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Xu T, Lun W, He Y. Subchorionic hematoma: Research status and pathogenesis (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2024; 4:10. [PMID: 38362561 PMCID: PMC10865452 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2024.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Subchorionic hematoma (SCH) is a hematoma in which blood accumulates between the chorion and decidua basalis due to the separation of the chorion and decidua basalis. It is common in patients with threatened abortion in early pregnancy and is mainly detected by ultrasound. SCH mainly manifests as an hypoechoic or anechoic crescent-shaped fluid dark area on ultrasound images. Although there are numerous studies on SCH, its pathogenesis and etiology remain unclear, and its influence on pregnancy outcomes is also controversial; there are also no uniform clinical treatment guidelines. Current studies suggest that the occurrence of SCH may be related to several factors, such as abnormal coagulation function, autoimmune factors of pregnant women, assisted reproduction, drug use during pregnancy and reproductive tract infection; however, its exact etiology remains unclear. Some studies suggest that SCH is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm birth, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, although other studies have found that SCH does not increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the present review mainly discusses the pathogenesis, etiology and treatment of SCH in an aim to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of this condition in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Lun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfang He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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2
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The Multiple Sclerosis Modulatory Potential of Natural Multi-Targeting Antioxidants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238402. [PMID: 36500494 PMCID: PMC9740750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Although its pathogenesis is rather vague in some aspects, it is well known to be an inflammatory process characterized by inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative burden, resulting in demyelination and reduced remyelination and axonal survival together with microglial activation. Antioxidant compounds are gaining interest towards the manipulation of MS, since they offer, in most of the cases, many benefits, due to their pleiotropical activity, that mainly derives from the oxidative stress decrease. This review analyzes research articles, of the last decade, which describe biological in vitro, in vivo and clinical evaluation of various categories of the most therapeutically applied natural antioxidant compounds, and some of their derivatives, with anti-MS activity. It also summarizes some of the main characteristics of MS and the role the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may have in its progression, as well as their relation with the other mechanistic aspects of the disease, in order for the multi-targeting potential of those antioxidants to be defined and the source of origination of such activity explained. Antioxidant compounds with specific characteristics are expected to affect positively some aspects of the disease, and their potential may render them as effective candidates for neurological impairment reduction in combination with the MS treatment regimen. However, more studies are needed in order such antioxidants to be established as recommended treatment to MS patients.
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3
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Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Alpha Lipoic Acid Derivatives to Treat Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Central Neuropathic Pain. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid Inhibits Spontaneous Diabetes and Autoimmune Recurrence in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice by Enhancing Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Showed Potential for Use in Cell Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031169. [PMID: 35163121 PMCID: PMC8835933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the destruction of β cells in pancreatic islets by autoimmune T cells. Islet transplantation has been established as an effective treatment for T1D. However, the survival of islet grafts is often disrupted by recurrent autoimmunity. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of T1D. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of ALA in autoimmunity inhibition. We treated non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with spontaneous diabetes and islet-transplantation mice with ALA. The onset of diabetes was decreased and survival of the islet grafts was extended. The populations of Th1 cells decreased, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased in ALA-treated mice. The in vitro Treg differentiation was significantly increased by treatment with ALA. The adoptive transfer of ALA-differentiated Tregs into NOD recipients improved the outcome of the islet grafts. Our results showed that in vivo ALA treatment suppressed spontaneous diabetes and autoimmune recurrence in NOD mice by inhibiting the Th1 immune response and inducing the differentiation of Tregs. Our study also demonstrated the therapeutic potential of ALA in Treg-based cell therapies and islet transplantation used in the treatment of T1D.
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Ko CY, Xu JH, Chang YW, Lo YM, Wu JSB, Huang WC, Shen SC. Effects of α-Lipoic Acid on Phagocytosis of Oligomeric Beta-Amyloid1–42 in BV-2 Mouse Microglial Cells. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:788723. [PMID: 35095473 PMCID: PMC8790469 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.788723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: This study aimed to investigate the enhancing effect of vitamin-like alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on phagocytosis of oligomeric beta-amyloid (oAβ)1–42 in BV-2 mouse microglial cells. Methods: An in vitro model was established to investigate phagocytosis of oAβ1–42 in BV-2 cells. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the morphology of prepared oAβ1–42 was spherical particles. BV-2 cells treated with ALA were incubated with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-labeled oAβ1–42 (FAM-oAβ1–42) for 24 h, followed by flow cytometer analysis, western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis to assess the in vitro phagocytosis ability of oAβ1–42. Results: Alpha-lipoic acid significantly increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the CD36 receptor in BV-2 cells. ICC analysis showed that ALA significantly elevated CD36 protein expression in BV-2 cells both with and without oAβ1–42 treatment. Results from the flow cytometry analysis indicated that the CD36 receptor inhibitor significantly attenuated ALA-promoted phagocytosis of FAM-oAβ1–42 in BV-2 cells. Moreover, ICC analysis revealed that ALA caused the translocation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), which is known to regulate the expression of CD36 mRNA in BV-2 cells. ALA also elevated both the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in BV-2 cells. Conclusion: We postulated that ALA enhances oAβ1–42 phagocytosis by upregulating the COX-2/15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2/PPAR-γ/CD36 pathway in BV-2 cells. Finally, future studies should be conducted with an in vivo study to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - James Swi-Bea Wu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Szu-Chuan Shen,
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Xie H, Yang X, Cao Y, Long X, Shang H, Jia Z. Role of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:319-331. [PMID: 34964271 PMCID: PMC8841304 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is an endogenous antioxidant that exists widely in nature. Supplementation with LA is a promising approach to improve the outcomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies describing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and mechanism of LA in MS‐related experiments and clinical trials. A total of 516 records were identified by searching five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Overall, we included 20 studies reporting LA effects in cell and mouse models of MS and 12 studies reporting LA effects in patients with MS. Briefly, cell experiments revealed that LA protected neurons by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators and activities of immune cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse experiments demonstrated that LA consistently reduced the number of infiltrating immune cells in the central nervous system and decreased the clinical disability scores. Patients with MS showed relatively stable Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and better walking performance with few adverse events after the oral administration of LA. Notably, heterogeneity of this evidence existed among modeling methods, LA usage, MS stage, and trial duration. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative effects of LA in both in vitro and in vivo experiments; therefore, patients with MS may benefit from LA administration. Whether LA can be a routine supplementary therapy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufang Yang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xipeng Long
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Failed, Interrupted, or Inconclusive Trials on Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatment Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: Update 2015-2020. Drugs 2021; 81:1031-1063. [PMID: 34086251 PMCID: PMC8217012 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, a plethora of drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapeutics are mainly confined to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive strategies but do not sufficiently address remyelination and neuroprotection. However, several neuroregenerative agents have shown potential in pre-clinical research and entered Phase I to III clinical trials. Although none of these compounds have yet proceeded to approval, understanding the causes of failure can broaden our knowledge about neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in MS. Moreover, most of the investigated approaches are characterised by consistent mechanisms of action and proved convincing efficacy in animal studies. Therefore, learning from their failure will help us to enforce the translation of findings acquired in pre-clinical studies into clinical application. Here, we summarise trials on MS treatment published since 2015 that have either failed or were interrupted due to a lack of efficacy, adverse events, or for other reasons. We further outline the rationale underlying these drugs and analyse the background of failure to gather new insights into MS pathophysiology and optimise future study designs. For conciseness, this review focuses on agents promoting remyelination and medications with primarily neuroprotective properties or unconventional approaches. Failed clinical trials that pursue immunomodulation are presented in a separate article.
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Le Garf S, Sibille B, Mothe-Satney I, Eininger C, Fauque P, Murdaca J, Chinetti G, Neels JG, Rousseau AS. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation increases the efficacy of exercise- and diet-induced obesity treatment and induces immunometabolic changes in female mice and women. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21312. [PMID: 33742689 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001817rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the regulatory T cells (Tregs) population is highly involved in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Tregs depend on fatty acids via β-oxidation for immunosuppressive function adapting their antioxidant systems to allow survival to oxidative stress. In this study, we have hypothesized that a dietary supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, would improve immunometabolism when added to the classical strategy of obesity treatment. First, we showed by in vitro experiments that ALA favors the polarization of mice CD4 + T cells toward Tregs. Next, we have carried out a translational study where female obese mice and women were supplemented with ALA or vehicle/placebo (mice: 2.5 gALA /kgfood ; 6 weeks; women: 600 mgALA /day, 8 weeks) while following a protocol including regular exercise and a change in diet. Fatty acid oxidation potential and activity of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2) of mouse secondary lymphoid tissues were improved by ALA supplementation. ALA reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and preserved Tregs in VAT in mice. In women, ALA supplementation induced significant metabolic changes of circulating CD4 + T cells including increased oxidative capacity and fatty acid oxidation, ameliorated their redox status, and improved the reduction of visceral fat mass. While appropriate biological markers are still required to be used in clinics to judge the effectiveness of long-term obesity treatment, further studies in female mice and women are needed to determine whether these immunometabolic changes would reduce VAT mass-associated risk for secondary health issues arising from obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaap G Neels
- INSERM, C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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9
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Scarante FF, Ribeiro MA, Almeida-Santos AF, Guimarães FS, Campos AC. Glial Cells and Their Contribution to the Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:618065. [PMID: 33613284 PMCID: PMC7890128 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.618065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with a broad-range of therapeutic potential in several conditions, including neurological (epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic and ischemic brain injuries) and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, addiction, major depressive disorder, and anxiety). The pharmacological mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unclear, and more than 60 potential molecular targets have been described. Regarding neuropsychiatric disorders, most studies investigating these mechanisms have focused on neuronal cells. However, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) also play a crucial role in keeping the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Changes in glial functions have been associated with neuropathological conditions, including those for which CBD is proposed to be useful. Mostly in vitro studies have indicated that CBD modulate the activation of proinflammatory pathways, energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and the proliferative rate of glial cells. Likewise, some of the molecular targets proposed for CBD actions are f expressed in glial cells, including pharmacological receptors such as CB1, CB2, PPAR-γ, and 5-HT1A. In the present review, we discuss the currently available evidence suggesting that part of the CBD effects are mediated by interference with glial cell function. We also propose additional studies that need to be performed to unveil the contribution of glial cells to CBD effects in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele F. Scarante
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Melissa A. Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana F. Almeida-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alline C. Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid Plays a Role in Endometriosis: New Evidence on Inflammasome-Mediated Interleukin Production, Cellular Adhesion and Invasion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020288. [PMID: 33430114 PMCID: PMC7826935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-linked gynecological disease defined by the presence of endometrial tissue on extrauterine sites where it forms invasive lesions. Alterations in estrogen-mediated cellular signaling seems to have an essential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Higher estrogen receptor (ER)-β levels and enhanced ER-β activity were detected in endometriotic tissues. It is well known that ER-β interacts with components of the cytoplasmic inflammasome-3 (NALP-3), the NALP-3 activation increases interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, enhancing cellular adhesion and proliferation. Otherwise, the inhibition of ER-β activity suppresses the ectopic lesions growth. The present study aims to investigate the potential effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on NALP-3 and ER-β expression using a western blot analysis, NALP-3-induced cytokines production by ELISA, migration and invasion of immortalized epithelial (12Z) and stromal endometriotic cells (22B) using a 3D culture invasion assay, and matrix-metalloprotease (MMPs) activity using gelatin zymography. ALA significantly reduces ER-β, NALP-3 protein expression/activity and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in both 12Z and 22B cells. ALA treatment reduces cellular adhesion and invasion via a lower expression of adhesion molecules and MMPs activities. These results provide convincing evidence that ALA might inhibit endometriosis progression.
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Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and α-Lipoic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010403. [PMID: 33401674 PMCID: PMC7795784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased greatly worldwide due to the rise in life expectancy. In spite of notable development in the understanding of these disorders, there has been limited success in the development of neuroprotective agents that can slow the progression of the disease and prevent neuronal death. Some natural products and molecules are very promising neuroprotective agents because of their structural diversity and wide variety of biological activities. In addition to their neuroprotective effect, they are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and often serve as a starting point for drug discovery. In this review, the following natural molecules are discussed: firstly, kynurenic acid, the main neuroprotective agent formed via the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, as it is known mainly for its role in glutamate excitotoxicity, secondly, the dietary supplement pantethine, that is many sided, well tolerated and safe, and the third molecule, α-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant. As a conclusion, because of their beneficial properties, these molecules are potential candidates for neuroprotective therapies suitable in managing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Shyu LY, Chen KM, Lu CY, Lai SC. Regulation of Proinflammatory Enzymes by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Astroglia Infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 2020; 106:564-571. [PMID: 32916705 DOI: 10.1645/18-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates neuroinflammation, and its agonists act as neuroprotective agents. This study aims to investigate the correlation between PPARγ and proinflammatory enzyme expression in astroglia infected with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite in vitro. Our results showed that matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-9, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PGE)-2, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased in T. gondii-infected astroglia. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, PGE-2, iNOS, and NO were significantly decreased by rosiglitazone-a PPARγ agonist. By contrast, the treatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, efficiently increased the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, PGE-2, iNOS, and NO. These results suggested that the treatment with rosiglitazone offers a potential strategy for controlling the inflammatory factors in T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yuh Shyu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chan Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Zhang SY, Gui LN, Liu YY, Shi S, Cheng Y. Oxidative Stress Marker Aberrations in Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:823. [PMID: 32982663 PMCID: PMC7479227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a key role in multiple sclerosis (MS), but clinical data on oxidative stress markers in MS patients were inconsistent. This study sought to quantitatively summarize the data of oxidative stress markers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS in the literature. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science and included studies if they provided data on the concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the peripheral blood and CSF of MS patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. The systematic search resulted in the inclusion of 31 studies with 2,001 MS patients and 2,212 HC subjects for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with MS had significantly increased concentrations of blood oxidative stress markers compared with HC subjects for malondialdehyde (MDA; Hedges' g, 2.252; 95% CI, 1.080 to 3.424; p < 0.001) and lipid hydroperoxide by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL-LOOH; Hedges' g, 0.383; 95% CI, 0.065 to 0.702; p = 0.018). In contrast, concentrations of albumin (Hedges' g, −1.036; CI, −1.679 to −0.394; p = 0.002) were significantly decreased in MS patients when compared with those in HC subjects. However, the other analyzed blood oxidative stress markers did not show significant differences between cases and controls. Furthermore, this meta-analysis showed significant association between CSF MDA and MS (Hedges' g, 3.275; 95% CI, 0.859 to 5.691; p = 0.008). Taken together, our results revealed increased blood and CSF MDA and decreased blood albumin levels in patients with MS, strengthening the clinical evidence of increased oxidative stress in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lue-Ning Gui
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediated gene expression and inhibition of induced nitric oxide production by Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:80. [PMID: 32164648 PMCID: PMC7076844 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health benefits of botanicals is linked to their phytochemicals that often exert pleiotropic effects via targeting multiple molecular signaling pathways such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB). The PPARs are transcription factors that control metabolic homeostasis and inflammation while the NF-κB is a master regulator of inflammatory genes such as the inducible nitric-oxide synthase that result in nitric oxide (NO) overproduction. METHODS Extracts of Maerua subcordata (MS) and selected candidate constituents thereof, identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy, were tested for their ability to induce PPARγ mediated gene expression in U2OS-PPARγ cells using luciferase reporter gene assay and also for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. While measuring the effect of test samples on PPARγ mediated gene expression, a counter assay that used U2OS-Cytotox cells was performed to monitor cytotoxicity or any non-specific changes in luciferase activity. RESULTS The results revealed that the fruit, root, and seed extracts were non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 30 g dry weight per litre (gDW/L) and induced PPARγ mediated gene expression but the leaf extract showed some cytotoxicity and exhibited minimal induction. Instead, all extracts showed concentration (1-15 gDW/L) dependent inhibition of LPS induced NO production. The root extract showed weaker inhibition. Among the candidate constituents, agmatine, stachydrine, trigonelline, indole-3-carboxyaldehyde, plus ethyl-, isobutyl-, isopropyl, and methyl-isothiocyanates showed similar inhibition, and most showed increased inhibition with increasing concentration (1-100 μM) although to a lesser potency than the positive control, aminoguanidine. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated for the first time the induction of PPARγ mediated gene expression by MS fruit, root, and seed extracts and the inhibition of LPS induced NO production by MS fruit, leaf, root, and seed extracts and some candidate constituents thereof.
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Lee KJ, Ko YJ, Kang SK, Kim WS, Cho CS, Choi YJ. Additive anti-inflammation by a combination of conjugated linoleic acid and α-lipoic acid through molecular interaction between both compounds. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 29:419-429. [PMID: 32257526 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha lipoic acid (LA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have been well-documented on a variety of functional effects in health foods. The main purpose of this study was focused on the additive anti-inflammatory activity of the combination of LA and CLA in vitro. Raw 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide were treated with LA and CLA individually or in combination at a variety of concentration ranges. Co-treating 25 μM of LA and 25 μM of CLA significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the same concentration of single LA- or CLA-treated group. The molecular mechanism of anti-inflammation by a combination of these compounds was attributed to extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 (ERK1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Also, the molecular interaction between both compounds was confirmed by NMR. Our findings suggested that the combination of CLA and LA showed potential additive effect on anti-inflammation through the molecular interaction of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-June Lee
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- 2National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- 3Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354 Republic of Korea
| | - Whee-Soo Kim
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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16
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Pang L, Deng P, Liang YD, Qian JY, Wu LC, Yang LL, Yu ZP, Zhou Z. Lipoic acid antagonizes paraquat-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by suppressing mitochondrial reactive oxidative stress. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:918-927. [PMID: 32774841 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide in the agricultural field. The lack of an effective antidote is the significant cause of high mortality in PQ poisoning. Here, we investigate the antagonistic effects of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA), a naturally existing antioxidant, on PQ toxicity in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). All the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 μM α-LA significantly inhibited 1000 μM PQ-induced cytotoxicity in HMEC-1 cells. α-LA pretreatment remarkably diminished the damage to cell migration ability, recovered the declined levels of the vasodilator factor nitric oxide (NO), elevated the expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS), and inhibited the upregulated expression of vasoconstrictor factor endothelin-1 (ET-1). Moreover, α-LA pretreatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, suppressed the damage to the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) and mitigated the inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in HMEC-1 cells. These results suggested that α-LA could alleviate PQ-induced endothelial dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress. In summary, our present study provides novel insight into the protective effects and pharmacological potential of α-LA against PQ toxicity in microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China .
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Yi-Dan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China .
| | - Jing-Yu Qian
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China .
| | - Li-Chuan Wu
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China .
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Zheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China . .,Department of Occupational Health , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology , School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China .
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17
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Di Nicuolo F, D'Ippolito S, Castellani R, Rossi ED, Masciullo V, Specchia M, Mariani M, Pontecorvi A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and myoinositol on endometrial inflammasome from recurrent pregnancy loss women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13153. [PMID: 31148259 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A significant increased expression/activation of one of the most well-characterized inflammasomes, the NAcht leucine-rich-repeat protein-3 (NALP-3), in the endometrium from idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss women (RPL) has been previously found by our research group. We therefore, suggested this event as being one of the molecular mechanisms altering endometrial inflammatory status during early pregnancy. In the present research, we attempt to investigate whether molecules with anti-inflammatory activity, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), and/or myoinositol affect the endometrial NALP-3 expression and activation. METHOD OF STUDY Women with a history of idiopathic RPL (n = 30) were included in the study and compared to a control group (n = 15). Endometrial tissues were collected by hysteroscopy during the mid-luteal phase. RPL women underwent a three-month prescription of tablets containing ALA plus myoinositol (Sinopol® ). After treatment, hysteroscopic biopsies were repeated in RPL patients. Inflammasome expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. NALP-3 activation was studied by quantifying the secretion of both caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 through ELISA. In ex vivo experiments, the effects of each molecule on endometrial inflammasome were studied. RESULTS Sinopol® significantly reduced the RPL endometrial inflammasome expression and activation. ALA, but not myoinositol, significantly reduced the endometrial inflammasome expression and activity. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role for ALA on RPL inflammasome. Understanding the mechanisms involved in RPL and the observation that specific molecules are able to interfere with such complex at the endometrium might provide new rational design approaches to a personalized evaluation of endometrial status and, ultimately, a targeted medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Di Nicuolo
- Paolo VI International Scientific Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Silvia D'Ippolito
- U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Roberta Castellani
- Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- U.O.C. di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Valeria Masciullo
- Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.,U.O.C. di Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Monia Specchia
- Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Marco Mariani
- Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Igiene, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Paolo VI International Scientific Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.,U.O.C di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.,U.O.C. di Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
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18
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Chaudhary P, Marracci G, Pocius E, Galipeau D, Morris B, Bourdette D. Effects of lipoic acid on primary murine microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576972. [PMID: 31176014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anti-oxidant lipoic acid (LA) is beneficial in murine models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and has recently been shown to slow brain atrophy in secondary progressive MS. The mechanism of these effects by LA is incompletely understood but may involve effects on microglia. The objective of this study is to understand how LA affects microglial cells. We cultured primary microglial cells from C57BL/6 adult mice brains and stimulated the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the presence or absence of LA. We demonstrate the inhibition of phagocytosis, rearrangement of actin, and formation of membrane blebs in stimulated microglia in the presence of LA. These experiments suggest that LA causes changes in microglial actin, which may lead to alterations in phagocytosis, mobility, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
| | - Gail Marracci
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Danielle Galipeau
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Brooke Morris
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
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19
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Waslo C, Bourdette D, Gray N, Wright K, Spain R. Lipoic Acid and Other Antioxidants as Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019; 21:26. [PMID: 31056714 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-019-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), when oxidative forces outweigh endogenous and nutritional antioxidant defenses, contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Evidence of OS is found during acute relapses, in active inflammatory lesions, and in chronic, longstanding plaques. OS results in both ongoing inflammation and neurodegeneration. Antioxidant therapies are a rational strategy for people with MS with all phenotypes and disease durations. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To understand the function of OS in health and disease, to examine the contributions of OS to MS pathophysiology, and to review current evidence for the effects of selected antioxidant therapies in people with MS (PwMS) with a focus on lipoic acid (LA). RECENT FINDINGS: Studies of antioxidant interventions in both animal and in vivo models result in reductions in serum markers of OS and increases in levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant trials in PwMS, while generally underpowered, detect short-term improvements in markers of OS and antioxidant defenses, and to a lesser extent, in clinical symptoms (fatigue, depression). The best evidence to date is a 2-year trial of LA in secondary progressive MS which demonstrated a significant reduction of whole-brain atrophy and trend toward improvement in walking speed. Antioxidant therapy is a promising approach to treat MS across the spectrum and duration of disease. Rigorous and well-powered trials are needed to determine their therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Waslo
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nora Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kirsten Wright
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Rebecca Spain
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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20
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The Immunomodulatory Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Autoimmune Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8086257. [PMID: 31016198 PMCID: PMC6446120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8086257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Αlpha-lipoic acid is a naturally occurring antioxidant in human body and has been widely used as an antioxidant clinically. Accumulating evidences suggested that α-lipoic acid might have immunomodulatory effects on both adaptive and innate immune systems. This review focuses on the evidences and potential targets involved in the immunomodulatory effects of α-lipoic acid. It highlights the fact that α-lipoic acid may have beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases once the immunomodulatory effects can be confirmed by further investigation.
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21
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Repetitive intrathecal injection of human NMO-IgG with complement exacerbates disease severity with NMO pathology in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30:225-230. [PMID: 30825702 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is recognized as a different CNS autoimmune disease from multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether NMO-IgG contributes directly to the pathogenesis of NMO or is just a serologic marker of autoimmune responses of the disease needs to be clarified. We created MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice by passively transferring NMO-IgG to model the pathogenic findings in NMO patients. The mice were divided into three groups and administered intrathecal PBS, human complement with IgG from normal subjects, or IgG from AQP4(+) patients on days 8 and 11 after immunization. The EAE scores of EAE mice with intrathecal NMO-IgG injection were significantly elevated 14 days post-immunization. All of the mice were sacrificed for brain and spinal cord pathology analysis on day 21 post-immunization. Compared to mice given normal human IgG, EAE mice injected with NMO-IgG had markedly decreased AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and fluorescent intensity in the brain and spinal cord but more scattered deposition of complement (C9neo). Thus, our studies not only support the pathogenic role of NMO-IgG with complement in NMO disease but also provide a platform for the development of future therapeutics.
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22
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Fakan B, Szalardy L, Vecsei L. Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Endogenous Immunomodulatory Systems in Multiple Sclerosis-Special Focus on the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and the Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020426. [PMID: 30669473 PMCID: PMC6358998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination attributable to a disturbed balance between encephalitic T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) and immunomodulatory regulatory T cell (Treg) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and an alternatively activated macrophage (M2) excess. Endogenous molecular systems regulating these inflammatory processes have recently been investigated to identify molecules that can potentially influence the course of the disease. These include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Although all PPARs ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), recent evidence suggests that PPARα, PPARβ/δ agonists have less pronounced immunomodulatory effects and, along with PGC-1α, are not biomarkers of neuroinflammation in contrast to PPARγ. Small clinical trials with PPARγ agonists have been published with positive results. Proposed as immunomodulatory and neuroprotective, the therapeutic use of PGC-1α activation needs to be assessed in EAE/MS. The activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, plays crucial immunomodulatory roles. Indeed, Trp metabolites have therapeutic relevance in EAE and drugs with structural analogy to kynurenines, such as teriflunomide, are already approved for MS. Further studies are required to gain deeper knowledge of such endogenous immunomodulatory pathways with potential therapeutic implications in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Fakan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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23
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Adamczyk B, Koziarska D, Kasperczyk S, Adamczyk-Sowa M. Are antioxidant parameters in serum altered in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with II-line immunomodulatory therapy? Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1083-1093. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1535176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Koziarska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Di Tucci C, Di Feliciantonio M, Vena F, Capone C, Schiavi MC, Pietrangeli D, Muzii L, Benedetti Panici P. Alpha lipoic acid in obstetrics and gynecology. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:729-733. [PMID: 29726290 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1462320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural antioxidant synthetized by plants and animals, identified as a catalytic agent for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. In this review, we analyzed the action of ALA in gynecology and obstetrics focusing in particular on neuropathic pain and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane Library for retrieving articles in English language on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ALA in gynecological and obstetrical conditions. ALA reduces oxidative stress and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The association of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), and bromelain (Br) is used for prevention and treatment of endometriosis. In association with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) with amitriptyline is used for treatment of vestibulodynia/painful bladder syndrome (VBD/PBS). A promising area of research is ALA supplementation in patients with threatened miscarriage to improve the subchorionic hematoma resorption. Furthermore, ALA could be used in prevention of diabetic embryopathy and premature rupture of fetal membranes induced by inflamation. In conclusion, ALA can be safely used for treatment of neuropatic pain and as a dietary support during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Tucci
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Mara Di Feliciantonio
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Flaminia Vena
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Carmela Capone
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Michele Carlo Schiavi
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniela Pietrangeli
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Ludovico Muzii
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- a Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urological Sciences , ''Sapienza'' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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25
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Kamisli S, Ciftci O, Taslidere A, Basak Turkmen N, Ozcan C. The beneficial effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mouse model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:344-352. [PMID: 30052483 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. GA is a natural substance found in the root of licorice and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were divided equally into four groups: (1) Control, (2) EAE, (3) GA and (4) GA + EAE. 14 days after induction of EAE with MOG35-55 and pertussis toxin, mice were treated with GA at doses of 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days intraperitoneally. RESULTS To our results, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidations (elevated TBARS levels, decreased GPx, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels) were significantly (p < .01) increased, causing EAE in brain tissue. Also, histopathological damage (Caspase-3 and IL-17 activity, p ≤ .01) and cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β, p < .01) were induced with EAE in mice brain tissue. On the other hand, GA treatment significantly (p < .01) reversed oxidative histological and immunological alterations caused by EAE. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the GA treatment can protect the brain tissue against EAE in mice with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Kamisli
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Osman Ciftci
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , University of Pamukkale , Denizli , Turkey
| | - Asli Taslidere
- c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Nese Basak Turkmen
- d Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Cemal Ozcan
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
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26
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Metabolic Dysfunction and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061639. [PMID: 29865151 PMCID: PMC6032172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) probably caused, in most cases, by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This review first summarizes some clinical, epidemiological and pathological characteristics of MS. Then, the involvement of biochemical pathways is discussed in the development and repair of the CNS lesions and the immune dysfunction in the disease. Finally, the potential roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in MS are discussed. It is suggested that metabolic mechanisms modulated by PPAR provide a window to integrate the systemic and neurological events underlying the pathogenesis of the disease. In conclusion, the reviewed data highlight molecular avenues of understanding MS that may open new targets for improved therapies and preventive strategies for the disease.
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27
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Micili SC, Goker A, Kuscu K, Ergur BU, Fuso A. α-Lipoic Acid Vaginal Administration Contrasts Inflammation and Preterm Delivery in Rats. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:128-138. [PMID: 29631479 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118766266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a safe natural molecule involved in the immunomodulation of many physiological processes. Orally administered ALA has been reported to treat several inflammatory pathologies and support pregnancy. Our study aimed at testing ALA vaginal administration in female Wistar rats evaluating its tissue distribution (experiment I), impact on implantation process (experiment II), and effectiveness in contrasting induced preterm birth (experiment III). In experiment I, rats were intravaginally treated with 50 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg ALA, or with a physiologic solution, for 4 days. α-Lipoic acid distribution in uterus and cervical tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses. In experiment II, rats received intravaginally the above treatments for 5 days, then they were mated and, if pregnant, included in the experiment to evaluate both implantation rate and the content of implantation mediators in uterus tissues. In experiment III, pregnant rats were pretreated with placebo or with vaginal ALA for 4 days and then induced to delivery with mifepristone plus PGE2 on the 19th day of pregnancy. The delivery time was recorded, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected in the uterine tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was also performed. Results showed that vaginal ALA was well absorbed and distributed. The treatment did not affect the implantation process and was able to significantly revert mifepristone plus prostaglandin E2 effects, delaying the timing of delivery and significantly decreasing mRNA synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We provide for the first time new information on vaginal ALA use, even during pregnancy, opening a perspective for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Cilaker Micili
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asli Goker
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kuscu
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Bekir Ugur Ergur
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Andrea Fuso
- 3 Department of Surgery "P. Valdoni," Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
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Dietrich M, Helling N, Hilla A, Heskamp A, Issberner A, Hildebrandt T, Kohne Z, Küry P, Berndt C, Aktas O, Fischer D, Hartung HP, Albrecht P. Early alpha-lipoic acid therapy protects from degeneration of the inner retinal layers and vision loss in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-optic neuritis model. J Neuroinflammation 2018. [PMID: 29514678 PMCID: PMC5840773 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In multiple sclerosis (MS), neurodegeneration is the main reason for chronic disability. Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant which has recently been demonstrated to reduce the rate of brain atrophy in progressive MS. However, it remains uncertain if it is also beneficial in the early, more inflammatory-driven phases. As clinical studies are costly and time consuming, optic neuritis (ON) is often used for investigating neuroprotective or regenerative therapeutics. We aimed to investigate the prospect for success of a clinical ON trial using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-optic neuritis (EAE-ON) model with visual system readouts adaptable to a clinical ON trial. Methods Using an in vitro cell culture model for endogenous oxidative stress, we compared the neuroprotective capacity of racemic LA with the R/S-enantiomers and its reduced form. In vivo, we analyzed retinal neurodegeneration using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the visual function by optokinetic response (OKR) in MOG35–55-induced EAE-ON in C57BL/6J mice. Ganglion cell counts, inflammation, and demyelination were assessed by immunohistological staining of retinae and optic nerves. Results All forms of LA provided equal neuroprotective capacities in vitro. In EAE-ON, prophylactic LA therapy attenuated the clinical EAE score and prevented the thinning of the inner retinal layer while therapeutic treatment was not protective on visual outcomes. Conclusions A prophylactic LA treatment is necessary to protect from visual loss and retinal thinning in EAE-ON, suggesting that a clinical ON trial starting therapy after the onset of symptoms may not be successful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1111-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Helling
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilla
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemarie Heskamp
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Issberner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zippora Kohne
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Fiedler SE, Yadav V, Kerns AR, Tsang C, Markwardt S, Kim E, Spain R, Bourdette D, Salinthone S. Lipoic Acid Stimulates cAMP Production in Healthy Control and Secondary Progressive MS Subjects. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6037-6049. [PMID: 29143287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; supplementation reduces disease severity and T lymphocyte migration into the central nervous system in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), and administration in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) subjects reduces brain atrophy compared to placebo. The mechanism of action (MOA) of LA's efficacy in suppression of MS pathology is incompletely understood. LA stimulates production of the immunomodulator cyclic AMP (cAMP) in vitro. To determine whether cAMP could be involved in the MOA of LA in vivo, we performed a clinical trial to examine whether LA stimulates cAMP production in healthy control and MS subjects, and whether there are differences in the bioavailability of LA between groups. We administered 1200 mg of oral LA to healthy control, relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and SPMS subjects, and measured plasma LA and cAMP levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). There were no significant differences between the groups in pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Healthy and SPMS subjects had increased cAMP at 2 and 4 h post-LA treatment compared to baseline, while RRMS subjects showed decreases in cAMP. Additionally, plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, a known cAMP stimulator) were significantly lower in female RRMS subjects compared to female HC and SPMS subjects 4 h after LA ingestion. These data indicate that cAMP could be part of the MOA of LA in SPMS, and that there is a divergent response to LA in RRMS subjects that may have implications in the efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs. This clinical trial, "Defining the Anti-inflammatory Role of Lipoic Acid in Multiple Sclerosis," NCT00997438, is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00997438 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fiedler
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vijayshree Yadav
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amelia R Kerns
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Catherine Tsang
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sheila Markwardt
- OCTRI Biostatistics and Design Program, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Edward Kim
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Rebecca Spain
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sonemany Salinthone
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Mail Code R&D8, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Nakano T, Hsu LW, Lai CY, Takaoka Y, Inomata M, Kitano S, Chen CL, Goto S. Therapeutic potential of α-lipoic acid derivative, sodium zinc histidine dithiooctanamide, in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7:1095-1103. [PMID: 28863235 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is involved in various diseases, including allergies. Several studies have pointed to the preventive and therapeutic potential of antioxidants in allergic disorders. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory effects of antioxidants in type I hypersensitivity. In this study we aimed to explore the impact of a water-soluble antioxidant and α-lipoic acid derivative, sodium zinc histidine dithiooctanamide (DHL-HisZn), on mast-cell- and T-cell-mediated allergic and immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The therapeutic impact of DHL-HisZn on mast-cell-mediated type I hypersensitivity was evaluated by a mast-cell degranulation assay using bone marrow-derived mast cells and by a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis. The effect of DHL-HisZn on the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS During the course of OVA-induced allergic rhinitis in mice, serum nitrate was elevated, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in allergic responses. DHL-HisZn not only suppressed mast-cell degranulation but also ameliorated OVA-induced nasal hypersensitivity, with significant suppression of serum nitrate. DHL-HisZn treatment significantly suppressed OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) but enhanced OVA-specific IgG2a in OVA-sensitized and nasal-challenged mice. Furthermore, DHL-HisZn treatment suppressed interleukin-17 production in OVA-stimulated splenocytes. Finally, we demonstrated the induction of Tregs by DHL-HisZn in concanavalin A blasts. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that DHL-HisZn may regulate mast-cell-, T-helper 2 (Th2)-, and Th17-mediated allergic and immune responses by induction of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Takaoka
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Masafumi Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Chao-Long Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Nobeoka Medical Check Center, Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.,Basic Medical Science of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Josai International University, Togane, Chiba, Japan
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31
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Szalardy L, Zadori D, Bencsik K, Vecsei L, Klivenyi P. Unlike PPARgamma, neither other PPARs nor PGC-1alpha is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:128-133. [PMID: 28483651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Corroborating with prior experimental findings, we recently reported the pronounced elevation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), in association with neuroinflammatory markers and clinical severity. Based on subsequent reports on the possible involvement of other PPARs and PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) in neuroinflammation in MS, we analyzed the protein levels of PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PGC-1α in a subset of CSF samples from the same cohort of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Unlike PPARγ, none of these proteins were found elevated in MS patients (n=25) compared to non-inflammatory controls (n=16), with the levels of PPARα and PPARβ/δ found generally below the limit of detection, and that of PGC-1α being detectable but comparable in both groups. The clinical and laboratory associations previously reported with PPARγ were however significant even in this smaller subset. The potential underlying causes of these differential alterations are discussed. The findings suggest that despite their proposed involvement in the regulation of inflammatory processes in MS, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PGC-1α proteins are not potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation in MS, and indicate a preferential role of PPARγ in the endogenous regulation of autoimmune response in the human CNS within its receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Denes Zadori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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New Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1973834. [PMID: 27829982 PMCID: PMC5088319 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1973834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inflammatory process and demyelination. The etiology of the disease is still not fully understood. Therefore, finding new etiological factors is of such crucial importance. It is suspected that the development of MS may be affected by oxidative stress (OS). In the acute phase OS initiates inflammatory processes and in the chronic phase it sustains neurodegeneration. Redox processes in MS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of axonal bioenergetics, iron accumulation in the brain, impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance, and OS memory. The present paper is a review of the current literature about the role of OS in MS and it focuses on all major aspects. The article explains the mechanisms of OS, reports unique biomarkers with regard to their clinical significance, and presents a poorly understood relationship between OS and neurodegeneration. It also provides novel methods of treatment, including the use of antioxidants and the role of antioxidants in neuroprotection. Furthermore, adding new drugs in the treatment of relapse may be useful. The article considers the significance of OS in the current treatment of MS patients.
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Monastra G, De Grazia S, Cilaker Micili S, Goker A, Unfer V. Immunomodulatory activities of alpha lipoic acid with a special focus on its efficacy in preventing miscarriage. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1695-1708. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monastra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University la Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara De Grazia
- Department of Research and Development, LO.LI. Pharma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Asli Goker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Medical Sciences, UNIIPUS – Private Swiss University Institute, Chiasso, Switzerland
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Rousseau AS, Sibille B, Murdaca J, Mothe-Satney I, Grimaldi PA, Neels JG. α-Lipoic acid up-regulates expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β in skeletal muscle: involvement of the JNK signaling pathway. FASEB J 2015; 30:1287-99. [PMID: 26655383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that α-lipoic acid (α-LA) might interact with the transcriptional control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β in skeletal muscle. Molecular mechanisms were investigated using differentiated C2C12 myotubes treated with α-LA and/or PPARβ agonist GW0742. In vivo studies with 3-mo-old C57Bl6 mice were realized: voluntary wheel running (VWR) training (7 wk), and a 6 wk diet containing (or not) α-LA (0.25% wt/wt). This last condition was combined with (or not) 1 bout of treadmill exercise (18 m/min for 1 h). Using a reporter assay, we demonstrate that α-LA is not an agonist of PPARβ but regulates PPARβ target gene expression through an active PPARβ pathway. GW0742-induced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 mRNA is potentiated by α-LA. In C2C12, α-LA lowers the activation of the JNK signaling pathway and increases PPARβ mRNA and protein levels (2-fold) to the same extent as with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Similarly to VWR training effect, PPARβ expression increases (2-fold) in vastus lateralis of animals fed an α-LA-enriched diet. However, α-LA treatment does not further stimulate the adaptive up-regulation of PPARβ observed in response to 1 bout of exercise. We have identified a novel mechanism of regulation of PPARβ expression/action in skeletal muscle with potential physiologic application through the action of α-LA, involving the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Rousseau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Brigitte Sibille
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Joseph Murdaca
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Mothe-Satney
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, France; and University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Plemel JR, Juzwik CA, Benson CA, Monks M, Harris C, Ploughman M. Over-the-counter anti-oxidant therapies for use in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1485-95. [PMID: 26286700 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515601513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-oxidant compounds that are found in over-the-counter (OTC) supplements and foods are gaining interest as treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS). They are widely used by patients, sometimes without a clear evidence base. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of animal and clinical research to determine the evidence for the benefits of OTC anti-oxidants in MS. METHODS Using predefined criteria, we searched key databases. Two authors scrutinized all studies against inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessed study risk-of-bias and extracted results. RESULTS Of the 3507 titles, 145 met criteria and included compounds, α(alpha)-lipoic acid (ALA), anti-oxidant vitamins, Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC). The strongest evidence to support OTC anti-oxidants was for compounds EGCG and ALA in animal models; both consistently showed anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects and reduced neurological impairment. Only vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and ALA were examined for efficacy in pilot clinical trials with either conflicting evidence or evidence of no benefit. CONCLUSION OTC anti-oxidants EGCG and ALA show the most consistent benefit, however only in preclinical studies. There is no evidence that they alter MS relapses or progression. Future work should focus on testing more of these therapies for clinical efficacy before recommending them to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Camille A Juzwik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Curtis A Benson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Monks
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
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Khan N, Gordon R, Woodruff TM, Smith MT. Antiallodynic effects of alpha lipoic acid in an optimized RR-EAE mouse model of MS-neuropathic pain are accompanied by attenuation of upregulated BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00137. [PMID: 26171221 PMCID: PMC4492753 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain may affect patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) even in early disease. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mouse model of MS, chronic alpha lipoic acid (ALA) treatment reduced clinical disease severity, but MS-neuropathic pain was not assessed. Hence, we investigated the pain-relieving efficacy and mode of action of ALA using our optimized relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE mouse model of MS-associated neuropathic pain. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 and adjuvants (Quil A and pertussis toxin) to induce RR-EAE; sham-mice received adjuvants only. RR-EAE mice received subcutaneous ALA (3 or 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or vehicle for 21 days (15-35 d.p.i.; [days postimmunization]); sham-mice received vehicle. Hindpaw hypersensitivity was assessed blinded using von Frey filaments. Following euthanasia (day 35 d.p.i.), lumbar spinal cords were removed for immunohistochemical and molecular biological assessments. Fully developed mechanical allodynia in the bilateral hindpaws of vehicle-treated RR-EAE mice was accompanied by marked CD3(+) T-cell infiltration, microglia activation, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) signaling in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Consequently, phospho-ERK, a marker of central sensitization in neuropathic pain, was upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn. Importantly, hindpaw hypersensitivity was completely attenuated in RR-EAE mice administered ALA at 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) but not 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1). The antiallodynic effect of ALA (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was associated with a marked reduction in the aforementioned spinal dorsal horn markers to match their respective levels in the vehicle-treated sham-mice. Our findings suggest that ALA at 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) produced its antiallodynic effects in RR-EAE mice by reducing augmented CD3(+) T-cell infiltration and BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Khan
- Center for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Center of ExcellenceWoolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Center for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Center of ExcellenceWoolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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37
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Pan J, Jin JL, Ge HM, Yin KL, Chen X, Han LJ, Chen Y, Qian L, Li XX, Xu Y. Malibatol A regulates microglia M1/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARγ-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:51. [PMID: 25889216 PMCID: PMC4378556 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke. Microglia is reported with two opposing activated phenotypes, namely, classic phenotype (M1) and the alternative phenotype (M2). Inhibiting M1 while stimulating M2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of stroke. Findings In this study, we indicated that a novel natural anti-oxidant extracted from the Chinese plant Hopea hainanensis, malibatol A (MA), decreased the infarct size and alleviated the brain injury after mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MA inhibited expression inflammatory cytokines in not only MCAO mice but also lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Moreover, treatment of MA decreased M1 markers (CD16, CD32, and CD86) and increased M2 markers (CD206, YM-1) while promoting the activation of nuclear receptor PPARγ. Conclusions MA has anti-inflammatory effects in MCAO mice in a PPARγ-dependent manner, making it a potential candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia-li Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Hui-ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Kai-lin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li-juan Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Xiao-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Stroke in Jiangsu Province, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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Choi KH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim KT, Kim HS, Kim JT, Kim BC, Kim MK, Park JT, Cho KH. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment is neurorestorative and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Mol Brain 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25761600 PMCID: PMC4339247 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid (aLA) correlate with its ability to promote neuroproliferation. However, there have been no comprehensive studies examining the neurorestorative effects of aLA administration after the onset of ischemia. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of adult rats was occluded for 2 hours and then reperfused. aLA (20 mg/kg) was administered in 71 animals (aLA group) through the left external jugular vein immediately after reperfusion. An equivalent volume of vehicle was administered to 71 animals (control group). Functional outcome, levels of endogenous neural precursors with neurogenesis, glial cell activation, and brain metabolism were evaluated. Immediate aLA administration after reperfusion resulted in significantly reduced mortality, infarct size, and neurological deficit score (NDS) in the test group compared to the control group. Long-term functional outcomes, measured by the rotarod test, were markedly improved by aLA treatment. There was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing nestin and GFAP in the boundary zone and infarct core regions after aLA treatment. Furthermore, significantly more BrdU/GFAP, BrdU/DCX, and BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells were observed along the boundary zone of the aLA group on days 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. And brain metabolism using 18F-FDG microPET imaging was markedly improved in aLA group. The effects of aLA was blocked by insulin receptor inhibitor, HNMPA (AM)3. These results indicate that immediate treatment with aLA after ischemic injury may have significant neurorestorative effects mediated at least partially via insulin receptor activation. Thus, aLA may be useful for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Sik Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Chae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Myeong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
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