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Heinisch JJ, Rodicio R. Protein kinase C in fungi—more than just cell wall integrity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 42:4562651. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Duan QL, Lasky-Su J, Himes BE, Qiu W, Litonjua AA, Damask A, Lazarus R, Klanderman B, Irvin CG, Peters SP, Hanrahan JP, Lima JJ, Martinez FD, Mauger D, Chinchilli VM, Soto-Quiros M, Avila L, Celedón JC, Lange C, Weiss ST, Tantisira KG. A genome-wide association study of bronchodilator response in asthmatics. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 14:41-7. [PMID: 23508266 PMCID: PMC3706515 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reversibility of airway obstruction in response to β2-agonists is highly variable among asthmatics, which is partially attributed to genetic factors. In a genome-wide association study of acute bronchodilator response (BDR) to inhaled albuterol, 534 290 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in 403 white trios from the Childhood Asthma Management Program using five statistical models to determine the most robust genetic associations. The primary replication phase included 1397 polymorphisms in three asthma trials (pooled n=764). The second replication phase tested 13 SNPs in three additional asthma populations (n=241, n=215 and n=592). An intergenic SNP on chromosome 10, rs11252394, proximal to several excellent biological candidates, significantly replicated (P=1.98 × 10(-7)) in the primary replication trials. An intronic SNP (rs6988229) in the collagen (COL22A1) locus also provided strong replication signals (P=8.51 × 10(-6)). This study applied a robust approach for testing the genetic basis of BDR and identified novel loci associated with this drug response in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ling Duan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Blanca E. Himes
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Augusto A. Litonjua
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Pulmonary Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ross Lazarus
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Barbara Klanderman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles G. Irvin
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Stephen P. Peters
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - John J. Lima
- Nemours Children’s Clinic, Centers for Clinical Pediatric Pharmacology & Pharmacogenetics, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Fernando D. Martinez
- Arizona Respiratory Center and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - David Mauger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | | | | | - Juan C. Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Scott T. Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pulmonary Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kelan G. Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Pulmonary Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Yan Zhang E, Kong KF, Altman A. The yin and yang of protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ): a novel drug target for selective immunosuppression. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:267-312. [PMID: 23433459 PMCID: PMC3903317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a protein kinase C (PKC) family member expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes, and extensive studies addressing its function have been conducted. PKCθ is the only T cell-expressed PKC that localizes selectively to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) following conventional T cell antigen stimulation, and this unique localization is essential for PKCθ-mediated downstream signaling. While playing a minor role in T cell development, early in vitro studies relying, among others, on the use of PKCθ-deficient (Prkcq(-/-)) T cells revealed that PKCθ is required for the activation and proliferation of mature T cells, reflecting its importance in activating the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, as well as for the survival of activated T cells. Upon subsequent analysis of in vivo immune responses in Prkcq(-/-) mice, it became clear that PKCθ has a selective role in the immune system: it is required for experimental Th2- and Th17-mediated allergic and autoimmune diseases, respectively, and for alloimmune responses, but is dispensable for protective responses against pathogens and for graft-versus-leukemia responses. Surprisingly, PKCθ was recently found to be excluded from the IS of regulatory T cells and to negatively regulate their suppressive function. These attributes of PKCθ make it an attractive target for catalytic or allosteric inhibitors that are expected to selectively suppress harmful inflammatory and alloimmune responses without interfering with beneficial immunity to infections. Early progress in developing such drugs is being made, but additional studies on the role of PKCθ in the human immune system are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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Sun Z. Intervention of PKC-θ as an immunosuppressive regimen. Front Immunol 2012; 3:225. [PMID: 22876242 PMCID: PMC3410430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC-θ is selectively enriched in T cells and specifically translocates to immunological synapse where it mediates critical T cell receptor signals required for T cell activation, differentiation, and survival. T cells deficient in PKC-θ are defective in their ability to differentiate into inflammatory effector cells that mediate actual immune responses whereas, their differentiation into regulatory T cells (Treg) that inhibits the inflammatory T cells is enhanced. Therefore, the manipulation of PKC-θ activity can shift the ratio between inflammatory effector T cells and inhibitory Tregs, to control T cell-mediated immune responses that are responsible for autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Indeed, PKC-θ-deficient mice are resistant to the development of several Th2 and Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases and are defective in mounting alloimmune responses required for rejection of transplanted allografts and graft-versus-host disease. Selective inhibition of PKC-θ is therefore considered as a potential treatment for prevention of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoming Sun
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Ameliorated ConA-induced hepatitis in the absence of PKC-theta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31174. [PMID: 22347449 PMCID: PMC3274545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe liver injury that occurs when immune cells mistakenly attack an individual's own liver cells leads to autoimmune hepatitis. In mice, acute hepatitis can be induced by concanavalin A (ConA) treatment, which causes rapid activation of CD1d-positive natural killer (NK) T cells. These activated NKT cells produce large amounts of cytokines, which induce strong inflammation that damages liver tissues. Here we show that PKC-θ−/− mice were resistant to ConA-induced hepatitis due to essential function of PKC-θ in NKT cell development and activation. A dosage of ConA (25 mg/kg) that was lethal to wild-type (WT) mice failed to induce death resulting from liver injury in PKC-θ−/− mice. Correspondingly, ConA-induced production of cytokines such as IFNγ, IL-6, and TNFα, which mediate the inflammation responsible for liver injury, were significantly lower in PKC-θ−/− mice. Peripheral NKT cells had developmental defects at early stages in the thymus in PKC-θ−/− mice, and as a result their frequency and number were greatly reduced. Furthermore, PKC-θ−/− bone marrow adoptively transferred to WT mice displayed similar defects in NKT cell development, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for PKC-θ in NKT cell development. In addition, upon stimulation with NKT cell-specific lipid ligand, peripheral PKC-θ−/− NKT cells produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines than that of WT NKT cells, suggesting that activation of NKT cells also requires PKC-θ. Our results suggest PKC-θ is an essential molecule required for activation of NKT cell to induce hepatitis, and thus, is a potential drug target for prevention of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Hall KJ, Harper MT, Gilio K, Cosemans JM, Heemskerk JWM, Poole AW. Genetic analysis of the role of protein kinase Ctheta in platelet function and thrombus formation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3277. [PMID: 18815612 PMCID: PMC2533697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PKCθ is a novel protein kinase C isozyme, predominately expressed in T cells and platelets. PKCθ−/− T cells exhibit reduced activation and PKCθ−/− mice are resistant to autoimmune disease, making PKCθ an attractive therapeutic target for immune modulation. Collagen is a major agonist for platelets, operating through an immunoreceptor-like signalling pathway from its receptor GPVI. Although it has recently been shown that PKCθ positively regulates outside-in signalling through integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets, the role of PKCθ in GPVI-dependent signalling and functional activation of platelets has not been assessed. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study we assessed static adhesion, cell spreading, granule secretion, integrin αIIbβ3 activation and platelet aggregation in washed mouse platelets lacking PKCθ. Thrombus formation on a collagen-coated surface was assessed in vitro under flow. PKCθ−/− platelets exhibited reduced static adhesion and filopodia generation on fibrinogen, suggesting that PKCθ positively regulates outside-in signalling, in agreement with a previous report. In contrast, PKCθ−/− platelets also exhibited markedly enhanced GPVI-dependent α-granule secretion, although dense granule secretion was unaffected, suggesting that PKCθ differentially regulates these two granules. Inside-out regulation of αIIbβ3 activation was also enhanced downstream of GPVI stimulation. Although this did not result in increased aggregation, importantly thrombus formation on collagen under high shear (1000 s−1) was enhanced. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that PKCθ is an important negative regulator of thrombus formation on collagen, potentially mediated by α-granule secretion and αIIbβ3 activation. PKCθ therefore may act to restrict thrombus growth, a finding that has important implications for the development and safe clinical use of PKCθ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J. Hall
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. Harper
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Gilio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alastair W. Poole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of kinases that plays diverse roles in many cellular functions, notably proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. PKC is processed by phosphorylation and regulated by cofactor binding and subcellular localization. Extensive detail is available on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the maturation, activation, and signaling of PKC. However, less information is available on how signaling is terminated both from a global perspective and isozyme-specific differences. To target PKC therapeutically, various ATP-competitive inhibitors have been developed, but this method has problems with specificity. One possible new approach to developing novel, specific therapeutics for PKC would be to target the signaling termination pathways of the enzyme. This review focuses on the new developments in understanding how PKC signaling is terminated and how current drug therapies as well as information obtained from the recent elucidation of various PKC structures and down-regulation pathways could be used to develop novel and specific therapeutics for PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721
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