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Lodde V, Garcia Barros R, Terzaghi L, Franciosi F, Luciano AM. Insights on the Role of PGRMC1 in Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235755. [PMID: 36497237 PMCID: PMC9736406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis defects have been recognized as hallmarks of cancer cells. Cytoskeletal elements composing the spindle and the contractile ring and their associated proteins play crucial roles in the faithful progression of mitotic cell division. The hypothesis that PGRMC1, most likely as a part of a yet-to-be-defined complex, is involved in the regulation of spindle function and, more broadly, the cytoskeletal machinery driving cell division is particularly appealing. Nevertheless, more than ten years after the preliminary observation that PGRMC1 changes its localization dynamically during meiotic and mitotic cell division, this field of research has remained a niche and needs to be fully explored. To encourage research in this fascinating field, in this review, we will recap the current knowledge on PGRMC1 function during mitotic and meiotic cell division, critically highlighting the strengths and limitations of the experimental approaches used so far. We will focus on known interacting partners as well as new putative associated proteins that have recently arisen in the literature and that might support current as well as new hypotheses of a role for PGRMC1 in specific spindle subcompartments, such as the centrosome, kinetochores, and the midzone/midbody.
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2
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Par3 regulates the asymmetric division of basal stem cells in psoriasis via the Par3/mInsc/LGN signaling axis. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Naudet N, Moutal A, Vu HN, Chounlamountri N, Watrin C, Cavagna S, Malleval C, Benetollo C, Bardel C, Dronne MA, Honnorat J, Meissirel C, Besançon R. Transcriptional regulation of CRMP5 controls neurite outgrowth through Sox5. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:67-79. [PMID: 28864883 PMCID: PMC11105725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of proteins involved in neuronal polarity is a key process that underlies the ability of neurons to transfer information in the central nervous system. The Collapsin Response Mediator Protein (CRMP) family is best known for its role in neurite outgrowth regulation conducting to neuronal polarity and axonal guidance, including CRMP5 that drives dendrite differentiation. Although CRMP5 is able to control dendritic development, the regulation of its expression remains poorly understood. Here we identify a Sox5 consensus binding sequence in the putative promoter sequence upstream of the CRMP5 gene. By luciferase assays we show that Sox5 increases CRMP5 promoter activity, but not if the putative Sox5 binding site is mutated. We demonstrate that Sox5 can physically bind to the CRMP5 promoter DNA in gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Using a combination of real-time RT-PCR and quantitative immunocytochemistry, we provide further evidence for a Sox5-dependent upregulation of CRMP5 transcription and protein expression in N1E115 cells: a commonly used cell line model for neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, we report that increasing Sox5 levels in this neuronal cell line inhibits neurite outgrowth. This inhibition requires CRMP5 because CRMP5 knockdown prevents the Sox5-dependent effect. We confirm the physiological relevance of the Sox5-CRMP5 pathway in the regulation of neurite outgrowth using mouse primary hippocampal neurons. These findings identify Sox5 as a critical modulator of neurite outgrowth through the selective activation of CRMP5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Naudet
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hong Nhung Vu
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Watrin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR, CNRS 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, 69000, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Malleval
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR, CNRS 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Bardel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Service de Biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Aimée Dronne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Service de Neuro-Oncologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Meissirel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Roger Besançon
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69000, Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
- Faculté de Médecine RTH Laënnec, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Synatac Team, UMR, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 69008, Lyon, France.
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Satir P. Chirality of the cytoskeleton in the origins of cellular asymmetry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0408. [PMID: 27821520 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of two important components of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, actin microfilaments and microtubules (MTs) results in polar filaments of one chirality. As is true for bacterial flagella, in actin microfilaments, screw direction is important for assembly processes and motility. For MTs, polar orientation within the cell is paramount. The alignment of these elements in the cell cytoplasm gives rise to emergent properties, including the potential for cell differentiation and specialization. Complex MTs with a characteristic chirality are found in basal bodies and centrioles; this chirality is preserved in cilia. In motile cilia, it is reflected in the direction of the effective stroke. The positioning of the basal body or cilia on the cell surface depends on polarity proteins. In evolution, survival depends on global polarity information relayed to the cell in part by orientation of the MT and actin filament cytoskeletons and the chirality of the basal body to determine left and right coordinates within a defined anterior-posterior cell and tissue axis.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Campanale JP, Sun TY, Montell DJ. Development and dynamics of cell polarity at a glance. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1201-1207. [PMID: 28365593 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells exhibit morphological and molecular asymmetries that are broadly categorized as cell polarity. The cell polarity established in early embryos prefigures the macroscopic anatomical asymmetries characteristic of adult animals. For example, eggs and early embryos have polarized distributions of RNAs and proteins that generate global anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. The molecular programs that polarize embryos are subsequently reused in multiple contexts. Epithelial cells require apical/basal polarity to establish their barrier function. Migrating cells polarize in the direction of movement, creating distinct leading and trailing structures. Asymmetrically dividing stem cells partition different molecules between themselves and their daughter cells. Cell polarity can develop de novo, be maintained through rounds of cell division and be dynamically remodeled. In this Cell Science at a Glance review and poster, we describe molecular asymmetries that underlie cell polarity in several cellular contexts. We highlight multiple developmental systems that first establish cell/developmental polarity, and then maintain it. Our poster showcases repeated use of the Par, Scribble and Crumbs polarity complexes, which drive the development of cell polarity in many cell types and organisms. We then briefly discuss the diverse and dynamic changes in cell polarity that occur during cell migration, asymmetric cell division and in planar polarized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Campanale
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Thomas Y Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Offenburger SL, Bensaddek D, Murillo AB, Lamond AI, Gartner A. Comparative genetic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of C. elegans embryos with a focus on ham-1/STOX and pig-1/MELK in dopaminergic neuron development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4314. [PMID: 28659600 PMCID: PMC5489525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions are required for cellular diversity and defects can lead to altered daughter cell fates and numbers. In a genetic screen for C. elegans mutants with defects in dopaminergic head neuron specification or differentiation, we isolated a new allele of the transcription factor HAM-1 [HSN (Hermaphrodite-Specific Neurons) Abnormal Migration]. Loss of both HAM-1 and its target, the kinase PIG-1 [PAR-1(I)-like Gene], leads to abnormal dopaminergic head neuron numbers. We identified discrete genetic relationships between ham-1, pig-1 and apoptosis pathway genes in dopaminergic head neurons. We used an unbiased, quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to characterise direct and indirect protein targets and pathways that mediate the effects of PIG-1 kinase loss in C. elegans embryos. Proteins showing changes in either abundance, or phosphorylation levels, between wild-type and pig-1 mutant embryos are predominantly connected with processes including cell cycle, asymmetric cell division, apoptosis and actomyosin-regulation. Several of these proteins play important roles in C. elegans development. Our data provide an in-depth characterisation of the C. elegans wild-type embryo proteome and phosphoproteome and can be explored via the Encyclopedia of Proteome Dynamics (EPD) - an open access, searchable online database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Lena Offenburger
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dalila Bensaddek
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alejandro Brenes Murillo
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anton Gartner
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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7
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Morrot A. Asymmetric cell division regulates the transcriptional balance controlling memory fate decisions in T cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:121. [PMID: 28361086 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.02.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morrot
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;; Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Pillitteri LJ, Guo X, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plants: mechanisms of symmetry breaking and cell fate determination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4213-4229. [PMID: 27286799 PMCID: PMC5522748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism that generates cell diversity while maintaining self-renewing stem cell populations in multicellular organisms. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpin symmetry breaking and differential daughter cell fate determination in animals and plants. The emerging picture suggests that plants deal with the problem of symmetry breaking using unique cell polarity proteins, mobile transcription factors, and cell wall components to influence asymmetric divisions and cell fate. There is a clear role for altered auxin distribution and signaling in distinguishing two daughter cells and an emerging role for epigenetic modifications through chromatin remodelers and DNA methylation in plant cell differentiation. The importance of asymmetric cell division in determining final plant form provides the impetus for its study in the areas of both basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jo Pillitteri
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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9
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Spiró Z, Thyagarajan K, De Simone A, Träger S, Afshar K, Gönczy P. Clathrin regulates centrosome positioning by promoting acto-myosin cortical tension in C. elegans embryos. Development 2014; 141:2712-23. [PMID: 24961801 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of centrosome and spindle positioning is crucial for spatial cell division control. The one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo has proven attractive for dissecting the mechanisms underlying centrosome and spindle positioning in a metazoan organism. Previous work revealed that these processes rely on an evolutionarily conserved force generator complex located at the cell cortex. This complex anchors the motor protein dynein, thus allowing cortical pulling forces to be exerted on astral microtubules emanating from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Here, we report that the clathrin heavy chain CHC-1 negatively regulates pulling forces acting on centrosomes during interphase and on spindle poles during mitosis in one-cell C. elegans embryos. We establish a similar role for the cytokinesis/apoptosis/RNA-binding protein CAR-1 and uncover that CAR-1 is needed to maintain proper levels of CHC-1. We demonstrate that CHC-1 is necessary for normal organization of the cortical acto-myosin network and for full cortical tension. Furthermore, we establish that the centrosome positioning phenotype of embryos depleted of CHC-1 is alleviated by stabilizing the acto-myosin network. Conversely, we demonstrate that slight perturbations of the acto-myosin network in otherwise wild-type embryos results in excess centrosome movements resembling those in chc-1(RNAi) embryos. We developed a 2D computational model to simulate cortical rigidity-dependent pulling forces, which recapitulates the experimental data and further demonstrates that excess centrosome movements are produced at medium cortical rigidity values. Overall, our findings lead us to propose that clathrin plays a critical role in centrosome positioning by promoting acto-myosin cortical tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Spiró
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kalyani Thyagarajan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro De Simone
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Träger
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Katayoun Afshar
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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10
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Brennan LD, Roland T, Morton DG, Fellman SM, Chung S, Soltani M, Kevek JW, McEuen PM, Kemphues KJ, Wang MD. Small molecule injection into single-cell C. elegans embryos via carbon-reinforced nanopipettes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75712. [PMID: 24086620 PMCID: PMC3784451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of chemical inhibitors into living cells at specific times in development is a useful method for investigating the roles of specific proteins or cytoskeletal components in developmental processes. Some embryos, such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, however, possess a tough eggshell that makes introducing drugs and other molecules into embryonic cells challenging. We have developed a procedure using carbon-reinforced nanopipettes (CRNPs) to deliver molecules into C. elegans embryos with high temporal control. The use of CRNPs allows for cellular manipulation to occur just subsequent to meiosis II with minimal damage to the embryo. We have used our technique to replicate classical experiments using latrunculin A to inhibit microfilaments and assess its effects on early polarity establishment. Our injections of latrunculin A confirm the necessity of microfilaments in establishing anterior-posterior polarity at this early stage, even when microtubules remain intact. Further, we find that latrunculin A treatment does not prevent association of PAR-2 or PAR-6 with the cell cortex. Our experiments demonstrate the application of carbon-reinforced nanopipettes to the study of one temporally-confined developmental event. The use of CRNPs to introduce molecules into the embryo should be applicable to investigations at later developmental stages as well as other cells with tough outer coverings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D. Brennan
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Thibault Roland
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Morton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shanna M. Fellman
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - SueYeon Chung
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua W. Kevek
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul M. McEuen
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Kemphues
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (KJK)
| | - Michelle D. Wang
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (KJK)
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Bergstralh DT, Haack T, St Johnston D. Epithelial polarity and spindle orientation: intersecting pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130291. [PMID: 24062590 PMCID: PMC3785970 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric stem cell divisions, the mitotic spindle must be correctly oriented and positioned with respect to the axis of cell polarity to ensure that cell fate determinants are appropriately segregated into only one daughter cell. By contrast, epithelial cells divide symmetrically and orient their mitotic spindles perpendicular to the main apical–basal polarity axis, so that both daughter cells remain within the epithelium. Work in the past 20 years has defined a core ternary complex consisting of Pins, Mud and Gαi that participates in spindle orientation in both asymmetric and symmetric divisions. As additional factors that interact with this complex continue to be identified, a theme has emerged: there is substantial overlap between the mechanisms that orient the spindle and those that establish and maintain apical–basal polarity in epithelial cells. In this review, we examine several factors implicated in both processes, namely Canoe, Bazooka, aPKC and Discs large, and consider the implications of this work on how the spindle is oriented during epithelial cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan T Bergstralh
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, , Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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12
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Noatynska A, Tavernier N, Gotta M, Pintard L. Coordinating cell polarity and cell cycle progression: what can we learn from flies and worms? Open Biol 2013; 3:130083. [PMID: 23926048 PMCID: PMC3758543 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal coordination of events during cell division is crucial for animal development. In recent years, emerging data have strengthened the notion that tight coupling of cell cycle progression and cell polarity in dividing cells is crucial for asymmetric cell division and ultimately for metazoan development. Although it is acknowledged that such coupling exists, the molecular mechanisms linking the cell cycle and cell polarity machineries are still under investigation. Key cell cycle regulators control cell polarity, and thus influence cell fate determination and/or differentiation, whereas some factors involved in cell polarity regulate cell cycle timing and proliferation potential. The scope of this review is to discuss the data linking cell polarity and cell cycle progression, and the importance of such coupling for asymmetric cell division. Because studies in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have started to reveal the molecular mechanisms of this coordination, we will concentrate on these two systems. We review examples of molecular mechanisms suggesting a coupling between cell polarity and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Noatynska
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Su W, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Regulation of actin dynamics and protein trafficking during spermatogenesis--insights into a complex process. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:153-72. [PMID: 23339542 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.758084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian testis, extensive restructuring takes place across the seminiferous epithelium at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis, which is important to facilitate changes in the cell shape and morphology of developing germ cells. However, precise communications also take place at the cell junctions to coordinate the discrete events pertinent to spermatogenesis, namely spermatogonial renewal via mitosis, cell cycle progression and meiosis, spermiogenesis and spermiation. It is obvious that these cellular events are intimately related to the underlying actin-based cytoskeleton which is being used by different cell junctions for their attachment. However, little is known on the biology and regulation of this cytoskeleton, in particular its possible involvement in endocytic vesicle-mediated trafficking during spermatogenesis, which in turn affects cell adhesive function and communication at the cell-cell interface. Studies in other epithelia in recent years have shed insightful information on the intimate involvement of actin dynamics and protein trafficking in regulating cell adhesion and communications. The goal of this critical review is to provide an updated assessment of the latest findings in the field on how these complex processes are being regulated during spermatogenesis. We also provide a working model based on the latest findings in the field including our laboratory to provide our thoughts on an apparent complicated subject, which also serves as the framework for investigators in the field. It is obvious that this model will be rapidly updated when more data are available in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Su
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
Genome sequencing and RNAi have been powerful allies in the quest to assign function to every gene. Systematic RNAi screens identify essential genes efficiently, but are less effective with pleiotropic or redundant genes. A common trick used by geneticists to overcome this problem is to screen for genetic interactors - mutations that enhance or suppress the phenotype of a starting mutation. Now, this classic approach has been combined with the versatility of RNAi to generate an expanded gene network for cell polarity.
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