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Xu Y, Benedikt J, Ye L. Hyaluronic Acid Interacting Molecules Mediated Crosstalk between Cancer Cells and Microenvironment from Primary Tumour to Distant Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1907. [PMID: 38791985 PMCID: PMC11119954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a prominent component of the extracellular matrix, and its interactions with HA-interacting molecules (HAIMs) play a critical role in cancer development and disease progression. This review explores the multifaceted role of HAIMs in the context of cancer, focusing on their influence on disease progression by dissecting relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms in tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. Cancer progression can be profoundly affected by the interactions between HA and HAIMs. They modulate critical processes such as cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and proliferation. The TME serves as a dynamic platform in which HAIMs contribute to the formation of a unique niche. The resulting changes in HA composition profoundly influence the biophysical properties of the TME. These modifications in the TME, in conjunction with HAIMs, impact angiogenesis, immune cell recruitment, and immune evasion. Therefore, understanding the intricate interplay between HAIMs and HA within the cancer context is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting these interactions offers promising avenues for cancer treatment, as they hold the potential to disrupt critical aspects of disease progression and the TME. Further research in this field is imperative for advancing our knowledge and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;
| | | | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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2
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Cardoneanu A, Rezus II, Burlui AM, Richter P, Bratoiu I, Mihai IR, Macovei LA, Rezus E. Autoimmunity and Autoinflammation: Relapsing Polychondritis and VEXAS Syndrome Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2261. [PMID: 38396936 PMCID: PMC10889424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation at the level of cartilaginous structures and tissues rich in proteoglycans. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and still incompletely elucidated. The data support the important role of a particular genetic predisposition, with HLA-DR4 being considered an allele that confers a major risk of disease occurrence. Environmental factors, mechanical, chemical or infectious, act as triggers in the development of clinical manifestations, causing the degradation of proteins and the release of cryptic cartilage antigens. Both humoral and cellular immunity play essential roles in the occurrence and perpetuation of autoimmunity and inflammation. Autoantibodies anti-type II, IX and XI collagens, anti-matrilin-1 and anti-COMPs (cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins) have been highlighted in increased titers, being correlated with disease activity and considered prognostic factors. Innate immunity cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer lymphocytes and eosinophils have been found in the perichondrium and cartilage, together with activated antigen-presenting cells, C3 deposits and immunoglobulins. Also, T cells play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of the disease, with relapsing polychondritis being considered a TH1-mediated condition. Thus, increased secretions of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-2 have been highlighted. The "inflammatory storm" formed by a complex network of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines actively modulates the recruitment and infiltration of various cells, with cartilage being a source of antigens. Along with RP, VEXAS syndrome, another systemic autoimmune disease with genetic determinism, has an etiopathogenesis that is still incompletely known, and it involves the activation of the innate immune system through different pathways and the appearance of the cytokine storm. The clinical manifestations of VEXAS syndrome include an inflammatory phenotype often similar to that of RP, which raises diagnostic problems. The management of RP and VEXAS syndrome includes common immunosuppressive therapies whose main goal is to control systemic inflammatory manifestations. The objective of this paper is to detail the main etiopathogenetic mechanisms of a rare disease, summarizing the latest data and presenting the distinct features of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Cardoneanu
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Irina Rezus
- Discipline of Radiology, Surgery Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Maria Burlui
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Patricia Richter
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Bratoiu
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Ruxandra Mihai
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luana Andreea Macovei
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Rezus
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (I.R.M.); (L.A.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
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3
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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4
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Cederlund AA, Aspden RM. Walking on water: revisiting the role of water in articular cartilage biomechanics in relation to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220364. [PMID: 35919975 PMCID: PMC9346369 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance, and the difficulty, of generating biosynthetic articular cartilage is widely recognized. Problems arise from obtaining sufficient stiffness, toughness and longevity in the material and integration of new material into existing cartilage and bone. Much work has been done on chondrocytes and tissue macromolecular components while water, which comprises the bulk of the tissue, is largely seen as a passive component; the ‘solid matrix’ is believed to be the main load-bearing element most of the time. Water is commonly seen as an inert filler whose restricted flow through the tissue is believed to be sufficient to generate the properties measured. We propose that this model should be turned on its head. Water comprises 70–80% of the matrix and has a bulk modulus considerably greater than that of cartilage. We suggest that the macromolecular components structure the water to support the loads applied. Here, we shall examine the structure and organization of the main macromolecules, collagen, aggrecan and hyaluronan, and explore how water interacts with their polyelectrolyte nature. This may inform the biosynthetic process by identifying starting points to enable developing tissue properties to guide the cells into producing the appropriate macromolecular composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Cederlund
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Evanko SP, Gooden MD, Kang I, Chan CK, Vernon RB, Wight TN. A Role for HAPLN1 During Phenotypic Modulation of Human Lung Fibroblasts In Vitro. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:797-811. [PMID: 33064036 PMCID: PMC7649966 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420966663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) stabilizes interactions between two important extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, versican and hyaluronan, which facilitate proliferation of fibroblasts and their conversion to myofibroblasts. However, the role of HAPLN1 in these events has not been studied. Using immunocytochemistry, cellular and ECM locations of HAPLN1 were evaluated in cultured human lung fibroblasts during proliferation and conversion to myofibroblasts. HAPLN1 localized to pericellular matrices, associating with both versican and hyaluronan in the ECM and on the cell surface. Nuclear and total HAPLN1 immunostaining increased after myofibroblast induction. Confocal microscopy showed HAPLN1 predominant in the ECM under cells while versican predominated above cells. Versican and HAPLN1 were also juxtaposed in columnar inclusions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Nuclear HAPLN1 staining in interphase cells redistributed to the cytosol during mitosis. In the absence of TGF-β1, addition of exogenous bovine HAPLN1 (together with aggrecan G1) facilitated myofibroblast formation, as seen by significant upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) staining, while adding full-length bovine versican had no effect. Increased compaction of hyaluronan-rich ECM suggests that HAPLN1 plus G1 addition affects hyaluronan networks and myofibroblast formation. These observations demonstrate changes in both extracellular and intracellular localization of HAPLN1 during fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast conversion suggesting a possible role in fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michel D Gooden
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Innes-Gold SN, Berezney JP, Saleh OA. Single-Molecule Stretching Shows Glycosylation Sets Tension in the Hyaluronan-Aggrecan Bottlebrush. Biophys J 2020; 119:1351-1358. [PMID: 32918890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large bottlebrush complexes formed from the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) and the proteoglycan aggrecan contribute to cartilage compression resistance and are necessary for healthy joint function. A variety of mechanical forces act on these complexes in the cartilage extracellular matrix, motivating the need for a quantitative description that links their structure and mechanical response. Studies using electron microscopy have imaged the HA-aggrecan brush but require adsorption to a surface, dramatically altering the complex from its native conformation. We use magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy to measure changes in extension and mechanical response of an HA chain as aggrecan monomers bind and form a bottlebrush. This technique directly measures changes undergone by a single complex with time and under varying solution conditions. Upon addition of aggrecan, we find a large swelling effect manifests when the HA chain is under very low external tension (i.e., stretching forces less than ∼1 pN). We use models of force-extension behavior to show that repulsion between the aggrecans induces an internal tension in the HA chain. Through reference to theories of bottlebrush polymer behavior, we demonstrate that the experimental values of internal tension are consistent with a polydisperse aggrecan population, likely caused by varying degrees of glycosylation. By enzymatically deglycosylating the aggrecan, we show that aggrecan glycosylation is the structural feature that causes HA stiffening. We then construct a simple stochastic binding model to show that variable glycosylation leads to a wide distribution of internal tensions in HA, causing variations in the mechanics at much longer length scales. Our results provide a mechanistic picture of how flexibility and size of HA and aggrecan lead to the brush architecture and mechanical properties of this important component of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Innes-Gold
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - John P Berezney
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Omar A Saleh
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California.
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7
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Richter RP, Baranova NS, Day AJ, Kwok JC. Glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix organisation: are concepts from soft matter physics key to understanding the formation of perineuronal nets? Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 50:65-74. [PMID: 29275227 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has it that proteins fold and assemble into definite structures, and that this defines their function. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are different. In most cases the structures they form have a low degree of order, even when interacting with proteins. Here, we discuss how physical features common to all GAGs-hydrophilicity, charge, linearity and semi-flexibility-underpin the overall properties of GAG-rich matrices. By integrating soft matter physics concepts (e.g. polymer brushes and phase separation) with our molecular understanding of GAG-protein interactions, we can better comprehend how GAG-rich matrices assemble, what their properties are, and how they function. Taking perineuronal nets (PNNs)-a GAG-rich matrix enveloping neurons-as a relevant example, we propose that microphase separation determines the holey PNN anatomy that is pivotal to PNN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Strucural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Natalia S Baranova
- Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cf Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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8
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Hyaluronan-positive plasma membrane protrusions exist on mesothelial cells in vivo. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:531-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Keire PA, Bressler SL, Mulvihill ER, Starcher BC, Kang I, Wight TN. Inhibition of versican expression by siRNA facilitates tropoelastin synthesis and elastic fiber formation by human SK-LMS-1 leiomyosarcoma smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:67-81. [PMID: 26723257 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule that interacts with other ECM components to influence ECM organization, stability, composition, and cell behavior. Versican is known to increase in a number of cancers, but little is known about how versican influences the amount and organization of the ECM components in the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, we modulated versican expression using siRNAs in the human leiomyosarcoma (LMS) smooth muscle cell line SK-LMS-1, and observed the formation of elastin and elastic fibers in vitro and also in vivo in a nude mouse tumor model. Constitutive siRNA-directed knockdown of versican in LMS cells resulted in increased levels of elastin, as shown by immunohistochemical staining of the cells in vitro, and by mRNA and protein analyses. Moreover, versican siRNA LMS cells, when injected into nude mice, generated smaller tumors that had significantly greater immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for elastin when compared to control tumors. Additionally, microarray analyses were used to determine the influence of versican isoform modulation on gene expression profiles, and to identify genes that influence and relate to the process of elastogenesis. cDNA microarray analysis and TaqMan low density array validation identified previously unreported genes associated with downregulation of versican and increased elastogenesis. These results highlight an important role for the proteoglycan versican in regulating the expression and assembly of elastin and the phenotype of LMS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keire
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven L Bressler
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eileen R Mulvihill
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barry C Starcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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A tribute to Dick Heinegård. Matrix Biol 2014; 39:2-4. [PMID: 25172829 PMCID: PMC5477231 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This issue of Matrix Biology commemorates the memory of Dick Heinegård and his exceptional contributions to identify extracellular matrix molecules and their interactions that form cartilage matrices. This tribute to him demonstrates the development of his cartilage matrix model and how this model relates to the articles in this Matrix Biology Cartilage issue.
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Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Shintani N. How best to preserve and reveal the structural intricacies of cartilaginous tissue. Matrix Biol 2014; 39:33-43. [PMID: 25173436 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
No single processing technique is capable of optimally preserving each and all of the structural entities of cartilaginous tissue. Hence, the choice of methodology must necessarily be governed by the nature of the component that is targeted for analysis, for example, fibrillar collagens or proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix, or the chondrocytes themselves. This article affords an insight into the pitfalls that are to be encountered when implementing the available techniques and how best to circumvent them. Adult articular cartilage is taken as a representative pars pro toto of the different bodily types. In mammals, this layer of tissue is a component of the synovial joints, wherein it fulfills crucial and diverse biomechanical functions. The biomechanical functions of articular cartilage have their structural and molecular correlates. During the natural course of postnatal development and after the onset of pathological disease processes, such as osteoarthritis, the tissue undergoes structural changes which are intimately reflected in biomechanical modulations. The fine structural intricacies that subserve the changes in tissue function can be accurately assessed only if they are faithfully preserved at the molecular level. For this reason, a careful consideration of the tissue-processing technique is indispensable. Since, as aforementioned, no single methodological tool is capable of optimally preserving all constituents, the approach must be pre-selected with a targeted structure in view. Guidance in this choice is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst B Hunziker
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, P.O. Box 54, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kurt Lippuner
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, P.O. Box 54, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nahoko Shintani
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, P.O. Box 54, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Biochemical and atomic force microscopic characterization of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:538-49. [PMID: 24528764 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan fractions are known, however, structural information is lacking. Recently, the major proteoglycan of this cartilage was identified as aggrecan. In this study, global molecular images and glycosaminoglycan structure of salmon nasal cartilage aggrecan purified from 4M guanidine hydrochloride extract were analyzed using HPLCs and atomic force microscopy with bovine tracheal cartilage aggrecan as a control. The estimated numbers of sulfates per disaccharide unit of chondroitin sulfate chains of salmon and bovine aggrecans were similar (approximately 0.85). However, the disaccharide composition showed a higher proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate units in salmon aggrecan, 60%, compared to 40% in bovine. Gel filtration HPLC and monosaccharide analysis showed the salmon aggrecan had a lower number (approximately one-third), but 1.5-3.3 times longer chondroitin sulfate chains than the bovine aggrecan. Atomic force microscopic molecular images of aggrecan supported the images predicted by biochemical analyses.
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Yuan H, Tank M, Alsofyani A, Shah N, Talati N, LoBello JC, Kim JR, Oonuki Y, de la Motte CA, Cowman MK. Molecular mass dependence of hyaluronan detection by sandwich ELISA-like assay and membrane blotting using biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1270-80. [PMID: 23964097 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is widely detected in biological samples and its concentration is most commonly determined by the use of a labeled specific HA binding protein (aggrecan G1-IGD-G2, HABP), employing membrane blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like methods. However, the detected signal intensity or the quantified value obtained by using these surface-based methods is related to the molecular mass (M) of HA, especially for HA in the low M range below ~150 kDa. At the same mass or mass concentration, higher M HA gives a higher signal than lower M HA. We have experimentally determined the quantitative relationship between the M of HA (in the range 20-150 kDa) and the relative signal intensity in comparison with a standard HA, in a sandwich ELISA-like assay. An M-dependent signal correction factor (SCF) was calculated and used to correct the signal intensity, so that the corrected concentration value would more accurately reflect the true HA concentration in solution. The SCF for polydisperse low M HA was also calculated and compared with experimental results. When the molecular mass distribution of an HA sample is determined by a method such as gel electrophoresis, then its appropriately averaged SCF can be calculated and used to correct the signal in sandwich ELISA to obtain a more accurate concentration estimation. The correction method works for HA with M between ~150 and 20 kDa, but lower M HA is too poorly detected for useful analysis. The physical basis of the M-dependent detection is proposed to be the increase in detector-accessible fraction of each surface-bound molecule as M increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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DeLaughter DM, Christodoulou DC, Robinson JY, Seidman CE, Baldwin HS, Seidman JG, Barnett JV. Spatial transcriptional profile of the chick and mouse endocardial cushions identify novel regulators of endocardial EMT in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 59:196-204. [PMID: 23557753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Valvular Interstitial Cells (VICs) are a common substrate for congenital and adult heart disease yet the signaling mechanisms governing their formation during early valvulogenesis are incompletely understood. We developed an unbiased strategy to identify genes important in endocardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) using a spatial transcriptional profile. Endocardial cells overlaying the cushions of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) and outflow tract (OFT) undergo an EMT to yield VICs. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of gene expression between AVC, OFT, and ventricles (VEN) isolated from chick and mouse embryos at comparable stages of development (chick HH18; mouse E11.0) was performed. EMT occurs in the AVC and OFT cushions, but not VEN at this time. 198 genes in the chick (n=1) and 105 genes in the mouse (n=2) were enriched 2-fold in the cushions. Gene regulatory networks (GRN) generated from cushion-enriched gene lists confirmed TGFβ as a nodal point and identified NF-κB as a potential node. To reveal previously unrecognized regulators of EMT four candidate genes, Hapln1, Id1, Foxp2, and Meis2, and a candidate pathway, NF-κB, were selected. In vivo spatial expression of each gene was confirmed by in situ hybridization and a functional role for each in endocardial EMT was determined by siRNA knockdown in a collagen gel assay. Our spatial-transcriptional profiling strategy yielded gene lists which reflected the known biology of the system. Further analysis accurately identified and validated previously unrecognized novel candidate genes and the NF-κB pathway as regulators of endocardial cell EMT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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15
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Evanko SP, Potter-Perigo S, Bollyky PL, Nepom GT, Wight TN. Hyaluronan and versican in the control of human T-lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:90-100. [PMID: 22155153 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of lymphocytes to migrate freely through connective tissues is vital to efficient immune function. How the extracellular matrix (ECM) may affect T-cell adhesion and migration is not well understood. We have examined the adhesion and migration of activated human T-lymphocytes on ECM made by fibroblast-like synoviocytes and lung fibroblasts. These cells were minimally interactive until treated with a viral mimetic, Poly I:C. This treatment promoted myofibroblast formation and engendered a higher-order structured ECM, rich in versican and hyaluronan, to which T-cells avidly adhered in a hyaluronidase-sensitive manner. This Poly I:C-induced matrix impeded T-cell spreading and migration on and through synoviocyte monolayers, while hyaluronidase treatment or adding versican antibody during matrix formation reversed the effect on T-cell migration. Hyaluronidase also reversed the spread myofibroblast morphology. These data suggest that the viscous hyaluronan- and versican-rich matrix binds and constrains T-lymphocytes. Using purified matrix components and solid state matrices of defined composition, we uncovered a role for versican in modulating hyaluronan-T-cell interactions. Versican prevented T-cell binding to soluble hyaluronan, as well as the amoeboid shape change on hyaluronan-coated dishes and T-cell penetration of collagen gels. Together, these data suggest that hyaluronan and versican play a role in T-cell trafficking and function in inflamed tissues.
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16
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Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day AJ, Maroudas A, Klein J. Articular Cartilage Proteoglycans As Boundary Lubricants: Structure and Frictional Interaction of Surface-Attached Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan–Aggrecan Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3432-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2004912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Seror
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yulia Merkher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nir Kampf
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lisa Collinson
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Maroudas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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17
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Bhilocha S, Amin R, Pandya M, Yuan H, Tank M, LoBello J, Shytuhina A, Wang W, Wisniewski HG, de la Motte C, Cowman MK. Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods for molecular mass analysis of 5- to 500-kDa hyaluronan. Anal Biochem 2011; 417:41-9. [PMID: 21684248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems for the molecular mass-dependent separation of hyaluronan (HA) in the size range of approximately 5-500 kDa were investigated. For agarose-based systems, the suitability of different agarose types, agarose concentrations, and buffer systems was determined. Using chemoenzymatically synthesized HA standards of low polydispersity, the molecular mass range was determined for each gel composition over which the relationship between HA mobility and logarithm of the molecular mass was linear. Excellent linear calibration was obtained for HA molecular mass as low as approximately 9 kDa in agarose gels. For higher resolution separation, and for extension to molecular masses as low as approximately 5 kDa, gradient polyacrylamide gels were superior. Densitometric scanning of stained gels allowed analysis of the range of molecular masses present in a sample as well as calculation of weight-average and number-average values. The methods were validated for polydisperse HA samples with viscosity-average molecular masses of 112, 59, 37, and 22 kDa at sample loads of 0.5 μg (for polyacrylamide) to 2.5 μg (for agarose). Use of the methods for electrophoretic mobility shift assays was demonstrated for binding of the HA-binding region of aggrecan (recombinant human aggrecan G1-IGD-G2 domains) to a 150-kDa HA standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardul Bhilocha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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18
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Ivanova AV, Goparaju CMV, Ivanov SV, Nonaka D, Cruz C, Beck A, Lonardo F, Wali A, Pass HI. Protumorigenic role of HAPLN1 and its IgV domain in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2602-11. [PMID: 19351750 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in cancer progression mediating and transforming host-tumor interactions. Targeting the ECM is becoming an increasingly promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. We find that one of the ECM proteins, HAPLN1, is overexpressed in the majority of mesotheliomas. This study was designed to characterize the protumorigenic role of HAPLN1 in mesothelioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Overexpression of HAPLN1 was assessed and validated on a large set of normal/mesothelioma specimens on the RNA and protein levels. We also analyzed DNA copy number alterations in the HAPLN1 genomic locus using the array-based comparative genomic hybridization representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis tool. Tumorigenic activities of the HAPLN1 domains were evaluated in vitro on mesothelioma cells transfected with HAPLN1-expressing constructs. RESULTS We found that HAPLN1 is 23-fold overexpressed in stage I mesothelioma and confirmed it for 76% samples (n = 53) on RNA and 97% (n = 40) on protein levels. The majority of lung cancers showed no differential expression of HAPLN1. Analysis of DNA copy number alterations identified recurrent gain in the 5q14.3 HAPLN1 locus in approximately 27% of tumors. Noteworthy, high expression of HAPLN1 negatively correlated with time to progression (P = 0.05, log-rank test) and overall survival (P = 0.006). Proliferation, motility, invasion, and soft-agar colony formation assays on mesothelioma cells overexpressing full-length HAPLN1 or its functional domains strongly supported the protumorigenic role of HAPLN1 and its SP-IgV domain. CONCLUSION Overexpression of HAPLN1 and its SP-IgV domain increases tumorigenic properties of mesothelioma. Thus, targeting the SP-IgV domain may be one of the therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V Ivanova
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
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19
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Nap RJ, Szleifer I. Structure and interactions of aggrecans: statistical thermodynamic approach. Biophys J 2008; 95:4570-83. [PMID: 18689463 PMCID: PMC2576360 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.108.133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak polyelectrolytes tethered to cylindrical surfaces are investigated using a molecular theory. These polymers form a model system to describe the properties of aggrecan molecules, which is one of the main components of cartilage. We have studied the structural and thermodynamical properties of two interacting aggrecans with a molecular density functional theory that incorporates the acid-base equilibrium as well as the molecular properties: including conformations, size, shape, and charge distribution of all molecular species. The effect of acidity and salt concentration on the behavior is explored in detail. The repulsive interactions between two cylindrical-shaped aggrecans are strongly influenced by both the salt concentration and the pH. With increasing acidity, the polyelectrolytes of the aggrecan acquire charge and with decreasing salt concentration those charges become less screened. Consequently the interactions increase in size and range with increasing acidity and decreasing salt concentration. The size and range of the forces offers a possible explanation to the aggregation behavior of aggrecans and for their ability to resist compressive forces in cartilage. Likewise, the interdigitation of two aggrecan molecules is strongly affected by the salt concentration as well as the pH. With increasing pH, the number of charges increases, causing the repulsions between the polymers to increase, leading to a lower interdigitation of the two cylindrical polymer layers of the aggrecan molecules. The low interdigitation in charged polyelectrolytes layers provides an explanation for the good lubrication properties of polyelectrolyte layers in general and cartilage in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikkert J Nap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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20
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Heng BC, Gribbon PM, Day AJ, Hardingham TE. Hyaluronan binding to link module of TSG-6 and to G1 domain of aggrecan is differently regulated by pH. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32294-301. [PMID: 18806261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of hyaluronan (HA) in the extracellular matrix of vertebrate tissues involve a range of specific protein interactions. In this study, the interaction of HA with the Link module from TSG-6 (Link_TSG6) and G1 domain of aggrecan (G1), were investigated by a biophysical analysis of translational diffusion in dilute solution using confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (confocal FRAP). Both Link_TSG6 and G1 were shown to bind to polymeric HA and these interactions could be competed with HA(8) and HA(10) oligosaccharides, respectively. Equilibrium experiments showed that the binding affinity of Link_TSG6 to HA was maximal at pH 6.0, and reduced dramatically above and below this pH. In contrast, G1 had maximum binding at pH 7.0-8.0 and moderate to strong binding affinity over a much broader pH range (5.5-8.0). The K(D) determined for Link_TSG6 binding to HA showed a 100-fold increase in binding affinity between pH 7.4 and 6.0, whereas G1 showed a 75-fold decrease in binding affinity over the same pH range. The sharp difference observed in their pH binding suggests that pH controls the physiological function of TSG-6, with a low affinity for HA at neutral pH, but with increased affinity as the pH falls below pH 7. TSG-6 and aggrecan interact with HA through structurally homologous domains and the difference in pH-dependent binding can be understood in terms of differences in the presence and topographical distribution of key regulatory amino acids in Link_TSG6 and in the related tandem Link domains in aggrecan G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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21
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Müller SA, Aebi U, Engel A. What transmission electron microscopes can visualize now and in the future. J Struct Biol 2008; 163:235-45. [PMID: 18614377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our review concentrates on the progress made in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the past decade. This includes significant improvements in sample preparation by quick-freezing aimed at preserving the specimen in a close-to-native state in the high vacuum of the microscope. Following advances in cold stage and TEM vacuum technology systems, the observation of native, frozen hydrated specimens has become a widely used approach. It fostered the development of computer guided, fully automated low-dose data acquisition systems allowing matched pairs of images and diffraction patterns to be recorded for electron crystallography, and the collection of entire tilt-series for electron tomography. To achieve optimal information transfer to atomic resolution, field emission electron guns combined with acceleration voltages of 200-300 kV are now routinely used. The outcome of these advances is illustrated by the atomic structure of mammalian aquaporin-O and by the pore-forming bacterial cytotoxin ClyA resolved to 12 A. Further, the Yersinia injectisome needle, a bacterial pseudopilus and the binding of phalloidin to muscle actin filaments were chosen to document the advantage of the high contrast offered by dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and/or the STEM's ability to measure the mass of protein complexes and directly link this to their shape. Continued progress emerging from leading research laboratories and microscope manufacturers will eventually enable us to determine the proteome of a single cell by electron tomography, and to more routinely solve the atomic structure of membrane proteins by electron crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A Müller
- Maurice E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Evanko SP, Tammi MI, Tammi RH, Wight TN. Hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1351-65. [PMID: 17804111 PMCID: PMC2174428 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a multifunctional glycosaminoglycan that forms the structural basis of the pericellular matrix. Hyaluronan is extruded directly through the plasma membrane by one of three hyaluronan synthases and anchored to the cell surface by the synthase or cell surface receptors such as CD44 or RHAMM. Aggregating proteoglycans and other hyaluronan-binding proteins, contribute to the material and biological properties of the matrix and regulate cell and tissue function. The pericellular matrix plays multiple complex roles in cell adhesion/de-adhesion, and cell shape changes associated with proliferation and locomotion. Time-lapse studies show that pericellular matrix formation facilitates cell detachment and mitotic cell rounding. Hyaluronan crosslinking occurs through various proteins, such as tenascin, TSG-6, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, pentraxin and TSP-1. This creates higher order levels of structured hyaluronan that may regulate inflammation and other biological processes. Microvillous or filopodial membrane protrusions are created by active hyaluronan synthesis, and form the scaffold of hyaluronan coats in certain cells. The importance of the pericellular matrix in cellular mechanotransduction and the response to mechanical strain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Evanko
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Markku I. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija H. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas N. Wight, The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, , Phone: (206) 341-1377, Fax: (206) 341-1370
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23
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Cattaruzza S, Perris R. Approaching theProteoglycome: Molecular Interactions of Proteoglycans and Their Functional Output. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:667-80. [PMID: 16881045 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
[Image: see text] Through their diverse core protein modules and glycan/glycosaminoglycan moieties, proteoglycans may engage in numerous cellular and molecular interactions which are dispensable during embryogenesis, are essential for the maintenance of a healthy state and are prone to modulation in pathological conditions. Proteoglycan interactions may involve binding to other structural components of the ECM, to cell surface receptors, to membrane-associated components, and to soluble signaling molecules, which through this interaction may become entrapped in the ECM or sequestered at the cell surface. Understanding of these multiple interplays is therefore of paramount importance and requires a detailed mapping through what we define as the proteoglycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cattaruzza
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11/A, Parma (PR) 43100, Italy
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24
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Seyfried NT, Day AJ, Almond A. Experimental evidence for all-or-none cooperative interactions between the G1-domain of versican and multivalent hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:14-9. [PMID: 16185858 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Seyfried NT, McVey GF, Almond A, Mahoney DJ, Dudhia J, Day AJ. Expression and purification of functionally active hyaluronan-binding domains from human cartilage link protein, aggrecan and versican: formation of ternary complexes with defined hyaluronan oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5435-48. [PMID: 15590670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggrecan forms link protein-stabilized complexes with hyaluronan (HA), via its N-terminal G1-domain, that provide cartilage with its load bearing properties. Similar aggregates (potentially containing new members of the link protein family), in which other chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (i.e. versican, brevican, and neurocan) substitute for aggrecan, may contribute to the structural integrity of many other tissues including skin and brain. In this study, cartilage link protein (cLP) and the G1-domains of aggrecan (AG1) and versican (VG1) were expressed in Drosophila S2 cells. The recombinant human proteins were found to have properties similar to those described for the native molecules (e.g. cLP was able to form oligomers, and HA decasaccharides were the minimum size that could compete effectively for their binding to polymeric HA). Gel filtration and protein cross-linking/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight peptide fingerprinting showed that cLP and AG1 interact in the absence or presence of HA. Conversely, cLP and VG1 did not bind directly to each other in solution yet formed ternary complexes with HA24. N-linked glycosylation of AG1 and VG1 was demonstrated to be unnecessary for either HA binding or the formation of ternary complexes. Surprisingly, the length of HA required to accommodate two G1-domains was found to be significantly larger for aggrecan than versican, which may reflect differences in the conformation of HA stabilized on binding these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Seyfried
- Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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26
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Rauch U, Hirakawa S, Oohashi T, Kappler J, Roos G. Cartilage link protein interacts with neurocan, which shows hyaluronan binding characteristics different from CD44 and TSG-6. Matrix Biol 2004; 22:629-39. [PMID: 15062856 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of neurocan with hyaluronan was qualitatively characterized with alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins secreted by mammalian cells. The wild type neurocan hyaluronan binding domain fused to alkaline phosphatase bound to immobilized hyaluronan under physiological as well as moderately hypertonic conditions, whereas its ability to bind to immobilized chondroitin sulfate dropped rapidly with increasing salt concentration. Strong hyaluronan binding ability was still evident when in both link modules within the hyaluronan binding domain a basic amino acid was mutated, which is well conserved among link modules of hyaluronan binding proteins. A strong enhancement of the binding of neurocan to immobilized hyaluronan was observed after preincubation of the immobilized hyaluronan with cartilage link protein. Moreover, this preincubation mediated also the binding of a fusion protein representing only the immunoglobulin module of neurocan linked to alkaline phosphatase, which showed no binding to immobilized hyaluronan alone. The interaction of the neurocan immunoglobulin module with link protein could also be shown by overlay blot analysis. These observations suggest that the hyaluronan binding characteristics of paired link modules are different from those of single link modules, and that the reported temporal co-expression of cartilage link protein and of neurocan in developing brain implicates the possibility of a cooperative function of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
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27
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Wells T, Davidson C, Mörgelin M, Bird JLE, Bayliss MT, Dudhia J. Age-related changes in the composition, the molecular stoichiometry and the stability of proteoglycan aggregates extracted from human articular cartilage. Biochem J 2003; 370:69-79. [PMID: 12431185 PMCID: PMC1223159 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Revised: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the components of proteoglycan aggregates, their stoichiometry within the aggregate and the aggregates' stability was investigated in normal human articular cartilage specimens (age-range newborn to 63 years). Proteoglycans were extracted from tissue by sequentially extracting them with PBS alone, PBS containing oligosaccharides of hyaluronan, and PBS containing solutions of increasing guanidinium chloride concentration (1 M, 2 M, 3 M and 4 M). A high proportion of each of the components of the proteoglycan aggregate, i.e. uronic acid, sulphated glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan binding domain of aggrecan (G1-domain), link protein (LP) and hyaluronan, was extracted from immature cartilage by PBS alone and PBS containing oligosaccharides of hyaluronan. This was in marked contrast to adult cartilage, which required high concentrations of guanidinium chloride for the efficient extraction of these components. The molar ratios of total G1-domain:LP and the G1-domain associated with aggrecan:LP also differed markedly between immature and mature cartilage and between each of the sequential extracts. The concentration of LP was less than that of the G1-domain in all extracts of cartilage from individuals over 13 years, but this was particularly noticeable in the 1 M guanidinium chloride extracts, and it was surmised that a deficiency in LP produces unstable aggregates in situ. The fragmentation of LP, which is known to occur with advancing age, did not influence the extractability of LP, and fragments were present in each of the sequential extracts. Therefore the generally accepted model of proteoglycan aggregation presented in the literature, which is mostly derived from analysis of immature animal cartilage, cannot be used to describe the structure and organization of aggregates in adult human articular cartilage, where a heterogeneous population of complexes exist that have varying degrees of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Wells
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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28
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of hyaluronan have revealed the inherent flexibility of this glycosaminoglycan in solution. Crystal structures of hyaluronan-digesting enzymes have provided the first direct insights into the molecular basis of hyaluronan-protein interactions. Various studies on hyaluronan-binding proteins suggest there is considerable diversity in their mode of interaction with hyaluronan, which might result in many different bound conformations of the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
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29
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Evanko SP, Johnson PY, Braun KR, Underhill CB, Dudhia J, Wight TN. Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates the formation of versican-hyaluronan aggregates and pericellular matrix expansion in arterial smooth muscle cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 394:29-38. [PMID: 11566024 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and versican-rich pericellular matrices form around arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMC) preferentially during the detachment phase of proliferation and migration. PDGF is a potent mitogen and chemotactic agent for ASMC and also stimulates the production of extracellular matrix molecules which may regulate the proliferative and migratory capacity of the cells. We have examined the effect of PDGF on the formation of hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrices, and on the synthesis and interaction of several major pericellular coat constituents. As demonstrated using a particle exclusion assay, PDGF stimulated the formation of pericellular matrices and was seen both in an increased proportion of cells with a coat and a greater coat size. This increase was accompanied by a transient increase in hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression and an increase in hyaluronan synthesis and polymer length. PDGF also increased the synthesis of versican and link protein as measured at the mRNA and protein levels. The amount of native versican-hyaluronan aggregates and link-stabilized aggregate was also increased following PDGF treatment. Time lapse imaging showed that pericellular matrix formation occurred around trailing cell processes prior to their detachment. These data suggest that PDGF modulates the synthesis and organization of ASMC pericellular coat-forming molecules such as versican, hyaluronan, and link protein, which leads to extracellular matrix expansion and alterations in ASMC phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Aorta
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/biosynthesis
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- Glycosyltransferases
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Synthases
- Hyaluronic Acid/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Proteins
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transferases
- Versicans
- Xenopus Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Evanko
- The Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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30
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Evanko SP, Angello JC, Wight TN. Formation of hyaluronan- and versican-rich pericellular matrix is required for proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1004-13. [PMID: 10195929 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.4.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of hyaluronan (HA) and the HA-binding proteoglycan versican around smooth muscle cells in lesions of atherosclerosis suggests that together these molecules play an important role in the events of atherogenesis. In this study we have examined the formation of HA- and versican-rich pericellular matrices by human aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro, using a particle-exclusion assay, and the role of the pericellular matrix in cell proliferation and migration. The structural dependence of the pericellular matrix on HA can be demonstrated by the complete removal of the matrix with Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The presence of versican in the pericellular matrix was confirmed immunocytochemically. By electron microscopy, the cell coat was seen as a tangled network of hyaluronidase-sensitive filaments decorated with ruthenium red-positive proteoglycan granules. Ninety percent of migrating cells in wounded cultures, and virtually all mitotic cells, displayed abundant HA- and versican-rich coats. Time-lapse video imaging revealed that HA- and versican-rich pericellular matrix formation is dynamic and rapid, and coordinated specifically with cell detachment and mitotic cell rounding. HA oligosaccharides, which inhibit the binding of HA to the cell surface and prevent pericellular matrix formation, significantly reduced proliferation and migration in response to platelet-derived growth factor, whereas larger HA fragments and high molecular weight HA had no effect. Treatment with HA oligosaccharides also led to changes in cell shape from a typical fusiform morphology to a more spread and flattened appearance. These data suggest that organization of HA- and versican-rich pericellular matrices may facilitate migration and mitosis by diminishing cell surface adhesivity and affecting cell shape through steric exclusion and the viscous properties of HA proteoglycan gels.
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MESH Headings
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/ultrastructure
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Hyaluronic Acid/ultrastructure
- Infant, Newborn
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mitosis/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Versicans
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Evanko
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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31
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Stierhof YD, Wiese M, Ilg T, Overath P, Häner M, Aebi U. Structure of a filamentous phosphoglycoprotein polymer: the secreted acid phosphatase of Leishmania mexicana. J Mol Biol 1998; 282:137-48. [PMID: 9733646 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The insect stage of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana secretes a filamentous acid phosphatase (secreted acid phosphatase, SAP), a polymeric phosphoglycoprotein. The wild-type (wt) SAP filament is a copolymer composed of two related gene products SAP1 and SAP2, which are identical in the enzymatically active NH2-terminal domain and the COOH-terminal domain, but differ in the length of a highly glycosylated Ser/Thr-rich repeat region (32 amino acids and 383 amino acids, respectively) which is located between these domains. When expressed separately, full length SAP1, SAP2, or the NH2-terminal domain alone, are able to assemble into filaments. The Ser/Thr-rich region is the exclusive target for a novel type of O-glycosylation via phosphoserines. By using glycerol spraying/low-angle rotary metal shadowing and labelling with monoclonal antibodies it is demonstrated that the repetitive region adopts an extended conformation forming side arms which project radially from the filament core and terminate with the COOH-terminal domain. The length of the side arms of SAP1 and SAP2 (20 nm and 90 nm, respectively) corresponds to the predicted length of the Ser/Thr-rich repeat region of SAP1 and SAP2. Mass determination by scanning electron microscopy (STEM) shows that one morphologically defined globular particle of the filament core is a polypeptide dimer. We propose a model for the filament core, in which the globular NH2-terminal SAP domains form one strand composed of polypeptide dimers or two tightly associated strands of monomers which may twist into a double helix, similar to actin filaments. The highly O-glycosylated side arms project from the filament core conferring an overall bottle-brush-like appearance. The L. mexicana SAP is compared to SAPs secreted by the closely related species L. amazonensis and L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Stierhof
- Abteilung Membranbiochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Corrensstrasse 38, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany.
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32
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Parkar AA, Kahmann JD, Howat SL, Bayliss MT, Day AJ. TSG-6 interacts with hyaluronan and aggrecan in a pH-dependent manner via a common functional element: implications for its regulation in inflamed cartilage. FEBS Lett 1998; 428:171-6. [PMID: 9654129 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage matrix is stabilised by the interactions of proteins with hyaluronan (HA). We compare the pH dependences of HA binding by aggrecan, link protein and TSG-6. Aggrecan and link protein exhibit maximal binding across a wide pH range (6.0-8.0). TSG-6, a protein that is only produced during inflammation, binds maximally at about pH 6.0 but shows a dramatic loss of function with increasing pH. TSG-6 also interacts with aggrecan, with a similar pH dependence, and this can be inhibited by HA. Thus, a common binding surface on TSG-6 may be involved in HA and aggrecan binding. We propose that TSG-6 is involved in matrix dissociation and that this is regulated by pH gradients in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Parkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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33
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Ueda H, Toriumi H, Leng CG, Ohno S. A histochemical study of anionic sites in the intermediate layer of rat femoral cartilage using polyethyleneimine at different pH levels. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1997; 29:617-24. [PMID: 9347358 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026488328759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anionic sites in the intermediate layer of young rat hyaline cartilages were examined using a cationic dye, polyethyleneimine (PEI), at different pH levels. Femoral heads were resected and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and treated with 0.5% PEI at pH 7.4, pH 2.5 or pH 1.0. Some cartilage samples were first digested with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase. The PEI deposits at pH 7.4 appeared to be irregular shapes. Their sizes seemed to be larger than those at pH 2.5 or pH 1.0. The PEI deposits were also found on the surface of collagen fibrils at both pH 7.4 and pH 2.5 even after the chondroitinase ABC digestion, but were not found at pH 1.0. Moreover, they disappeared after hyaluronidase digestion. Accordingly, it is suggested that PEI-positive structures varied depending on pH levels. In addition, hyaluronan may be localized near collagen fibrils, but most sulphated proteoglycans may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ueda
- Department of Anatomy, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
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34
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Milev P, Fischer D, Häring M, Schulthess T, Margolis RK, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Margolis RU. The fibrinogen-like globe of tenascin-C mediates its interactions with neurocan and phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15501-9. [PMID: 9182584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two nervous tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan and phosphacan (the extracellular domain of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta), are high-affinity ligands of tenascin-C. Using portions of tenascin-C expressed as recombinant proteins in human fibrosarcoma cells, we have demonstrated both by direct radioligand binding assays and inhibition studies that phosphacan binding is retained in all deletion variants except those lacking the fibrinogen-like globe and that phosphacan binds to this single domain with nearly the same affinity (Kd approximately 12 nM) as to native or recombinant tenascin-C. However, maximum binding of neurocan requires both the fibrinogen globe and some of the adjacent fibronectin type III repeats. Binding of phosphacan and neurocan to intact tenascin-C, and of phosphacan to the fibrinogen globe, is significantly increased in the presence of calcium. Chondroitinase treatment of the proteoglycans did not affect their binding to either native tenascin-C or to any of the recombinant proteins, demonstrating that these interactions are mediated by the proteoglycan core proteins rather than through the glycosaminoglycan chains. These results are also consistent with rotary shadowing electron micrographs that show phosphacan as a rod terminated at one end by a globular domain that is frequently seen apposed to the fibrinogen globe in mixtures of phosphacan and tenascin-C. C6 glioma cells adhere to and spread on deletion variants of tenascin-C containing only the epidermal growth factor-like domains or the fibronectin type III repeats and the fibrinogen globe. In both cases cell adhesion was inhibited by similar concentrations of phosphacan, demonstrating that the fibrinogen globe is not necessary for this effect, which is apparently mediated by a direct action of phosphacan on the cells rather than by its interaction with the proteoglycan binding site on tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milev
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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35
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Kohda D, Morton CJ, Parkar AA, Hatanaka H, Inagaki FM, Campbell ID, Day AJ. Solution structure of the link module: a hyaluronan-binding domain involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration. Cell 1996; 86:767-75. [PMID: 8797823 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Link modules are hyaluronan-binding domains found in proteins involved in the assembly of extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and migration. The solution structure of the Link module from human TSG-6 was determined and found to consist of two alpha helices and two antiparallel beta sheets arranged around a large hydrophobic core. This defines the consensus fold for the Link module superfamily, which includes CD44, cartilage link protein, and aggrecan. The TSG-6 Link module was shown to interact with hyaluronan, and a putative binding surface was identified on the structure. A structural database search revealed close similarity between the Link module and the C-type lectin domain, with the predicted hyaluronan-binding site at an analogous position to the carbohydrate-binding pocket in E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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