1
|
Xiong Y, Yu J. LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: upstream regulation and therapeutic targeting. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00189-8. [PMID: 39153957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) to date. Dysfunction in LRRK2 enzymatic activities and elevated protein levels are associated with the disease. How is LRRK2 activated, and what downstream molecular and cellular processes does LRRK2 regulate? Addressing these questions is crucial to decipher the disease mechanisms. In this review we focus on the upstream regulations and briefly discuss downstream substrates of LRRK2 as well as the cellular consequences caused by these regulations. Building on these basic findings, we discuss therapeutic strategies targeting LRRK2 and highlight the challenges in clinical trials. We further highlight the important questions that remains to be answered in the LRRK2 field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubey T, Chinnathambi S. Photodynamic treatment modulates various GTPase and cellular signalling pathways in Tauopathy. Small GTPases 2022; 13:183-195. [PMID: 34138681 PMCID: PMC9707546 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1940722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of photo-excited dyes for treatment is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is known to target GTPase proteins in cells, which are the key proteins of diverse signalling cascades which ultimately modulate cell proliferation and death. Cytoskeletal proteins play critical roles in maintaining cell integrity and cell division. Whereas, it was also observed that in neuronal cells PDT modulated actin and tubulin resulting in increased neurite growth and filopodia. Recent studies supported the role of PDT in dissolving the extracellular amyloid beta aggregates and intracellular Tau aggregates, which indicated the potential role of PDT in neurodegeneration. The advancement in the field of PDT led to its clinical approval in treatment of cancers, brain tumour, and dermatological acne. Although several question need to be answered for application of PDT in neuronal cells, but the primary studies gave a hint that it can emerge as potential therapy in neural cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Identification of Targets from LRRK2 Rescue Phenotypes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010076. [PMID: 33466414 PMCID: PMC7824855 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative condition. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most frequent cause of sporadic and autosomal dominant PD. The exact role of LRRK2 protective variants (R1398H, N551K) together with a pathogenic mutant (G2019S) in aging and neurodegeneration is unknown. We generated the following myc-tagged UAS-LRRK2 transgenic Drosophila: LRRK2 (WT), N551K, R1398H, G2019S single allele, and double-mutants (N551K/G2019S or R1398H/G2019S). The protective variants alone were able to suppress the phenotypic effects caused by the pathogenic LRRK2 mutation. Next, we conducted RNA-sequencing using mRNA isolated from dopaminergic neurons of these different groups of transgenic Drosophila. Using pathway enrichment analysis, we identified the top 10 modules (p < 0.05), with “LRRK2 in neurons in Parkinson’s disease” among the candidates. Further dissection of this pathway identified the most significantly modulated gene nodes such as eEF1A2, ACTB, eEF1A, and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The induction of the pathway was successfully restored by the R1398H protective variant and R1398H-G2019S or N551K-G2019S rescue experiments. The oxidoreductase family of genes was also active in the pathogenic mutant and restored in protective and rescue variants. In summary, we provide in vivo evidence supporting the neuroprotective effects of LRRK2 variants. RNA sequencing of dopaminergic neurons identified upregulation of specific gene pathways in the Drosophila carrying the pathogenic variant, and this was restored in the rescue phenotypes. Using protective gene variants, our study identifies potential new targets and provides proof of principle of a new therapeutic approach that will further our understanding of aging and neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ng J, Cortès‐Saladelafont E, Abela L, Termsarasab P, Mankad K, Sudhakar S, Gorman KM, Heales SJ, Pope S, Biassoni L, Csányi B, Cain J, Rakshi K, Coutts H, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes D, García‐Cazorla À, Grozeva D, Raymond FL, Pérez‐Dueñas B, De Goede C, Pearson TS, Meyer E, Kurian MA. DNAJC6 Mutations Disrupt Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Parkinsonism-Dystonia. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1357-1368. [PMID: 32472658 PMCID: PMC8425408 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile forms of parkinsonism are rare conditions with onset of bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity before the age of 21 years. These atypical presentations commonly have a genetic aetiology, highlighting important insights into underlying pathophysiology. Genetic defects may affect key proteins of the endocytic pathway and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME), as in DNAJC6‐related juvenile parkinsonism. Objective To report on a new patient cohort with juvenile‐onset DNAJC6 parkinsonism‐dystonia and determine the functional consequences on auxilin and dopamine homeostasis. Methods Twenty‐five children with juvenile parkinsonism were identified from a research cohort of patients with undiagnosed pediatric movement disorders. Molecular genetic investigations included autozygosity mapping studies and whole‐exome sequencing. Patient fibroblasts and CSF were analyzed for auxilin, cyclin G–associated kinase and synaptic proteins. Results We identified 6 patients harboring previously unreported, homozygous nonsense DNAJC6 mutations. All presented with neurodevelopmental delay in infancy, progressive parkinsonism, and neurological regression in childhood. 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT (DaTScan) was performed in 3 patients and demonstrated reduced or absent tracer uptake in the basal ganglia. CSF neurotransmitter analysis revealed an isolated reduction of homovanillic acid. Auxilin levels were significantly reduced in both patient fibroblasts and CSF. Cyclin G–associated kinase levels in CSF were significantly increased, whereas a number of presynaptic dopaminergic proteins were reduced. Conclusions DNAJC6 is an emerging cause of recessive juvenile parkinsonism‐dystonia. DNAJC6 encodes the cochaperone protein auxilin, involved in CME of synaptic vesicles. The observed dopamine dyshomeostasis in patients is likely to be multifactorial, secondary to auxilin deficiency and/or neurodegeneration. Increased patient CSF cyclin G–associated kinase, in tandem with reduced auxilin levels, suggests a possible compensatory role of cyclin G–associated kinase, as observed in the auxilin knockout mouse. DNAJC6 parkinsonism‐dystonia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for pediatric neurotransmitter disorders associated with low homovanillic acid levels. Future research in elucidating disease pathogenesis will aid the development of better treatments for this pharmacoresistant disorder. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ng
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Gene Transfer Technology GroupUCL Institute for Women's HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisenda Cortès‐Saladelafont
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucia Abela
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pichet Termsarasab
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M. Gorman
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon J.R. Heales
- Neurometabolic UnitNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic UnitNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Biassoni
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Barbara Csányi
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - John Cain
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and ImagingLancashire Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUnited Kingdom
| | - Karl Rakshi
- Department of PaediatricsEast Lancashire Hospital NHS TrustLancashireUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen Coutts
- Department of PaediatricsEast Lancashire Hospital NHS TrustLancashireUnited Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatric NeurologyJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Jefferson
- Department of PaediatricsRoyal Berkshire Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Deborah Hughes
- Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston LaboratoriesInstitute of NeurologyQueen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Àngels García‐Cazorla
- Department of NeurologyNeurometabolic Unit and CIBERER Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Detelina Grozeva
- Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- UK10K Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - F. Lucy Raymond
- Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- UK10K Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Belén Pérez‐Dueñas
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Christian De Goede
- Department of Paediatric NeurologyRoyal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Toni S. Pearson
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Esther Meyer
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Manju A. Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan K, Zhang W, Han X, Chang F, Liu Y. Inhibitory role of peroxiredoxin 2 in LRRK2 kinase activity induced cellular pathogenesis. J Biomed Res 2019; 34:103-113. [PMID: 32305964 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.33.20190090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disease. One of the known genetic contributors to PD pathogenesis is leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) whose mutations with elevated kinase activity could lead to both familial and sporadic PD. However, how the pathogenic kinase activity of LRRK2 is regulated remains largely unclear. Here we report that peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) was identified as a novel interacting protein to LRRK2 with preferential expression in dopaminergic neurons over other Prx proteins. We also confirmed that Prx2 interacted with LRRK2 through its COR domain and its overexpression significantly decreased the kinase activity of mutant LRRK2. Functionally, overexpressed Prx2 rescued the transfected cells from LRRK2 mutant induced apoptotic processes. Importantly, overexpressed Prx2 reversed the altered subcellular distribution of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) induced by PD-mutant LRRK2. Our results suggest that, by interacting with LRRK2, Prx2 may play an inhibitory role in the LRRK2 mediated cellular toxicity in PD by inhibiting its kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wauters L, Versées W, Kortholt A. Roco Proteins: GTPases with a Baroque Structure and Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010147. [PMID: 30609797 PMCID: PMC6337361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of genetically inherited Parkinson’s Disease (PD). LRRK2 is a large, multi-domain protein belonging to the Roco protein family, a family of GTPases characterized by a central RocCOR (Ras of complex proteins/C-terminal of Roc) domain tandem. Despite the progress in characterizing the GTPase function of Roco proteins, there is still an ongoing debate concerning the working mechanism of Roco proteins in general, and LRRK2 in particular. This review consists of two parts. First, an overview is given of the wide evolutionary range of Roco proteins, leading to a variety of physiological functions. The second part focusses on the GTPase function of the RocCOR domain tandem central to the action of all Roco proteins, and progress in the understanding of its structure and biochemistry is discussed and reviewed. Finally, based on the recent work of our and other labs, a new working hypothesis for the mechanism of Roco proteins is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wauters
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brudek T. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 9:S331-S344. [PMID: 31609699 PMCID: PMC6839501 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial, with genetics, aging, and environmental agents all a part of the PD pathogenesis. Widespread aggregation of the α-synuclein protein in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons are the pathological hallmarks of PD. Inflammatory responses manifested by glial reactions, T cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent features of PD. Experimental, clinical and epidemiological data suggest that intestinal inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of PD, and the increasing number of studies suggests that the condition may start in the gastrointestinal system years before any motor symptoms develop. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher risk of developing PD compared with non-IBD individuals. Gene association study has found a genetic link between IBD and PD, and an evidence from animal studies suggests that gut inflammation, similar to that observed in IBD, may induce loss of dopaminergic neurons. Based on preclinical models of PD, it is suggested that the enteric microbiome changes early in PD, and gut infections trigger α-synuclein release and aggregation. In this paper, the possible link between IBD and PD is reviewed based on the available literature. Given the potentially critical role of gastrointestinal pathology in PD pathogenesis, there is reason to suspect that IBD or its treatments may impact PD risk. Thus, clinicians should be aware of PD symptoms in IBD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao J, Zhuang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yuan S, Zhang P, Li H, Li X, Shen H, Wang Z, Chen G. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 aggravates secondary brain injury induced by intracerebral hemorrhage in rats by regulating the P38 MAPK/Drosha pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
9
|
Xiong Y, Yu J. Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Drosophila: What Have We Learned for Dominant Traits? Front Neurol 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 29686647 PMCID: PMC5900015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, there is no cure or proven disease modifying therapy for PD. The recent discovery of a number of genes involved in both sporadic and familial forms of PD has enabled disease modeling in easily manipulable model systems. Various model systems have been developed to study the pathobiology of PD and provided tremendous insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Among all the model systems, the power of Drosophila has revealed many genetic factors involved in the various pathways, and provided potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on Drosophila models of PD, with emphasis on how Drosophila models have provided new insights into the mutations of dominant genes causing PD and what are the convergent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blanca Ramírez M, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Madero-Pérez J, Gonnelli A, Drouyer M, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Hilfiker S. GTP binding regulates cellular localization of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2747-2767. [PMID: 28453723 PMCID: PMC5886193 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprise the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and sequence variants modify risk for sporadic PD. Previous studies indicate that LRRK2 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and alters MT-mediated vesicular transport processes. However, the molecular determinants within LRRK2 required for such interactions have remained unknown. Here, we report that most pathogenic LRRK2 mutants cause relocalization of LRRK2 to filamentous structures which colocalize with a subset of MTs, and an identical relocalization is seen upon pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The pronounced colocalization with MTs does not correlate with alterations in LRRK2 kinase activity, but rather with increased GTP binding. Synthetic mutations which impair GTP binding, as well as LRRK2 GTP-binding inhibitors profoundly interfere with the abnormal localization of both pathogenic mutant as well as kinase-inhibited LRRK2. Conversely, addition of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog to permeabilized cells enhances the association of pathogenic or kinase-inhibited LRRK2 with MTs. Our data elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased MT association of select pathogenic LRRK2 mutants or of pharmacologically kinase-inhibited LRRK2, with implications for downstream MT-mediated transport events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Adriano Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hui KY, Fernandez-Hernandez H, Hu J, Schaffner A, Pankratz N, Hsu NY, Chuang LS, Carmi S, Villaverde N, Li X, Rivas M, Levine AP, Bao X, Labrias PR, Haritunians T, Ruane D, Gettler K, Chen E, Li D, Schiff ER, Pontikos N, Barzilai N, Brant SR, Bressman S, Cheifetz AS, Clark LN, Daly MJ, Desnick RJ, Duerr RH, Katz S, Lencz T, Myers RH, Ostrer H, Ozelius L, Payami H, Peter Y, Rioux JD, Segal AW, Scott WK, Silverberg MS, Vance JM, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Foroud T, Atzmon G, Pe'er I, Ioannou Y, McGovern DPB, Yue Z, Schadt EE, Cho JH, Peter I. Functional variants in the LRRK2 gene confer shared effects on risk for Crohn's disease and Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaai7795. [PMID: 29321258 PMCID: PMC6028002 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD), a form of inflammatory bowel disease, has a higher prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish than in non-Jewish European populations. To define the role of nonsynonymous mutations, we performed exome sequencing of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with CD, followed by array-based genotyping and association analysis in 2066 CD cases and 3633 healthy controls. We detected association signals in the LRRK2 gene that conferred risk for CD (N2081D variant, P = 9.5 × 10-10) or protection from CD (N551K variant, tagging R1398H-associated haplotype, P = 3.3 × 10-8). These variants affected CD age of onset, disease location, LRRK2 activity, and autophagy. Bayesian network analysis of CD patient intestinal tissue further implicated LRRK2 in CD pathogenesis. Analysis of the extended LRRK2 locus in 24,570 CD cases, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and healthy controls revealed extensive pleiotropy, with shared genetic effects between CD and PD in both Ashkenazi Jewish and non-Jewish cohorts. The LRRK2 N2081D CD risk allele is located in the same kinase domain as G2019S, a mutation that is the major genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. Like the G2019S mutation, the N2081D variant was associated with increased kinase activity, whereas neither N551K nor R1398H variants on the protective haplotype altered kinase activity. We also confirmed that R1398H, but not N551K, increased guanosine triphosphate binding and hydrolyzing enzyme (GTPase) activity, thereby deactivating LRRK2. The presence of shared LRRK2 alleles in CD and PD provides refined insight into disease mechanisms and may have major implications for the treatment of these two seemingly unrelated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Y Hui
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adam Schaffner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ling-Shiang Chuang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shai Carmi
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Nicole Villaverde
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xianting Li
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manual Rivas
- Department of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adam P Levine
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Xiuliang Bao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe R Labrias
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Translational Genomics Group, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Darren Ruane
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kyle Gettler
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ernie Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dalin Li
- Translational Genomics Group, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Elena R Schiff
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Susan Bressman
- Alan and Barbara Mirken Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Adam S Cheifetz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Department of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard H Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Seymour Katz
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
- North Shore University-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA
- St. Francis Hospital, Roslyn, NY 11576, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Deparment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haydeh Payami
- Departments of Neurology and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
| | - Yakov Peter
- Department of Biology, Touro College, Queens, NY 10033, USA
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10033, USA
| | - John D Rioux
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec H1T1C8, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1T1C8, Canada
| | - Anthony W Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - William K Scott
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T3L9, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Itsik Pe'er
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiannis Ioannou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- Translational Genomics Group, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Judy H Cho
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Institute for Genetics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neuronal death signaling pathways triggered by mutant LRRK2. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:123-129. [PMID: 28202665 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. While considerable progress has been made in understanding its function and the many different cellular activities in which it participates, a clear understanding of the mechanism(s) of the induction of neuronal death by mutant forms of LRRK2 remains elusive. Although several in vivo models have documented the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, more complete interrogations of the modality of neuronal death have been gained from cellular models. Overexpression of mutant LRRK2 in neuronal-like cell lines or in primary neurons induces an apoptotic type of cell death involving components of the extrinsic as well as intrinsic death pathways. While informative, these studies are limited by their reliance upon isolated neuronal cells; and the pathways triggered by mutant LRRK2 in neurons may be further refined or modulated by extracellular signals. Nevertheless, the identification of specific cell death-associated signaling events set in motion by the dominant action of mutant LRRK2, the loss of an inhibitory function of wild-type LRRK2, or a combination of the two, expands the landscape of potential therapeutic targets for future intervention in the clinic.
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomas JM, Li T, Yang W, Xue F, Fishman PS, Smith WW. 68 and FX2149 Attenuate Mutant LRRK2-R1441C-Induced Neural Transport Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28119604 PMCID: PMC5222795 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a large protein with implications in genetic and sporadic causes of Parkinson's disease. The physiological functions of LRRK2 are largely unknown. In this report, we investigated whether LRRK2 alters neural transport using live-cell imaging techniques and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that expression of the PD-linked mutant, LRRK2-R1441C, induced mitochondrial, and lysosomal transport defects in neurites of SH-SY5Y cells. Most importantly, recently identified GTP-binding inhibitors, 68 and FX2149, can reduce LRRK2 GTP-binding activity and attenuates R1441C-induced mitochondrial and lysosomal transport impairments. These results provide direct evidence and an early mechanism for neurite injury underlying LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration. This is the first report to show that LRRK2 GTP-binding activity plays a critical role during neurite transport, suggesting inhibition of LRRK2 GTP-binding could be a potential novel strategy for PD intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA; Neurology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare SystemBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiong Y, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Models of LRRK2-Associated Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:163-191. [PMID: 28353284 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) and also one of the strongest genetic risk factors in sporadic PD. The LRRK2 protein contains a GTPase and a kinase domain and several protein-protein interaction domains. Both in vitro and in vivo assays in different model systems have provided tremendous insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Among all the model systems, animal models are crucial tools to study the pathogenesis of human disease. How do the animal models recapitulate LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in human PD? To answer this question, this review focuses on the discussion of the animal models of LRRK2-associated PD including genetic- and viral-based models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, 70130-2685, USA.
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, 70130-2685, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Islam MS, Nolte H, Jacob W, Ziegler AB, Pütz S, Grosjean Y, Szczepanowska K, Trifunovic A, Braun T, Heumann H, Heumann R, Hovemann B, Moore DJ, Krüger M. Human R1441C LRRK2 regulates the synaptic vesicle proteome and phosphoproteome in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5365-5382. [PMID: 27794539 PMCID: PMC6078604 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial Parkinson`s disease (PD) and variation at the LRRK2 locus contributes to the risk for idiopathic PD. LRRK2 can function as a protein kinase and mutations lead to increased kinase activity. To elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of the R1441C mutation in the GTPase domain of LRRK2, we expressed human wild-type or R1441C LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila and observe reduced locomotor activity, impaired survival and an age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons thereby creating a new PD-like model. To explore the function of LRRK2 variants in vivo, we performed mass spectrometry and quantified 3,616 proteins in the fly brain. We identify several differentially-expressed cytoskeletal, mitochondrial and synaptic vesicle proteins (SV), including synaptotagmin-1, syntaxin-1A and Rab3, in the brain of this LRRK2 fly model. In addition, a global phosphoproteome analysis reveals the enhanced phosphorylation of several SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 (pThr1131) and the microtubule-associated protein futsch (pSer4106) in the brain of R1441C hLRRK2 flies. The direct phosphorylation of human synaptojanin-1 by R1441C hLRRK2 could further be confirmed by in vitro kinase assays. A protein-protein interaction screen in the fly brain confirms that LRRK2 robustly interacts with numerous SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 and EndophilinA. Our proteomic, phosphoproteomic and interactome study in the Drosophila brain provides a systematic analyses of R1441C hLRRK2-induced pathobiological mechanisms in this model. We demonstrate for the first time that the R1441C mutation located within the LRRK2 GTPase domain induces the enhanced phosphorylation of SV proteins in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shariful Islam
- Silantes GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wright Jacob
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Heumann
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Darren J. Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weng YH, Chen CY, Lin KJ, Chen YL, Yeh TH, Hsiao IT, Chen IJ, Lu CS, Wang HL. (R1441C) LRRK2 induces the degeneration of SN dopaminergic neurons and alters the expression of genes regulating neuronal survival in a transgenic mouse model. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 1:104-15. [PMID: 26363496 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) cases. Several mutations in LRRK2 gene were reported in PD patients. R1441 is the second most frequent site of LRRK2 mutation. We generated (R1441C) LRRK2 transgenic mice that displayed motor deficits at the age of 16 months. Compared with wild-type mice, 16-month-old (R1441C) LRRK2 mice exhibited a significant reduction in the number of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. To elucidate molecular pathogenic pathways involved in (R1441C) LRRK2-induced death of SN dopaminergic neurons, we performed microarray analysis to visualize altered mRNA expressions in the SN of (R1441C) LRRK2 mouse. In the SN of (R1441C) LRRK2 transgenic mouse, the mRNA expression of three genes that promote cell death was upregulated, while the mRNA expression of seven genes that contribute to neurogenesis/neuroprotection was significantly downregulated. Our results suggest that altered expression of these genes involved in regulating neuronal survival may contribute to the pathogenesis of (R1441C) LRRK2-induced PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Weng
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Jun Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ling Chen
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ing-Tsung Hsiao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ing-Jou Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genetic and pharmacological evidence that G2019S LRRK2 confers a hyperkinetic phenotype, resistant to motor decline associated with aging. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:62-73. [PMID: 25107341 PMCID: PMC4194318 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation G2019S in the kinase-domain is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. To investigate the impact of the G2019S mutation on motor activity in vivo, a longitudinal phenotyping approach was developed in knock-in (KI) mice bearing this kinase-enhancing mutation. Two cohorts of G2019S KI mice and wild-type littermates (WT) were subjected to behavioral tests, specific for akinesia, bradykinesia and overall gait ability, at different ages (3, 6, 10, 15 and 19 months). The motor performance of G2019S KI mice remained stable up to the age of 19 months and did not show the typical age-related decline in immobility time and stepping activity of WT. Several lines of evidence suggest that enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity is the main contributor to the observed hyperkinetic phenotype of G2019S KI mice: i) KI mice carrying a LRRK2 kinase-dead mutation (D1994S KD) showed a similar progressive motor decline as WT; ii) two LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, H-1152 and Nov-LRRK2-11, acutely reversed the hyperkinetic phenotype of G2019S KI mice, while being ineffective in WT or D1994S KD animals. LRRK2 target engagement in vivo was further substantiated by reduction of LRRK2 phosphorylation at Ser935 in the striatum and cortex at efficacious doses of Nov-LRRK2-11, and in the striatum at efficacious doses of H-1152. In summary, expression of the G2019S mutation in the mouse LRRK2 gene confers a hyperkinetic phenotype that is resistant to age-related motor decline, likely via enhancement of LRRK2 kinase activity. This study provides an in vivo model to investigate the effects of LRRK2 inhibitors on motor function. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation confers a hyperkinetic phenotype. The LRRK2 D1994S kinase-dead mutation does not affect motor phenotype. The LRRK2 kinase inhibitors reverse motor phenotype of G2019S mice. The LRRK2 kinase inhibitors inhibit LRRK2 phosphorylation at Ser935 ex-vivo.
Collapse
|
18
|
LRRK2 and neuroinflammation: partners in crime in Parkinson's disease? J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 24655756 PMCID: PMC3994422 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that chronic inflammation is a prominent feature of several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation can contribute greatly to dopaminergic neuron degeneration and progression of the disease. Recent literature highlights that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a kinase mutated in both autosomal-dominantly inherited and sporadic PD cases, modulates inflammation in response to different pathological stimuli. In this review, we outline the state of the art of LRRK2 functions in microglia cells and in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of LRRK2 in cytoskeleton remodeling and vesicle trafficking in microglia cells under physiological and pathological conditions. We also hypothesize that LRRK2 mutations might sensitize microglia cells toward a pro-inflammatory state, which in turn results in exacerbated inflammation with consequent neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mills RD, Mulhern TD, Liu F, Culvenor JG, Cheng HC. Prediction of the Repeat Domain Structures and Impact of Parkinsonism-Associated Variations on Structure and Function of all Functional Domains of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Hum Mutat 2014; 35:395-412. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Terrence D. Mulhern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; NSW Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chai C, Lim KL. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:486-501. [PMID: 24532982 PMCID: PMC3924245 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research over the last 15 years has led to the identification of several autosomal recessive and dominant
genes that cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, the functional characterization of these genes has
shed considerable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Collectively;
these studies implicate aberrant protein and mitochondrial homeostasis as key contributors to the development of PD, with
oxidative stress likely acting as an important nexus between the two pathogenic events. Interestingly, recent genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have revealed variations in at least two of the identified familial PD genes (i.e. α-synuclein
and LRRK2) as significant risk factors for the development of sporadic PD. At the same time, the studies also uncovered
variability in novel alleles that is associated with increased risk for the disease. Additionally, in-silico meta-analyses of
GWAS data have allowed major steps into the investigation of the roles of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
in sporadic PD. The emergent picture from the progress made thus far is that the etiology of sporadic PD is multi-factorial
and presumably involves a complex interplay between a multitude of gene networks and the environment. Nonetheless,
the biochemical pathways underlying familial and sporadic forms of PD are likely to be shared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|