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Teeman CS, Kurti SP, Cull BJ, Emerson SR, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK. The effect of moderate intensity exercise in the postprandial period on the inflammatory response to a high-fat meal: an experimental study. Nutr J 2016; 15:24. [PMID: 26956025 PMCID: PMC4784313 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consuming a high-fat meal (HFM) may lead to postprandial lipemia (PPL) and inflammation. Postprandial exercise has been shown to effectively attenuate PPL. However, little is known about the impact of postprandial exercise on systemic inflammation and whether PPL and inflammation are associated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether moderate intensity exercise performed 60 min following a true-to-life HFM would attenuate PPL and inflammation. Methods Thirty-nine young adults (18–40 year) with no known metabolic disease were randomized to either a control group (CON) who remained sedentary during the postprandial period or an exercise (EX) group who walked at 60 % VO2peak to expend ≈ 5 kcal/kgbw one-hour following the HFM. Participants consumed a HFM of 10 kcal/kgbw and blood draws were performed immediately before, 2 h and 4 h post-HFM. Results At baseline, there were no differences between EX and CON groups for any metabolic or inflammatory markers (p > 0.05). Postprandial triglycerides (TRG) increased from baseline to 4 h in the EX and CON groups (p < 0.001), with no differences between groups (p = 0.871). High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in both groups across time (p < 0.001) with no differences between groups (p = 0.137). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significant as a quadratic function over time (p = 0.005), decreasing from baseline to 2 h then increasing and returning to baseline at 4 h in all participants with no difference between groups (p = 0.276). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was not different from baseline to 4 h between groups (p > 0.05). There was an increase in soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) from baseline to 4 h (p = 0.027) for all participants along with a group x time interaction (p = 0.020). Changes in TRG were associated with changes in interleukin-10 (IL-10) from 0 to 2 h (p = 0.007), but were not associated with changes in any other inflammatory marker in the postprandial period (p > 0.05). Conclusions Despite significant increases in PPL following a HFM, moderate intensity exercise in the postprandial period did not mitigate the PPL nor the inflammatory response to the HFM. These results indicate that in populations with low metabolic risk, PPL and inflammation following a HFM may not be directly related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby S Teeman
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, 1A Natatorium, 920 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Brooke J Cull
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Sam R Emerson
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Mark D Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
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Henderson GC, Alderman BL. Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:95-103. [PMID: 24235102 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00956.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A single bout of exercise can alter subsequent resting metabolism for many hours and into the next day. However, differences between men and women, effects of nutritional state, and relative effects of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in controlling the increase in lipid oxidation (Lox) after exercise are not yet clear. Effects of aerobic capacity (Vo2 peak) and exercise bout parameters (intensity and volume) also remain to be clearly elucidated as does the time course of changes after exercise. We performed a meta-analysis to assess these potential moderators of the impact of endurance exercise [effect sizes (ESs)] on subsequent Lox at rest (ES = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.69-1.12), on the day of exercise (ES = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.89-1.55), and on the following day (ES = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.35-0.85). ES for the exercise-related increase in resting Lox was significantly greater in men than women in the postabsorptive state but similar in the postprandial state. The ES for depression of RER after exercise was similar between men and women, while the ES for RMR in the postabsorptive state tended to be higher in men than women. Finally, Vo2 peak and exercise energy expenditure (EEE), but not intensity, were predictive of postexercise Lox. The findings indicate importance of EEE and fitness for ability to achieve robust enhancement of Lox after exercise. The results additionally indicate a gender difference in postexercise Lox that is dependent on nutritional state, as the ES for Lox was lower in women only in the postabsorptive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Bellou E, Siopi A, Galani M, Maraki M, Tsekouras YE, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, Magkos F, Sidossis LS. Acute effects of exercise and calorie restriction on triglyceride metabolism in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:455-61. [PMID: 23073216 PMCID: PMC3660976 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318278183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanisms by which exercise reduces fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations in women and the effect of negative energy balance independent of muscular contraction are not known.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of equivalent energy deficits induced by exercise or calorie restriction on basal VLDL-TG metabolism in women. METHODS Eleven healthy women (age = 23.5 ± 2.7 yr, body mass index = 21.6 ± 1.4 kg·m-2; mean ± SD) underwent a stable isotopically labeled tracer infusion study to determine basal VLDL-TG kinetics after performing, in random order, three experimental trials on the previous day: (i) a single exercise bout (brisk walking at 60% of peak oxygen consumption for 123 ± 18 min, with a net energy expenditure of 2.06 ± 0.39 MJ, ∼500 kcal), (ii) dietary energy restriction of 2.10 ± 0.41 MJ, and (iii) a control day of isocaloric feeding and rest (zero energy balance). RESULTS Fasting plasma VLDL-TG concentration was approximately 30% lower after the exercise trial compared with the control trial (P < 0.001), whereas no significant change was detected after the calorie restriction trial (P = 0.297 vs control). Relative to the control condition, exercise increased the plasma clearance rate of VLDL-TG by 22% (P = 0.001) and reduced hepatic VLDL-TG secretion rate by approximately 17% (P = 0.042), whereas hypocaloric diet had no effect on VLDL-TG kinetics (P > 0.2). CONCLUSION (i) Exercise-induced hypotriglyceridemia in women manifests through a different mechanism (increased clearance and decreased secretion of VLDL-TG) than that previously described in men (increased clearance of VLDL-TG only), and (ii) exercise affects TG homeostasis by eliciting changes in VLDL-TG kinetics that cannot be reproduced by an equivalent diet-induced energy deficit, indicating that these changes are independent of the exercise-induced negative energy balance but instead are specific to muscular contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellou
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) are major substrates for hepatic VLDL-triglycerides (VLDL-TG) production. In addition, it is a common belief that VLDL-TG production is a substrate driven process primarily determined by systemic FFA delivery. This review summarizes recent research of our understanding of the regulation of VLDL-TG production. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that increasing FFA flux is not inevitably associated with increased VLDL-TG production. Exercise induced increase in FFA flux resulting in unchanged VLDL-TG production in lean patients as well as in obese patients with increased hepatic fat despite exercise reduced hepatic fat content. With respect to the other inseparable conditions of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, recent studies demonstrate that increased hepatic VLDL-TG production precedes the insulin resistance-associated impairment of the regulation of hepatic glucose production, whereas isolated chronic hyperinsulinemia (insulinoma) was not associated with increased VLDL-TG production. Insulin has been shown to have acute potent temporary suppressing effect on VLDL-TG production and new data demonstrates that increased glucagon reduces VLDL-TG production. Finally, recent studies indicate that sex hormones, oestrogen and testosterone, have no or very modest impact on VLDL-TG production. SUMMARY Regulation of hepatic VLDL-TG production involves interplay between systemic FFA delivery, hormonal, and nutritional factors that act in concert with hepatic fatty acid handling to regulate short-term and long-term VLDL-TG production. The results of recent studies underscore that our current understanding of these relationships is complex and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Plasma triglyceride concentrations are rapidly reduced following individual bouts of endurance exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:721-30. [PMID: 20217117 PMCID: PMC2883923 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
It is known that chronic endurance training leads to improvements in the lipoprotein profile, but less is known about changes that occur during postexercise recovery acutely. We analyzed triglyceride (TG), cholesterol classes and apolipoproteins in samples collected before, during and after individual moderate- and hard-intensity exercise sessions in men and women that were isoenergetic between intensities. Young healthy men (n = 9) and young healthy women (n = 9) were studied under three different conditions with diet unchanged between trials: (1) before, during and 3 h after 90 min of exercise at 45% VO2peak (E45); (2) before, during and 3 h after 60 min of exercise at 65% VO2peak (E65), and (3) in a time-matched sedentary control trial (C). At baseline, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was higher in women than men (P < 0.05). In men and in women, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and LDL peak particle size were unaltered by exercise either during exertion or after 3 h of recovery. In women, but not in men, average plasma TG was significantly reduced below C at 3 h postexercise by approximately 15% in E45 and 25% in E65 (P < 0.05) with no significant difference between exercise intensities. In summary, plasma TG concentration rapidly declines following exercise in women, but not in men. These results demonstrate an important mechanism by which each individual exercise session may incrementally reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women.
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Magkos F, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. Enhanced insulin sensitivity after acute exercise is not associated with changes in high-molecular weight adiponectin concentration in plasma. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:61-6. [PMID: 19864294 PMCID: PMC3557821 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The effect of exercise on the plasma concentration of high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin (i.e. the biologically active form of circulating adiponectin) and the possible role of HMW adiponectin in mediating the exercise-induced enhancement of insulin action are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the post-exercise increase in insulin sensitivity and plasma HMW adiponectin concentration. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in plasma using an ELISA kit, and insulin sensitivity using the updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-IS) score in the basal, overnight fasted state, once approximately 12 h after a single bout of moderate-intensity endurance exercise and once after an equivalent period of rest, in 27 healthy men and women (age: 29+/-1 years and body mass index: 24.7+/-0.8 kg/m(2)). RESULTS The HOMA2-IS score was 18+/-7% greater after exercise than after rest (229+/-20 and 196+/-17 respectively; P=0.006), whereas the concentrations of total adiponectin (7.8+/-0.5 and 7.7+/-0.5 mg/l respectively; P=0.597) and HMW adiponectin (3.0+/-0.3 and 3.0+/-0.3 mg/l respectively; P=0.625) were not different. The exercise-induced change in HOMA2-IS score was not related to changes in total and HMW adiponectin concentrations (P>0.3). CONCLUSIONS Changes in HMW adiponectin concentration are not involved in the acute exercise-induced enhancement of insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Magkos F, Mohammed BS, Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B. Free fatty acid kinetics in the late phase of postexercise recovery: importance of resting fatty acid metabolism and exercise-induced energy deficit. Metabolism 2009; 58:1248-55. [PMID: 19500809 PMCID: PMC2728784 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid (FFA) availability increases several-fold during exercise and remains significantly elevated for at least 3 to 6 hours after exercise cessation. Little, however, is known regarding the duration of the postexercise rise in FFA flux. In the present study, we used stable isotope-labeled palmitate infusion to examine fatty acid metabolism in 27 healthy untrained men and women (age, 29 +/- 7 years; body mass index, 25 +/- 4 kg/m2) between 13 to 16 hours and 21 to 24 hours after a single bout of moderate-intensity endurance exercise (1-2 hours at 60% of peak oxygen consumption), performed in the evening, and after a time-matched resting trial. Postabsorptive FFA rate of appearance (Ra) and FFA concentration in plasma were significantly greater after exercise than rest throughout the recovery period (P < .015), but the exercise-induced increases declined from approximately 40% at 13 to 16 hours to approximately 10% at 21 to 24 hours postexercise (P = .001). The magnitude of the exercise-induced increase in plasma FFA concentration was proportional to the increase in FFA Ra. Correlation analysis demonstrated that exercise-induced changes in plasma FFA Ra at 13 to 16 hours are (1) negatively associated with resting plasma FFA Ra and (2) positively associated with the net energy expenditure of exercise and the exercise-induced changes in whole-body fat oxidation rate (all P values < .05). In multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis, baseline plasma FFA Ra (P < or = .008) and net energy expenditure of exercise (P < or = .005) independently predicted the exercise-induced change in plasma FFA Ra at 13 to 16 hours. We conclude that the exercise-induced increase in FFA mobilization is (1) long-lived, persisting for 12 to 24 hours after exercise, with a progressive decline with time; (2) greater in subjects with low than high resting plasma FFA availability; and (3) greater after exercise with high than low energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author: Bettina Mittendorfer, Ph.D., Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Science, 660 South Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8031, St. Louis, MO 63110; USA, Phone: (314) 362 8450, Fax: (314) 362 8230, E-mail:
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Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Gender differences in lipid metabolism and the effect of obesity. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009; 36:245-65, vii. [PMID: 19501312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many differences between men and women, and between lean and obese subjects, in fatty acid and very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism. Currently, observations in this area are predominantly descriptive. The mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolism are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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