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Bell D, Lindemann F, Gerland L, Aucharova H, Klein A, Friedrich D, Hiller M, Grohe K, Meier T, van Rossum B, Diehl A, Hughes J, Mueller LJ, Linser R, Miller AF, Oschkinat H. Sedimentation of large, soluble proteins up to 140 kDa for 1H-detected MAS NMR and 13C DNP NMR - practical aspects. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2024:10.1007/s10858-024-00444-9. [PMID: 38904893 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-024-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Solution NMR is typically applied to biological systems with molecular weights < 40 kDa whereas magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR traditionally targets very large, oligomeric proteins and complexes exceeding 500 kDa in mass, including fibrils and crystalline protein preparations. Here, we propose that the gap between these size regimes can be filled by the approach presented that enables investigation of large, soluble and fully protonated proteins in the range of 40-140 kDa. As a key step, ultracentrifugation produces a highly concentrated, gel-like state, resembling a dense phase in spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By means of three examples, a Sulfolobus acidocaldarius bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein (SaETF), tryptophan synthases from Salmonella typhimurium (StTS) and their dimeric β-subunits from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrpB), we show that such samples yield well-resolved proton-detected 2D and 3D NMR spectra at 100 kHz MAS without heterogeneous broadening, similar to diluted liquids. Herein, we provide practical guidance on centrifugation conditions and tools, sample behavior, and line widths expected. We demonstrate that the observed chemical shifts correspond to those obtained from µM/low mM solutions or crystalline samples, indicating structural integrity. Nitrogen line widths as low as 20-30 Hz are observed. The presented approach is advantageous for proteins or nucleic acids that cannot be deuterated due to the expression system used, or where relevant protons cannot be re-incorporated after expression in deuterated medium, and it circumvents crystallization. Importantly, it allows the use of low-glycerol buffers in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR of proteins as demonstrated with the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas Bell
- Faculty II-Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lindemann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Gerland
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Aucharova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiller
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristof Grohe
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH & Co. KG, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Meier
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH & Co. KG, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Barth van Rossum
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Diehl
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35360, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rasmus Linser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- Faculty II-Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhan ML, Zhao X, Li XD, Tan ZZ, Xu QZ, Zhou M, Zhao KH. Photoreversible Aggregation of the Biliprotein Containing the First and Second GAF Domains of a Cyanobacteriochrome All2699 in Nostoc sp. PCC7120. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1225-1233. [PMID: 38682295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
As plant photoreceptors, phytochromes are capable of detecting red light and far-red light, thereby governing plant growth. All2699 is a photoreceptor found in Nostoc sp. PCC7120 that specifically responds to red light and far-red light. All2699g1g2 is a truncated protein carrying the first and second GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA) domains of All2699. In this study, we found that, upon exposure to red light, the protein underwent aggregation, resulting in the formation of protein aggregates. Conversely, under far-red light irradiation, these protein aggregates dissociated. We delved into the factors that impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2, focusing on the protein structure. Our findings showed that the GAF2 domain contains a low-complexity (LC) loop region, which plays a crucial role in mediating protein aggregation. Specifically, phenylalanine at position 239 within the LC loop region was identified as a key site for the aggregation process. Furthermore, our research revealed that various factors, including irradiation time, temperature, concentration, NaCl concentration, and pH value, can impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2. The aggregation led to variations in Pfr concentration depending on temperature, NaCl concentration, and pH value. In contrast, ΔLC did not aggregate and therefore lacked responses to these factors. Consequently, the LC loop region of All2699g1g2 extended and enhanced sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Zhu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Zhao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Hong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098139. [PMID: 37175844 PMCID: PMC10179679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red-far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions-the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant's survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants' successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types-major, light-labile and soluble phyA' and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″-is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8139. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red—far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant’s survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants′ successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types—major, light-labile and soluble phyA′ and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″—is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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5
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Using synthetic biology to improve photosynthesis for sustainable food production. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:1-14. [PMID: 36126804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is responsible for the primary productivity and maintenance of life on Earth, boosting biological activity and contributing to the maintenance of the environment. In the past, traditional crop improvement was considered sufficient to meet food demands, but the growing demand for food coupled with climate change has modified this scenario over the past decades. However, advances in this area have not focused on photosynthesis per se but rather on fixed carbon partitioning. In short, other approaches must be used to meet an increasing agricultural demand. Thus, several paths may be followed, from modifications in leaf shape and canopy architecture, improving metabolic pathways related to CO2 fixation, the inclusion of metabolic mechanisms from other species, and improvements in energy uptake by plants. Given the recognized importance of photosynthesis, as the basis of the primary productivity on Earth, we here present an overview of the latest advances in attempts to improve plant photosynthetic performance. We focused on points considered key to the enhancement of photosynthesis, including leaf shape development, RuBisCO reengineering, Calvin-Benson cycle optimization, light use efficiency, the introduction of the C4 cycle in C3 plants and the inclusion of other CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). We further provide compelling evidence that there is still room for further improvements. Finally, we conclude this review by presenting future perspectives and possible new directions on this subject.
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López MF, Dahl M, Escobar FV, Bonomi HR, Kraskov A, Michael N, Mroginski MA, Scheerer P, Hildebrandt P. Photoinduced reaction mechanisms in prototypical and bathy phytochromes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11967-11978. [PMID: 35527718 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes, found in plants, fungi, and bacteria, exploit light as a source of information to control physiological processes via photoswitching between two states of different physiological activity, i.e. a red-absorbing Pr and a far-red-absorbing Pfr state. Depending on the relative stability in the dark, bacterial phytochromes are divided into prototypical and bathy phytochromes, where the stable state is Pr and Pfr, respectively. In this work we studied representatives of these groups (prototypical Agp1 and bathy Agp2 from Agrobacterium fabrum) together with the bathy-like phytochrome XccBphP from Xanthomonas campestris by resonance Raman and IR difference spectroscopy. In all three phytochromes, the photoinduced conversions display the same mechanistic pattern as reflected by the chromophore structures in the various intermediate states. We also observed in each case the secondary structure transition of the tongue, which is presumably crucial for the function of phytochrome. The three phytochromes differ in details of the chromophore conformation in the various intermediates and the energetic barrier of their respective decay reactions. The specific protein environment in the chromophore pocket, which is most likely the origin for these small differences, also controls the proton transfer processes concomitant to the photoconversions. These proton translocations, which are tightly coupled to the structural transition of the tongue, presumably proceed via the same mechanism along the Pr → Pfr conversion whereas the reverse Pfr → Pr photoconversion includes different proton transfer pathways. Finally, classification of phytochromes in prototypical and bathy (or bathy-like) phytochromes is discussed in terms of molecular structure and mechanistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández López
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Margarethe Dahl
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Francisco Velázquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hernán Ruy Bonomi
- Leloir Institute Foundation, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anastasia Kraskov
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Rockwell NC, Moreno MV, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. Protein-chromophore interactions controlling photoisomerization in red/green cyanobacteriochromes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:471-491. [PMID: 35411484 PMCID: PMC9609751 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors in the phytochrome superfamily use 15,16-photoisomerization of a linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to photoconvert between two states with distinct spectral and biochemical properties. Canonical phytochromes include master regulators of plant growth and development in which light signals trigger interconversion between a red-absorbing 15Z dark-adapted state and a metastable, far-red-absorbing 15E photoproduct state. Distantly related cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) carry out a diverse range of photoregulatory functions in cyanobacteria and exhibit considerable spectral diversity. One widespread CBCR subfamily typically exhibits a red-absorbing 15Z dark-adapted state similar to that of phytochrome that gives rise to a distinct green-absorbing 15E photoproduct. This red/green CBCR subfamily also includes red-inactive examples that fail to undergo photoconversion, providing an opportunity to study protein-chromophore interactions that either promote photoisomerization or block it. In this work, we identified a conserved lineage of red-inactive CBCRs. This enabled us to identify three substitutions sufficient to block photoisomerization in photoactive red/green CBCRs. The resulting red-inactive variants faithfully replicated the fluorescence and circular dichroism properties of naturally occurring examples. Converse substitutions restored photoconversion in naturally red-inactive CBCRs. This work thus identifies protein-chromophore interactions that control the fate of the excited-state population in red/green cyanobacteriochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Marcus V Moreno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Kraskov A, Buhrke D, Scheerer P, Shaef I, Sanchez JC, Carrillo M, Noda M, Feliz D, Stojković EA, Hildebrandt P. On the Role of the Conserved Histidine at the Chromophore Isomerization Site in Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13696-13709. [PMID: 34843240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are sensory photoreceptors that use light to drive protein structural changes, which in turn trigger physiological reaction cascades. The process starts with a double-bond photoisomerization of the linear methine-bridged tetrapyrrole chromophore in the photosensory core module. The molecular mechanism of the photoconversion depends on the structural and electrostatic properties of the chromophore environment, which are highly conserved in related phytochromes. However, the specific role of individual amino acids is yet not clear. A histidine in the vicinity of the isomerization site is highly conserved and almost invariant among all phytochromes. The present study aimed at analyzing its role by taking advantage of a myxobacterial phytochrome SaBphP1 from Stigmatella aurantiaca, where this histidine is naturally substituted with a threonine (Thr289), and comparing it to its normal, His-containing counterpart from the same organism SaBphP2 (His275). We have carried out a detailed resonance Raman and IR spectroscopic investigation of the wild-type proteins and their respective His- or Thr-substituted variants (SaBphP1-T289H and SaBphP2-H275T) using the well-characterized prototypical phytochrome Agp1 from Agrobacterium fabrum as a reference. The overall mechanism of the photoconversion is insensitive toward the His substitution. However, the chromophore geometry at the isomerization site appears to be affected, with a slightly stronger twist of ring D in the presence of Thr, which is sufficient to cause different light absorption properties in SaBphP1 and SaBphP2. Furthermore, the presence of His allows for multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions with the ring D carbonyl which may be the origin for the geometric differences of the C-D methine bridge compared to the Thr-containing variants. Other structural and mechanistic differences are independent of the presence of His. The most striking finding is the protonation of the ring C propionate in the Pfr states of SaBphP2, which is common among bathy phytochromes but so far has not been reported in prototypical phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kraskov
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité─Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Shaef
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juan C Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Moraima Noda
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Denisse Feliz
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Emina A Stojković
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sineshchekov VA, Bekasova OD. Two Distinct Photoprocesses in Cyanobacterial Bilin Pigments: Energy Migration in Light‐Harvesting Phycobiliproteins versus Photoisomerization in Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:750-767. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/php.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, respiration and photoperception are connected with the appearance of cyanobacteria. The key compounds, which are involved in these processes, are tetrapyrroles: open chain — bilins and cyclic — chlorophylls and heme. The latter are characterized by their covalent bond with the apoprotein resulting in the formation of biliproteins. This type of photoreceptors is unique in that it can perform important and opposite functions—light‐harvesting in photosynthesis with the participation of phycobiliproteins and photoperception mediated by phycochromes and phytochromes. In this review, cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins and phytochrome Cph1 are considered from a comparative point of view. Structural features of these pigments, which provide their contrasting photophysical and photochemical characteristics, are analyzed. The determining factor in the case of energy migration with the participation of phycobiliproteins is blocking the torsional relaxations of the chromophore, its D‐ring, in the excited state and their freedom, in the case of phytochrome photoisomerization. From the energetics point of view, this distinction is preconditioned by the height of the activation barrier for the photoreaction and relaxation in the excited state, which depends on the degree of the chromophore fixation by its protein surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga D. Bekasova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
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Battocchio G, González R, Rao AG, Schapiro I, Mroginski MA. Dynamic Properties of the Photosensory Domain of Deinococcus radiodurans Bacteriophytochrome. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1740-1750. [PMID: 31999119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are biological photoreceptors found in all kingdoms of life. Numerous physicochemical and spectroscopic studies of phytochromes have been carried out for many decades, both experimentally and computationally, with the main focus on the photoconversion mechanism involving a tetrapyrrole chromophore. In this computational work, we concentrate on the long-scale dynamic motion of the photosensory domain of Deinococcus radiodurans by means of classical all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Conventional and accelerated MD methods in combination with two different force fields, CHARMM27 and AMBER ff14SB, are tested in long atomistic simulations to confront the dynamics of monomer and dimer forms. These calculations highlight dissimilar equilibrium conformations in aqueous solutions and, in turn, different large-scale dynamic behaviors of the monomer form vs the dimer form. While the phytochrome in a monomer form tends to close the cavity entailed between the GAF and PHY domains, the opposite trend is predicted for the phytochrome dimer, which opens up as a consequence of the formation of strong salt bridges between the PHY domains of two molecules in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battocchio
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald González
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aditya G Rao
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Sineshchekov VA, Bekasova OD. Two Distinct Photoprocesses in Cyanobacterial Bilin Pigments: Energy Migration in Light-Harvesting Phycobiliproteins versus Photoisomerization in Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:750-767. [PMID: 31869438 DOI: 10.1111/php.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, respiration and photoperception are connected with the appearance of cyanobacteria. The key compounds, which are involved in these processes, are tetrapyrroles: open chain - bilins and cyclic - chlorophylls and heme. The latter are characterized by their covalent bond with the apoprotein resulting in the formation of biliproteins. This type of photoreceptors is unique in that it can perform important and opposite functions-light-harvesting in photosynthesis with the participation of phycobiliproteins and photoperception mediated by phycochromes and phytochromes. In this review, cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins and phytochrome Cph1 are considered from a comparative point of view. Structural features of these pigments, which provide their contrasting photophysical and photochemical characteristics, are analyzed. The determining factor in the case of energy migration with the participation of phycobiliproteins is blocking the torsional relaxations of the chromophore, its D-ring, in the excited state and their freedom, in the case of phytochrome photoisomerization. From the energetics point of view, this distinction is preconditioned by the height of the activation barrier for the photoreaction and relaxation in the excited state, which depends on the degree of the chromophore fixation by its protein surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga D Bekasova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Fernandez Lopez M, Nguyen AD, Velazquez Escobar F, González R, Michael N, Nogacz Ż, Piwowarski P, Bartl F, Siebert F, Heise I, Scheerer P, Gärtner W, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. Role of the Propionic Side Chains for the Photoconversion of Bacterial Phytochromes. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3504-3519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernandez Lopez
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anh Duc Nguyen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald González
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Żaneta Nogacz
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Siebert
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Sektion Biophysik, Hermann-Herderstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inge Heise
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Kim JI. The dephosphorylated S8A and S18A mutants of (oat) phytochrome A comprise its two species, phyA’ and phyA’’, suggesting that autophosphorylation at these sites is not involved in the phyA differentiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1242-1248. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Circadian oscillators are networks of biochemical feedback loops that generate 24-hour rhythms in organisms from bacteria to animals. These periodic rhythms result from a complex interplay among clock components that are specific to the organism, but share molecular mechanisms across kingdoms. A full understanding of these processes requires detailed knowledge, not only of the biochemical properties of clock proteins and their interactions, but also of the three-dimensional structure of clockwork components. Posttranslational modifications and protein–protein interactions have become a recent focus, in particular the complex interactions mediated by the phosphorylation of clock proteins and the formation of multimeric protein complexes that regulate clock genes at transcriptional and translational levels. This review covers the structural aspects of circadian oscillators, and serves as a primer for this exciting realm of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Seth J Davis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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15
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 46:118. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes – the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyAʹ and phyAʹʹ, differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyAʹ being the phosphorylated species and phyAʹʹ, dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyAʹ mediates VLFR and phyAʹʹ, HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1ʹ and phy1ʹʹ) similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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16
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:118-135. [PMID: 32172754 DOI: 10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes - the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyA' and phyA'', differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyA' being the phosphorylated species and phyA'', dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyA' mediates VLFR and phyA'', HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1' and phy1'') similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Email
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17
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Kim JI. The dephosphorylated S8A and S18A mutants of (oat) phytochrome A comprise its two species, phyA′ and phyA′′, suggesting that autophosphorylation at these sites is not involved in the phyA differentiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1242-1248. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of phytochrome A at the N-terminus yields its two types, phyA′ and phyA′′. This work excludes the known (oat) phyA autophosphorylation at serine 8 and serine 18 as its possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sineshchekov
- Biology Department
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow 119234
- Russia
| | - L. Koppel
- Biology Department
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow 119234
- Russia
| | - J.-I. Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
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18
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Wang F, Chen ZH, Shabala S. Hypoxia Sensing in Plants: On a Quest for Ion Channels as Putative Oxygen Sensors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1126-1142. [PMID: 28838128 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over 17 million km2 of land is affected by soil flooding every year, resulting in substantial yield losses and jeopardizing food security across the globe. A key step in resolving this problem and creating stress-tolerant cultivars is an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants sense low-oxygen stress. In this work, we review the current knowledge about the oxygen-sensing and signaling pathway in mammalian and plant systems and postulate the potential role of ion channels as putative oxygen sensors in plant roots. We first discuss the definition and requirements for the oxygen sensor and the difference between sensing and signaling. We then summarize the literature and identify several known candidates for oxygen sensing in the mammalian literature. This includes transient receptor potential (TRP) channels; K+-permeable channels (Kv, BK and TASK); Ca2+ channels (RyR and TPC); and various chemo- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxygen sensors. Identified key oxygen-sensing domains (PAS, GCS, GAF and PHD) in mammalian systems are used to predict the potential plant counterparts in Arabidopsis. Finally, the sequences of known mammalian ion channels with reported roles in oxygen sensing were employed to BLAST the Arabidopsis genome for the candidate genes. Several plasma membrane and tonoplast ion channels (such as TPC, AKT and KCO) and oxygen domain-containing proteins with predicted oxygen-sensing ability were identified and discussed. We propose a testable model for potential roles of ion channels in plant hypoxia sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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19
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Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. Phytochrome diversification in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 37:87-93. [PMID: 28445833 PMCID: PMC5483197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes control almost every aspect of plant biology, including germination, growth, development, and flowering, in response to red and far-red light. These photoreceptors thus hold considerable promise for engineering crop plant responses to light. Recently, structural research has shed new light on how phytochromes work. Genomic and transcriptomic studies have improved our understanding of phytochrome loss, retention, and diversification during evolution. We are also beginning to understand phytochrome function in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 31 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 31 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
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20
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. There and Back Again: Loss and Reacquisition of Two‐Cys Photocycles in Cyanobacteriochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:741-754. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of California Davis CA
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of California Davis CA
| | - John Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of California Davis CA
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21
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. Identification of Cyanobacteriochromes Detecting Far-Red Light. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3907-19. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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22
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Nagano S. From photon to signal in phytochromes: similarities and differences between prokaryotic and plant phytochromes. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:123-135. [PMID: 26818948 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes represent a diverse family of red/far-red-light absorbing chromoproteins which are widespread across plants, cyanobacteria, non-photosynthetic bacteria, and more. Phytochromes play key roles in regulating physiological activities in response to light, a critical element in the acclimatization to the environment. The discovery of prokaryotic phytochromes facilitated structural studies which deepened our understanding on the general mechanisms of phytochrome action. An extrapolation of this information to plant phytochromes is justified for universally conserved functional aspects, but it is also true that there are many aspects which are unique to plant phytochromes. Here I summarize some structural studies carried out to date on both prokaryotic and plant phytochromes. I also attempt to identify aspects which are common or unique to plant and prokaryotic phytochromes. Phytochrome themselves, as well as the downstream signaling pathway in plants are more complex than in their prokaryotic counterparts. Thus many structural and functional aspects of plant phytochrome remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshichiro Nagano
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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23
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Song C, Lang C, Kopycki J, Hughes J, Matysik J. NMR chemical shift pattern changed by ammonium sulfate precipitation in cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:42. [PMID: 26284254 PMCID: PMC4516977 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are dimeric biliprotein photoreceptors exhibiting characteristic red/far-red photocycles. Full-length cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 from Synechocystis 6803 is soluble initially but tends to aggregate in a concentration-dependent manner, hampering attempts to solve the structure using NMR and crystallization methods. Otherwise, the Cph1 sensory module (Cph1Δ2), photochemically indistinguishable from the native protein and used extensively in structural and other studies, can be purified to homogeneity in >10 mg amounts at mM concentrations quite easily. Bulk precipitation of full-length Cph1 by ammonium sulfate (AmS) was expected to allow us to produce samples for solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR from dilute solutions before significant aggregation began. It was not clear, however, what effects the process of partial dehydration might have on the molecular structure. Here we test this by running solid-state MAS NMR experiments on AmS-precipitated Cph1Δ2 in its red-absorbing Pr state carrying uniformly 13C/15N-labeled phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore. 2D 13C–13C correlation experiments allowed a complete assignment of 13C responses of the chromophore. Upon precipitation, 13C chemical shifts for most of PCB carbons move upfield, in which we found major changes for C4 and C6 atoms associated with the A-ring positioning. Further, the broad spectral lines seen in the AmS 13C spectrum reflect primarily the extensive inhomogeneous broadening presumably due to an increase in the distribution of conformational states in the protein, in which less free water is available to partake in the hydration shells. Our data suggest that the effect of dehydration process indeed leads to changes of electronic structure of the bilin chromophore and a decrease in its mobility within the binding pocket, but not restricted to the protein surface. The extent of the changes induced differs from the freezing process of the solution samples routinely used in previous MAS NMR and crystallographic studies. AmS precipitation might nevertheless provide useful protein structure/functional information for full-length Cph1 in cases where neither X-ray crystallography nor conventional NMR methods are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden Leiden, Netherlands ; Institut für Analytische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie and Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jakub Kopycki
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden Leiden, Netherlands ; Institut für Analytische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie and Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lim S, Lagarias JC, Ames JB. Characterization of Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Hydrophobic Pocket for the C15-E,anti Chromophore in the Photoproduct. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3772-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James B. Ames
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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25
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lim S, Lagarias JC, Ames JB. Characterization of Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Protonated Bilin Ring System in Both Photostates. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2581-600. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501548t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James B. Ames
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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26
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Li F, Burgie ES, Yu T, Héroux A, Schatz GC, Vierstra RD, Orville AM. X-ray radiation induces deprotonation of the bilin chromophore in crystalline D. radiodurans phytochrome. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2792-5. [PMID: 25650486 DOI: 10.1021/ja510923m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report that in the red light-absorbing (Pr) state, the bilin chromophore of the Deinococcus radiodurans proteobacterial phytochrome (DrBphP) is hypersensitive to X-ray photons used in typical synchrotron X-ray protein crystallography experiments. This causes the otherwise fully protonated chromophore to deprotonate without additional major structural changes. These results have major implications for our understanding of the structural and chemical characteristics of the resting and intermediate states of phytochromes and other photoreceptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Photon Sciences Directorate and ∥Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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27
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Gan F, Bryant DA, Lagarias JC. NpR3784 is the prototype for a distinctive group of red/green cyanobacteriochromes using alternative Phe residues for photoproduct tuning. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:258-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report chromophore–protein interactions used by cyanobacteriochrome NpR3784 and related proteins for spectral tuning of the green-absorbing photoproduct state. These interactions are distinct from those used by canonical red/green cyanobacteriochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
- University of California at Davis
- Davis
- USA
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
- University of California at Davis
- Davis
- USA
| | - Fei Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Donald A. Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
- University of California at Davis
- Davis
- USA
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28
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Lim S, Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Dallas JL, Lagarias JC, Ames JB. Photoconversion changes bilin chromophore conjugation and protein secondary structure in the violet/orange cyanobacteriochrome NpF2164g3' [corrected]. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:951-62. [PMID: 24745038 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial photoreceptors distantly related to phytochromes. All CBCRs examined to date utilize a conserved Cys residue to form a covalent thioether linkage to the bilin chromophore. In the insert-Cys CBCR subfamily, a second conserved Cys can covalently link to the bilin C10 methine bridge, allowing detection of near-UV to blue light. The best understood insert-Cys CBCR is the violet/orange CBCR NpF2164g3 from Nostoc punctiforme, which has a stable second linkage in the violet-absorbing dark state. Photoconversion of NpF2164g3 leads to elimination of the second linkage and formation of an orange-absorbing photoproduct. We recently reported NMR chemical shift assignments for the orange-absorbing photoproduct state of NpF2164g3. We here present equivalent information for its violet-absorbing dark state. In both photostates, NpF2164g3 is monomeric in solution and regions containing the two conserved Cys residues essential for photoconversion are structurally disordered. In contrast to blue light receptors such as phototropin, NpF2164g3 is less structurally ordered in the dark state than in the photoproduct. The insert-Cys insertion loop and C-terminal helix exhibit light-dependent structural changes. Moreover, a motif containing an Asp residue also found in other CBCRs and in phytochromes adopts a random-coil structure in the dark state but a stable α-helix structure in the photoproduct. NMR analysis of the chromophore is consistent with a less ordered dark state, with A-ring resonances only resolved in the photoproduct. The C10 atom of the bilin chromophore exhibits a drastic change in chemical shift upon photoconversion, changing from 34.5 ppm (methylene) in the dark state to 115 ppm (methine) in the light-activated state. Our results provide structural insight into the two-Cys photocycle of NpF2164g3 and the structurally diverse mechanisms used for light perception by the larger phytochrome superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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29
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Narikawa R, Enomoto G, Ni-Ni-Win, Fushimi K, Ikeuchi M. A New Type of Dual-Cys Cyanobacteriochrome GAF Domain Found in Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina, Which Has an Unusual Red/Blue Reversible Photoconversion Cycle. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5051-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rei Narikawa
- Department
of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department
of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku,
Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Gen Enomoto
- Department
of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ni-Ni-Win
- Department
of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Keiji Fushimi
- Department
of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku,
Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department
of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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30
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Sineshchekov V, Mailliet J, Psakis G, Feilke K, Kopycki J, Zeidler M, Essen L, Hughes J. Tyrosine 263 in Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1 Optimizes Photochemistry at the prelumi‐ R→lumi‐R Step. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:786-795. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/php.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe report a low‐temperature fluorescence spectroscopy study of the PAS‐GAF‐PHY sensory module of Cph1 phytochrome, its Y263F mutant (both with known 3D structures) as well as Y263H and Y263S to connect their photochemical parameters with intramolecular interactions. None of the holoproteins showed photochemical activity at low temperature, and the activation barriers for the Pr→lumi‐R photoreaction (2.5–3.1 kJ mol−1) and fluorescence quantum yields (0.29–0.42) were similar. The effect of the mutations on Pr→Pfr photoconversion efficiency (ΦPr→Pfr) was observed primarily at the prelumi‐R S0 bifurcation point corresponding to the conical intersection of the energy surfaces at which the molecule relaxes to form lumi‐R or Pr, lowering ΦPr→Pfr from 0.13 in the wild type to 0.05–0.07 in the mutants. We suggest that the Ea activation barrier in the Pr* S1 excited state might correspond to the D‐ring (C19) carbonyl – H290 hydrogen bond or possibly to the hindrance caused by the C131/C171 methyl groups of the C and D rings. The critical role of the tyrosine hydroxyl group can be at the prelumi‐R bifurcation point to optimize the yield of the photoprocess and energy storage in the form of lumi‐R for subsequent rearrangement processes culminating in Pfr formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Chair of Physico‐Chemical Biology Department of Biology M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Joel Mailliet
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Georgios Psakis
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Kathleen Feilke
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Jakub Kopycki
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Mathias Zeidler
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Lars‐Oliver Essen
- Structural Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry Phillipps University Marburg Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
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31
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Gulevich AG, Lagarias JC. Conserved Phenylalanine Residues Are Required for Blue-Shifting of Cyanobacteriochrome Photoproducts. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3118-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander G. Gulevich
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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32
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Sineshchekov V, Mailliet J, Psakis G, Feilke K, Kopycki J, Zeidler M, Essen LO, Hughes J. Tyrosine 263 in cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 optimizes photochemistry at the prelumi-R→lumi-R step. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:786-95. [PMID: 24571438 DOI: 10.1111/php.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy study of the PAS-GAF-PHY sensory module of Cph1 phytochrome, its Y263F mutant (both with known 3D structures) as well as Y263H and Y263S to connect their photochemical parameters with intramolecular interactions. None of the holoproteins showed photochemical activity at low temperature, and the activation barriers for the Pr→lumi-R photoreaction (2.5-3.1 kJ mol(-1)) and fluorescence quantum yields (0.29-0.42) were similar. The effect of the mutations on Pr→Pfr photoconversion efficiency (ΦPr→Pfr) was observed primarily at the prelumi-R S0 bifurcation point corresponding to the conical intersection of the energy surfaces at which the molecule relaxes to form lumi-R or Pr, lowering ΦPr→Pfr from 0.13 in the wild type to 0.05-0.07 in the mutants. We suggest that the Ea activation barrier in the Pr* S1 excited state might correspond to the D-ring (C19) carbonyl - H290 hydrogen bond or possibly to the hindrance caused by the C13(1) /C17(1) methyl groups of the C and D rings. The critical role of the tyrosine hydroxyl group can be at the prelumi-R bifurcation point to optimize the yield of the photoprocess and energy storage in the form of lumi-R for subsequent rearrangement processes culminating in Pfr formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Chair of Physico-Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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33
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Abstract
Plant phytochromes are photoswitchable red/far-red photoreceptors that allow competition with neighboring plants for photosynthetically active red light. In aquatic environments, red and far-red light are rapidly attenuated with depth; therefore, photosynthetic species must use shorter wavelengths of light. Nevertheless, phytochrome-related proteins are found in recently sequenced genomes of many eukaryotic algae from aquatic environments. We examined the photosensory properties of seven phytochromes from diverse algae: four prasinophyte (green algal) species, the heterokont (brown algal) Ectocarpus siliculosus, and two glaucophyte species. We demonstrate that algal phytochromes are not limited to red and far-red responses. Instead, different algal phytochromes can sense orange, green, and even blue light. Characterization of these previously undescribed photosensors using CD spectroscopy supports a structurally heterogeneous chromophore in the far-red-absorbing photostate. Our study thus demonstrates that extensive spectral tuning of phytochromes has evolved in phylogenetically distinct lineages of aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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34
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Gottlieb SM, Kim PW, Corley SC, Madsen D, Hanke SJ, Chang CW, Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Primary and Secondary Photodynamics of the Violet/Orange Dual-Cysteine NpF2164g3 Cyanobacteriochrome Domain from Nostoc punctiforme. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1029-40. [DOI: 10.1021/bi4015538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Peter W. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Scott C. Corley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dorte Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Samuel J. Hanke
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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35
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Choi H, Jeong S, Kim DS, Na HJ, Ryu JS, Lee SS, Nam HG, Lim PO, Woo HR. The homeodomain-leucine zipper ATHB23, a phytochrome B-interacting protein, is important for phytochrome B-mediated red light signaling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:308-320. [PMID: 23964902 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red (R)/far-red (FR) photoreceptors that are central to the regulation of plant growth and development. Although it is well known that photoactivated phytochromes are translocated into the nucleus where they interact with a variety of nuclear proteins and ultimately regulate genome-wide transcription, the mechanisms by which these photoreceptors function are not completely understood. In an effort to enhance our understanding of phytochrome-mediated light signaling networks, we attempted to identify novel proteins interacting with phytochrome B (phyB). Using affinity purification in Arabidopsis phyB overexpressor, coupled with mass spectrometry analysis, 16 proteins that interact with phyB in vivo were identified. Interactions between phyB and six putative phyB-interacting proteins were confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. Involvement of these proteins in phyB-mediated signaling pathways was also revealed by physiological analysis of the mutants defective in each phyB-interacting protein. We further characterized the athb23 mutant impaired in the homeobox protein 23 (ATHB23) gene. The athb23 mutant displayed altered hypocotyl growth under R light, as well as defects in phyB-dependent seed germination and phyB-mediated cotyledon expansion. Taken together, these results suggest that the ATHB23 transcription factor is a novel component of the phyB-mediated R light signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmo Choi
- Academy of New Biology for Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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36
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Yang Y, Linke M, von Haimberger T, Matute R, González L, Schmieder P, Heyne K. Active and silent chromophore isoforms for phytochrome Pr photoisomerization: An alternative evolutionary strategy to optimize photoreaction quantum yields. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:014701. [PMID: 26798771 PMCID: PMC4711594 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of a protein bound chromophore is the basis of light sensing of many photoreceptors. We tracked Z-to-E photoisomerization of Cph1 phytochrome chromophore PCB in the Pr form in real-time. Two different phycocyanobilin (PCB) ground state geometries with different ring D orientations have been identified. The pre-twisted and hydrogen bonded PCB(a) geometry exhibits a time constant of 30 ps and a quantum yield of photoproduct formation of 29%, about six times slower and ten times higher than that for the non-hydrogen bonded PCB(b) geometry. This new mechanism of pre-twisting the chromophore by protein-cofactor interaction optimizes yields of slow photoreactions and provides a scaffold for photoreceptor engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Linke
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo Matute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Leticia González
- Universität Wien, Institut für Theoretische Chemie , Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Wien
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Robert-Rössle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Okamoto H, Wada M. Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phytochrome 1 comprises two native photochemical types similar to seed plant phytochrome A. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B: BIOLOGY 2014; 130:20-29. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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38
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Song C, Psakis G, Kopycki J, Lang C, Matysik J, Hughes J. The D-ring, not the A-ring, rotates in Synechococcus OS-B' phytochrome. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2552-62. [PMID: 24327657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors in plants and microorganisms switch photochromically between two states, controlling numerous important biological processes. Although this phototransformation is generally considered to involve rotation of ring D of the tetrapyrrole chromophore, Ulijasz et al. (Ulijasz, A. T., Cornilescu, G., Cornilescu, C. C., Zhang, J., Rivera, M., Markley, J. L., and Vierstra, R. D. (2010) Nature 463, 250-254) proposed that the A-ring rotates instead. Here, we apply magic angle spinning NMR to the two parent states following studies of the 23-kDa GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA) domain fragment of phytochrome from Synechococcus OS-B'. Major changes occur at the A-ring covalent linkage to the protein as well as at the protein residue contact of ring D. Conserved contacts associated with the A-ring nitrogen rule out an A-ring photoflip, whereas loss of contact of the D-ring nitrogen to the protein implies movement of ring D. Although none of the methine bridges showed a chemical shift change comparable with those characteristic of the D-ring photoflip in canonical phytochromes, denaturation experiments showed conclusively that the same occurs in Synechococcus OS-B' phytochrome upon photoconversion. The results are consistent with the D-ring being strongly tilted in both states and the C15=C16 double bond undergoing a Z/E isomerization upon light absorption. More subtle changes are associated with the A-ring linkage to the protein. Our findings thus disprove A-ring rotation and are discussed in relation to the position of the D-ring, photoisomerization, and photochromicity in the phytochrome family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- From the Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phytochrome 1 comprises two native photochemical types similar to seed plant phytochrome A. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 130:20-9. [PMID: 24246712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) in etiolated seedlings of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Ler) and its transgenic lines (TL) L15 and L20 transformed with Adiantum capillus-veneris PHY1 cDNA (Okamoto et al., 1997) was investigated using low-temperature (85K) fluorescence spectroscopy and photochemistry. It was found that while WT seed germination requires stimulation by light, the TL germinated equally well with or without pre-illumination. Phytochrome content [Ptot] was 2-fold higher in TL whereas the level of Pr→lumi-R phototransformation at 85K (γ1) was similar between WT (0.25) and TL (0.27). When seeds germinated with pre-illumination, the proportion of the photochemical types Pr' active and Pr″ inactive at 85K was 50/50 in WT and 54/46 in TL, respectively. Dark-germinated TL had a γ1 value of 0.16 and the proportion of Pr' and Pr″ was 32/68, respectively, without changes in [Ptot]. Evaluations based on these data revealed that phy1 has Pr' and Pr″, designated phy1' and phy1″, akin to phyA, which comprises both Pr photochemical types (phyA' and phyA″), and in contrast to phyB that possesses only Pr″. The proportion of phy1' and phy1″ depends on pre-illumination for induction of germination. The pigment most likely accumulated in the seeds and was active in promoting Arabidopsis seed germination.
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40
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Kaas Q, Craik DJ. NMR of plant proteins. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 71:1-34. [PMID: 23611313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Kaas
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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41
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Salewski J, Escobar FV, Kaminski S, von Stetten D, Keidel A, Rippers Y, Michael N, Scheerer P, Piwowarski P, Bartl F, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Ringsdorf S, Gärtner W, Lamparter T, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. Structure of the biliverdin cofactor in the Pfr state of bathy and prototypical phytochromes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16800-16814. [PMID: 23603902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes act as photoswitches between the red- and far-red absorbing parent states of phytochromes (Pr and Pfr). Plant phytochromes display an additional thermal conversion route from the physiologically active Pfr to Pr. The same reaction pattern is found in prototypical biliverdin-binding bacteriophytochromes in contrast to the reverse thermal transformation in bathy bacteriophytochromes. However, the molecular origin of the different thermal stabilities of the Pfr states in prototypical and bathy bacteriophytochromes is not known. We analyzed the structures of the chromophore binding pockets in the Pfr states of various bathy and prototypical biliverdin-binding phytochromes using a combined spectroscopic-theoretical approach. For the Pfr state of the bathy phytochrome from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the very good agreement between calculated and experimental Raman spectra of the biliverdin cofactor is in line with important conclusions of previous crystallographic analyses, particularly the ZZEssa configuration of the chromophore and its mode of covalent attachment to the protein. The highly homogeneous chromophore conformation seems to be a unique property of the Pfr states of bathy phytochromes. This is in sharp contrast to the Pfr states of prototypical phytochromes that display conformational equilibria between two sub-states exhibiting small structural differences at the terminal methine bridges A-B and C-D. These differences may mainly root in the interactions of the cofactor with the highly conserved Asp-194 that occur via its carboxylate function in bathy phytochromes. The weaker interactions via the carbonyl function in prototypical phytochromes may lead to a higher structural flexibility of the chromophore pocket opening a reaction channel for the thermal (ZZE → ZZZ) Pfr to Pr back-conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Salewski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Kaminski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David von Stetten
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anke Keidel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rippers
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Protein X-ray Crystallography, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Spectroscopy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Spectroscopy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel
- AG Physiologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone Ringsdorf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Song C, Rohmer T, Tiersch M, Zaanen J, Hughes J, Matysik J. Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy to Probe Photoactivation in Canonical Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:259-73. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Rohmer
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek; Universiteit Leiden; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Zaanen
- Instituut-Lorentz for Theoretical Physics; Universiteit Leiden; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | - Jon Hughes
- Pflanzenphysiologie; Justus-Liebig-Universität; Giessen; Germany
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43
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. Red/green cyanobacteriochromes: sensors of color and power. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9667-77. [PMID: 23151047 DOI: 10.1021/bi3013565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red photoreceptors using cysteine-linked linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores to regulate biological responses to light. Light absorption triggers photoisomerization of the bilin between the 15Z and 15E photostates. The related cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) extend the photosensory range of the phytochrome superfamily to shorter wavelengths of visible light. Several subfamilies of CBCRs have been described. Representatives of one such subfamily, including AnPixJ and NpR6012g4, exhibit red/green photocycles in which the 15Z photostate is red-absorbing like that of phytochrome but the 15E photoproduct is instead green-absorbing. Using recombinant expression of individual CBCR domains in Escherichia coli, we fully survey the red/green subfamily from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. In addition to 14 new photoswitching CBCRs, one apparently photochemically inactive protein exhibiting intense red fluorescence was observed. We describe a novel orange/green photocycle in one of these CBCRs, NpF2164g7. Dark reversion varied in this panel of CBCRs; some examples were stable as the 15E photoproduct for days, while others reverted to the 15Z dark state in minutes or even seconds. In the case of NpF2164g7, dark reversion was so rapid that reverse photoconversion of the green-absorbing photoproduct was not significant in restoring the dark state, resulting in a broadband response to light. Our results demonstrate that red/green CBCRs can thus act as sensors for the color or intensity of the ambient light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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44
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Freer LH, Kim PW, Corley SC, Rockwell NC, Zhao L, Thibert AJ, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Chemical inhomogeneity in the ultrafast dynamics of the DXCF cyanobacteriochrome Tlr0924. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10571-81. [PMID: 22721495 DOI: 10.1021/jp302637u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are diverse biliprotein photosensors distantly related to the red/far-red photoreceptors of the phytochrome family. There are several subfamilies of CBCRs, displaying varied spectral responses spanning the entire visible region. Tlr0924 belongs to the DXCF subfamily that utilizes the Cys residue in a conserved Asp-Xaa-Cys-Phe (DXCF) motif to form a second covalent linkage to the chromophore, resulting in a blue-absorbing dark state. Photoconversion leads to elimination of this linkage, resulting in a green-absorbing photoproduct. Tlr0924 initially incorporates phycocyanobilin (PCB) as a chromophore, exhibiting a blue/orange photocycle, but slowly isomerizes PCB to phycoviolobilin (PVB) to yield a blue/green photocycle. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study both forward and reverse reaction photodynamics of the recombinant GAF domain of Tlr0924. Primary photoproducts were identified, as were subsequent intermediates at 1 ms. PCB and PVB population photodynamics were decomposed using global target analysis. PCB and PVB populations exhibit similar and parallel photocycles in Tlr0924, but the PVB population exhibits faster excited-state decay in both reaction directions. On the basis of longer time analysis, we show that the photochemical coordinate (15,16-isomerization) and second-linkage coordinate (elimination or bond formation at C10) are separate processes in both directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Freer
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Gulevich AG, Lagarias JC. Phycoviolobilin formation and spectral tuning in the DXCF cyanobacteriochrome subfamily. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1449-63. [PMID: 22279972 DOI: 10.1021/bi201783j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red photosensory proteins that regulate adaptive responses to light via photoswitching of cysteine-linked linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores. The related cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) extend the photosensory range of the phytochrome superfamily to shorter wavelengths of visible light. CBCRs and phytochromes share a conserved Cys residue required for bilin attachment. In one CBCR subfamily, often associated with a blue/green photocycle, a second Cys lies within a conserved Asp-Xaa-Cys-Phe (DXCF) motif and is essential for the blue/green photocycle. Such DXCF CBCRs use isomerization of the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore into the related phycoviolobilin (PVB) to shorten the conjugated system for sensing green light. We here use recombinant expression of individual CBCR domains in Escherichia coli to survey the DXCF subfamily from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. We describe ten new photoreceptors with well-resolved photocycles and three additional photoproteins with overlapping dark-adapted and photoproduct states. We show that the ability of this subfamily to form PVB or retain PCB provides a powerful mechanism for tuning the photoproduct absorbance, with blue-absorbing dark states leading to a broad range of photoproducts absorbing teal, green, yellow, or orange light. Moreover, we use a novel green/teal CBCR that lacks the blue-absorbing dark state to demonstrate that PVB formation requires the DXCF Cys residue. Our results demonstrate that this subfamily exhibits much more spectral diversity than had been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Yang Y, Linke M, von Haimberger T, Hahn J, Matute R, González L, Schmieder P, Heyne K. Real-Time Tracking of Phytochrome’s Orientational Changes During Pr Photoisomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1408-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209413d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195
Berlin, Germany
- Center for Supramolecular Interactions, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Linke
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Janina Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle
Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Matute
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla
653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leticia González
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle
Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Heyne
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195
Berlin, Germany
- Center for Supramolecular Interactions, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Volotovski ID. Role of calcium ions in photosignaling processes in a plant cell. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Camsund D, Lindblad P, Jaramillo A. Genetically engineered light sensors for control of bacterial gene expression. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:826-36. [PMID: 21648094 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Light of different wavelengths can serve as a transient, noninvasive means of regulating gene expression for biotechnological purposes. Implementation of advanced gene regulatory circuits will require orthogonal transcriptional systems that can be simultaneously controlled and that can produce several different control states. Fully genetically encoded light sensors take advantage of the favorable characteristics of light, do not need the supplementation of any chemical inducers or co-factors, and have been demonstrated to control gene expression in Escherichia coli. Herein, we review engineered light-sensor systems with potential for in vivo regulation of gene expression in bacteria, and highlight different means of extending the range of available light input and transcriptional output signals. Furthermore, we discuss advances in multiplexing different light sensors for achieving multichromatic control of gene expression and indicate developments that could facilitate the construction of efficient systems for light-regulated, multistate control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Camsund
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala, Sweden
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Elucidating photoinduced structural changes in phytochromes by the combined application of resonance Raman spectroscopy and theoretical methods. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Phytochromes are environmental sensors, historically thought of as red/far-red photoreceptors in plants. Their photoperception occurs through a covalently linked tetrapyrrole chromophore, which undergoes a light-dependent conformational change propagated through the protein to a variable output domain. The phytochrome composition is modular, typically consisting of a PAS-GAF-PHY architecture for the N-terminal photosensory core. A collection of three-dimensional structures has uncovered key features, including an unusual figure-of-eight knot, an extension reaching from the PHY domain to the chromophore-binding GAF domain, and a centrally located, long α-helix hypothesized to be crucial for intramolecular signaling. Continuing identification of phytochromes in microbial systems has expanded the assigned sensory abilities of this family out of the red and into the yellow, green, blue, and violet portions of the spectrum. Furthermore, phytochromes acting not as photoreceptors but as redox sensors have been recognized. In addition, architectures other than PAS-GAF-PHY are known, thus revealing phytochromes to be a varied group of sensory receptors evolved to utilize their modular design to perceive a signal and respond accordingly. This review focuses on the structures of bacterial phytochromes and implications for signal transmission. We also discuss the small but growing set of bacterial phytochromes for which a physiological function has been ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele E Auldridge
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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