucosidase (GlcCerase). We recently determined the x-ray structure of GlcCerase to 2.0 A resolution (Dvir, H., Harel, M., McCarthy, A. A., Toker, L., Silman, I., Futerman, A. H., and Sussman, J. L. (2003) EMBO Rep.4, 704-709) and have now solved the structure of Glc-Cerase conjugated with an irreversible inhibitor, conduritol-B-epoxide (CBE). The crystal structure reveals that binding of CBE to the active site does not induce a global conformational change in GlcCerase and confirms that Glu340 is the catalytic nucleophile. However, only one of two alternative conformations of a pair of flexible loops (residues 345-349 and 394-399) located at the entrance to the active site in native GlcCerase is observed in the GlcCerase-CBE structure, a conformation in which the active site is accessible to CBE. Analysis of the dynamics of these two alternative conformations suggests that the two loops act as a lid at the entrance to the active site. This possibility is supported by a cluster of mutations in loop 394-399 that cause Gaucher disease by reducing catalytic activity. Moreover, in silico mutational analysis demonstrates that all these mutations stabilize the conformation that limits access to the active site, thus providing a mechanistic explanation of how mutations in this loop result in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by the defective activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid-beta-glucosidase (GlcCerase), leading to accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), particularly in cells of the macrophage lineage. Nearly 200 mutations in GlcCerase have been described, but for the most part, genotype-phenotype correlations are weak, and little is known about the down-stream biochemical changes that occur upon GlcCer accumulation that result in cell and tissue dysfunction. In contrast, the clinical course of Gaucher disease has been well described, and at least one treatment is available, namely enzyme replacement therapy. One other treatment, substrate reduction therapy, has recently been marketed, and others are in early stages of development. This review, after discussing pathological mechanisms, evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jmoudiak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Dvir H, Harel M, McCarthy AA, Toker L, Silman I, Futerman AH, Sussman JL. X-ray structure of human acid-beta-glucosidase, the defective enzyme in Gaucher disease. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:704-9. [PMID: 12792654 PMCID: PMC1326319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes acid-beta-glucosidase (GlcCerase). Type 1 is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, and types 2 and 3 by early or chronic onset of severe neurological symptoms. No clear correlation exists between the approximately 200 GlcCerase mutations and disease severity, although homozygosity for the common mutations N370S and L444P is associated with non- neuronopathic and neuronopathic disease, respectively. We report the X-ray structure of GlcCerase at 2.0 A resolution. The catalytic domain consists of a (beta/alpha)(8) TIM barrel, as expected for a member of the glucosidase hydrolase A clan. The distance between the catalytic residues E235 and E340 is consistent with a catalytic mechanism of retention. N370 is located on the longest alpha-helix (helix 7), which has several other mutations of residues that point into the TIM barrel. Helix 7 is at the interface between the TIM barrel and a separate immunoglobulin-like domain on which L444 is located, suggesting an important regulatory or structural role for this non-catalytic domain. The structure provides the possibility of engineering improved GlcCerase for enzyme-replacement therapy, and for designing structure-based drugs aimed at restoring the activity of defective GlcCerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Dvir
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
| | | | - Lilly Toker
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
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Liang F, Qi RZ, Chang CF. CD157 undergoes ligand-independent dimerization and colocalizes with caveolin in CHO and MCA102 fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2002; 14:933-9. [PMID: 12220619 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CD157, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein, has recently been shown to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in monocytes differentiated from HL-60 cells (mHL-60) in a ligand-dependent manner, but in a ligand-independent manner in stable CD157-transfected CHO (CHO/CD157) and MCA102 (MCA/CD157) fibroblasts [Cell Signal. 11 (1999) 891-897.]. Many GPI-anchored proteins need to be clustered by their ligands or antibodies to induce redistribution to caveolae and a concomitant activation of the associated signal-transducing proteins [Nature 387 (1997) 569-572.]. Here, we demonstrate that CD157, independent of antibody crosslinking, undergoes dimerization with disulfide bond formation and localization in caveolae in CHO/CD157 and MCA/CD157 fibroblasts. However, the native CD157 induced in mHL-60 cells remains a monomer form. The structural integrity of caveolae is required for the association of CD157 with caveolin and CD157-mediated tyrosine kinase signalling in the fibroblasts. We propose that an overexpression of CD157 could lead to its dimerization and relocation to caveolae and to further result in the initiation of signalling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Orvisky E, Park JK, LaMarca ME, Ginns EI, Martin BM, Tayebi N, Sidransky E. Glucosylsphingosine accumulation in tissues from patients with Gaucher disease: correlation with phenotype and genotype. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 76:262-70. [PMID: 12208131 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic forms. While the lipid glucosylceramide is stored in both patients with Gaucher disease and in a null allele mouse model of Gaucher disease, elevated levels of a second potentially toxic substrate, glucosylsphingosine, are also found. Using high performance liquid chromatography, glucosylsphingosine levels were measured in tissues from patients with type 1, 2, and 3 Gaucher disease. Glucosylsphingosine was measured in 16 spleen samples (8 type 1; 4 type 2; and 4, type 3) and levels ranged from 54 to 728 ng/mg protein in the patients with type 1 disease, 133 to 1200 ng/mg protein in the patients with type 2, and 109 to 1298 ng/mg protein in the type 3 samples. The levels of splenic glucosylsphingosine bore no relation to the type of Gaucher disease, the age of the patient, the genotype, nor the clinical course. In the same patients, hepatic glucosylsphingosine levels were lower than in spleen. Glucosylsphingosine was also measured in brains from 13 patients (1 type 1; 8 type 2; and 4 type 3). While the glucosylsphingosine level in the brain from the type 1 patient, 1.0 ng/mg protein, was in the normal range, the levels in the type 3 samples ranged from 14 to 32 ng/mg protein, and in the type 2 samples from 24 to 437 ng/mg protein, with the highest values detected in two fetuses with hydrops fetalis. The elevated levels found in brains from patients with neuronopathic Gaucher disease support the hypothesis that glucosylsphingosine may contribute to the nervous system involvement in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Orvisky
- Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bär J, Linke T, Ferlinz K, Neumann U, Schuchman EH, Sandhoff K. Molecular analysis of acid ceramidase deficiency in patients with Farber disease. Hum Mutat 2001; 17:199-209. [PMID: 11241842 DOI: 10.1002/humu.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Farber disease is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited sphingolipid storage disorder due to the deficient activity of lysosomal acid ceramidase, leading to the accumulation of ceramide in cells and tissues. Here we report the identification of six novel mutations in the acid ceramidase gene causing Farber disease: three point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions, one intronic splice site mutation resulting in exon skipping, and two point mutations also leading to occasional or complete exon skipping. Of interest, these latter two mutations occurred in adjacent nucleotides and led to abnormal splicing of the same exon. Expression of the mutated acid ceramidase cDNAs in COS-1 cells and subsequent determination of acid ceramidase residual enzyme activity demonstrated that each of these mutations was the direct cause of the acid ceramidase deficiency in the respective patients. In contrast, two known polymorphisms had no effect on acid ceramidase activity. Metabolic labeling studies in fibroblasts of four patients showed that even though acid ceramidase precursor protein was synthesized in these individuals, rapid proteolysis of the mutated, mature acid ceramidase occurred within the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bär
- Kekulé Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Huwiler A, Kolter T, Pfeilschifter J, Sandhoff K. Physiology and pathophysiology of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1485:63-99. [PMID: 10832090 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Huwiler
- Zentrum der Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Korkotian E, Schwarz A, Pelled D, Schwarzmann G, Segal M, Futerman AH. Elevation of intracellular glucosylceramide levels results in an increase in endoplasmic reticulum density and in functional calcium stores in cultured neurons. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:21673-8. [PMID: 10419477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a glycosphingolipid storage disease caused by defects in the activity of the lysosomal hydrolase, glucocerebrosidase (GlcCerase), resulting in accumulation of glucocerebroside (glucosylceramide, GlcCer) in lysosomes. The acute neuronopathic type of the disease is characterized by severe loss of neurons in the central nervous system, suggesting that a neurotoxic agent might be responsible for cellular disruption and neuronal death. We now demonstrate that upon incubation with a chemical inhibitor of GlcCerase, conduritol-B-epoxide (CBE), cultured hippocampal neurons accumulate GlcCer. Surprisingly, increased levels of tubular endoplasmic reticulum elements, an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) response to glutamate, and a large increase in [Ca(2+)](i) release from the endoplasmic reticulum in response to caffeine were detected in these cells. There was a direct relationship between these effects and GlcCer accumulation since co-incubation with CBE and an inhibitor of glycosphingolipid synthesis, fumonisin B(1), completely antagonized the effects of CBE. Similar effects on endoplasmic reticulum morphology and [Ca(2+)](i) stores were observed upon incubation with a short-acyl chain, nonhydrolyzable analogue of GlcCer, C(8)-glucosylthioceramide. Finally, neurons with elevated GlcCer levels were much more sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of high concentrations of glutamate than control cells; moreover, this enhanced toxicity was blocked by pre-incubation with ryanodine, suggesting that [Ca(2+)](i) release from ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores can induce neuronal cell death, at least in neurons with elevated GlcCer levels. These results may provide a molecular mechanism to explain neuronal dysfunction and cell death in neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Korkotian
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ghidoni R, Sala G, Giuliani A. Use of sphingolipid analogs: benefits and risks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1439:17-39. [PMID: 10395962 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ghidoni
- INSERM U410, Neuroendocrinologie et Biologie Cellulaire Digestives, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
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Guy J, Willemsen R, Langeveld A, Grosveld F, Drabek D. Murine MHC class II locus control region drives expression of human beta-glucocerebrosidase in antigen presenting cells of transgenic mice. Gene Ther 1999; 6:498-507. [PMID: 10476209 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder in humans, resulting from an inherited deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Although the enzyme is ubiquitously expressed, cells of the reticuloendothelial system are particularly affected since they accumulate the undigested glucosylceramide substrate through their role in scavenging and breaking down cell debris. Gaucher disease is an attractive target for somatic gene therapy. To test the ability to express the enzyme in the affected cell types we have generated transgenic mice expressing human glucocerebrosidase under the control of the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Ead locus control region (LCR). The four transgenic lines express the human enzyme in a copy number-dependent manner, independent of the integration site of the transgene. Over-expression of the human enzyme in mice did not result in any abnormal phenotype or pathology during the period of observation (> 2 years). The enzyme is expressed in B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, thymic epithelial cells, and macrophages in various tissues: the peritoneal cavity, bone marrow, spleen, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, Kupffer cells in the liver and alveolar macrophages in lungs. Expression in the brain was limited to perivascular macrophages and was not seen in microglial cells. Therefore, the MHC class II LCR could potentially be of use in somatic gene therapy for type 1 Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guy
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Meivar-Levy I, Futerman AH. Up-regulation of neutral glycosphingolipid synthesis upon long term inhibition of ceramide synthesis by fumonisin B1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4607-12. [PMID: 9988695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.8.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we observed that long term (5 days) incubation with fumonisin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of acylation of sphingoid long chain bases to (dihydro)ceramide, resulted in morphological and biochemical changes in 3T3 fibroblasts (Meivar-Levy, I., Sabanay, H., Bershadsky, A. D., and Futerman, A. H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1558-1564). Among these were changes in the profile of synthesis of sphingolipids (SLs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Whereas [3H]globotriaosylceramide ([3H]Gb3) comprised 1.9% of the total [3H]SLs and [3H]GSLs synthesized in control cells, it comprised 16. 5% in FB1-treated cells. We now demonstrate by in vitro analysis that inhibition of ceramide synthesis by FB1 for 5 days results in up-regulation of the activities of three enzymes in the pathway of Gb3 synthesis, namely glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and Gb3 synthases; up-regulation is due to an increase in Vmax, with no change in Km values toward lipid substrates. Moreover, molecular analysis (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) of glucosylceramide synthase indicated that this enzyme is up-regulated at the transcriptional level. No changes in either the Vmax or Km values of sphingomyelin or of GM3 synthase were detected after FB1 treatment. Analysis of SL and GSL synthesis in cultured cells using [4,5-3H]sphinganine as a metabolic precursor demonstrated that at low substrate concentrations, Gb3 synthesis is favored over GM3 synthesis and glucosylceramide synthesis is favored over sphingomyelin synthesis, whereas the opposite is true at high substrate concentrations. These data demonstrate that GSL synthesis and in particular Gb3 synthesis are tightly regulated in fibroblasts, presumably so as to maintain constant levels of Gb3 on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Meivar-Levy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beutler
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA.
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44
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Meivar-Levy I, Sabanay H, Bershadsky AD, Futerman AH. The role of sphingolipids in the maintenance of fibroblast morphology. The inhibition of protrusional activity, cell spreading, and cytokinesis induced by fumonisin B1 can be reversed by ganglioside GM3. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:1558-64. [PMID: 8999828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis by the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) disrupts axonal growth in cultured hippocampal neurons (Harel, R., and Futerman, A. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14476-14481) by affecting the formation or stabilization of axonal branches (Schwarz, A., Rapaport, E., Hirschberg, K., and Futerman, A.H. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 10990-10998). We now demonstrate that long term incubation with FB1 affects fibroblast morphology and proliferation. Incubation of Swiss 3T3 cells with FB1 resulted in a decrease in synthesis of ganglioside GM3, the major glycosphingolipid in 3T3 fibroblasts and of sphingomyelin. The projected cell area of FB1-treated cells was approximately 45% less than control cells. FB1 had no affect on the organization of microtubules or intermediate filaments, but fewer actin-rich stress fibers were observed, and there was a loss of actin-rich lamellipodia at the leading edge. Three other processes involving the actin cytoskeleton, cytokinesis, microvilli formation, and the formation of long processes induced by protein kinase inhibitors, were all disrupted by FB1. All the effects of FB1 on cell morphology could be reversed by addition of ganglioside GM3 even in the presence of FB1, whereas the bioactive intermediates, sphinganine, sphingosine, and ceramide, were without effect. Finally, FB1 blocked cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in a reversible manner, although ganglioside GM3 could not reverse the effects of FB1 on cell proliferation. Together, these data suggest that ongoing sphingolipid synthesis is required for the assembly of both new membrane and of the underlying cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Meivar-Levy
- Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100, USA
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Levade T, Leruth M, Graber D, Moisand A, Vermeersch S, Salvayre R, Courtoy PJ. In situ assay of acid sphingomyelinase and ceramidase based on LDL-mediated lysosomal targeting of ceramide-labeled sphingomyelin. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Gaucher's disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, important for the physiologic recycling of cell membrane lipids. The clinical symptoms and disease presentations of Gaucher's disease are heterogeneous, including hepatosplenomegaly, bone "crisis" and fracture, anemia, thrombocytopenia and in some forms, rapid neurological decompensation. Similarly, the genetic variability of Gaucher's disease is diverse, and in some aspects affects phenotypic expression. Type 1 Gaucher's disease, however, usually present with less severe symptoms, at more advanced age, and is particularly amenable to enzyme replacement therapy with alglucerase. In type 1 patients with Gaucher's disease reproductive age is commonly reached and childbearing frequently desired with need for appropriate prenatal diagnosis, counseling and careful obstetrical surveillance. Although pregnancy concurrent with Gaucher's disease has been reported in the medical literature, only one small series of alglucerase treated Gaucher's disease during pregnancy exists. Without treatment, pregnancy concurrent with Gaucher's disease has several risks including an increased severity of anemia and thrombocytopenia that can potentiate postpartum bleeding, significant increases in organomegaly and possibly an increased spontaneous abortion rate. It is yet to be shown whether alglucerase reduces the risk of these complications during pregnancy and whether its use has any adverse effect on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rosnes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Gaucher's disease, focusing on the role of enzyme replacement therapy. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (from 1984 to July 1995) of English-language literature pertaining to the treatment of Gaucher's disease was performed. Additional references were obtained by reviewing the references of pertinent articles identified through the search. Tertiary sources were also used. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles with information on enzyme treatment were selected for review. Articles containing other interesting aspects of the disease or its treatment were also included. DATA SYNTHESIS Gaucher's disease is the most common lipid storage disorder known and results from a genetic deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (glucosylceramidase). Enzyme deficiency results in accumulation of glucocerebroside within the reticuloendothelial system. It may present with hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and bone lesions. The most common of the three subtypes, type 1, is non-neuronopathic. In the rare neuronopathic subtypes, type 2 or 3, there may also be nerve cell destruction within the central nervous system with acute brainstem dysfunction or progressive neurologic deterioration, respectively. In 1991, enzyme treatment became available with the marketing of alglucerase, a placentally derived modified form of glucocerebrosidase. In 1994, a recombinant DNA modified form of glucocerebrosidase, known as imiglucerase, was developed to replace alglucerase. Most published data on enzyme therapy are with alglucerase in patients with type 1 disease. A dosage regimen of 60 units/kg every 2 weeks for moderately to severely ill patients has been effective in reducing hepatosplenomegaly, improving anemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as improving weight gain and growth in children and increasing vigor and self-esteem in adults. Bone involvement is often slow to respond to therapy although pain is frequently improved. Controversy exists as to whether lower dosage regimens are as effective. The role of enzyme therapy in the rarer neuronopathic subtypes remains to be determined, but initial reports have been disappointing. CONCLUSIONS Enzyme replacement therapy is available for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher's disease, resulting in clinical improvement with enhanced quality of life within the first year of treatment, although improvement in bone disease can take longer. Doses of 60 units/kg every 2 weeks are of clinical benefit to patients with moderate to severe disease. A number of lower dosage regimens have been evaluated in small groups of patients, with satisfactory clinical responses occurring in some of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Morales
- Pharmacy Department, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202, USA
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Levade T, Moser HW, Fensom AH, Harzer K, Moser AB, Salvayre R. Neurodegenerative course in ceramidase deficiency (Farber disease) correlates with the residual lysosomal ceramide turnover in cultured living patient cells. J Neurol Sci 1995; 134:108-14. [PMID: 8747852 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Farber's lipogranulomatosis is an inborn lipid storage disease characterized by tissue accumulation of ceramide due to deficient activity of lysosomal ceramidase. Symptoms include painful swelling of joints, subcutaneous nodules, a hoarse cry, hepatosplenomegaly and nervous system dysfunction of markedly variable degree. In most cases the neural dysfunction rather than the general dystrophy, seems to limit the duration of Farber disease. We examined whether the severity can be shown as a function of ceramide turnover by lysosomal ceramidase. The lysosomal degradation of sphingomyelin-derived ceramide was studied in situ in patient skin fibroblasts and lymphoid cells loaded with LDL-associated radioactive sphingomyelin. We could show for the first time a significant correlation between the ceramide accumulated in situ and the severity of Farber disease. Our method provides an alternative means for determining ceramide degradation by lysosomal ceramidase, but in intact cells. The relatively simple method is at least of the same diagnostic use for Farber disease as the in vitro assay of acid ceramidase using cell homogenates and may also have some prognostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Levade
- CJF INSERM 9206, C.H.U. Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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49
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Schwarz A, Rapaport E, Hirschberg K, Futerman AH. A regulatory role for sphingolipids in neuronal growth. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis and degradation have opposite effects on axonal branching. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10990-8. [PMID: 7738041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, particularly gangliosides, are enriched in neuronal membranes where they have been implicated as mediators of various regulatory events. We recently provided evidence that sphingolipid synthesis is necessary to maintain neuronal growth by demonstrating that in hippocampal neurons, inhibition of ceramide synthesis by Fumonisin B1 (FB1) disrupted axonal outgrowth (Harel, R. and Futerman, A. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14476-14481). We now analyze further the relationship between neuronal growth and sphingolipid metabolism by examining the effect of an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthesis, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1- propanol (PDMP) and by examining the effects of both FB1 and PDMP at various stages of neuronal development. No effects of FB1 or PDMP were observed during the first 2 days in culture, but by day 3 axonal morphology was significantly altered, irrespective of the time of addition of the inhibitors to the cultures. Cells incubated with FB1 or PDMP had a shorter axon plexus and less axonal branches. FB1 appeared to cause a retraction of axonal branches between days 2 and 3, although long term incubation had no apparent effect on neuronal morphology or on the segregation of axonal or dendritic proteins. In contrast, incubation of neurons with conduritol B-epoxide, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide degradation, caused an increase in the number of axonal branches and a corresponding increase in the length of the axon plexus. A direct correlation was observed between the number of axonal branch points per cell and the extent of inhibition of either sphingolipid synthesis or degradation. These results suggest that sphingolipids play an important role in the formation or stabilization of axonal branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schwarz
- Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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