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Ferreira J, Levin LR, Buck J. Strategies to safely target widely expressed soluble adenylyl cyclase for contraception. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953903. [PMID: 36091839 PMCID: PMC9452739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the prototypical second messenger cyclic AMP is produced by 10 adenylyl cyclase isoforms, which are divided into two classes. Nine isoforms are G protein coupled transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs; ADCY1-9) and the 10th is the bicarbonate regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC; ADCY10). This review details why sAC is uniquely druggable and outlines ways to target sAC for novel forms of male and female contraception.
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2
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Gasier HG, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA. The HO-1/CO System and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 50:49-55. [PMID: 34690283 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 catalyzes the breakdown of heme to biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide (CO). CO binds to cytochrome c oxidase and alters mitochondrial redox balance and coordinately regulates mitochondrial quality control (MQC) during oxidant stress and inflammation. The hypothesis presented is that skeletal muscle HO-1/CO system helps modulate components in the MQC cycle during metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Anesthesiology Department of Pathology Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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3
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Balbach M, Fushimi M, Huggins DJ, Steegborn C, Meinke PT, Levin LR, Buck J. Optimization of lead compounds into on-demand, nonhormonal contraceptives: leveraging a public-private drug discovery institute collaboration†. Biol Reprod 2021; 103:176-182. [PMID: 32307523 PMCID: PMC7401349 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop new male or female nonhormonal, orally available contraceptives assume that to be effective and safe, targets must be (1) essential for fertility; (2) amenable to targeting by small-molecule inhibitors; and (3) restricted to the germline. In this perspective, we question the third assumption and propose that despite its wide expression, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC: ADCY10), which is essential for male fertility, is a valid target. We hypothesize that an acute-acting sAC inhibitor may provide orally available, on-demand, nonhormonal contraception for men without adverse, mechanism-based effects. To test this concept, we describe a collaboration between academia and the unique capabilities of a public-private drug discovery institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Balbach
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Fushimi
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Huggins
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Salmerón C, Harter TS, Kwan GT, Roa JN, Blair SD, Rummer JL, Shiels HA, Goss GG, Wilson RW, Tresguerres M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase from a bony fish, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200026. [PMID: 33633829 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a HC O 3 - -stimulated enzyme that produces the ubiquitous signalling molecule cAMP, and deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid-base sensor. However, its presence is not yet confirmed in bony fishes, the most abundant and diverse of vertebrates. Here, we identified sAC genes in various cartilaginous, ray-finned and lobe-finned fish species. Next, we focused on rainbow trout sAC (rtsAC) and identified 20 potential alternative spliced mRNAs coding for protein isoforms ranging in size from 28 to 186 kDa. Biochemical and kinetic analyses on purified recombinant rtsAC protein determined stimulation by HC O 3 - at physiologically relevant levels for fish internal fluids (EC50 ∼ 7 mM). rtsAC activity was sensitive to KH7, LRE1, and DIDS (established inhibitors of sAC from other organisms), and insensitive to forskolin and 2,5-dideoxyadenosine (modulators of transmembrane adenylyl cyclases). Western blot and immunocytochemistry revealed high rtsAC expression in gill ion-transporting cells, hepatocytes, red blood cells, myocytes and cardiomyocytes. Analyses in the cell line RTgill-W1 suggested that some of the longer rtsAC isoforms may be preferentially localized in the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and podosomes. These results indicate that sAC is poised to mediate multiple acid-base homeostatic responses in bony fishes, and provide cues about potential novel functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salmerón
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Till S Harter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinae N Roa
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore D Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Rossetti T, Jackvony S, Buck J, Levin LR. Bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and pH sensing via mammalian bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200034. [PMID: 33633833 PMCID: PMC7898154 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC; ADCY10) is a bicarbonate (HCO3 -)-regulated enzyme responsible for the generation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is distributed throughout the cell and within organelles and, as such, plays a role in numerous cellular signalling pathways. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) nearly instantaneously equilibrate HCO3 -, protons and carbon dioxide (CO2); because of the ubiquitous presence of CAs within cells, HCO3 --regulated sAC can respond to changes in any of these factors. Thus, sAC can function as a physiological HCO3 -/CO2/pH sensor. Here, we outline examples where we have shown that sAC responds to changes in HCO3 -, CO2 or pH to regulate diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Jackvony
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Peng L, Gao DD, Xu JW, Xu JB, Ke LJ, Qiu ZE, Zhu YX, Zhang YL, Zhou WL. Cellular mechanisms underlying carbon monoxide stimulated anion secretion in rat epididymal epithelium. Nitric Oxide 2020; 100-101:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou D, Ota K, Nardin C, Feldman M, Widman A, Wind O, Simon A, Reilly M, Levin LR, Buck J, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Zippin JH. Mammalian pigmentation is regulated by a distinct cAMP-dependent mechanism that controls melanosome pH. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/555/eaau7987. [PMID: 30401788 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau7987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The production of melanin increases skin pigmentation and reduces the risk of skin cancer. Melanin production depends on the pH of melanosomes, which are more acidic in lighter-skinned than in darker-skinned people. We showed that inhibition of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) controlled pigmentation by increasing the pH of melanosomes both in cells and in vivo. Distinct from the canonical melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-dependent cAMP pathway that controls pigmentation by altering gene expression, we found that inhibition of sAC increased pigmentation by increasing the activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, which is more active at basic pH. We demonstrated that the effect of sAC activity on pH and melanin production in human melanocytes depended on the skin color of the donor. Last, we identified sAC inhibitors as a new class of drugs that increase melanosome pH and pigmentation in vivo, suggesting that pharmacologic inhibition of this pathway may affect skin cancer risk or pigmentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalee Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Koji Ota
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Charlee Nardin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Michelle Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Adam Widman
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Olivia Wind
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amanda Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael Reilly
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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8
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Wiggins SV, Steegborn C, Levin LR, Buck J. Pharmacological modulation of the CO 2/HCO 3-/pH-, calcium-, and ATP-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:173-186. [PMID: 29807057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), the prototypical second messenger, has been implicated in a wide variety of (often opposing) physiological processes. It simultaneously mediates multiple, diverse processes, often within a single cell, by acting locally within independently-regulated and spatially-restricted microdomains. Within each microdomain, the level of cAMP will be dependent upon the balance between its synthesis by adenylyl cyclases and its degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). In mammalian cells, there are many PDE isoforms and two types of adenylyl cyclases; the G protein regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs) and the CO2/HCO3-/pH-, calcium-, and ATP-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Discriminating the roles of individual cyclic nucleotide microdomains requires pharmacological modulators selective for the various PDEs and/or adenylyl cyclases. Such tools present an opportunity to develop therapeutics specifically targeted to individual cAMP dependent pathways. The pharmacological modulators of tmACs have recently been reviewed, and in this review, we describe the current status of pharmacological tools available for studying sAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakarr V Wiggins
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
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9
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Pozdniakova S, Ladilov Y. Functional Significance of the Adcy10-Dependent Intracellular cAMP Compartments. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:E29. [PMID: 29751653 PMCID: PMC6023465 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence confirms the compartmentalized structure of evolutionarily conserved 3'⁻5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, which allows for simultaneous participation in a wide variety of physiological functions and ensures specificity, selectivity and signal strength. One important player in cAMP signaling is soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). The intracellular localization of sAC allows for the formation of unique intracellular cAMP microdomains that control various physiological and pathological processes. This review is focused on the functional role of sAC-produced cAMP. In particular, we examine the role of sAC-cAMP in different cellular compartments, such as cytosol, nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Pozdniakova
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin Partner Site, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yury Ladilov
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin Partner Site, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Mammalian membranous and soluble adenylyl cyclases (mAC, sAC) and soluble guanylyl cyclases (sGC) generate cAMP and cGMP from ATP and GTP, respectively, as substrates. mACs (nine human isoenzymes), sAC, and sGC differ in their overall structures owing to specific membrane-spanning and regulatory domains but consist of two similarly folded catalytic domains C1 and C2 with high structure-based homology between the cyclase species. Comparison of available crystal structures - VC1:IIC2 (a construct of domains C1a from dog mAC5 and C2a from rat mAC2), human sAC and sGC, mostly in complex with substrates, substrate analogs, inhibitors, metal ions, and/or modulators - reveals that especially the nucleotide binding sites are closely related. An evolutionarily well-conserved catalytic mechanism is based on common binding modes, interactions, and structural transformations, including the participation of two metal ions in catalysis. Nucleobase selectivity relies on only few mutations. Since in all cases the nucleoside moiety is embedded in a relatively spacious cavity, mACs, sAC, and sGC are rather promiscuous and bind nearly all purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, including CTP and UTP, and many of their derivatives as inhibitors with often high affinity. By contrast, substrate specificity of mammalian adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases is high due to selective dynamic rearrangements during turnover.
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11
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Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS, Conti M, Dove S, Seifert R. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CI. Structures and Small Molecule Modulators of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:93-139. [PMID: 28255005 PMCID: PMC5394921 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1-9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also referred to as AC10). This review will largely focus on mACs. mACs are activated by the G-protein Gαs and regulated by multiple mechanisms. mACs are differentially expressed in tissues and regulate numerous and diverse cell functions. mACs localize in distinct membrane compartments and form signaling complexes. sAC is activated by bicarbonate with physiologic roles first described in testis. Crystal structures of the catalytic core of a hybrid mAC and sAC are available. These structures provide detailed insights into the catalytic mechanism and constitute the basis for the development of isoform-selective activators and inhibitors. Although potent competitive and noncompetitive mAC inhibitors are available, it is challenging to obtain compounds with high isoform selectivity due to the conservation of the catalytic core. Accordingly, caution must be exerted with the interpretation of intact-cell studies. The development of isoform-selective activators, the plant diterpene forskolin being the starting compound, has been equally challenging. There is no known endogenous ligand for the forskolin binding site. Recently, development of selective sAC inhibitors was reported. An emerging field is the association of AC gene polymorphisms with human diseases. For example, mutations in the AC5 gene (ADCY5) cause hyperkinetic extrapyramidal motor disorders. Overall, in contrast to the guanylyl cyclase field, our understanding of the (patho)physiology of AC isoforms and the development of clinically useful drugs targeting ACs is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Roland Seifert
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; ,
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; ,
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13
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Steegborn C. Structure, mechanism, and regulation of soluble adenylyl cyclases — similarities and differences to transmembrane adenylyl cyclases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2535-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Tresguerres M, Barott KL, Barron ME, Roa JN. Established and potential physiological roles of bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in aquatic animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:663-72. [PMID: 24574382 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a recently recognized source of the signaling molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) that is genetically and biochemically distinct from the classic G-protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs). Mammalian sAC is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and it may be present in the nucleus and inside mitochondria. sAC activity is directly stimulated by HCO3(-), and sAC has been confirmed to be a HCO3(-) sensor in a variety of mammalian cell types. In addition, sAC can functionally associate with carbonic anhydrases to act as a de facto sensor of pH and CO2. The two catalytic domains of sAC are related to HCO3(-)-regulated adenylyl cyclases from cyanobacteria, suggesting the cAMP pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for sensing CO2 levels and/or acid/base conditions. Reports of sAC in aquatic animals are still limited but are rapidly accumulating. In shark gills, sAC senses blood alkalosis and triggers compensatory H(+) absorption. In the intestine of bony fishes, sAC modulates NaCl and water absorption. And in sea urchin sperm, sAC may participate in the initiation of flagellar movement and in the acrosome reaction. Bioinformatics and RT-PCR results reveal that sAC orthologs are present in most animal phyla. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the physiological roles of sAC in aquatic animals and suggests additional functions in which sAC may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Desman G, Waintraub C, Zippin JH. Investigation of cAMP microdomains as a path to novel cancer diagnostics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2636-45. [PMID: 25205620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of cAMP signaling has greatly improved over the past decade. The advent of live cell imaging techniques and more specific pharmacologic modulators has led to an improved understanding of the intricacies by which cAMP is able to modulate such a wide variety of cellular pathways. It is now appreciated that cAMP is able to activate multiple effector proteins at distinct areas in the cell leading to the activation of very different downstream targets. The investigation of signaling proteins in cancer is a common route to the development of diagnostic tools, prognostic tools, and/or therapeutic targets, and in this review we highlight how investigation of cAMP signaling microdomains driven by the soluble adenylyl cyclase in different cancers has led to the development of a novel cancer biomarker. Antibodies directed against the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) are highly specific markers for melanoma especially for lentigo maligna melanoma and are being described as "second generation" cancer diagnostics, which are diagnostics that determine the 'state' of a cell and not just identify the cell type. Due to the wide presence of cAMP signaling pathways in cancer, we predict that further investigation of both sAC and other cAMP microdomains will lead to additional cancer biomarkers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Desman
- Department of Pathology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Caren Waintraub
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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16
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Schmitz B, Brand SM, Brand E. Aldosterone signaling and soluble adenylyl cyclase-a nexus for the kidney and vascular endothelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2601-9. [PMID: 24907563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone aldosterone regulates the reabsorption of water and ions in the kidney and plays a central role in blood pressure regulation and homeostasis. In recent years, the vascular endothelium has been established as an important aldosterone target organ with major implications in renal and cardiovascular health and disease. Different lines of evidence suggest that the calcium- and bicarbonate-activated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a novel mediator of aldosterone signaling in both the kidney and vascular endothelium. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sAC gene expression regulation in the kidney and vascular endothelium and outlines the potential clinical implications of sAC in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. This review is part of a special issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 39, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 39, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Kleinboelting S, van den Heuvel J, Kambach C, Weyand M, Leipelt M, Steegborn C. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a mammalian type 10 adenylyl cyclase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:467-9. [PMID: 24699740 PMCID: PMC3976064 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP is synthesized in mammals by ten differently regulated adenylyl cyclases (AC1-10). These ACs are grouped into nucleotidyl cyclase class III based on homologies in their catalytic domains. The catalytic domain of AC10 is unique, however, in being activated through direct interaction with calcium and bicarbonate. Here, the production, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of the catalytic domain of human AC10 are described as a basis for structural studies of regulator binding sites and mechanisms. The recombinant protein had high specific AC activity, and crystals of AC10 in space group P63 diffracted to ∼2.0 Å resolution on a synchrotron beamline. A complete diffraction data set revealed unit-cell parameters a = b = 99.65, c = 98.04 Å, indicating one AC10 catalytic domain per asymmetric unit, and confirmed that the obtained crystals are suitable for structure solution and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Kambach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martina Leipelt
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
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Roy J, Sen Santara S, Bose M, Mukherjee S, Saha R, Adak S. The ferrous–dioxy complex of Leishmania major globin coupled heme containing adenylate cyclase: The role of proximal histidine on its stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:615-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Crystal structures of human soluble adenylyl cyclase reveal mechanisms of catalysis and of its activation through bicarbonate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3727-32. [PMID: 24567411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322778111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP is an evolutionary conserved, prototypic second messenger regulating numerous cellular functions. In mammals, cAMP is synthesized by one of 10 homologous adenylyl cyclases (ACs): nine transmembrane enzymes and one soluble AC (sAC). Among these, only sAC is directly activated by bicarbonate (HCO3(-)); it thereby serves as a cellular sensor for HCO3(-), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH in physiological functions, such as sperm activation, aqueous humor formation, and metabolic regulation. Here, we describe crystal structures of human sAC catalytic domains in the apo state and in complex with substrate analog, products, and regulators. The activator HCO3(-) binds adjacent to Arg176, which acts as a switch that enables formation of the catalytic cation sites. An anionic inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, inhibits sAC through binding to the active site entrance, which blocks HCO3(-) activation through steric hindrance and trapping of the Arg176 side chain. Finally, product complexes reveal small, local rearrangements that facilitate catalysis. Our results provide a molecular mechanism for sAC catalysis and cellular HCO3(-) sensing and a basis for targeting this system with drugs.
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Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR. pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated "soluble" adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Front Physiol 2013; 4:343. [PMID: 24324443 PMCID: PMC3838963 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a source of the second messenger cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is directly regulated by bicarbonate (HCO−3) ions. In living cells, HCO−3 ions are in nearly instantaneous equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) and pH due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonic anhydrases. Numerous biological processes are regulated by CO2, HCO−3, and/or pH, and in a number of these, sAC has been shown to function as a physiological CO2/HCO3/pH sensor. In this review, we detail the known pH sensing functions of sAC, and we discuss two highly-studied, pH-dependent pathways in which sAC might play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawreen Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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21
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Gibbons SJ, Verhulst PJ, Bharucha A, Farrugia G. Review article: carbon monoxide in gastrointestinal physiology and its potential in therapeutics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:689-702. [PMID: 23992228 PMCID: PMC3788684 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While carbon monoxide (CO) is a known toxin, it is now recognised that CO is also an important signalling molecule involved in physiology and pathophysiology. AIMS To summarise our current understanding of the role of endogenous CO in the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology, and to potential therapeutic applications of modulating CO. METHODS This review is based on a comprehensive search of the Ovid Medline comprehensive database and supplemented by our ongoing studies evaluating the role of CO in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. RESULTS Carbon monoxide derived from haem oxygenase (HO)-2 is predominantly involved in neuromodulation and in setting the smooth muscle membrane potential, while CO derived from HO-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, which protect gastrointestinal smooth muscle from damage caused by injury or inflammation. Exogenous CO is being explored as a therapeutic agent in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including diabetic gastroparesis, post-operative ileus, organ transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. However, identifying the appropriate mechanism for safely delivering CO in humans is a major challenge. CONCLUSIONS Carbon monoxide is an important regulator of gastrointestinal function and protects the gastrointestinal tract against noxious injury. CO is a promising therapeutic target in conditions associated with gastrointestinal injury and inflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms by which CO works and developing safe CO delivery mechanisms are necessary to refine therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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