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Tong Jia Ming S, Tan Yi Jun K, Carissimo G. Pathogenicity and virulence of O'nyong-nyong virus: A less studied Togaviridae with pandemic potential. Virulence 2024; 15:2355201. [PMID: 38797948 PMCID: PMC11135837 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2355201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a neglected mosquito-borne alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family. ONNV is known to be responsible for sporadic outbreaks of acute febrile disease and polyarthralgia in Africa. As climate change increases the geographical range of known and potential new vectors, recent data indicate a possibility for ONNV to spread outside of the African continent and grow into a greater public health concern. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on ONNV epidemiology, host-pathogen interactions, vector-virus responses, and insights into possible avenues to control risk of further epidemics. In this review, the limited ONNV literature is compared and correlated to other findings on mainly Old World alphaviruses. We highlight and discuss studies that investigate viral and host factors that determine viral-vector specificity, along with important mechanisms that determine severity and disease outcome of ONNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tong Jia Ming
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katrina Tan Yi Jun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Metibemu DS, Adeyinka OS, Falode J, Crown O, Ogungbe IV. Inhibitors of the Structural and Nonstructural Proteins of Alphaviruses. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2507-2524. [PMID: 38992989 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The Alphavirus genus includes viruses that cause encephalitis due to neuroinvasion and viruses that cause arthritis due to acute and chronic inflammation. There is no approved therapeutic for alphavirus infections, but significant efforts are ongoing, more so in recent years, to develop vaccines and therapeutics for alphavirus infections. This review article highlights some of the major advances made so far to identify small molecules that can selectively target the structural and the nonstructural proteins in alphaviruses with the expectation that persistent investigation of an increasingly expanding chemical space through a variety of structure-based design and high-throughput screening strategies will yield candidate drugs for clinical studies. While most of the works discussed are still in the early discovery to lead optimization stages, promising avenues remain for drug development against this family of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilohun Samuel Metibemu
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Olawale Samuel Adeyinka
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - John Falode
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Olamide Crown
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
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3
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Rabelo V, Sanchez-Nuñez ML, Corrêa-Amorim LS, Kuhn RJ, Abreu PA, Paixão ICNP. In Silico Drug Repurposing Uncovered the Antiviral Potential of the Antiparasitic Drug Oxibendazole Against the Chikungunya Virus. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27632-27642. [PMID: 38947813 PMCID: PMC11209700 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been reported in over 120 countries and is the causative agent of Chikungunya fever. The debilitating nature of this disease, which can persist months to years after acute infection, drastically impacts the quality of life of patients. Yet, specific antivirals are lacking for the treatment of this disease, which makes the search for new drugs necessary. In this context, the nsP2 protease emerges as an attractive therapeutic target, and drug repurposing strategies have proven to be valuable. Therefore, we combined in silico and in vitro methods to identify known drugs as potential CHIKV nsP2 protease inhibitors with antiviral properties within DrugBank. Herein, we developed a hybrid virtual screening pipeline comprising pharmacophore- and target-based screening, drug-like, and pharmaceutical filtering steps. Six virtual hits were obtained, and two of them, capecitabine (CPB) and oxibendazole (OBZ), were evaluated against CHIKV replication in Vero cells. CPB did not present antiviral activity, whereas OBZ inhibited the replication of two different strains of CHIKV, namely, 181-25 (Asian genotype) and BRA/RJ/18 (clinical isolate from ECSA genotype). OBZ showed potent antiviral activity against the CHIKV BRA/RJ/18 (EC50 = 11.4 μM) with a high selectivity index (>44). Analogs of OBZ (albendazole, fenbendazole, and mebendazole) were also evaluated, but none exhibited anti-CHIKV activity, and further, their stereoelectronic features were analyzed. Additionally, we observed that OBZ acts mainly at post-entry steps. Hence, our results support further in vivo studies to investigate the antiviral potential of OBZ, which offers a new alternative to fight CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor
W. Rabelo
- Programa
de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Maria Leonisa Sanchez-Nuñez
- Programa
de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S. Corrêa-Amorim
- Programa
de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24210-201, Brazil
- Gerência
de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto
Vital Brazil, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Paula A. Abreu
- Instituto
de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Izabel C. N. P. Paixão
- Programa
de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24210-201, Brazil
- Departamento
de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24210-201, Brazil
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4
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Ghoshal A, Asressu KH, Hossain MA, Brown PJ, Merten EM, Sears JD, Perveen S, Pearce KH, Popov KI, Moorman NJ, Heise MT, Willson TM. Structure Activity of β-Amidomethyl Vinyl Sulfones as Covalent Inhibitors of Chikungunya nsP2 Cysteine Protease with Anti-alphavirus Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598722. [PMID: 38915519 PMCID: PMC11195264 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite their widespread impact on human health there are no approved drugs for combating alphavirus infections. The heterocyclic β-aminomethyl vinyl sulfone RA-0002034 (1a) is a potent irreversible covalent inhibitor of the alphavirus nsP2 cysteine protease with broad spectrum antiviral activity. Analogs of 1a that varied each of three regions of the molecule were synthesized to establish structure-activity relationships for inhibition of Chikungunya (CHIKV) nsP2 protease and viral replication. The covalent warhead was highly sensitive to modifications of the sulfone or vinyl substituents. However, numerous alterations to the core 5-membered heterocycle and its aryl substituent were well tolerated and several analogs were identified that enhanced CHIKV nsP2 binding. For example, the 4-cyanopyrazole analog 8d exhibited a kinact /Ki ratio >10,000 M-1s-1. 3-Arylisoxazole was identified an isosteric replacement for the 5-membered heterocycle, which circumvented the intramolecular cyclization that complicated the synthesis of pyrazole-based inhibitors like 1a. The accumulated structure-activity data was used to build a ligand-based model of the enzyme active site, which can be used to guide the design of covalent nsP2 protease inhibitors as potential therapeutics against alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghoshal
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric M. Merten
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John D. Sears
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sumera Perveen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Konstantin I. Popov
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Davuluri KS, Shukla S, Kakade M, Cherian S, Alagarasu K, Parashar D. Explorations on the antiviral potential of zinc and magnesium salts against chikungunya virus: implications for therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1335189. [PMID: 38895735 PMCID: PMC11183322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1335189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which causes chikungunya fever, is an arbovirus of public health concern with no approved antiviral therapies. A significant proportion of patients develop chronic arthritis after an infection. Zinc and magnesium salts help the immune system respond effectively against viral infections. This study explored the antiviral potential of zinc sulphate, zinc acetate, and magnesium sulphate against CHIKV infection. Methods The highest non-toxic concentration of the salts (100 µM) was used to assess the prophylactic, virucidal, and therapeutic anti-CHIKV activities. Dose-dependent antiviral effects were investigated to find out the 50% inhibitory concentration of the salts. Entry bypass assay was conducted to find out whether the salts affect virus entry or post entry stages. Virus output in all these experiments was estimated using a focus-forming unit assay, real-time RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assay. Results Different time- and temperature-dependent assays revealed the therapeutic antiviral activity of zinc and magnesium salts against CHIKV. A minimum exposure of 4 hours and treatment initiation within 1 to 2 hours of infection are required for inhibition of CHIKV. Entry assays revealed that zinc salt affected virus-entry. Entry bypass assays suggested that both salts affected post-entry stages of CHIKV. In infected C57BL6 mice orally fed with zinc and magnesium salts, a reduction in viral RNA copy number was observed. Conclusion The study results suggest zinc salts exert anti-CHIKV activity at entry and post entry stages of the virus life cycle, while magnesium salt affect CHIKV at post entry stages. Overall, the study highlights the significant antiviral potential of zinc sulphate, zinc acetate, and magnesium sulphate against CHIKV, which can be exploited in designing potential therapeutic strategies for early treatment of chikungunya patients, thereby reducing the virus-associated persistent arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Sai Davuluri
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shridhar Shukla
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Kakade
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Deepti Parashar
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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6
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Lima JCB, Barbosa JARG. Interaction models between peptide substrate and Alphavirus Protease nsP2 of Chikungunya and Mayaro and implications to the mechanism of action. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10851-10858. [PMID: 36562200 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Arbovirus (Arthropod-borne virus) is a group which comprises viruses whose transmission is carried out by arthropod vectors infecting vertebrates. Some arboviruses related to human diseases have been given considerable relevance as Chikungunya and Mayaro of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. The lack of proper specific treatment has prompted the requirement for deeper structural studies that could unveil leads to new drugs. Among possible targets, viral proteases are recognized as proteins with big potential. These proteins, termed nsP2 in Alphavirus, have the function of cleaving certain regions of the viral polyprotein, being vital to the viral cycle. In this research, we used docking and molecular dynamics to analyze the contact between the protease nsP2 of Alphavirus Chikungunya and Mayaro and substrates formed by peptides with ten amino acid residues. A model of the Mayaro nsP2 was constructed based on homologous proteases. Our study suggests that the glycine specificity motif, a region where a highly conserved glycine residue in position P2 of the protease substrate is positioned, facilitates the nucleophilic attack by assisting in placing the P1 carbonyl group carbon. Stabilization of different substrate regions maybe explained by relevant contacts with the enzyme. Besides that, the phi and psi angles in the outlier region of the Ramachandran plot found for the P2 glycine of the Chikungunya substrate seems to indicate the necessity of this residue that can accommodate angles not allowed to other residues.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas Cunha Barbosa Lima
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Mono-ADP-ribosylation by PARP10 inhibits Chikungunya virus nsP2 proteolytic activity and viral replication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:72. [PMID: 36840772 PMCID: PMC9959937 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Replication of viruses requires interaction with host cell factors and repression of innate immunity. Recent findings suggest that a subset of intracellular mono-ADP-ribosylating PARPs, which are induced by type I interferons, possess antiviral activity. Moreover, certain RNA viruses, including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), encode mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases. Together, this suggests a role for mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) in host-virus conflicts, but the relevant substrates have not been identified. We addressed which PARP restricts CHIKV replication and identified PARP10 and PARP12. For PARP10, this restriction was dependent on catalytic activity. Replication requires processing of the non-structural polyprotein nsP1-4 by the protease located in nsP2 and the assembly of the four individual nsP1-nsP4 into a functional replication complex. PARP10 and PARP12 inhibited the production of nsP3, indicating a defect in polyprotein processing. The nsP3 protein encodes a macrodomain with de-MARylation activity, which is essential for replication. In support for MARylation affecting polyprotein processing, de-MARylation defective CHIKV replicons revealed reduced production of nsP2 and nsP3. We hypothesized that MARylation regulates the proteolytic function of nsP2. Indeed, we found that nsP2 is MARylated by PARP10 and, as a consequence, its proteolytic activity was inhibited. NsP3-dependent de-MARylation reactivated the protease. Hence, we propose that PARP10-mediated MARylation prevents polyprotein processing and consequently virus replication. Together, our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the role of the viral MAR hydrolase in CHIKV replication.
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Peinado RDS, Eberle RJ, Arni RK, Coronado MA. A Review of Omics Studies on Arboviruses: Alphavirus, Orthobunyavirus and Phlebovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:2194. [PMID: 36298749 PMCID: PMC9607206 DOI: 10.3390/v14102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the intricate and complex steps in pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses are not completely understood, the multi-omics approaches, which encompass proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics and metabolomics network analysis, are of great importance. We have reviewed the omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the Togaviridae, Peribuyaviridae and Phenuiviridae families, specifically for Chikungunya, Mayaro, Oropouche and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Omics studies can potentially provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of arboviruses, contributing to a better comprehension of these diseases and their effects and, hence, provide novel insights for the development of new antiviral drugs or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela dos S. Peinado
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael J. Eberle
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônika A. Coronado
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Mayaro Virus Non-Structural Protein 2 Circumvents the Induction of Interferon in Part by Depleting Host Transcription Initiation Factor IIE Subunit 2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123510. [PMID: 34944018 PMCID: PMC8700540 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that belongs to the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. Humans infected with MAYV often develop chronic and debilitating arthralgia and myalgia. The virus is primarily maintained via a sylvatic cycle, but it has the potential to adapt to urban settings, which could lead to large outbreaks. The interferon (IFN) system is a critical antiviral response that limits replication and pathogenesis of many different RNA viruses, including alphaviruses. Here, we investigated how MAYV infection affects the induction phase of the IFN response. Production of type I and III IFNs was efficiently suppressed during MAYV infection, and mapping revealed that expression of the viral non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) was sufficient for this process. Interactome analysis showed that nsP2 interacts with DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit A (Rpb1) and transcription initiation factor IIE subunit 2 (TFIIE2), which are host proteins required for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Levels of these host proteins were reduced by nsP2 expression and during infection by MAYV and related alphaviruses, suggesting that nsP2-mediated inhibition of host cell transcription is an important aspect of how some alphaviruses block IFN induction. The findings from this study may prove useful in design of vaccines and antivirals, which are currently not available for protection against MAYV and infection by other alphaviruses.
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Bozóki B, Mótyán JA, Hoffka G, Waugh DS, Tőzsér J. Specificity Studies of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Non-Structural Protein 2 Protease Using Recombinant Fluorescent Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7686. [PMID: 33081394 PMCID: PMC7593941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) of alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a cysteine protease that is responsible for processing of the viral non-structural polyprotein and is an important drug target owing to the clinical relevance of VEEV. In this study we designed two recombinant VEEV nsP2 constructs to study the effects of an N-terminal extension on the protease activity and to investigate the specificity of the elongated enzyme in vitro. The N-terminal extension was found to have no substantial effect on the protease activity. The amino acid preferences of the VEEV nsP2 protease were investigated on substrates representing wild-type and P5, P4, P2, P1, P1', and P2' variants of Semliki forest virus nsP1/nsP2 cleavage site, using a His6-MBP-mEYFP recombinant substrate-based protease assay which has been adapted for a 96-well plate-based format. The structural basis of enzyme specificity was also investigated in silico by analyzing a modeled structure of VEEV nsP2 complexed with oligopeptide substrate. To our knowledge, in vitro screening of P1' amino acid preferences of VEEV nsP2 protease remains undetermined to date, thus, our results may provide valuable information for studies and inhibitor design of different alphaviruses or other Group IV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bozóki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.H.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.H.)
| | - Gyula Hoffka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.H.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David S. Waugh
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.H.)
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11
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Kumar M, Topno RK, Dikhit MR, Bhawana, Sahoo GC, Madhukar M, Pandey K, Das P. Molecular docking studies of chloroquine and its derivatives against P23 pro-zbd domain of chikungunya virus: Implication in designing of novel therapeutic strategies. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18298-18308. [PMID: 31310373 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The arthropod-transmitted chikungunya virus has emerged as an epidemic menace that causes debilitating polyarthritis. With this life-threatening impact on humans, the possible treatment requires to cure the viral infectivity. But, devoid of any vaccine against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), there is a need to develop a novel chemotherapeutic strategy to treat this noxious infection. CHIKV carries highly compact P23pro-zbd structure that possesses potential RNA-binding surface domains which extremely influences the use of RNA template during genome replication at the time of infection and pathogenesis. Therefore, computational approaches were used to explore the novel small molecule inhibitors targeting P23pro-zbd domain. The tertiary structure was modeled and optimized using in silico approaches. The results obtained from PROCHECK (93.1% residues in favored regions), ERRAT (87.480 overall model quality) and ProSA (Z-score: -11.72) revealed the reliability of the proposed model. Interestingly, a previously reported inhibitor, chloroquine possesses good binding affinities with the target domain. In-depth analysis revealed that chloroquine derivatives such as didesethyl chloroquine hydroxyacetamide, cletoquine, hydroxychloroquine exhibited a better binding affinity. Notably, MD simulation analysis exhibited that Thr1312, Ala1355, Ala1356, Asn1357, Asp1364, Val1366, Cys1367, Ala1401, Gly1403, Ser1443, Tyr1444, Gly1445, Asn1459, and Thr1463 residues are the key amino acid responsible for stable ligand-protein interaction. The results obtained from this study provide new insights and advances the understanding to develop a new approach to consider effective and novel drug against chikungunya. However, a detailed in vivo study is required to explore its drug likeliness against this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Bhawana
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Major Madhukar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
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12
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Expression, purification and functional characterization of recombinant hypervariable region (HVR) of Chikungunya virus nsP3 protein. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:235. [PMID: 31139550 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important rapidly emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus is Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). There is a necessity to develop anti-CHIKV therapeutics, as neither antiviral drug nor vaccines have been licensed yet. Several CHIKV proteins are being studied worldwide, but non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) has been less explored. This protein consists of three domains: macrodomain, alphavirus unique domain (AUD) and hypervariable region (HVR). The proline-rich regions of HVR contain SRC homology 3 (SH3)-binding domain which is essential for its functionality. Interaction of these motifs with host amphiphysin protein is crucial for viral RNA replication. Restricting the interactions of HVR could lead to inhibition of viral life cycle. Therefore, the present study focuses on purification of HVR protein and its structural and functional assay for therapeutic intervention in future use. In order to obtain purified protein, HVR region was amplified from TOPO clones of nsP3 of IND-06-Guj strain and cloned into expression vector. Expression and solubilization of the protein were optimized at various conditions of salt, detergent and imidazole before purification. The soluble recombinant HVR (His-HVR) protein was purified using affinity chromatography. Purified protein was analyzed for structural studies and functional assays. Circular dichroism of His-HVR protein was performed for structural study, and it was observed that it consists of mostly random coils. For functional assay, co-pull down of His-HVR protein was performed with endogenous amphiphysin-I protein of N2a cells and was analyzed using Western blotting. This purified protein obtained could be used as a potential target reagent for novel therapeutic interventions in the future.
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13
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Saha A, Acharya BN, Priya R, Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A, Rao MK, Kesari P, Narwal M, Tomar S, Bhagyawant SS, Parida M, Dash PK. Development of nsP2 protease based cell free high throughput screening assay for evaluation of inhibitors against emerging Chikungunya virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10831. [PMID: 30018455 PMCID: PMC6050329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus has emerged as one of the most important global arboviral threats over the last decade. Inspite of large scale morbidity, with long lasting polyarthralgia, so far no licensed vaccine or antiviral is available. CHIKV nsP2 protease is crucial for processing of viral nonstructural polypeptide precursor to release enzymes required for viral replication, thus making it a promising drug target. In this study, high cell density cultivation (HCDC) of Escherichia coli in batch process was carried out to produce rCHIKV nsP2pro in a cost-effective manner. The purified nsP2pro and fluorogenic peptide substrate have been adapted for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based high throughput screening (HTS) assay with Z’ value and CV of 0.67 ± 0.054 and <10% respectively. We used this cell free HTS system to screen panel of metal ions and its conjugate which revealed zinc acetate as a potential candidate, which was further found to inhibit CHIKV in Vero cells. Scale-up process has not been previously reported for any of the arboviral nonstructural enzymes. The successful scale-up method for viral protease together with a HTS assay could lead to the development of industrial level large-scale screening platform for identification of protease inhibitors against emerging and re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Badri Narayan Acharya
- Synthetic Chemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Raj Priya
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Nagesh K Tripathi
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - M Kameswara Rao
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Manju Narwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | | | - Manmohan Parida
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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14
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Chikungunya virus inhibition by peptidomimetic inhibitors targeting virus-specific cysteine protease. Biochimie 2018; 149:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Narwal M, Singh H, Pratap S, Malik A, Kuhn RJ, Kumar P, Tomar S. Crystal structure of chikungunya virus nsP2 cysteine protease reveals a putative flexible loop blocking its active site. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:451-462. [PMID: 29730006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne pathogenic alphavirus is a growing public health threat. No vaccines or antiviral drug is currently available in the market for chikungunya treatment. nsP2pro, the viral cysteine protease, carries out an essential function of nonstructural polyprotein processing and forms four nonstructural proteins (nsPs) that makes the replication complex, hence constitute a promising drug target. In this study, crystal structure of nsP2pro has been determined at 2.59 Å, which reveals that the protein consists of two subdomains: an N-terminal protease subdomain and a C-terminal methyltransferase subdomain. Structural comparison of CHIKV nsP2pro with structures of other alphavirus nsP2 advances that the substrate binding cleft is present at the interface of two subdomains. Additionally, structure insights revealed that access to the active site and substrate binding cleft is blocked by a flexible interdomain loop in CHIKV nsP2pro. This loop contains His548, the catalytic residue, and Trp549 and Asn547, the residues predicted to bind substrate. Interestingly, mutation of Asn547 leads to three-fold increase in Km confirming that Asn547 plays important role in substrate binding and recognition. This study presents the detailed molecular analysis and signifies the substrate specificity residues of CHIKV nsP2pro, which will be beneficial for structure-based drug design and optimization of CHIKV protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Narwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Harvijay Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shivendra Pratap
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anjali Malik
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Markey Center for Structural Biology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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16
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Ramphan S, Khongwichit S, Saisawang C, Kovanich D, Ketterman AJ, Ubol S, Auewarakul P, Roytrakul S, Smith DR, Kuadkitkan A. Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme E2 L3 is Downregulated by the Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Protease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12:e1700020. [PMID: 28975709 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito transmitted alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever in humans. The CHIKV non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) is a multifunctional protein that additionally modulates the host cell to dampen the innate immune response and inhibit other cellular processes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To further investigate the interactions of nsP2 with host cells, the protease domain of CHIKV nsP2 (nsP2-pro) is transfected into Hela cells, and differential protein expression is detected by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS A total of 21 differentially regulated (six upregulated, 15 downregulated) spots are observed, of which five are identified by mass spectrometry. The downregulation of one of the identified proteins, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3) is confirmed by western blotting of both nsP2-pro transfection and CHIKV natural infection, and the downregulation of UBE2L3 is additionally shown to require an enzymatically active nsP2 protease domain. Transfection of full length UBE2L3 into HEK293T/17 cells prior to CHIKV infection reduce levels of infection and E protein expression but do not alter RNA genome levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that UBE2L3 is a cellular target of the CHIKV nsP2 protease, and this possibly mediates the pathogenesis of chikungunya fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwipa Ramphan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Khongwichit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Saisawang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Kovanich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Albert J Ketterman
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atichat Kuadkitkan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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17
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Schwameis M, Buchtele N, Wadowski PP, Schoergenhofer C, Jilma B. Chikungunya vaccines in development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:716-31. [PMID: 26554522 PMCID: PMC4964651 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus has become a global health threat, spreading to the industrial world of Europe and the Americas; no treatment or prophylactic vaccine is available. Since the late 1960s much effort has been put into the development of a vaccine, and several heterogeneous strategies have already been explored. Only two candidates have recently qualified to enter clinical phase II trials, a chikungunya virus-like particle-based vaccine and a recombinant live attenuated measles virus-vectored vaccine. This review focuses on the current status of vaccine development against chikungunya virus in humans and discusses the diversity of immunization strategies, results of recent human trials and promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwameis
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nina Buchtele
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Patricia Pia Wadowski
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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18
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Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA replication and non-structural polyprotein processing depend on the nsP2 protease's active site cysteine residue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37124. [PMID: 27845418 PMCID: PMC5109220 DOI: 10.1038/srep37124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, has a positive-stand RNA genome approximately 12 kb in length. In infected cells, the genome is translated into non-structural polyprotein P1234, an inactive precursor of the viral replicase, which is activated by cleavages carried out by the non-structural protease, nsP2. We have characterized CHIKV nsP2 using both cell-free and cell-based assays. First, we show that Cys478 residue in the active site of CHIKV nsP2 is indispensable for P1234 processing. Second, the substrate requirements of CHIKV nsP2 are quite similar to those of nsP2 of related Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Third, substitution of Ser482 residue, recently reported to contribute to the protease activity of nsP2, with Ala has almost no negative effect on the protease activity of CHIKV nsP2. Fourth, Cys478 to Ala as well as Trp479 to Ala mutations in nsP2 completely abolished RNA replication in CHIKV and SFV trans-replication systems. In contrast, trans-replicases with Ser482 to Ala mutation were similar to wild type counterparts. Fifth, Cys478 to Ala as well as Trp479 to Ala mutations in nsP2 abolished the rescue of infectious virus from CHIKV RNA transcripts while Ser482 to Ala mutation had no effect. Thus, CHIKV nsP2 is a cysteine protease.
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19
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Saisawang C, Kuadkitkan A, Smith DR, Ubol S, Ketterman AJ. Glutathionylation of chikungunya nsP2 protein affects protease activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:106-111. [PMID: 27984114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya fever is an emerging disease caused by the chikungunya virus and is now being spread worldwide by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. The infection can cause a persistent severe joint pain and recent reports link high levels of viremia to neuropathologies and fatalities. The viral protein nsP2 is a multifunctional enzyme that plays several critical roles in virus replication. Virus infection induces oxidative stress in host cells which the virus utilizes to aid viral propagation. Cellular oxidative stress also triggers glutathionylation which is a post-translational protein modification that can modulate physiological roles of affected proteins. METHODS The nsP2 protease is necessary for processing of the virus nonstructural polyprotein generated during replication. We use the recombinant nsP2 protein to measure protease activity before and after glutathionylation. Mass spectrometry allowed the identification of the glutathione-modified cysteines. Using immunoblots, we show that the glutathionylation of nsP2 occurs in virus-infected cells. RESULTS We show that in virus-infected cells, the chikungunya nsP2 can be glutathionylated and we show this modification can impact on the protease activity. We also identify 6 cysteine residues that are glutathionylated of the 20 cysteines in the protein. CONCLUSIONS The virus-induced oxidative stress causes modification of viral proteins which appears to modulate virus protein function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Viruses generate oxidative stress to regulate and hijack host cell systems and this environment also appears to modulate virus protein function. This may be a general target for intervention in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonticha Saisawang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand
| | - Atichat Kuadkitkan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand; Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Albert J Ketterman
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand.
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20
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Chikungunya nsP2 protease is not a papain-like cysteine protease and the catalytic dyad cysteine is interchangeable with a proximal serine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17125. [PMID: 26597768 PMCID: PMC4657084 DOI: 10.1038/srep17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is the pathogenic alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever in humans. In the last decade millions of cases have been reported around the world from Africa to Asia to the Americas. The alphavirus nsP2 protein is multifunctional and is considered to be pivotal to viral replication, as the nsP2 protease activity is critical for proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein during replication. Classically the alphavirus nsP2 protease is thought to be papain-like with the enzyme reaction proceeding through a cysteine/histidine catalytic dyad. We performed structure-function studies on the chikungunya nsP2 protease and show that the enzyme is not papain-like. Characterization of the catalytic dyad cysteine residue enabled us to identify a nearby serine that is catalytically interchangeable with the dyad cysteine residue. The enzyme retains activity upon alanine replacement of either residue but a replacement of both cysteine and serine residues results in no detectable activity. Protein dynamics appears to allow the use of either the cysteine or the serine residue in catalysis. This switchable dyad residue has not been previously reported for alphavirus nsP2 proteases and would have a major impact on the nsP2 protease as an anti-viral target.
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21
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Mota MTDO, Ribeiro MR, Vedovello D, Nogueira ML. Mayaro virus: a neglected arbovirus of the Americas. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus is a neglected tropical arbovirus that causes a mild, self-limited febrile syndrome, sometimes accompanied by a highly incapacitating arthralgia. First isolated in Trinidad and Tobago in 1954, it was reported in several countries within the tropical regions of South and Central America. Human infections are accidental spillover of the enzootic cycle. Little epidemiological data are available due to inadequate surveillance and the generic nature of clinical manifestations resulting in the misdiagnosis with other viral fevers. Despite its restricted distribution, Mayaro fever may become a public health issue due to their urbanization potential. Accurate epidemiological data are urgently needed to access the real distribution of this virus guiding public health policies better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mânlio Tasso de Oliveira Mota
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Milene Rocha Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Danila Vedovello
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
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