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Xiao Y, Yang Y, Xiong H, Dong G. The implications of FASN in immune cell biology and related diseases. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:88. [PMID: 38272906 PMCID: PMC10810964 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, particularly fatty acid synthesis, is a very important cellular physiological process in which nutrients are used for energy storage and biofilm synthesis. As a key enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid synthase (FASN) is receiving increasing attention. Although previous studies on FASN have mainly focused on various malignancies, many studies have recently reported that FASN regulates the survival, differentiation, and function of various immune cells, and subsequently participates in the occurrence and development of immune-related diseases. However, few studies to date systematically summarized the function and molecular mechanisms of FASN in immune cell biology and related diseases. In this review, we discuss the regulatory effect of FASN on immune cells, and the progress in research on the implications of FASN in immune-related diseases. Understanding the function of FASN in immune cell biology and related diseases can offer insights into novel treatment strategies for clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Xiao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
- Jining Key Laboratory of Immunology, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272007, Shandong, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Jining Key Laboratory of Immunology, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Jining Key Laboratory of Immunology, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
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2
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Khalifeh M, Santos RD, Oskuee RK, Badiee A, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Sahebkar A. A novel regulatory facet for hypertriglyceridemia: The role of microRNAs in the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101197. [PMID: 36400247 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the major leading global causes of death. Genetic and epidemiological studies strongly support the causal association between triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TAGRL) and atherogenesis, even in statin-treated patients. Recent genetic evidence has clarified that variants in several key genes implicated in TAGRL metabolism are strongly linked to the increased ASCVD risk. There are several triacylglycerol-lowering agents; however, new therapeutic options are in development, among which are miRNA-based therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (18-25 nucleotides) that negatively modulate gene expression through translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs, thereby reducing the levels of functional genes. MiRNAs play a crucial role in the development of hypertriglyceridemia as several miRNAs are dysregulated in both synthesis and clearance of TAGRL particles. MiRNA-based therapies in ASCVD have not yet been applied in human trials but are attractive. This review provides a concise overview of current interventions for hypertriglyceridemia and the development of novel miRNA and siRNA-based drugs. We summarize the miRNAs involved in the regulation of key genes in the TAGRLs synthesis pathway, which has gained attention as a novel target for therapeutic applications in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Expression profiling of exosomal miRNAs derived from different stages of infection in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces using high-throughput sequencing. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1993-2008. [PMID: 35511364 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonosis. The mechanism of the establishment, growth, and persistence of parasites in the host has not been fully understood. Exosomes are found to be a way of information exchange between parasites and hosts. They exist in various body fluids widely. There are few studies on host-derived exosomes and their miRNA expression profiles at different infection time points. In this study, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with protricercariae. Exosomes were extracted from plasma (0, 3, 9, and 20 weeks post infection), and the expression profiles of exosome miRNA in the peripheral blood of mice were determined using RNA-sequencing. Compared to the 0 week groups, 24, 35, and 22 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected in infected mouse at the three infection stages, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the miRNAs of exosomes at different infection time points. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to annotate the different miRNAs. The results showed that the biological pathways of parasites changed significantly at different stages of infection, with many significant and abundant pathways involved in cell differentiation, inflammation, and immune response, such as MAPK signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, etc. These results suggest that miRNA may be an important regulator of interactions between Echinococcus granulosus and host. The data provided here provide valuable information to increase understanding of the regulatory function of microRNAs in the host microenvironment and the mechanism of host-parasite interaction. This may help us to find targets for Echinococcus granulosus to escape host immune attack and control Echinococcus granulosus infection in the future.
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He Q, Wen L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Yu W, Zhang F, Zhang W, Xiao J, Wen X, Zhao Z. miR-15a-5p suppresses peritoneal fibrosis induced by peritoneal dialysis via targeting VEGF in rats. Ren Fail 2021; 42:932-943. [PMID: 32909490 PMCID: PMC7946059 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2020.1811123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim When peritoneal fibrosis (PF) causes ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, PD has to be discontinued. Currently, there is no effective way to relieve PF. In this study, we aimed to determine whether miR-15a-5p is involved in PF and to determine the underlying mechanism. Methods Six normal rats were used as the control group. A uremic rat model was constructed using 5/6 nephrectomy in a Sprague–Dawley model. The uremic rats were randomly divided into PD, lentivirus-transfected, negative control, VEGFR-inhibited and gavage control groups. Except for the control group, all uremia rats received continuous PD for 28 days. In the lentivirus-transfected group, the miR-15a-5p plasmid was injected into the peritoneal cavity to upregulate miR-15a-5p expression. Axitinib was used to block vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) in the peritoneum. The mRNA levels of miR-15a-5p and VEGF were detected by qRT-PCR and FISH. Protein levels of VEGF, E-cadherin, collagen IV, fibronectin and α-SMA were detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results PD leads to peritoneal thickening and fibrosis. The expression level of miR-15a-5p decreased and that of VEGF increased in the PD group than in the controls. Additionally, E-cadherin was significantly reduced while collagen IV, fibronectin and α-SMA were obviously increased in the PD group compared to controls. FISH showed that VEGF might be the target gene of miR-15a-5p. Overexpression of miR-15a-5p or inhibition of VEGFR could reverse PF. Conclusion miR-15a-5p may participate in the endothelial to mesenchymal transition of PF caused by PD through VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxin He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zhanzheng Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Levin-Schwartz Y, Curtin P, Flores D, Aushev VN, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Svensson K, Pantic I, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Pizano-Zárate ML, Gennings C, Satlin LM, Baccarelli AA, Tellez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Sanders AP. Exosomal miRNAs in urine associated with children's cardiorenal parameters: a cross-sectional study. Epigenomics 2021; 13:499-512. [PMID: 33635093 PMCID: PMC8033423 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The authors sought to examine associations between urinary exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRs), emerging biomarkers of renal health, and cardiorenal outcomes in early childhood. Materials & methods: The authors extracted exo-miRs in urine from 88 healthy Mexican children aged 4–6 years. The authors measured associations between 193 exo-miRs and cardiorenal outcomes: systolic/diastolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary sodium and potassium levels. The authors adjusted for age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, indoor tobacco smoke exposure and urine specific gravity. Results: Multiple exo-miRs were identified meeting a false discovery rate threshold of q < 0.1. Specifically, three exo-miRs had increased expression with urinary sodium, 17 with urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and one with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions: These results highlight urinary exo-miRs as early-life biomarkers of children's cardiorenal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Levin-Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Daniel Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 NY, USA
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Center for Nutrition & Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,National Council for Science & Technology, 03940 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Katherine Svensson
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Ivan Pantic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, 11000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - María L Pizano-Zárate
- Division of Community Interventions Research, National Institute of Perinatology, 11000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 NY, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 10027 New York, USA
| | - Martha M Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition & Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 NY, USA
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 NY, USA
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Nie P, Yang F, Wan F, Jin S, Pu J. Analysis of MicroRNAs Associated With Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture With Thrombosis. Front Genet 2021; 12:599350. [PMID: 33679879 PMCID: PMC7928327 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.599350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular wall inflammatory disease, and the rupture of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study intended to explore the potential mechanisms behind plaque rupture and thrombosis in ApoE knockout mice. The spontaneous plaque rupture models were established, and left carotid artery tissues at different time points (1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week post-surgery) were collected. By the extent of plaque rupture, plaque was defined as (1) control groups, (2) atherosclerotic plaque group, and (3) plaque rupture group. Macrophage (CD68), MMP-8, and MMP-13 activities were measured by immunofluorescence. Cytokines and inflammatory markers were measured by ELISA. The left carotid artery sample tissue was collected to evaluate the miRNAs expression level by miRNA-microarray. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted at three levels: (2) vs. (1), (3) vs. (2), and again in seven time series analysis. The plaque rupture with thrombus and intraplaque hemorrhage results peaked at 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. Similar trends were seen in the number of plaque macrophages and lipids, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase, and the atherosclerotic and plasma cytokine levels. MiRNA-microarray showed that miR-322-5p and miR-206-3p were specifically upregulated in the atherosclerotic plaque group compared with those in the control group. Meanwhile, miR-466h-5p was specifically upregulated in the plaque rupture group compared with the atherosclerotic plaque group. The highest incidence of plaque rupture and thrombosis occurred at 8 weeks post-surgery. miR-322-5p and miR-206-3p may be associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. miR-466h-5p may promote atherosclerotic plaque rupture via apoptosis-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Nie
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuxuan Jin
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen Z, Zhou J, Wang M, Liu J, Zhang L, Loor JJ, Liang Y, Wu H, Yang Z. Circ09863 Regulates Unsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism by Adsorbing miR-27a-3p in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8589-8601. [PMID: 32689797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition plays a key role in regulating flavor and quality of milk. Therefore, in order to improve milk quality, it is particularly important to investigate regulatory mechanisms of milk fatty acid metabolism. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate expression genes associated with several biological processes including fatty acid metabolism. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to detect differentially expressed genes in bovine mammary tissue at early lactation and peak lactation. Circ09863 profiles were influenced by the lactation stage. Functional studies in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) revealed that circ09863 promotes triglyceride (TAG) synthesis together with increased content of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1). These results suggested that circ09863 is partly responsible for modulating fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, software prediction identified a miR-27a-3p binding site in the circ09863 sequence. Overexpression of miR-27a-3p in BMECs led to decreased TAG synthesis. However, overexpression of circ09863 (pcDNA-circ09863) in BMECs significantly reduced expression of miR-27a-3p and enhanced gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a target of miR-27a-3p. Overall, data suggest that circ09863 relieves the inhibitory effect of miR-27a-3p on FASN expression by binding miR-27a-3p and subsequently regulating TAG synthesis and fatty acid composition. Together, these mechanisms provide new research avenues and theoretical bases to improve milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, No.251 Ningda Road, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, No.251 Ningda Road, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, No.251 Ningda Road, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P. R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, No.251 Ningda Road, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P. R. China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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Zhang W, Li Y, Xi X, Zhu G, Wang S, Liu Y, Song M. MicroRNA‑15a‑5p induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis in a pulmonary arterial hypertension model via the VEGF/p38/MMP‑2 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:461-474. [PMID: 31894295 PMCID: PMC6984778 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of microRNA-15a-5p (miR-15a-5p) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and elucidate the underlying pro-apoptotic mechanism. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis and gene microarray hybridization were used to measure the expression of miR-15a-5p in the lung tissues of rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Flow cytometry and caspase-3/9 activity assays were adopted to measure the apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed using western blotting. The results demonstrated that the expression of miR-15a-5p was significantly increased in the lung tissues of rats with MCT-induced PAH. In addition, the overexpression of miR-15a-5p reduced PASMC proliferation, induced apoptosis, promoted the activity of caspase-3/9, induced the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax), decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), increased inflammation, as indicated by the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-18, suppressed the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and promoted the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in the PASMCs of rats with MCT-induced PAH. By contrast, the downregulation of miR-15a-5p increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, reduced the activity of caspase-3/9 and the protein expression of Bax, increased the expression of Bcl-2, inhibited inflammation (as suggested by the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18), induced the protein expression of VEGF, and suppressed the protein expression of p-p38 and MMP-2 in the PASMCs of rats with MCT-induced PAH. The inhibition of VEGF attenuated the effects of the overexpression of miR-15a-5p on the inhibition of cell proliferation, apoptotic rate, caspase-3/9 activity and protein expression of Bax, and it attenuated the increased inflammation, as indicated by the protein expression of p38 and MMP-2 in the PASMCs. In conclusion, the data of the present study demonstrated that miR-15a-5p induced the apoptosis of PASMCs in an animal model of PAH via the VEGF/p38/MMP-2 signaling pathway. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the role of miR-15a-5p in the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Guangfa Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Man Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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