1
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Tang Z, Gaskins AJ, Hood RB, Ford JB, Hauser R, Smith AK, Everson TM. Former smoking associated with epigenetic modifications in human granulosa cells among women undergoing assisted reproduction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5009. [PMID: 38424222 PMCID: PMC10904848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoking exposure during adulthood can disrupt oocyte development in women, contributing to infertility and possibly adverse birth outcomes. Some of these effects may be reflected in epigenome profiles in granulosa cells (GCs) in human follicular fluid. We compared the epigenetic modifications throughout the genome in GCs from women who were former (N = 15) versus never smokers (N = 44) undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This study included 59 women undergoing ART. Smoking history including time since quitting was determined by questionnaire. GCs were collected during oocyte retrieval and DNA methylation (DNAm) levels were profiled using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We performed an epigenome-wide association study with robust linear models, regressing DNAm level at individual loci on smoking status, adjusting for age, ovarian stimulation protocol, and three surrogate variables. We performed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) analysis and over-representation analysis of the identified CpGs and corresponding gene set. 81 CpGs were differentially methylated among former smokers compared to never smokers (FDR < 0.05). We identified 2 significant DMRs (KCNQ1 and RHBDD2). The former smoking-associated genes were enriched in oxytocin signaling, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, platelet activation, axon guidance, and chemokine signaling pathway. These epigenetic variations have been associated with inflammatory responses, reproductive outcomes, cancer development, neurodevelopmental disorder, and cardiometabolic health. Secondarily, we examined the relationships between time since quitting and DNAm at significant CpGs. We observed three CpGs in negative associations with the length of quitting smoking (p < 0.05), which were cg04254052 (KCNIP1), cg22875371 (OGDHL), and cg27289628 (LOC148145), while one in positive association, which was cg13487862 (PLXNB1). As a pilot study, we demonstrated epigenetic modifications associated with former smoking in GCs. The study is informative to potential biological pathways underlying the documented association between smoking and female infertility and biomarker discovery for smoking-associated reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Tang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert B Hood
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Everson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Zariñán T, Butnev VY, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Maravillas-Montero JL, Martínez-Luis I, Mejía-Domínguez NR, Juárez-Vega G, Bousfield GR, Ulloa-Aguirre A. In Vitro Impact of FSH Glycosylation Variants on FSH Receptor-stimulated Signal Transduction and Functional Selectivity. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa019. [PMID: 32342021 PMCID: PMC7175721 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FSH exists as different glycoforms that differ in glycosylation of the hormone-specific β-subunit. Tetra-glycosylated FSH (FSH24) and hypo-glycosylated FSH (FSH18/21) are the most abundant glycoforms found in humans. Employing distinct readouts in HEK293 cells expressing the FSH receptor, we compared signaling triggered by human pituitary FSH preparations (FSH18/21 and FSH24) as well as by equine FSH (eFSH), and human recombinant FSH (recFSH), each exhibiting distinct glycosylation patterns. The potency in eliciting cAMP production was greater for eFSH than for FSH18/21, FSH24, and recFSH, whereas in the ERK1/2 activation readout, potency was highest for FSH18/21 followed by eFSH, recFSH, and FSH24. In β-arrestin1/2 CRISPR/Cas9 HEK293-KO cells, FSH18/21 exhibited a preference toward β-arrestin-mediated ERK1/2 activation as revealed by a drastic decrease in pERK during the first 15-minute exposure to this glycoform. Exposure of β-arrestin1/2 KO cells to H89 additionally decreased pERK1/2, albeit to a significantly lower extent in response to FSH18/21. Concurrent silencing of β-arrestin and PKA signaling, incompletely suppressed pERK response to FSH glycoforms, suggesting that pathways other than those dependent on Gs-protein and β-arrestins also contribute to FSH-stimulated pERK1/2. All FSH glycoforms stimulated intracellular Ca2+ (iCa2+) accumulation through both influx from Ca2+ channels and release from intracellular stores; however, iCa2+ in response to FSH18/21 depended more on the latter, suggesting differences in mechanisms through which glycoforms promote iCa2+ accumulation. These data indicate that FSH glycosylation plays an important role in defining not only the intensity but also the functional selectivity for the mechanisms leading to activation of distinct signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Viktor Y Butnev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Luis
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy R Mejía-Domínguez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - George R Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Wang J, Yoon TW, Read R, Yi AK, Williams RW, Fitzpatrick EA. Genetic variability of T cell responses in hypersensitivity pneumonitis identified using the BXD genetic reference panel. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L631-L643. [PMID: 31940220 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00120.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease that may progress to fibrosis and significant risk of death. HP develops following repeated exposures to inhaled environmental antigens; however, only a fraction of the exposed population develops the disease, suggesting that host genetics contribute to disease susceptibility. We used the BXD family of mice with the Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) model of HP to investigate the role of genetics in susceptibility to HP. The BXD family is derived from a B6 mother and a D2 father and has been used to map susceptibility loci to numerous diseases. B6, D2, and BXD progeny strains were exposed to SR for 3 wk, and the development of HP was monitored. The B6 and D2 strains developed alveolitis; however, the cellular composition was neutrophilic in the D2 strain and more lymphocytic in the B6 strain. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of lung sections revealed lymphoid aggregates in B6 lungs, whereas D2 lungs exhibited a neutrophilic infiltration. Twenty-eight BXD strains of mice were tested, and the results reveal significant heritable variation for numbers of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in the air spaces. There was significant genetic variability for lymphoid aggregates and alveolar wall thickening. We mapped a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 18 for CD8+CD69+ T cells that includes cadherin 2 (Cdh2), an excellent candidate gene associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is upregulated in lungs of strains with HP. These results demonstrate that the BXD family is a valuable and translationally relevant model to identify genes contributing to HP and to devise early and effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tae Won Yoon
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert Read
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.,TriMetis Life Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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4
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Srikanth K, Kumar H, Park W, Byun M, Lim D, Kemp S, Te Pas MFW, Kim JM, Park JE. Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Response to Heat Stress in Kenyan Chicken Ecotypes Adapted to Low and High Altitudes Reveal Differences in Thermal Tolerance and Stress Response. Front Genet 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31681427 PMCID: PMC6798392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) negatively affects chicken performance. Agricultural expansion will happen in regions that experience high ambient temperatures, where fast-growing commercial chickens are vulnerable. Indigenous chickens of such regions, due to generations of exposure to environmental challenges, might have higher thermal tolerance. In this study, two indigenous chicken ecotypes, from the hot and humid Mombasa (lowland) and the colder Naivasha (highland) regions, were used to investigate the effects of acute (5 h, 35°C) and chronic (3 days of 35°C for 8 h/day) HS on the cardiac and skeletal muscle, through RNA sequencing. The rectal temperature gain and the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) [False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05] were two times higher in the acute stage than in the chronic stage in both ecotypes, suggesting that cyclic exposure to HS can lead to adaptation. A tissue- and stage-specific difference in response to HS was observed, with peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor (PPAR) signaling and mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, enriched in heart and skeletal muscle, respectively, and the p53 pathway enriched only in the acute stage in both tissues. The acute and chronic stage DEGs were integrated by a region-specific gene coexpression network (GCN), and genes with the highest number of connections (hub genes) were identified. The hub genes in the lowland network were CCNB2, Crb2, CHST9, SESN1, and NR4A3, while COMMD4, TTC32, H1F0, ACYP1, and RPS28 were the hub genes in the highland network. Pathway analysis of genes in the GCN showed that p53 and PPAR signaling pathways were enriched in both low and highland networks, while MAPK signaling and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum were enriched only in the gene network of highland chickens. This shows that to dissipate the accumulated heat, to reduce heat induced apoptosis, and to promote DNA damage repair, the ecotypes activated or suppressed different genes, indicating the differences in thermal tolerance and HS response mechanisms between the ecotypes. This study provides information on the HS response of chickens, adapted to two different agro climatic environments, extending our understanding of the mechanisms of HS response and the effect of adaptation in counteracting HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Srikanth
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Himansu Kumar
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Woncheoul Park
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Mijeong Byun
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Steve Kemp
- Animal Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
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5
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Benicky J, Sanda M, Brnakova Kennedy Z, Goldman R. N-Glycosylation is required for secretion of the precursor to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) carrying sulfated LacdiNAc structures. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16816-16830. [PMID: 31558607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is generated by proteolytic cleavage of a prodomain from the proBDNF precursor either intracellularly by furin-like proteases or extracellularly by plasmin or matrix metalloproteinases. ProBDNF carries a single N-glycosylation sequon (Asn-127) that remains virtually unstudied despite being located in a highly conserved region proximal to the proteolytic site. To study the proBDNF structure and function, here we expressed the protein and its nonglycosylated N127Q mutant in HEK293F cells. We found that mutation of the Asn-127 prevents intracellular maturation and secretion, an effect reproduced in WT proBDNF by tunicamycin-induced inhibition of N-glycosylation. Absence of the N-glycan did not affect the kinetics of proBDNF cleavage by furin in vitro, indicating that effects other than a direct furin-proBDNF interaction may regulate proBDNF maturation. Using an optimized LC-MS/MS workflow, we demonstrate that secreted proBDNF is fully glycosylated and carries rare N-glycans terminated by GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R (LacdiNAc) extensively modified by terminal sulfation. We and others noted that this type of glycosylation is protein-specific, extends to proBDNF expressed in PC12 cells, and implies the presence of interacting partners that recognize this glycan epitope. The findings of our study reveal that proBDNF carries an unusual type of N-glycans important for its processing and secretion. Our results open new opportunities for functional studies of these protein glycoforms in different cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Zuzana Brnakova Kennedy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057 .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.,Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
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6
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Chen J, Wu JS, Mize T, Moreno M, Hamid M, Servin F, Bashy B, Zhao Z, Jia P, Tsuang MT, Kendler KS, Xiong M, Chen X. A Frameshift Variant in the CHST9 Gene Identified by Family-Based Whole Genome Sequencing Is Associated with Schizophrenia in Chinese Population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12717. [PMID: 31481703 PMCID: PMC6722128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies imply that rare variants contribute to the risk of schizophrenia, however, the exact variants or genes responsible for this condition are largely unknown. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 20 Chinese families. Each family consisted of at least two affected siblings diagnosed with schizophrenia and at least one unaffected sibling. We examined functional variants that were found in affected sibling(s) but not in unaffected sibling(s) within a family. Matching this criterion, a frameshift heterozygous deletion of CA (–/CA) at chromosome 18:24722722, also referred to as rs752084147, in the Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 9 (CHST9) gene, was detected in two families. This deletion was confirmed by PCR-based Sanger sequencing. With the observed frequency of 0.00076 in Han Chinese population, we performed both case-control and family-based analyses to evaluate its association with schizophrenia. In the case-control analyses, Chi-square test P-value was 6.80e-12 and the P-value was 0.0008 after one million simulations. In family-based segregation analyses, segregation P-value was 7.72e-7 and simulated P-value was 5.70e-6. For both the case-control and family-based analyses, the CA deletion was significantly associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Further investigation of this gene is warranted in the development of schizophrenia by utilizing larger and more ethnically diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA.
| | - Jain-Shing Wu
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Travis Mize
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Marvi Moreno
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Mahtab Hamid
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Francisco Servin
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Bita Bashy
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Medical College of Virginia and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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7
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Yamada K, Kayahara H, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Simultaneous Analysis of Sulfated and Phosphorylated Glycans by Serotonin-Immobilized Column Enrichment and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8387-8395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yamada
- The Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
| | - Haruna Kayahara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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8
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Ribela MTCP, Damiani R, Silva FD, Lima ER, Oliveira JE, Peroni CN, Torjesen PA, Soares CR, Bartolini P. N-Glycoprofiling Analysis for Carbohydrate Composition and Site-Occupancy Determination in a Poly-Glycosylated Protein: Human Thyrotropin of Different Origins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020131. [PMID: 28165356 PMCID: PMC5343769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thyrotropin (hTSH) is a glycoprotein with three potential glycosylation sites: two in the α-subunit and one in the β-subunit. These sites are not always occupied and occupancy is frequently neglected in glycoprotein characterization, even though it is related to folding, trafficking, initiation of inflammation and host defense, as well as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). For the first time N-glycoprofiling analysis was applied to the site-occupancy determination of two native pituitary hTSH, in comparison with three recombinant preparations of hTSH, a widely used biopharmaceutical. A single methodology provided the: (i) average N-glycan mass; (ii) mass fraction of each monosaccharide and of sulfate; and (iii) percent carbohydrate. The results indicate that the occupancy (65%–87%) and carbohydrate mass (12%–19%) can be up to 34%–57% higher in recombinant hormones. The average glycan mass is 24% lower in pituitary hTSH and contains ~3-fold fewer moles of galactose (p < 0.005) and sialic acid (p < 0.01). One of the two native preparations, which had the smallest glycan mass together with the lowest occupancy and GalNAc, sulfate, Gal and sialic acid contents, also presented the lowest in vivo bioactivity and circulatory half-life. The methodology described, comparing a recombinant biopharmaceutical to its native equivalent, can be applied to any physiologically or clinical relevant glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa C P Ribela
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Damiani
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Felipe D Silva
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eliana R Lima
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João E Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Peter A Torjesen
- Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Carlos R Soares
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Stanley P. What Have We Learned from Glycosyltransferase Knockouts in Mice? J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3166-3182. [PMID: 27040397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are five major classes of glycan including N- and O-glycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycosphingolipids, and glycophosphatidylinositol anchors, all expressed at the molecular frontier of each mammalian cell. Numerous biological consequences of altering the expression of mammalian glycans are understood at a mechanistic level, but many more remain to be characterized. Mouse mutants with deleted, defective, or misexpressed genes that encode activities necessary for glycosylation have led the way to identifying key functions of glycans in biology. However, with the advent of exome sequencing, humans with mutations in genes involved in glycosylation are also revealing specific requirements for glycans in mammalian development. The aim of this review is to summarize glycosylation genes that are necessary for mouse embryonic development, pathway-specific glycosylation genes whose deletion leads to postnatal morbidity, and glycosylation genes for which effects are mild, but perturbation of the organism may reveal functional consequences. General strategies for generating and interpreting the phenotype of mice with glycosylation defects are discussed in relation to human congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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10
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Wang H, Chen X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Li Y, Yin H, Shao H, Chen G. Comparative Assessment of Glycosylation of a Recombinant Human FSH and a Highly Purified FSH Extracted from Human Urine. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:923-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Techwell Biopharmaceutical Corporation, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Hongrui Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Capone MVN, Suzuki MF, Oliveira JE, Damiani R, Soares CRJ, Bartolini P. N-glycoprofiling analysis in a simple glycoprotein model: a comparison between recombinant and pituitary glycosylated human prolactin. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:78-87. [PMID: 25499076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human prolactin (hPRL) is a polypeptide hormone occurring in the non-glycosylated (NG-hPRL) and glycosylated (G-hPRL) forms, with MM of approximately 23 and 25kDa, respectively. It has a single, partially occupied N-glycosylation site located at Asn-31, which makes it a particularly simple and interesting model for glycosylation studies. The bioactivity of G-hPRL is lower than that of NG-hPRL (by ca. 4-fold) and its physiological function is not clear. However, carbohydrate moieties generally play important roles in the biosynthesis, secretion, biological activity, and plasma survival of glycohormones and can vary depending on the host cell. The main objective of this study was to determine the N-glycan structures present in native, pituitary G-hPRL and compare them with those present in the recombinant hormone. To obtain recombinant G-hPRL, genetically modified Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), adapted to growth in suspension, were treated with cycloheximide, thus increasing the glycosylation site occupancy from 5.5% to 38.3%, thereby facilitating G-hPRL purification. CHO cell-derived G-hPRL (CHO-G-hPRL) was compared to pituitary G-hPRL (pit-G-hPRL) especially with regard to N-glycoprofiling. Among the main differences found in the pituitary sample were an extremely low presence of sialylated (1.7%) and a high percentage of sulfated (74.0%) and of fucosylated (90.5%) glycans. A ∼6-fold lower in vitro bioactivity and a higher clearance rate in mice were also found for pit-G-hPRL versus CHO-G-hPRL. N-Glycan profiling proved to be a useful and accurate methodology also for MM and carbohydrate content determination for the two G-hPRL preparations, in good agreement with the values obtained directly via MALDI-TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V N Capone
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam F Suzuki
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João E Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Damiani
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R J Soares
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN - CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Patnode ML, Yu SY, Cheng CW, Ho MY, Tegesjö L, Sakuma K, Uchimura K, Khoo KH, Kannagi R, Rosen SD. KSGal6ST generates galactose-6-O-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2013; 23:381-94. [PMID: 23254996 PMCID: PMC3555504 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of sulfate to glycan structures can regulate their ability to serve as ligands for glycan-binding proteins. Although sulfate groups present on the monosaccharides glucosamine, uronate, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine are recognized by defined receptors that mediate important functions, the functional significance of galactose-6-O-sulfate (Gal6S) is not known. However, in vitro studies using synthetic glycans and sulfotransferase overexpression implicate Gal6S as a binding determinant for the lymphocyte homing receptor, L-selectin. Only two sulfotransferases have been shown to generate Gal6S, namely keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (KSGal6ST) and chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1). In the present study, we use mice deficient in KSGal6ST and C6ST-1 to test whether Gal6S contributes to ligand recognition by L-selectin in vivo. First, we establish that KSGal6ST is selectively expressed in high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. We also determine by mass spectrometry that KSGal6ST generates Gal6S on several classes of O-glycans in peripheral lymph nodes. Furthermore, KSGal6ST, but not C6ST-1, is required for the generation of the Gal6S-containing glycan, 6,6'-disulfo-3'sLN (Siaα2→3[6S]Galβ1→4[6S]GlcNAc) or a closely related structure in lymph node HEVs. Nevertheless, L-selectin-dependent short-term homing of lymphocytes is normal in KSGal6ST-deficient mice, indicating that the Gal6S-containing structures we detected do not contribute to L-selectin ligand recognition in this setting. These results refine our understanding of the biological ligands for L-selectin and introduce a mouse model for investigating the functions of Gal6S in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Patnode
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, and
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Lotten Tegesjö
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Keiichiro Sakuma
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Steven D Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
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13
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Sørensen ALT, Clausen H, Wandall HH. Carbohydrate clearance receptors in transfusion medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1797-808. [PMID: 22846227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex carbohydrates play important functions for circulation of proteins and cells. They provide protective shields and refraction from non-specific interactions with negative charges from sialic acids to enhance circulatory half-life. For recombinant protein therapeutics carbohydrates are especially important to enhance size and reduce glomerular filtration loss. Carbohydrates are, however, also ligands for a large number of carbohydrate-binding lectins exposed to the circulatory system that serve as scavenger receptors for the innate immune system, or have more specific roles in targeting of glycoproteins and cells. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we provide an overview of the common lectin receptors that play roles for circulating glycoproteins and cells, and present a discussion of ways to engineer glycosylation of recombinant biologics and cells to improve therapeutic effects. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the pharmaceutical industry has learned how to exploit carbohydrates to improve pharmacokinetic properties of recombinant therapeutics, our understanding of how to improve cell-based therapies by manipulation of complex carbohydrates is still at its infancy. Progress with the latter has recently been achieved with cold-stored platelets, where exposure of uncapped glycans lead to rapid clearance from circulation by several lectin-mediated pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding lectin-mediated clearance pathways is essential for progress in development of biological pharmaceuticals.
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14
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Fiete D, Beranek M, Baenziger JU. Peptide-specific transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine to O-linked glycans by the glycosyltransferases β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 3 (β4GalNAc-T3) and β4GalNAc-T4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29204-12. [PMID: 22722940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N- and O-linked oligosaccharides on pro-opiomelanocortin both bear the unique terminal sequence SO(4)-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ. We previously demonstrated that protein-specific transfer of GalNAc to N-linked oligosaccharides on glycoprotein substrates is dependent on the presence of both an oligosaccharide acceptor and a peptide recognition motif consisting of a cluster of basic amino acids. We characterized how two β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4, require the presence of both the peptide recognition motif and the N-linked oligosaccharide acceptors to transfer GalNAc in β1,4-linkage to GlcNAc in vivo and in vitro. We now show that β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 are able to utilize the same peptide motif to selectively add GalNAc to β1,6-linked GlcNAc in core 2 O-linked oligosaccharide structures to form Galβ1,3(GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6)GalNAcαSer/Thr. The β1,4-linked GalNAc can be further modified with 4-linked sulfate by either GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase 1 (GalNAc-4-ST1) (CHST8) or GalNAc-4-ST2 (CHST9) or with α2,6-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid by α2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6Gal1), thus generating a family of unique GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ (LacdiNAc)-containing structures on specific glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Fiete
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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15
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Priming mass spectrometry-based sulfoglycomic mapping for identification of terminal sulfated lacdiNAc glycotope. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:183-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Cabral RM, Kurban M, Wajid M, Shimomura Y, Petukhova L, Christiano AM. Whole-exome sequencing in a single proband reveals a mutation in the CHST8 gene in autosomal recessive peeling skin syndrome. Genomics 2012; 99:202-8. [PMID: 22289416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Generalized peeling skin syndrome (PSS) is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by lifelong, continuous shedding of the upper epidermis. Using whole-genome homozygozity mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.229C>T, R77W) within the CHST8 gene, in a large consanguineous family with non-inflammatory PSS type A. CHST8 encodes a Golgi transmembrane N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4-ST1), which we show by immunofluorescence staining to be expressed throughout normal epidermis. A colorimetric assay for total sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification, comparing human keratinocytes (CCD1106 KERTr) expressing wild type and mutant recombinant GalNAc4-ST1, revealed decreased levels of total sulfated GAGs in cells expressing mutant GalNAc4-ST1, suggesting loss of function. Western blotting revealed lower expression levels of mutant recombinant GalNAc4-ST1 compared to wild type, suggesting that accelerated degradation may result in loss of function, leading to PSS type A. This is the first report describing a mutation as the cause of PSS type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Cabral
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Crépieux P, Poupon A, Maurel MC, Reiter E. Novel pathways in gonadotropin receptor signaling and biased agonism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12:259-74. [PMID: 21526415 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-011-9176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins play a central role in the control of male and female reproduction. Selective agonists and antagonists of gonadotropin receptors would be of great interest for the treatment of infertility or as non steroidal contraceptive. However, to date, only native hormones are being used in assisted reproduction technologies as there is no pharmacological agent available to manipulate gonadotropin receptors. Over the last decade, there has been a growing perception of the complexity associated with gonadotropin receptors' cellular signaling. It is now clear that the Gs/cAMP/PKA pathway is not the sole mechanism that must be taken into account in order to understand these hormones' biological actions. In parallel, consistent with the emerging paradigm of biased agonism, several examples of ligand-mediated selective signaling pathway activation by gonadotropin receptors have been reported. Small molecule ligands, modulating antibodies interacting with the hormones and glycosylation variants of the native glycoproteins have all demonstrated their potential to trigger such selective signaling. Altogether, the available data and emerging concepts give rise to intriguing opportunities towards a more efficient control of reproductive function and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- BIOS group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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18
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Zhao X, Wu Q, Fu X, Yu B, Shao Y, Yang H, Guan M, Huang X, Zhang W, Wan J. Examination of copy number variations of CHST9 in multiple types of hematologic malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 203:176-9. [PMID: 21156230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0 sulfotransferase 9 (CHST9) belongs to the N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4ST) family. A recent array-based study implicated the presence of copy-number variations (CNV) of the region encompassing CHST9 in the genomes of acute myelogenous leukemia. Most of the current studies, however, focused on the genome-wide screening of CNV, and the functional impact of such regions needs to be extensively investigated in large amounts of clinical samples. In our study, we collected 617 bone marrow samples from multi-types of hematologic malignancies, as well as healthy controls, and detected the CNV of CHST9 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found significant association between the CNV of CHST9 and these hematologic malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. We also examined CHST9 mRNA expression in the samples with one or two copies of DNA, and observed a weak yet positive correlation between the relative expression level and gene dosage. In general, the CNV of CHST9 have been shown to associate with hematologic malignancies. The functional consequences of CNV, however, need to be investigated extensively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, #11, South Street of Xi-Zhi-Men, 100044 Beijing, China
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19
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Plant TM, Ramaswamy S, Bhat GK, Stah CD, Pohl CR, Mann DR. Effect of transient hypothyroidism during infancy on the postnatal ontogeny of luteinising hormone release in the agonadal male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): implications for the timing of puberty in higher primates. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:1203-12. [PMID: 18673410 PMCID: PMC2981787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether a transient thyroid hormone (T(4)) deficit during infancy in male monkeys would compromise the arrest of luteinising hormone (LH) secretion during the infant-juvenile transition, and/or interfere with the pubertal resurgence of LH. Animals were orchidectomized and thyroidectomized (n = 3; Tx) or sham Tx (n = 3) within 5 days of birth. T(4) replacement was initiated in two Tx monkeys at age 19 weeks to reestablish a euthyroid condition. Blood samples were drawn weekly for hormone assay. Body weight, crown-rump length, and bone age were assessed throughout the study. Within a week of Tx, plasma T(4) declined to undetectable levels and, by 6-8 weeks of age, signs of hypothyroidism were evident. Transient hypothyroidism during infancy failed to prevent either arrest of LH secretion during the infant-juvenile transition or the pubertal resurgence of LH secretion, both of which occurred at similar ages to sham Tx animals. Although body weight exhibited complete catch-up with T(4) replacement, crown-rump length and bone age did not. Thus, bone age at the time of the pubertal LH resurgence in Tx animals was less advanced than that in shams. Although Tx did not influence qualitatively the pattern of gonadotrophin secretion, LH levels during infancy and after pubertal LH resurgence were elevated in Tx monkeys. This was not associated with changes in LH pulse frequency and amplitude, but half-life (53 versus 65 min) of the slow second phase of LH clearance was greater in Tx animals. These results indicate that hypothalamic mechanisms dictating the pattern of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release from birth to puberty are not dependent on T(4) action during infancy, and fail to support the notion that onset of puberty is causally coupled to skeletal maturation. They also indicate that LH renal clearance mechanisms may be programmed in a T(4) dependent manner during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Plant
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Magee-Womens' Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Dalpathado DS, Irungu J, Go EP, Butnev VY, Norton K, Bousfield GR, Desaire H. Comparative glycomics of the glycoprotein follicle stimulating hormone: glycopeptide analysis of isolates from two mammalian species. Biochemistry 2006; 45:8665-73. [PMID: 16834341 DOI: 10.1021/bi060435k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the important hormones that regulate gonadal functions. This hormone is glycosylated, and the glycans greatly influence the biological properties. In the present study the negatively charged glycopeptides of equine and human pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (eFSH and hFSH) have been characterized in a glycosylation site-specific manner using FT-ICR-MS and Edman sequencing. The characteristic pattern of glycan distribution at each glycosylation site has been deduced and compared between horse and human FSH preparations. The data suggest that site-specific differences exist between glycoforms of human and equine FSH. For instance, except for one site in the beta subunit (Asn7) of hFSH all other sites in both species have sulfated glycoforms. Also, glycoforms at Asn52 of hFSH are all complex type, whereas in eFSH, both complex and hybrid structures exist at this site. There is also a higher percentage of sulfated glycans in the latter site compared to the former. This is the first study that characterizes the glycans from this hormone in a glycosylation site-specific manner, and these data can be used to begin correlative studies between glycosylation structure and hormone function.
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21
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Pavão MSG, Vilela-Silva AC, Mourão PAS. Biosynthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate: From the Early, Precursor Discoveries to Nowadays, Genetics Approaches. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:117-40. [PMID: 17239764 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro S G Pavão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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22
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Kawar ZS, Haslam SM, Morris HR, Dell A, Cummings RD. Novel Poly-GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) and Fucosylated Poly-LacdiNAc N-Glycans from Mammalian Cells Expressing β1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and α1,3-Fucosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12810-9. [PMID: 15653684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414273200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans containing the GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc or LDN) motif are expressed by many invertebrates, but this motif also occurs in vertebrates and is found on several mammalian glycoprotein hormones. This motif contrasts with the more commonly occurring Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (LacNAc or LN) motif. To better understand LDN biosynthesis and regulation, we stably expressed the cDNA encoding the Caenorhabditis elegans beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT), which generates LDN in vitro, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Lec8 cells, to establish L8-GalNAcT CHO cells. The glycan structures from these cells were determined by mass spectrometry and linkage analysis. The L8-GalNAcT cell line produces complex-type N-glycans quantitatively bearing LDN structures on their antennae. Unexpectedly, most of these complex-type N-glycans contain novel "poly-LDN" structures consisting of repeating LDN motifs (-3GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-)n. These novel structures are in contrast to the well known poly-LN structures consisting of repeating LN motifs (-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-)n. We also stably expressed human alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase IX in the L8-GalNAcT cells to establish a new cell line, L8-GalNAcT-FucT. These cells produce complex-type N-glycans with alpha1,3-fucosylated LDN (LDNF) GalNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-R as well as novel "poly-LDNF" structures (-3GalNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha 1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-)n. The ability of these cell lines to generate glycoprotein hormones with LDN-containing N-glycans was studied by expressing a recombinant form of the common alpha-subunit in L8-GalNAcT cells. The alpha-subunit N-glycans carried LDN structures, which were further modified by co-expression of the human GalNAc 4-sulfotransferase I, which generates SO4-4GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc-R. Thus, the generation of these stable mammalian cells will facilitate future studies on the biological activities and properties of LDN-related structures in glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Kawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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23
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Abstract
A high-density coding system is essential to allow cells to communicate efficiently and swiftly through complex surface interactions. All the structural requirements for forming a wide array of signals with a system of minimal size are met by oligomers of carbohydrates. These molecules surpass amino acids and nucleotides by far in information-storing capacity and serve as ligands in biorecognition processes for the transfer of information. The results of work aiming to reveal the intricate ways in which oligosaccharide determinants of cellular glycoconjugates interact with tissue lectins and thereby trigger multifarious cellular responses (e.g. in adhesion or growth regulation) are teaching amazing lessons about the range of finely tuned activities involved. The ability of enzymes to generate an enormous diversity of biochemical signals is matched by receptor proteins (lectins), which are equally elaborate. The multiformity of lectins ensures accurate signal decoding and transmission. The exquisite refinement of both sides of the protein-carbohydrate recognition system turns the structural complexity of glycans--a demanding but essentially mastered problem for analytical chemistry--into a biochemical virtue. The emerging medical importance of protein-carbohydrate recognition, for example in combating infection and the spread of tumors or in targeting drugs, also explains why this interaction system is no longer below industrial radarscopes. Our review sketches the concept of the sugar code, with a solid description of the historical background. We also place emphasis on a distinctive feature of the code, that is, the potential of a carbohydrate ligand to adopt various defined shapes, each with its own particular ligand properties (differential conformer selection). Proper consideration of the structure and shape of the ligand enables us to envision the chemical design of potent binding partners for a target (in lectin-mediated drug delivery) or ways to block lectins of medical importance (in infection, tumor spread, or inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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