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Moysidou CM, Withers AM, Nisbet AJ, Price DRG, Bryant CE, Cantacessi C, Owens RM. Investigation of Host-Microbe-Parasite Interactions in an In Vitro 3D Model of the Vertebrate Gut. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200015. [PMID: 35652159 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of the gut-microbiome axis are in high demand. Conventionally, intestinal monolayers grown on Transwell setups are used to test the effects of commensals/pathogens on the barrier integrity, both under homeostatic and pathophysiological conditions. While such models remain valuable for deepening the understanding of host-microbe interactions, often, they lack key biological components that mediate this intricate crosstalk. Here, a 3D in vitro model of the vertebrate intestinal epithelium, interfaced with immune cells surviving in culture for over 3 weeks, is developed and applied to proof-of-concept studies of host-microbe interactions. More specifically, the establishment of stable host-microbe cocultures is described and functional and morphological changes in the intestinal barrier induced by the presence of commensal bacteria are shown. Finally, evidence is provided that the 3D vertebrate gut models can be used as platforms to test host-microbe-parasite interactions. Exposure of gut-immune-bacteria cocultures to helminth "excretory/secretory products" induces in vivo-like up-/down-regulation of certain cytokines. These findings support the robustness of the modular in vitro cell systems for investigating the dynamics of host-microbe crosstalk and pave the way toward new approaches for systems biology studies of pathogens that cannot be maintained in vitro, including parasitic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Aimee M Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site, CB3 0AS, UK
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Liu S, Qiu J, He G, He W, Liu C, Cai D, Pan H. TRAIL promotes hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration via interacting with IER3. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:63. [PMID: 33472635 PMCID: PMC7816514 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce substantial cytotoxicity in tumor cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. In the present study, we therefore evaluated interactions between TRAIL and IER3 via co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses, leading us to determine that these two proteins were able to drive the apoptotic death of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to disrupt their proliferative and migratory abilities both in vitro and in vivo. From a mechanistic perspective, we determined that TRAIL and IER3 were capable of inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Together, these results indicate that TRAIL can control the pathogenesis of HCC at least in part via interacting with IER3 to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus indicating that this TRAIL/IER3/β-catenin axis may be a viable therapeutic target in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Liu
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guifang He
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Weitai He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Changchang Liu
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Duo Cai
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Huazheng Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Weindl G. Immunocompetent Human Intestinal Models in Preclinical Drug Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:219-233. [PMID: 33349897 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier, together with the microbiome and local immune system, is a critical component that maintains intestinal homeostasis. Dysfunction may lead to chronic inflammation, as observed in inflammatory bowel diseases. Animal models have historically been used in preclinical research to identify and validate new drug targets in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Yet, limitations about their biological relevance to humans and advances in tissue engineering have forced the development of more complex three-dimensional reconstructed intestinal epithelium. By introducing immune and commensal microbial cells, these models more accurately mimic the gut's physiology and the pathophysiological changes occurring in vivo in the inflamed intestine. Specific advantages and limitations of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) intestinal models such as coculture systems, organoids, and microfluidic devices to study inflammatory and immune-related responses are highlighted. While current cell culture models lack the cellular and molecular complexity observed in vivo, the emphasis is put on how these models can be used to improve preclinical drug development for inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Weindl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Hatori Y. [Analyzing the Redox Status of Intracellular Glutathione and Its Application to an Intestinal Bowel Disease Model]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1523-1530. [PMID: 31787639 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and resulting glutathione oxidation, have been implicated in numerous aspects of cell physiology and human pathology such as cell senescence, cell differentiation, and inflammation. Significant effort has been made to establish methods of analyzing ROS levels and glutathione oxidation within a living cell. The recent development of redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants enables a robust and accurate estimation of ROS level and glutathione oxidation at subcellular resolution. We created membrane-targeted versions of glutathione and hydrogen peroxide sensors by attaching palmitoylation signals to existing sensors (Grx1-roGFP2 and roGFP2-Orp1, respectively), and demonstrated the nonuniform distribution of these oxidative elements within cytosol. In living cells, cytosolic glutathione is highly reduced, and hydrogen peroxide is barely detected. Nevertheless, near the cytoplasmic side of intracellular vesicular membranes, significant glutathione oxidation and hydrogen peroxide were successfully probed by our sensors, clearly showing the difference between various areas within cytosol. Currently, these sensors are being applied to an intestinal inflammation model which is constituted by co-culturing intestinal epithelial cells and macrophage-like inflammatory cells derived from THP-1. This review covers the current status of studies regarding the association of oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation, with a focus on the redox regulation of intracellular glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hatori
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University
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Tian Z, Ma X, Deng D, Cui Y, Chen W. Influence of Nitrogen Levels on Nutrient Transporters and Regulators of Protein Synthesis in Small Intestinal Enterocytes of Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2782-2793. [PMID: 30785738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate effects of dietary nitrogen level on nutrient absorption and utilization in small intestinal enterocyte of piglets, weaned piglets were fed for 10 days with diets containing 20%, 17%, or 14% crude protein (CP) with supplementation to meet requirements for essential amino acids in vivo, and IPEC-1 cells were cultured with different nitrogen levels (NL) in a culture medium (70%, 85%, and 100%) in vitro by monocultured and cocultured intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-1) and human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). The results showed the following: (1) In animal trial, decreased dietary CP reduced transcript abundance of nutrient transporters like CAT1, PepT1, GLUT2, and SGLT-1 in jejunal mucosa (0.09 ± 0.03, P < 0.0001; 0.40 ± 0.04, P = 0.0087; 0.20 ± 0.07, P = 0.0003; 0.35 ± 0.02, P = 0.0001), but 17% CP diet did not affect jejunal protein synthesis. (2) The transcript abundance of nutrient transporters displayed similarly effective tendency in jejunal mucosa and cocultured IPEC-1 rather than that in monocultured IPEC-1. (3) Decreased nitrogen levels reduced expressive abundance of PI3K, Class 3 PI3K, TSC2, and 4E-BP1 in monocultured IPEC-1, but 85% nitrogen level did not affect expressive abundance of PI3K, TSC2, mTORC1, 4E-BP1, and S6K1 in cocultured IPEC-1. In general, decreased 3% CP or 15% nitrogen level reduced relative transcript expression of nutrient transporters, but did not affect protein synthesis in jejunal mucosa and cocultured IPEC-1. Therefore, decreased 3% dietary CP increased utilized and synthetic efficiency of nitrogen resource in small intestine and was beneficial in saving the dietary nitrogen resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Tian
- Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Dun Deng
- Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yiyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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Zhou Q, Hahn JK, Neupane B, Aidery P, Labeit S, Gawaz M, Gramlich M. Dysregulated IER3 Expression is Associated with Enhanced Apoptosis in Titin-Based Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E723. [PMID: 28353642 PMCID: PMC5412309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis (type I programmed cell death) of cardiomyocytes is a major process that plays a role in the progression of heart failure. The early response gene IER3 regulates apoptosis in a wide variety of cells and organs. However, its role in heart failure is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of IER3 in an inducible heart failure mouse model. Heart failure was induced in a mouse model that imitates a human titin truncation mutation we found in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and ssDNA stainings showed induction of apoptosis in titin-deficient cardiomyocytes during heart failure development, while IER3 response was dysregulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and knock-down experiments revealed that IER3 proteins target the promotors of anti-apoptotic genes and act as an anti-apoptotic factor in cardiomyocytes. Its expression is blunted during heart failure development in a titin-deficient mouse model. Targeting the IER3 pathway to reduce cardiac apoptosis might be an effective therapeutic strategy to combat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Kelley Hahn
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Balram Neupane
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Parwez Aidery
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Institute for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Moriya S, Chourasia D, Ng KW, Khel NB, Parhar IS. Cloning and localization of immediate early response 2 (ier2) gene in the brain of medaka. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:24-29. [PMID: 27134039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immediate early response (IER) 2 gene, a member of the IER family, is a gene of unknown function which is affected by external stimuli in the brain. In the present study, the full length sequence and localization of medaka (Oryzias latipes) ier2 was investigated in the brain to understand the functions of Ier2 in the future studies. The full length sequence of medaka ier2 was identified using a 3'-, 5'- rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, and distribution in the brain was identified using in situ hybridization. The identified full length ier2 mRNA consisted of 939 nucleotides spanning along 1 exon. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 171 amino acid residues which contains a highly conserved sequence, nuclear localization signal. ier2 mRNA was distributed in the telencephalon, midbrain and the hypothalamus. This highly conserved primary response gene Ier2 can be used to visualize and map functionally activated neuronal circuitry in the brain of medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Moriya
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Dipti Chourasia
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kai We Ng
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nazmina Bahadur Khel
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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Liu Z, Wang XM, Jia TF, Zhai Y, Sun LY, Cheng YP, Zhang YM, Liu SH, Liang J. Expression of IER3 in primary hepatocarcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:679-82. [PMID: 25684507 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate the immediate early response gene 3 (IER3) is involved in many biological processes. Recently, it was discovered that IER3 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Thus it may be a valuable biomarker in tumor. This study was designed to investigate the expression status of IER3 in primary hepatocarcinoma (PHC) and correlation with clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of IER3 in 62 pathologically diagnosed human PHC specimens. RESULTS A statistically significant association was disclosed between the expression of IER3 and P53 mutant protein (short for P53), Ki-67, EGFR and the biggest diameter, differentiation grade of tumor. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first to shed light on the potential clinical usefulness of IER3, as an efficient tumor biomarker in PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China E-mail :
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Grootaert C, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Van Camp J. Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2015; 7:9229-55. [PMID: 26569293 PMCID: PMC4663590 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
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Chanput W, Mes JJ, Wichers HJ. THP-1 cell line: An in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Garcia MN, Grasso D, Lopez-Millan MB, Hamidi T, Loncle C, Tomasini R, Lomberk G, Porteu F, Urrutia R, Iovanna JL. IER3 supports KRASG12D-dependent pancreatic cancer development by sustaining ERK1/2 phosphorylation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4709-22. [PMID: 25250570 DOI: 10.1172/jci76037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene are prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We previously demonstrated that pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) formation, which precedes malignant transformation, associates with the expression of immediate early response 3 (Ier3) as part of a prooncogenic transcriptional pathway. Here, we evaluated the role of IER3 in PanIN formation and PDAC development. In human pancreatic cancer cells, IER3 expression efficiently sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation by inhibiting phosphatase PP2A activity. Moreover, IER3 enhanced KrasG12D-dependent oncogenesis in the pancreas, as both PanIN and PDAC development were delayed in IER3-deficient KrasG12D mice. IER3 expression was discrete in healthy acinar cells, becoming highly prominent in peritumoral acini, and particularly high in acinar ductal metaplasia (ADM) and PanIN lesions, where IER3 colocalized with phosphorylated ERK1/2. However, IER3 was absent in undifferentiated PDAC, which suggests that the IER3-dependent pathway is an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis. IER3 expression was induced by both mild and severe pancreatitis, which promoted PanIN formation and progression to PDAC in KrasG12D mice. In IER3-deficient mice, pancreatitis abolished KrasG12D-induced proliferation, which suggests that pancreatitis enhances the oncogenic effect of KRAS through induction of IER3 expression. Together, our data indicate that IER3 supports KRASG12D-associated oncogenesis in the pancreas by sustaining ERK1/2 phosphorylation via phosphatase PP2A inhibition.
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Han L, Zhang X, Geng L, Li M, Zhang Y, Wu MX. The expression of immediate early response gene X-1 in preeclampsia placenta and its pro-apoptotic role in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 32:157-68. [DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.784785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Han L, Geng L, Liu X, Shi H, He W, Wu MX. Clinical significance of IEX-1 expression in ovarian carcinoma. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 35:260-6. [PMID: 22085302 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2011.608916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress-inducible immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in a cell type and stimulus-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate IEX-1 expression and its role in apoptosis of ovarian epithelial tumors for potential use in clinical diagnosis and therapy. METHODS IEX-1 expression was examined in paraffin-embedded specimens from 77 patients with epithelial ovarian tumors using immunohistochemistry. Correlation between IEX-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. Apoptosis of tumor cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS IEX-1 expression was significantly lower in ovarian cancers compared to cystadenomas and borderline tumors (p < .05). The expression was significantly associated with FIGO stage and histological grade (p < .05), but not with age, histological type, or residual tumor (p > .05). A positive correlation was also observed between IEX-1 expression and apoptotic index (p < .01) or survival (p=.005). CONCLUSION With the development of epithelial ovarian tumors from benign to malignant, IEX-1 expression is decreased, concomitant with a decreased rate of cell apoptosis. Thus, IEX-1 is pro-apoptotic in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer. The pro-apoptotic activity may take part in restraining tumor growth at the early stage of ovarian epithelial cancer, whereas its decreased expression probably contributes to the abnormal survival advantage for malignant cancer. Altered IEX-1 expression can potentially be a new predictor of the malignant transformation and a prognostic indicator for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
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