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Perisic L, Aldi S, Sun Y, Folkersen L, Razuvaev A, Roy J, Lengquist M, Åkesson S, Wheelock CE, Maegdefessel L, Gabrielsen A, Odeberg J, Hansson GK, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U. Gene expression signatures, pathways and networks in carotid atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2016; 279:293-308. [PMID: 26620734 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embolism from unstable atheromas in the carotid bifurcation is a major cause of stroke. Here, we analysed gene expression in endarterectomies from patients with symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) carotid stenosis to identify pathways linked to plaque instability. METHODS Microarrays were prepared from plaques (n = 127) and peripheral blood samples (n = 96) of S and AS patients. Gene set enrichment, pathway mapping and network analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed. RESULTS These studies revealed upregulation of haemoglobin metabolism (P = 2.20E-05) and bone resorption (P = 9.63E-04) in S patients. Analysis of subgroups of patients indicated enrichment of calcification and osteoblast differentiation in S patients on statins, as well as inflammation and apoptosis in plaques removed >1 month compared to <2 weeks after symptom. By prediction profiling, a panel of 30 genes, mostly transcription factors, discriminated between plaques from S versus AS patients with 78% accuracy. By meta-analysis, common gene networks associated with atherosclerosis mapped to hypoxia, chemokines, calcification, actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. A set of dysregulated genes (LMOD1, SYNPO2, PLIN2 and PPBP) previously not described in atherosclerosis were identified from microarrays and validated by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed a central role for inflammation and proteases in plaque instability, and highlighted haemoglobin metabolism and bone resorption as important pathways. Subgroup analysis suggested prolonged inflammation following the symptoms of plaque instability and calcification as a possible stabilizing mechanism by statins. In addition, transcriptional regulation may play an important role in the determination of plaque phenotype. The results from this study will serve as a basis for further exploration of molecular signatures in carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Aldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Sun
- Translational Science Center, Personalized Healthcare and Biomarkers, R&D, Astra Zeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Folkersen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Razuvaev
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Åkesson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Gabrielsen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Odeberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - U Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Turczyńska KM, Swärd K, Hien TT, Wohlfahrt J, Mattisson IY, Ekman M, Nilsson J, Sjögren J, Murugesan V, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Cidad P, Hellstrand P, Pérez-García MT, Albinsson S. Regulation of Smooth Muscle Dystrophin and Synaptopodin 2 Expression by Actin Polymerization and Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1489-97. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Actin dynamics in vascular smooth muscle is known to regulate contractile differentiation and may play a role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. However, the list of genes regulated by actin polymerization in smooth muscle remains incomprehensive. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify actin-regulated genes in smooth muscle and to demonstrate the role of these genes in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype.
Approach and Results—
Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with an actin-stabilizing agent, jasplakinolide, and analyzed by microarrays. Several transcripts were upregulated including both known and previously unknown actin-regulated genes. Dystrophin and synaptopodin 2 were selected for further analysis in models of phenotypic modulation and vascular disease. These genes were highly expressed in differentiated versus synthetic smooth muscle and their expression was promoted by the transcription factors myocardin and myocardin-related transcription factor A. Furthermore, the expression of both synaptopodin 2 and dystrophin was significantly reduced in balloon-injured human arteries. Finally, using a dystrophin mutant
mdx
mouse and synaptopodin 2 knockdown, we demonstrate that these genes are involved in the regulation of smooth muscle differentiation and function.
Conclusions—
This study demonstrates novel genes that are promoted by actin polymerization, that regulate smooth muscle function, and that are deregulated in models of vascular disease. Thus, targeting actin polymerization or the genes controlled in this manner can lead to novel therapeutic options against vascular pathologies that involve phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Turczyńska
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Karl Swärd
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Tran Thi Hien
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Wohlfahrt
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Mari Ekman
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Nilsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Sjögren
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Vignesh Murugesan
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Anna Hultgårdh-Nilsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Pilar Cidad
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Per Hellstrand
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - M. Teresa Pérez-García
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Sebastian Albinsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
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