1
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Lanng KRB, Lauridsen EL, Jakobsen MR. The balance of STING signaling orchestrates immunity in cancer. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1144-1157. [PMID: 38918609 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is critical for a variety of immune responses. This endoplasmic reticulum-anchored adaptor protein has regulatory functions in host immunity across a spectrum of conditions, including infectious diseases, autoimmunity, neurobiology and cancer. In this Review, we outline the central importance of STING in immunological processes driven by expression of type I and III interferons, as well as inflammatory cytokines, and we look at therapeutic options for targeting STING. We also examine evidence that challenges the prevailing notion that STING activation is predominantly beneficial in combating cancer. Further exploration is imperative to discern whether STING activation in the tumor microenvironment confers true benefits or has detrimental effects. Research in this field is at a crossroads, as a clearer understanding of the nuanced functions of STING activation in cancer is required for the development of next-generation therapies.
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Honeywell ME, Isidor MS, Harper NW, Fontana RE, Birdsall GA, Cruz-Gordillo P, Porto SA, Jerome M, Fraser CS, Sarosiek KA, Guertin DA, Spinelli JB, Lee MJ. Functional genomic screens with death rate analyses reveal mechanisms of drug action. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01584-7. [PMID: 38480981 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A common approach for understanding how drugs induce their therapeutic effects is to identify the genetic determinants of drug sensitivity. Because 'chemo-genetic profiles' are performed in a pooled format, inference of gene function is subject to several confounding influences related to variation in growth rates between clones. In this study, we developed Method for Evaluating Death Using a Simulation-assisted Approach (MEDUSA), which uses time-resolved measurements, along with model-driven constraints, to reveal the combination of growth and death rates that generated the observed drug response. MEDUSA is uniquely effective at identifying death regulatory genes. We apply MEDUSA to characterize DNA damage-induced lethality in the presence and absence of p53. Loss of p53 switches the mechanism of DNA damage-induced death from apoptosis to a non-apoptotic death that requires high respiration. These findings demonstrate the utility of MEDUSA both for determining the genetic dependencies of lethality and for revealing opportunities to potentiate chemo-efficacy in a cancer-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Honeywell
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marie S Isidor
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E Fontana
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gavin A Birdsall
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter Cruz-Gordillo
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sydney A Porto
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Madison Jerome
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cameron S Fraser
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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3
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Li M, Jin S, Zhu X, Xu J, Cao Y, Piao H. The role of ferroptosis in central nervous system damage diseases. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16741. [PMID: 38313006 PMCID: PMC10836208 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of cell death, i.e., programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron dependence, which has unique morphological and biochemical properties. This unique mode of cell death is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation and regulated by multiple cell metabolic pathways, including redox homeostasis, iron metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and sugars. Many organ injuries and degenerative pathologies are caused by ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is closely related to central nervous system injury diseases and is currently an important topic of research globally. This research examined the relationships between ferroptosis and the occurrence and treatment of central nervous system injury diseases. Additionally, ferroptosis was assessed from the aspect of theory proposal, mechanism of action, and related signaling pathways per recent research. This review provides a relevant theoretical basis for further research on this theory, the prospect of its development, and the prevention and treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shengbo Jin
- College of Acupuncture and Massage of Liaoning Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Gynaecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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4
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Honeywell ME, Isidor MS, Harper NW, Fontana RE, Cruz-Gordillo P, Porto SA, Fraser CS, Sarosiek KA, Guertin DA, Spinelli JB, Lee MJ. p53 controls choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death following DNA damage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524444. [PMID: 36712034 PMCID: PMC9882237 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage can activate apoptotic and non-apoptotic forms of cell death; however, it remains unclear what features dictate which type of cell death is activated. We report that p53 controls the choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death following exposure to DNA damage. In contrast to the conventional model, which suggests that p53-deficient cells should be resistant to DNA damage-induced cell death, we find that p53-deficient cells die at high rates following DNA damage, but exclusively using non-apoptotic mechanisms. Our experimental data and computational modeling reveal that non-apoptotic death in p53-deficient cells has not been observed due to use of assays that are either insensitive to cell death, or that specifically score apoptotic cells. Using functional genetic screening - with an analysis that enables computational inference of the drug-induced death rate - we find in p53-deficient cells that DNA damage activates a mitochondrial respiration-dependent form of cell death, called MPT-driven necrosis. Cells deficient for p53 have high basal respiration, which primes MPT-driven necrosis. Finally, using metabolite profiling, we identified mitochondrial activity-dependent metabolic vulnerabilities that can be targeted to potentiate the lethality of DNA damage specifically in p53-deficient cells. Our findings reveal how the dual functions of p53 in regulating mitochondrial activity and the DNA damage response combine to facilitate the choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Honeywell
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Marie S. Isidor
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas W. Harper
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Rachel E. Fontana
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Peter Cruz-Gordillo
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Sydney A. Porto
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Cameron S. Fraser
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Kristopher A. Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - David A. Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Jessica B. Spinelli
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
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5
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Mendoza-Munoz PL, Gavande NS, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak K, Dynlacht J, Garrett J, Turchi J. Ku-DNA binding inhibitors modulate the DNA damage response in response to DNA double-strand breaks. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad003. [PMID: 36755959 PMCID: PMC9900423 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a critical role in the DNA damage response (DDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Consequently, DNA-PK is a validated therapeutic target for cancer treatment in certain DNA repair-deficient cancers and in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). We have previously reported the discovery and development of a novel class of DNA-PK inhibitors with a unique mechanism of action, blocking the Ku 70/80 heterodimer interaction with DNA. These Ku-DNA binding inhibitors (Ku-DBi's) display nanomolar activity in vitro, inhibit cellular DNA-PK, NHEJ-catalyzed DSB repair and sensitize non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to DSB-inducing agents. In this study, we demonstrate that chemical inhibition of the Ku-DNA interaction potentiates the cellular effects of bleomycin and IR via p53 phosphorylation through the activation of the ATM pathway. This response is concomitant with a reduction of DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) autophosphorylation at S2056 and a time-dependent increase in H2AX phosphorylation at S139. These results are consistent with Ku-DBi's abrogating DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation to impact DSB repair and DDR signaling through a novel mechanism of action, and thus represent a promising anticancer therapeutic strategy in combination with DNA DSB-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Mendoza-Munoz
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201-2417, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-2417, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph R Dynlacht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joy E Garrett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- NERx Biosciences. Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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6
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Wang A, Chen X, Wang L, Jia W, Wan X, Jiao J, Yao W, Zhang Y. Catechins protect against acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced cellular toxicity via rescuing cellular apoptosis and DNA damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113253. [PMID: 35738327 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) occurs in both various environmental and dietary sources and has raised widespread concern as a probable carcinogen. Glycidamide (GA) is the main genotoxic metabolite through P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). In the present study, we investigate the protective effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin (EC) against AA- and GA-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that EC and EGCG inhibited AA- and GA-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondria-mediated cellular apoptosis. Moreover, exposure to AA (100 μg/mL) and GA (50 μg/mL) caused cell cycle arrest and DNA damage, while EC and EGCG ranging from 12.5 to 50 μg/mL rescued cell cycle arrest and inhibited DNA damage. Furthermore, EC and EGCG down-regulated pro-apoptotic protein Bax and Caspase 3 after 24 h treatment in HepG2 cells exposed to AA (100 μg/mL) or GA (50 μg/mL). Also, the intervention with EC or EGCG up-regulated DNA repair related protein PARP and down-regulated expression of cleaved-PARP. Besides, EC exerted better protective effect than EGCG against AA- and GA-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Altogether, EC and EGCG were effective in protecting AA- and GA-induced hepatotoxicity via rescuing cellular apoptosis and DNA damage, as well as promoting cell cycle progression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Laizhao Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Lee SG, Kim N, Park IB, Park JH, Myung K. Tissue-specific DNA damage response in Mouse Whole-body irradiation. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Genomic instability is a hallmark of various cancers, and DNA repair is an essential process for maintaining genomic integrity. Mammalian cells have developed various DNA repair mechanisms in response to DNA damage. Compared to the cellular response to DNA damage, the in vivo DNA damage response (DDR) of specific tissues has not been studied extensively.
Objective
In this study, mice were exposed to whole-body gamma (γ)-irradiation to evaluate the specific DDR of various tissues. We treated male C57BL6/J mice with γ-irradiation at different doses, and the DDR protein levels in different tissues were analyzed.
Results
The level of gamma-H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) increased in most organs after exposure to γ-irradiation. In particular, the liver, lung, and kidney tissues showed higher γH2AX induction upon DNA damage, compared to that in the brain, muscle, and testis tissues. RAD51 was highly expressed in the testis, irrespective of irradiation. The levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and ubiquitinated PCNA increased in lung tissues upon irradiation, suggesting that the post-replication repair may mainly operate in the lungs in response to γ-irradiation.
Conclusion
These results suggest that each tissue has a preferable repair mechanism in response to γ-irradiation. Therefore, the understanding and application of tissue-specific DNA damage responses could improve the clinical approach of radiotherapy for treating specific cancers.
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8
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Tuy K, Rickenbacker L, Hjelmeland AB. Reactive oxygen species produced by altered tumor metabolism impacts cancer stem cell maintenance. Redox Biol 2021; 44:101953. [PMID: 34052208 PMCID: PMC8212140 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) at sustainable levels can drive multiple facets of tumor biology, including within the cancer stem cell (CSC) population. Tight regulation of ROS is one key component in CSCs that drives disease recurrence, cell signaling, and therapeutic resistance. While ROS are well-appreciated to need oxygen and are a product of oxidative phosphorylation, there are also important roles for ROS under hypoxia. As hypoxia promotes and sustains major stemness pathways, further consideration of ROS impacts on CSCs in the tumor microenvironment is important. Furthermore, glycolytic shifts that occur in cancer and may be promoted by hypoxia are associated with multiple mechanisms to mitigate oxidative stress. This altered metabolism provides survival advantages that sustain malignant features, such as proliferation and self-renewal, while producing the necessary antioxidants that reduce damage from oxidative stress. Finally, disease recurrence is believed to be attributed to therapy resistant CSCs which can be quiescent and have changes in redox status. Effective DNA damage response pathways and/or a slow-cycling state can protect CSCs from the genomic catastrophe induced by irradiation and genotoxic agents. This review will explore the delicate, yet complex, relationship between ROS and its pleiotropic role in modulating the CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaysaw Tuy
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Rickenbacker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Ben Othmène Y, Monceaux K, Karoui A, Ben Salem I, Belhadef A, Abid-Essefi S, Lemaire C. Tebuconazole induces ROS-dependent cardiac cell toxicity by activating DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111040. [PMID: 32798748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a common triazole fungicide that is widely used throughout the world in agriculture applications. We previously reported that TEB induces cardiac toxicity in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of the toxicity induced by TEB in cardiac cells. TEB induced dose-dependent cell death in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). The comet assay and western blot analysis showed a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage and in p53 and p21 protein levels 24 h after TEB treatment. Our findings also showed that TEB triggered the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, a cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and an increase in the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, TEB promoted ROS production in cardiac cells and consequently increased the amounts of MDA, the end product of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine reduced TEB-induced DNA damage and activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. These results indicate that the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of TEB are mediated through a ROS-dependent pathway in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Othmène
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kevin Monceaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ahmed Karoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Belhadef
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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10
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Xing J, Han D, Xu D, Li X, Sun L. CREB Protects against Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated with Cognitive Impairment by Controlling Oxidative Neuronal Damage. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:225-237. [PMID: 32417838 DOI: 10.1159/000507023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction as a common comorbidity of epilepsy often manifests as learning and memory impairments in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The pathogenetic molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy-associated cognitive dysfunction are incompletely understood. We investigated the role of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and its downstream signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in mice with TLE. METHODS Plasmid vectors of CREB-specific short-hairpin RNAs and CREB cDNA were prepared and transfected into primary neurons. Neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial oxidative stress were assessed by flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, TLE in mice was induced by pilocarpine injection, and TLE-associated memory decline was evaluated using the Morris water maze after treatment with the CREB inhibitor 666-15, with or without the mitochondria-specific antioxidant MitoQ. CREB and its downstream mediators were examined by Western blotting analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS CREB knockdown induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in primary neurons whereas CREB overexpression brought the opposite effects. The TLE mice exhibited elevated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis with decreased expression of CREB and its downstream mediators including PKA, CaMKIV, arc, and c-fos. CREB inhibition exacerbated TLE-associated oxidative neuronal apoptosis and memory decline. MitoQ treatment restored the expression of CREB and its downstream mediators, and prevented TLE-associated oxidative neuronal damage and memory deficits aggravated by CREB inhibition. CONCLUSION CREB plays a significant role in TLE-associated oxidative neuronal damage and memory impairment. This novel finding provides the evidence of the relationship between CREB and mitochondrial oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy. Mitochondria-specific antioxidants such as MitoQ may alleviate TLE-associated cognitive dysfunction through activation of CREB and its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongfeng Han
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dahai Xu
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingliang Li
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lichao Sun
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,
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11
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Duer M, Cobb AM, Shanahan CM. DNA Damage Response: A Molecular Lynchpin in the Pathobiology of Arteriosclerotic Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e193-e202. [PMID: 32404005 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a ubiquitous pathology of aging. Oxidative stress, persistent DNA damage, and senescence are major pathways driving both cellular and tissue aging, and emerging evidence suggests that these pathways are activated, and even accelerated, in patients with vascular calcification. The DNA damage response-a complex signaling platform that maintains genomic integrity-is induced by oxidative stress and is intimately involved in regulating cell death and osteogenic differentiation in both bone and the vasculature. Unexpectedly, a posttranslational modification, PAR (poly[ADP-ribose]), which is a byproduct of the DNA damage response, initiates biomineralization by acting to concentrate calcium into spheroidal structures that can nucleate apatitic mineral on the ECM (extracellular matrix). As we start to dissect the molecular mechanisms driving aging-associated vascular calcification, novel treatment strategies to promote healthy aging and delay pathological change are being unmasked. Drugs targeting the DNA damage response and senolytics may provide new avenues to tackle this detrimental and intractable pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Duer
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.D.)
| | - Andrew M Cobb
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
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12
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Soni A, Murmann-Konda T, Siemann-Loekes M, Pantelias GE, Iliakis G. Chromosome breaks generated by low doses of ionizing radiation in G 2-phase are processed exclusively by gene conversion. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 89:102828. [PMID: 32143127 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four repair pathways process DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Among these pathways the homologous recombination repair (HRR) subpathway of gene conversion (GC) affords error-free processing, but functions only in S- and G2-phases of the cell cycle. Classical non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ) operates throughout the cell cycle, but causes small deletions and translocations. Similar deficiencies in exaggerated form, combined with reduced efficiency, are associated with alternative end-joining (alt-EJ). Finally, single-strand annealing (SSA) causes large deletions and possibly translocations. Thus, processing of a DSB by any pathway, except GC, poses significant risks to the genome, making the mechanisms navigating pathway-engagement critical to genome stability. Logically, the cell ought to attempt engagement of the pathway ensuring preservation of the genome, while accommodating necessities generated by the types of DSBs induced. Thereby, inception of DNA end-resection will be key determinant for GC, SSA and alt-EJ engagement. We reported that during G2-phase, where all pathways are active, GC engages in the processing of almost 50 % of DSBs, at low DSB-loads in the genome, and that this contribution rapidly drops to nearly zero with increasing DSB-loads. At the transition between these two extremes, SSA and alt-EJ compensate, but at extremely high DSB-loads resection-dependent pathways are suppressed and c-NHEJ remains mainly active. We inquired whether in this processing framework all DSBs have similar fates. Here, we analyze in G2-phase the processing of a subset of DSBs defined by their ability to break chromosomes. Our results reveal an absolute requirement for GC in the processing of chromatid breaks at doses in the range of 1 Gy. Defects in c-NHEJ delay significantly the inception of processing by GC, but leave processing kinetics unchanged. These results delineate the essential role of GC in chromatid break repair before mitosis and classify DSBs that underpin this breakage as the exclusive substrate of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Tamara Murmann-Konda
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Siemann-Loekes
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriel E Pantelias
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos,''Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.
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13
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Khanna A, Thoms JAI, Stringer BW, Chung SA, Ensbey KS, Jue TR, Jahan Z, Subramanian S, Anande G, Shen H, Unnikrishnan A, McDonald KL, Day BW, Pimanda JE. Constitutive CHK1 Expression Drives a pSTAT3-CIP2A Circuit that Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Survival and Growth. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:709-722. [PMID: 32079743 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-constitutive activity of the DNA damage response protein checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) has been shown in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and in tissue sections. However, whether constitutive activation and overexpression of CHK1 in GBM plays a functional role in tumorigenesis or has prognostic significance is not known. We interrogated multiple glioma patient cohorts for expression levels of CHK1 and the oncogene cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), a known target of high-CHK1 activity, and examined the relationship between these two proteins in GBM. Expression levels of CHK1 and CIP2A were independent predictors for reduced overall survival across multiple glioma patient cohorts. Using siRNA and pharmacologic inhibitors we evaluated the impact of their depletion using both in vitro and in vivo models and sought a mechanistic explanation for high CIP2A in the presence of high-CHK1 levels in GBM and show that; (i) CHK1 and pSTAT3 positively regulate CIP2A gene expression; (ii) pSTAT3 and CIP2A form a recursively wired transcriptional circuit; and (iii) perturbing CIP2A expression induces GBM cell senescence and retards tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we have identified an oncogenic transcriptional circuit in GBM that can be destabilized by targeting CIP2A. IMPLICATIONS: High expression of CIP2A in gliomas is maintained by a CHK1-dependent pSTAT3-CIP2A recursive loop; interrupting CIP2A induces cell senescence and slows GBM growth adding impetus to the development of CIP2A as an anticancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchit Khanna
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie A I Thoms
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Chung
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathleen S Ensbey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toni Rose Jue
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zeenat Jahan
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shruthi Subramanian
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Govardhan Anande
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Han Shen
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ashwin Unnikrishnan
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John E Pimanda
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Nickel Carcinogenesis Mechanism: DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194690. [PMID: 31546657 PMCID: PMC6802009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is known to be a major carcinogenic heavy metal. Occupational and environmental exposure to Ni has been implicated in human lung and nasal cancers. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of Ni carcinogenicity remain unclear, but studies have shown that Ni-caused DNA damage is an important carcinogenic mechanism. Therefore, we conducted a literature search of DNA damage associated with Ni exposure and summarized known Ni-caused DNA damage effects. In vitro and vivo studies demonstrated that Ni can induce DNA damage through direct DNA binding and reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulation. Ni can also repress the DNA damage repair systems, including direct reversal, nucleotide repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous-recombination repair (HR), and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathways. The repression of DNA repair is through direct enzyme inhibition and the downregulation of DNA repair molecule expression. Up to now, the exact mechanisms of DNA damage caused by Ni and Ni compounds remain unclear. Revealing the mechanisms of DNA damage from Ni exposure may contribute to the development of preventive strategies in Ni carcinogenicity.
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15
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Yun EJ, Lin CJ, Dang A, Hernandez E, Guo J, Chen WM, Allison J, Kim N, Kapur P, Brugarolas J, Wu K, He D, Lai CH, Lin H, Saha D, Baek ST, Chen BPC, Hsieh JT. Downregulation of Human DAB2IP Gene Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma Results in Resistance to Ionizing Radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4542-4551. [PMID: 31000589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to be highly radioresistant but the mechanisms associated with radioresistance have remained elusive. We found DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) frequently downregulated in RCC, is associated with radioresistance. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism regulating radioresistance by DAB2IP and developed appropriate treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Several RCC lines with or without DAB2IP expression were irradiated with ionizing radiation (IR) for determining their radiosensitivities based on colony formation assay. To investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism of DAB2IP, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry was performed to identify DAB2IP-interactive proteins. PARP-1 expression and enzymatic activity were determined using qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. In vivo ubiquitination assay was used to test PARP-1 degradation. Furthermore, in vivo mice xenograft model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were used to determine the effect of combination therapy to sensitizing tumors to IR. RESULTS We notice that DAB2IP-deficient RCC cells acquire IR-resistance. Mechanistically, DAB2IP can form a complex with PARP-1 and E3 ligases that is responsible for degrading PARP-1. Indeed, elevated PARP-1 levels are associated with the IR resistance in RCC cells. Furthermore, PARP-1 inhibitor can enhance the IR response of either RCC xenograft model or PDX model. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we unveil that loss of DAB2IP resulted in elevated PARP-1 protein is associated with IR-resistance in RCC. These results provide a new targeting strategy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Yun
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew Dang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiaming Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joyce Allison
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nathan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Yang Z, Chen S, Xue S, Li X, Hu J, Sun Z, Cui H. Injection of an SV40 transcriptional terminator causes embryonic lethality: a possible zebrafish model for screening nonhomologous end-joining inhibitors. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4945-4953. [PMID: 30154663 PMCID: PMC6103608 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s153576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction DNA repair by the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway promotes tumor recurrence after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Discovery of rapid and high-throughput techniques to screen for an effective NHEJ inhibitor drug is imperative for the suppression of NHEJ during tumor treatment. However, traditional screening methods are too cumbersome to meet the current need. Zebrafish is an ideal model for drug screening due to the specificity of its early embryonic development and similarity of tumor cell generation. By exploiting the high frequency of NHEJ in early embryonic development, we established a model that uses a transcriptional terminator signal fragment from the Simian virus 40 (SV40) to cause embryonic lethality. SV40 fragment-induced embryonic lethality was alleviated by 5,6-bis ((E)-benzylideneamino)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol or C18H14N4OS (SCR7), an NHEJ inhibitor. Materials and methods A 122 bp SV40 terminator fragment (10 ng/µL) was microinjected into zebrafish zygotes. SV40 fragment integration into the zebrafish embryonic genome was detected by Southern blot using a DNA probe for the SV40 terminator. Embryonic lethality rates were observed 24 and 48 h after microinjection. A nonhomologous recombinant inhibitor, SCR7 (5 µM), was used to alleviate embryonic lethality. Results Microinjection of zebrafish embryos with the SV40 terminator fragment (10 ng/µL) caused a progressive increase in mortality over time. Using Southern blots, we confirmed that SV40 terminator sequences were integrated into the zebrafish embryonic genome. This phenomenon was effectively alleviated by addition of SCR7. Conclusion Injection of an SV40 terminator into zebrafish embryos may cause embryonic lethality due to NHEJ during early zebrafish development. The high mortality of zebrafish embryos could be alleviated by using the NHEJ inhibitor, SCR7. The zebrafish model presented here is simpler and more convenient than traditional methods of screening for NHEJ inhibitors and can be utilized in large-scale drug screens for NHEJ inhibitors and for the development of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shihao Chen
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Songlei Xue
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xinxiu Li
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiang Hu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hengmi Cui
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China, .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety of Educational Ministry of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China,
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17
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George VC, Ansari SA, Chelakkot VS, Chelakkot AL, Chelakkot C, Menon V, Ramadan W, Ethiraj KR, El-Awady R, Mantso T, Mitsiogianni M, Panagiotidis MI, Dellaire G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP. DNA-dependent protein kinase: Epigenetic alterations and the role in genomic stability of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 780:92-105. [PMID: 31395353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a member of phosphatidylinositol-kinase family, is a key protein in mammalian DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair that helps to maintain genomic integrity. DNA-PK also plays a central role in immune cell development and protects telomerase during cellular aging. Epigenetic deregulation due to endogenous and exogenous factors may affect the normal function of DNA-PK, which in turn could impair DNA repair and contribute to genomic instability. Recent studies implicate a role for epigenetics in the regulation of DNA-PK expression in normal and cancer cells, which may impact cancer progression and metastasis as well as provide opportunities for treatment and use of DNA-PK as a novel cancer biomarker. In addition, several small molecules and biological agents have been recently identified that can inhibit DNA-PK function or expression, and thus hold promise for cancer treatments. This review discusses the impact of epigenetic alterations and the expression of DNA-PK in relation to the DNA repair mechanisms with a focus on its differential levels in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhappilly Cijo George
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabbir Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute and College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Mitsiogianni
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mihalis I Panagiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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18
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Li Q, Xie W, Wang N, Li C, Wang M. CDC7-dependent transcriptional regulation of RAD54L is essential for tumorigenicity and radio-resistance of glioblastoma. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:300-306. [PMID: 29413763 PMCID: PMC5884092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase(CDC7) plays an essential role in tumor cells and it could induces cell proliferation and could be related to prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of CDC7 in GBM still remains unclear. In this study, we identified that CDC7 expression was enriched in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors and was functionally required for tumor proliferation and its expression was associated to poor prognosis in GBM patients. Mechanically, CDC7 induced radio resistance in GBM cells and CDC7 knock down increased cell apoptosis when combined with radiotherapy. Moreover, CDC7 regulated The DNA repair/recombination protein 54L (RAD54L) expression via regulation of RAD54L promoter activity. Therapeutically, we found that CDC7 inhibitor attenuated tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CDC7 promotes proliferation, induces radio resistance in GBM, and could become a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Wanfu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chuankun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.
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19
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Alarifi S, Ali D, Alkahtani S, Almeer RS. ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Genotoxicity Induced by Palladium Nanoparticles in Human Skin Malignant Melanoma Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8439098. [PMID: 28791053 PMCID: PMC5534296 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8439098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present work was designed to investigate the effect of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on human skin malignant melanoma (A375) cells, for example, induction of apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage. Diseases resulting from dermal exposure may have a significant impact on human health. There is a little study that has been reported on the toxic potential of PdNPs on A375. Cytotoxic potential of PdNPs (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/ml) was measured by tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) and NRU assay in A375 cells. PdNPs elicited concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity, and longer exposure period induced more cytotoxicity as measured by MTT and NRU assay. The molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were investigated by AO (acridine orange)/EtBr (ethidium bromide) stain and flow cytometry. PdNPs not only inhibit proliferation of A375 cells in a dose- and time-dependent model but also induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase (before 12 h) and S phase (after 24 h). The induction of oxidative stress in A375 cells treated with above concentration PdNPs for 24 and 48 h increased ROS level; on the other hand, glutathione level was declined. Apoptosis and DNA damage was significantly increased after treatment of PdNPs. Considering all results, PdNPs showed cytotoxicity and genotoxic effect in A375 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa S. Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Pharmacologic ATM but not ATR kinase inhibition abrogates p21-dependent G1 arrest and promotes gastrointestinal syndrome after total body irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41892. [PMID: 28145510 PMCID: PMC5286430 DOI: 10.1038/srep41892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that ATM kinase inhibition using AZ31 prior to 9 or 9.25 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) reduced median time to moribund in mice to 8 days. ATR kinase inhibition using AZD6738 prior to TBI did not reduce median time to moribund. The striking finding associated with ATM inhibition prior to TBI was increased crypt loss within the intestine epithelium. ATM inhibition reduced upregulation of p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, and blocked G1 arrest after TBI thereby increasing the number of S phase cells in crypts in wild-type but not Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice. In contrast, ATR inhibition increased upregulation of p21 after TBI. Thus, ATM activity is essential for p21-dependent arrest while ATR inhibition may potentiate arrest in crypt cells after TBI. Nevertheless, ATM inhibition reduced median time to moribund in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice after TBI. ATM inhibition also increased cell death in crypts at 4 h in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/−, earlier than at 24 h in wild-type mice after TBI. In contrast, ATR inhibition decreased cell death in crypts in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice at 4 h after TBI. We conclude that ATM activity is essential for p21-dependent and p21-independent mechanisms that radioprotect intestinal crypts and that ATM inhibition promotes GI syndrome after TBI.
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21
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Bardelle C, Boros J. ATM Kinase Inhibitors: HTS Cellular Imaging Assay Using Cellomics™ ArrayScan VTI Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1599:57-70. [PMID: 28477111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6955-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of the ATM pathway could represent a promising opportunity for cancer therapy, working either by enhancing the clinical efficacy of radiotherapy and existing chemotherapies or by synthetic lethality-based mechanisms. In this chapter, we describe a high-throughput, high-content imaging assay monitoring levels of ATM phosphorylation at Serine 1981 following induction of DNA damage by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bardelle
- Discovery Sciences iMed, AstraZeneca, Global HTS Centre, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, Cheshire, UK
| | - Joanna Boros
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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22
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Hansen RK, Mund A, Poulsen SL, Sandoval M, Klement K, Tsouroula K, Tollenaere MAX, Räschle M, Soria R, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T, Grosse R, Brandt DT, Rozell B, Mann M, Cole F, Soutoglou E, Goodarzi AA, Daniel JA, Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S. SCAI promotes DNA double-strand break repair in distinct chromosomal contexts. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:1357-1366. [PMID: 27820601 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly cytotoxic DNA lesions, whose accurate repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) is crucial for genome integrity and is strongly influenced by the local chromatin environment. Here, we identify SCAI (suppressor of cancer cell invasion) as a 53BP1-interacting chromatin-associated protein that promotes the functionality of several DSB repair pathways in mammalian cells. SCAI undergoes prominent enrichment at DSB sites through dual mechanisms involving 53BP1-dependent recruitment to DSB-surrounding chromatin and 53BP1-independent accumulation at resected DSBs. Cells lacking SCAI display reduced DSB repair capacity, hypersensitivity to DSB-inflicting agents and genome instability. We demonstrate that SCAI is a mediator of 53BP1-dependent repair of heterochromatin-associated DSBs, facilitating ATM kinase signalling at DSBs in repressive chromatin environments. Moreover, we establish an important role of SCAI in meiotic recombination, as SCAI deficiency in mice leads to germ cell loss and subfertility associated with impaired retention of the DMC1 recombinase on meiotic chromosomes. Collectively, our findings uncover SCAI as a physiologically important component of both NHEJ- and HR-mediated pathways that potentiates DSB repair efficiency in specific chromatin contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kring Hansen
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Mund
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Lund Poulsen
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Sandoval
- Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Karolin Klement
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Katerina Tsouroula
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Celullaire (IGBMC), University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Maxim A X Tollenaere
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Räschle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rebeca Soria
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominique T Brandt
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rozell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Francesca Cole
- Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Evi Soutoglou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Celullaire (IGBMC), University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Aaron A Goodarzi
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Daniel
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Oxidative stress-induced CREB upregulation promotes DNA damage repair prior to neuronal cell death protection. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:9-24. [PMID: 27816995 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein is a cellular transcription factor that mediates responses to different physiological and pathological signals. Using a model of human neuronal cells we demonstrate herein, that CREB is phosphorylated after oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. This phosphorylation is largely independent of PKA and of the canonical phosphoacceptor site at ser-133, and is accompanied by an upregulation of CREB expression at both mRNA and protein levels. In accordance with previous data, we show that CREB upregulation promotes cell survival and that its silencing results in an increment of apoptosis after oxidative stress. Interestingly, we also found that CREB promotes DNA repair after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Using a cDNA microarray we found that CREB is responsible for the regulation of many genes involved in DNA repair and cell survival after oxidative injury. In summary, the neuroprotective effect mediated by CREB appears to follow three essential steps following oxidative injury. First, the upregulation of CREB expression that allows sufficient level of activated and phosphorylated protein is the primordial event that promotes the induction of genes of the DNA Damage Response. Then and when the DNA repair is effective, CREB induces detoxification and survival genes. This kinetics seems to be important to completely resolve oxidative-induced neuronal damages.
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24
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Lee G, Hall RR, Ahmed AU. Cancer Stem Cells: Cellular Plasticity, Niche, and its Clinical Relevance. JOURNAL OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 6:363. [PMID: 27891292 PMCID: PMC5123595 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer handles an estimated 7.6 million deaths worldwide per annum. A recent theory focuses on the role Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in driving tumorigenesis and disease progression. This theory hypothesizes that a population of the tumor cell with similar functional and phenotypic characteristics as normal tissue stem cells are responsible for formation and advancement of many human cancers. The CSCs subpopulation can differentiate into non-CSC tumor cells and promote phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within the tumor. The presence of CSCs has been reported in a number of human cancers including blood, breast, brain, colon, lung, pancreas prostate and liver. Although the origin of CSCs remains a mystery, recent reports suggest that the phenotypic characteristics of CSCs may be plastic and are influenced by the microenvironment specific for the individual tumor. Such factors unique to each tumor preserve the dynamic balance between CSCs to non-CSCs cell fate, as well as maintain the proper equilibrium. Alternating such equilibrium via dedifferentiation can result in aggressiveness, as CSCs are considered to be more resistant to the conventional cancer treatments of chemotherapy and radiation. Understanding how the tumoral microenvironment affects the plasticity driven CSC niche will be critical for developing a more effective treatment for cancer by eliminating its aggressive and recurring nature that now is believed to be perpetuated by CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert R Hall
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Abstract
Aging is a universal phenomenon in metazoans, characterized by a general decline of the organism physiology associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Aging of an organism correlates with a decline in function of its cells, as shown for muscle, immune, and neuronal cells. As the DNA content of most cells within an organism remains largely identical throughout the life span, age-associated transcriptional changes must be achieved by epigenetic mechanisms. However, how aging may impact on the epigenetic state of cells is only beginning to be understood. In light of a growing number of studies demonstrating that noncoding RNAs can provide molecular signals that regulate expression of protein-coding genes and define epigenetic states of cells, we hypothesize that noncoding RNAs could play a direct role in inducing age-associated profiles of gene expression. In this context, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as regulators of gene expression might be important for the overall transcriptional landscape observed in aged human cells. The possible functions of lncRNAs and other noncoding RNAs, and their roles in the regulation of aging-related cellular pathways will be analyzed.
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26
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Beumer JH, Fu KY, Anyang BN, Siegfried JM, Bakkenist CJ. Functional analyses of ATM, ATR and Fanconi anemia proteins in lung carcinoma : ATM, ATR and FA in lung carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:649. [PMID: 26438152 PMCID: PMC4595318 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ATM and ATR are kinases implicated in a myriad of DNA-damage responses. ATM kinase inhibition radiosensitizes cells and selectively kills cells with Fanconi anemia (FA) gene mutations. ATR kinase inhibition sensitizes cells to agents that induce replication stress and selectively kills cells with ATM and TP53 mutations. ATM mutations and FANCF promoter-methylation are reported in lung carcinomas. Methods We undertook functional analyses of ATM, ATR, Chk1 and FA proteins in lung cancer cell lines. We included Calu6 that is reported to be FANCL-deficient. In addition, the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database was interrogated for alterations in: 1) ATM, MRE11A, RAD50 and NBN; 2) ATR, ATRIP and TOPBP1; and 3) 15 FA genes. Results No defects in ATM, ATR or Chk1 kinase activation, or FANCD2 monoubiquitination were identified in the lung cancer cell lines examined, including Calu6, and major alterations in these pathways were not identified in the TCGA database. Cell lines were radiosensitized by ATM kinase inhibitor KU60019, but no cell killing by ATM kinase inhibitor alone was observed. While no synergy between gemcitabine or carboplatin and ATR kinase inhibitor ETP-46464 was observed, synergy between gemcitabine and Chk1 kinase inhibitor UCN-01 was observed in 54 T, 201 T and H460, and synergy between carboplatin and Chk1 kinase inhibitor was identified in 201 T and 239 T. No interactions between ATM, ATR and FA activation were observed by either ATM or ATR kinase inhibition in the lung cancer cell lines. Conclusions Analyses of ATM serine 1981 and Chk1 serine 345 phosphorylation, and FANCD2 monoubiquitination revealed that ATM and ATR kinase activation and FA pathway signaling are intact in the lung cancer cell lines examined. As such, these posttranslational modifications may have utility as biomarkers for the integrity of DNA damage signaling pathways in lung cancer. Different sensitization profiles between gemcitabine and carboplatin and ATR kinase inhibitor ETP-46464 and Chk1 kinase inhibitor UCN-01 were observed and this should be considered in the rationale for Phase I clinical trial design with ATR kinase inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1649-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Molecular Therapeutics Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Katherine Y Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Bean N Anyang
- Molecular Therapeutics Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-1863, USA.
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27
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Kumar Y, Yang J, Hu T, Chen L, Xu Z, Xu L, Hu XX, Tang G, Wang JM, Li Y, Poon WS, Wan W, Zhang L, Mat WK, Pun FW, Lee P, Cheong THY, Ding X, Ng SK, Tsang SY, Chen JF, Zhang P, Li S, Wang HY, Xue H. Massive interstitial copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity as evidence for cancer being a disease of the DNA-damage response. BMC Med Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26208496 PMCID: PMC4515014 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) mutations in cancer cell genomes is commonly encountered. Moreover, the occurrences of LOHs in tumor suppressor genes play important roles in oncogenesis. However, because the causative mechanisms underlying LOH mutations in cancer cells yet remain to be elucidated, enquiry into the nature of these mechanisms based on a comprehensive examination of the characteristics of LOHs in multiple types of cancers has become a necessity. Methods We performed next-generation sequencing on inter-Alu sequences of five different types of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemias, employing the AluScan platform which entailed amplification of such sequences using multiple PCR primers based on the consensus sequences of Alu elements; as well as the whole genome sequences of a lung-to-liver metastatic cancer and a primary liver cancer. Paired-end sequencing reads were aligned to the reference human genome to identify major and minor alleles so that the partition of LOH products between homozygous-major vs. homozygous-minor alleles could be determined at single-base resolution. Strict filtering conditions were employed to avoid false positives. Measurements of LOH occurrences in copy number variation (CNV)-neutral regions were obtained through removal of CNV-associated LOHs. Results We found: (a) average occurrence of copy-neutral LOHs amounting to 6.9 % of heterologous loci in the various cancers; (b) the mainly interstitial nature of the LOHs; and (c) preference for formation of homozygous-major over homozygous-minor, and transitional over transversional, LOHs. Conclusions The characteristics of the cancer LOHs, observed in both AluScan and whole genome sequencings, point to the formation of LOHs through repair of double-strand breaks by interhomolog recombination, or gene conversion, as the consequence of a defective DNA-damage response, leading to a unified mechanism for generating the mutations required for oncogenesis as well as the progression of cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0104-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Taobo Hu
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Lei Chen
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gusheng Tang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Wai-Kin Mat
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Frank W Pun
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Peggy Lee
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Timothy H Y Cheong
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Siu-Kin Ng
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Shui-Ying Tsang
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Jin-Fei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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28
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Nicolae CM, Aho ER, Choe KN, Constantin D, Hu HJ, Lee D, Myung K, Moldovan GL. A novel role for the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP14/ARTD8 in promoting homologous recombination and protecting against replication stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3143-53. [PMID: 25753673 PMCID: PMC4381061 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, a major hallmark of cancer cells, is caused by incorrect or ineffective DNA repair. Many DNA repair mechanisms cooperate in cells to fight DNA damage, and are generally regulated by post-translational modification of key factors. Poly-ADP-ribosylation, catalyzed by PARP1, is a post-translational modification playing a prominent role in DNA repair, but much less is known about mono-ADP-ribosylation. Here we report that mono-ADP-ribosylation plays an important role in homologous recombination DNA repair, a mechanism essential for replication fork stability and double strand break repair. We show that the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP14 interacts with the DNA replication machinery component PCNA and promotes replication of DNA lesions and common fragile sites. PARP14 depletion results in reduced homologous recombination, persistent RAD51 foci, hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents and accumulation of DNA strand breaks. Our work uncovered PARP14 as a novel factor required for mitigating replication stress and promoting genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Erin R Aho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Katherine N Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - He-Juan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Suzhou Health College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Deokjae Lee
- Genome Instability Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Genome Instability Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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29
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Ward A, Khanna KK, Wiegmans AP. Targeting homologous recombination, new pre-clinical and clinical therapeutic combinations inhibiting RAD51. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 41:35-45. [PMID: 25467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for maintaining genomic stability and cell survival. However, when tumour cells with deficiencies in HR are faced with radio- and chemotherapies they are forced to rely on error-prone, alternative repair pathways or aberrant HR for survival; threatening genome integrity and driving further mutation. Accurate therapeutic targeting of the key drivers of DNA repair can circumvent survival pathways and avoid aggressive therapy resistant mutants. Several studies have identified that stabilization of the cancer genome in HR deficient cells can be achieved by overexpression of the recombinase RAD51. Radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance is associated with overactive HR repair mechanisms. However no clinical trials have directly targeted RAD51, despite RAD51 displaying synergy in several drug screens against multiple cancer types. Currently synthetic lethality targeting the DDR pathways and HR deficiency has had clinical success with BRCA1 functional loss and PARP inhibition. In this review we suggest that clinical outcomes could be improved by additionally targeting RAD51. We examine the latest developments in directly and indirectly targeting RAD51. We scrutinize the potential treatment efficacy and future clinical applications of RAD51 inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other therapies and consider the best therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambber Ward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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30
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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31
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Woods D, Turchi JJ. Chemotherapy induced DNA damage response: convergence of drugs and pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 2013. [PMID: 23380594 DOI: 10.4161/cbt23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics target rapidly dividing cancer cells by directly or indirectly inducing DNA damage. Upon recognizing DNA damage, cells initiate a variety of signaling pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Interestingly, the pathways used to elicit this response are as varied as the types of DNA damage induced. However, the activation of these various pathways has similar results including DNA repair, suppression of global general translation, cell cycle arrest and, ultimately, either cell survival or cell death. This review will focus on a series of chemotherapy-induced DNA lesions and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the DDR, the DNA repair pathways it activates and the cellular consequences of these converging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Woods
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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A phase I study of the combination of temsirolimus with irinotecan for metastatic sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:418-29. [PMID: 24216984 PMCID: PMC3730334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibitors are emerging as important anti-neoplastic agents with a wide range of clinical applications. The topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan is a potent DNA damaging drug, with a broad spectrum of anticancer activities. mTOR appears to enhance cancer cell survival following DNA damage, thus the inhibition of mTOR after irinotecan could theoretically show synergistic activities in patients. Both mTOR inhibitors and irinotecan have been used as single agents in soft tissue sarcomas with limited efficacy. We completed a phase I trial of the combination of the mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, and irinotecan in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Seventeen patients were recruited. The Phase II recommended dose is 20 mg of temsirolimus and 80 mg/m2 of irinotecan administered on weekly basis for three out of four weeks. Most frequently encountered toxicities include cytopenias, fatigue, and gastrointestinal toxicities. Two patients (one with leiomyosarcoma and one with high grade undifferentiated sarcoma) had stable disease for more than 12 months.
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Woods D, Turchi JJ. Chemotherapy induced DNA damage response: convergence of drugs and pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:379-89. [PMID: 23380594 PMCID: PMC3672181 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics target rapidly dividing cancer cells by directly or indirectly inducing DNA damage. Upon recognizing DNA damage, cells initiate a variety of signaling pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Interestingly, the pathways used to elicit this response are as varied as the types of DNA damage induced. However, the activation of these various pathways has similar results including DNA repair, suppression of global general translation, cell cycle arrest and, ultimately, either cell survival or cell death. This review will focus on a series of chemotherapy-induced DNA lesions and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the DDR, the DNA repair pathways it activates and the cellular consequences of these converging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Woods
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Han C, Wan G, Langley RR, Zhang X, Lu X. Crosstalk between the DNA damage response pathway and microRNAs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2895-906. [PMID: 22430204 PMCID: PMC11115143 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by destabilizing and inhibiting translation of their target messenger RNAs. MiRNAs are involved in the regulation of a number of fundamental biological processes, and their dysregulation is thought to contribute to several disease processes. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs also play a critical role in protecting the heritable genome by contributing to the regulation of the DNA damage response. Consequently, much recent investigative effort has been directed towards an improved understanding of how miRNAs are regulated in response to DNA damage. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding the regulation of miRNA expression and the functional roles of miRNAs in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Guohui Wan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Robert R. Langley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Clapham KM, Rennison T, Jones G, Craven F, Bardos J, Golding BT, Griffin RJ, Haggerty K, Hardcastle IR, Thommes P, Ting A, Cano C. Potent enantioselective inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) by atropisomeric chromenone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6747-57. [PMID: 22814419 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substitution at the 7-position of the chromen-4-one pharmacophore of 8-(dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-2-morpholino-4H-chromen-4-one NU7441, a potent and selective DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitor, with allyl, n-propyl or methyl enabled the resolution by chiral HPLC of atropisomers. Biological evaluation against DNA-PK of each pair of atropisomers showed a marked difference in potency, with biological activity residing exclusively in the laevorotatory enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Clapham
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bardelle C, Boros J. Development of a High-Content High-Throughput Screening Assay for the Discovery of ATM Signaling Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:912-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112448529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genome is constantly exposed to DNA damage agents, leading up to as many as 1 million individual lesions per cell per day. Cells have developed a variety of DNA damage repair (DDR) mechanisms to respond to harmful effects of DNA damage. Failure to repair the damaged DNA causes genomic instability and, as a result, leads to cellular transformation. Indeed, deficiencies of DDR frequently occur in human cancers, thus providing a great opportunity for cancer therapy by developing anticancer agents that work by synthetic lethality-based mechanisms or enhancing the clinical efficacy of radiotherapy and existing chemotherapies. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a key role in regulating the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Ionizing radiation causes double-strand breaks and induces rapid ATM autophosphorylation on serine 1981 that initiates ATM kinase activity. Activation of ATM results in phosphorylation of many downstream targets that modulate numerous damage-response pathways, most notably cell-cycle checkpoints. We describe here the development and validation of a high-throughput imaging assay measuring levels of phospho-ATM Ser1981 in HT29 cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. We also examined activation of downstream ATM effectors and checked specificity of the endpoint using known inhibitors of DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bardelle
- Discovery Sciences iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Joanna Boros
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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Malewicz M, Kadkhodaei B, Kee N, Volakakis N, Hellman U, Viktorsson K, Leung CY, Chen B, Lewensohn R, van Gent DC, Chen DJ, Perlmann T. Essential role for DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of NR4A nuclear orphan receptors in DNA double-strand break repair. Genes Dev 2011; 25:2031-40. [PMID: 21979916 DOI: 10.1101/gad.16872411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a central regulator of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair; however, the identity of relevant DNA-PK substrates has remained elusive. NR4A nuclear orphan receptors function as sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that participate in adaptive and stress-related cell responses. We show here that NR4A proteins interact with the DNA-PK catalytic subunit and, upon exposure to DNA damage, translocate to DSB foci by a mechanism requiring the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). At DNA repair foci, NR4A is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and promotes DSB repair. Notably, NR4A transcriptional activity is entirely dispensable in this function, and core components of the DNA repair machinery are not transcriptionally regulated by NR4A. Instead, NR4A functions directly at DNA repair sites by a process that requires phosphorylation by DNA-PK. Furthermore, a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-causing mutation in the human gene encoding the DNA-PK catalytic subunit impairs the interaction and phosphorylation of NR4A at DSBs. Thus, NR4As represent an entirely novel component of DNA damage response and are substrates of DNA-PK in the process of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Malewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ltd.,Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vogin G. Radiosensibilité, radiocurabilité et réparation. Cancer Radiother 2011; 15:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Palmieri D, Valentino T, D'Angelo D, De Martino I, Postiglione I, Pacelli R, Croce CM, Fedele M, Fusco A. HMGA proteins promote ATM expression and enhance cancer cell resistance to genotoxic agents. Oncogene 2011; 30:3024-35. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bocavirus infection induces a DNA damage response that facilitates viral DNA replication and mediates cell death. J Virol 2010; 85:133-45. [PMID: 21047968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01534-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Minute virus of canines (MVC) is an autonomous parvovirus that replicates efficiently without helper viruses in Walter Reed/3873D (WRD) canine cells. We previously showed that MVC infection induces mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis and G(2)/M-phase arrest in infected WRD cells. However, the mechanism responsible for these effects has not been established. Here, we report that MVC infection triggers a DNA damage response in infected cells, as evident from phosphorylation of H2AX and RPA32. We discovered that both ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related kinase) were phosphorylated in MVC-infected WRD cells and confirmed that ATM activation was responsible for the phosphorylation of H2AX, whereas ATR activation was required for the phosphorylation of RPA32. Both pharmacological inhibition of ATM activation and knockdown of ATM in MVC-infected cells led to a significant reduction in cell death, a moderate correction of cell cycle arrest, and most importantly, a reduction in MVC DNA replication and progeny virus production. Parallel experiments with an ATR-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) had no effect. Moreover, we identified that this ATM-mediated cell death is p53 dependent. In addition, we localized the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, the major mediator as well as a substrate of the ATM-mediated DNA damage response pathway to MVC replication centers during infection, and show that Mre11 knockdown led to a reduction in MVC DNA replication. Our findings are the first to support the notion that an autonomous parvovirus is able to hijack the host DNA damage machinery for its own replication and for the induction of cell death.
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Suzuki K, Takahashi M, Oka Y, Yamauchi M, Suzuki M, Yamashita S. Requirement of ATM-dependent pathway for the repair of a subset of DNA double strand breaks created by restriction endonucleases. Genome Integr 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 20678255 PMCID: PMC2907562 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA double strand breaks induced by DNA damaging agents, such ionizing radiation, are repaired by multiple DNA repair pathways including non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair and homologous recombination (HR) repair. ATM-dependent DNA damage checkpoint regulates a part of DNA repair pathways, however, the exact role of ATM activity remains to be elucidated. In order to define the molecular structure of DNA double strand breaks requiring ATM activity we examined repair of DNA double strand breaks induced by different restriction endonucleases in normal human diploid cells treated with or without ATM-specific inhibitor. Results Synchronized G1 cells were treated with various restriction endonucleases. DNA double strand breaks were detected by the foci of phosphorylated ATM at serine 1981 and 53BP1. DNA damage was detectable 2 hours after the treatment, and the number of foci decreased thereafter. Repair of the 3'-protruding ends created by Pst I and Sph I was efficient irrespective of ATM function, whereas the repair of a part of the blunt ends caused by Pvu II and Rsa I, and 5'-protruding ends created by Eco RI and Bam HI, respectively, were compromised by ATM inhibition. Conclusions Our results indicate that ATM-dependent pathway plays a pivotal role in the repair of a subset of DNA double strand breaks with specific end structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Maiko Takahashi
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Oka
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yamauchi
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Rudland PS, Platt-Higgins AM, Davies LM, de Silva Rudland S, Wilson JB, Aladwani A, Winstanley JHR, Barraclough DL, Barraclough R, West CR, Jones NJ. Significance of the Fanconi anemia FANCD2 protein in sporadic and metastatic human breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2935-47. [PMID: 20363922 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FANCD2, a pivotal protein in the Fanconi anemia and BRCA pathway/network, is monoubiquitylated in the nucleus in response to DNA damage. This study examines the subcellular location and relationship with prognostic factors and patient survival of FANCD2 in breast cancer. Antibodies to FANCD2 were used to immunocytochemically stain 16 benign and 20 malignant breast specimens as well as 314 primary breast carcinomas to assess its association with subcellular compartment and prognostic factors using Fisher's Exact test or with patient survival over 20 years using Wilcoxon-Gehan statistics. Immunoreactive FANCD2 was found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of all 16 benign tissues, but nuclear staining was lost from a significant 19/20 malignant carcinomas (P < 0.0001). Antibodies to FANCD2 stained the cytoplasm of 196 primary carcinomas, leaving 118 as negatively stained. Negative cytoplasmic staining was significantly associated with positive staining for the metastasis-inducing proteins S100A4, S100P, osteopontin, and AGR2 (P < or = 0.002). Survival of patients with FANCD2-negative carcinomas was significantly worse (P < 0.0001) than those with positively stained carcinomas, and only 4% were alive at the census date. Multivariate regression analysis identified negative staining for cytoplasmic FANCD2 as the most significant indicator of patient death (P = 0.001). Thus FANCD2's cytoplasmic loss in the primary carcinomas may allow the selection of cells overexpressing proteins that can induce metastases before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Rudland
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The prime objective for every life form is to deliver its genetic material, intact and unchanged, to the next generation. This must be achieved despite constant assaults by endogenous and environmental agents on the DNA. To counter this threat, life has evolved several systems to detect DNA damage, signal its presence and mediate its repair. Such responses, which have an impact on a wide range of cellular events, are biologically significant because they prevent diverse human diseases. Our improving understanding of DNA-damage responses is providing new avenues for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Jackson
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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45
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Abstract
In order to maintain genome integrity, it is essential that any DNA damage is repaired. This is achieved in diverse ways in all cells to ensure cellular survival. There is a large repertoire of proteins that remove and repair DNA damage. However, sometimes these processes do not function correctly, leading to genome instability. Studies of DNA repair and genome instability and their causes and cures were showcased in the 2008 Biochemical Society Annual Symposium. The present article provides a summary of the talks given and the subsequent papers in this issue of Biochemical Society Transactions.
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