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Bailey TW, Dos Santos AP, do Nascimento NC, Xie S, Thimmapuram J, Sivasankar MP, Cox A. RNA sequencing identifies transcriptional changes in the rabbit larynx in response to low humidity challenge. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:888. [PMID: 33308144 PMCID: PMC7733274 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voice disorders are a worldwide problem impacting human health, particularly for occupational voice users. Avoidance of surface dehydration is commonly prescribed as a protective factor against the development of dysphonia. The available literature inconclusively supports this practice and a biological mechanism for how surface dehydration of the laryngeal tissue affects voice has not been described. In this study, we used an in vivo male New Zealand white rabbit model to elucidate biological changes based on gene expression within the vocal folds from surface dehydration. Surface dehydration was induced by exposure to low humidity air (18.6% + 4.3%) for 8 h. Exposure to moderate humidity (43.0% + 4.3%) served as the control condition. Ilumina-based RNA sequencing was performed and used for transcriptome analysis with validation by RT-qPCR. RESULTS There were 103 statistically significant differentially expressed genes identified through Cuffdiff with 61 genes meeting significance by both false discovery rate and fold change. Functional annotation enrichment and predicted protein interaction mapping showed enrichment of various loci, including cellular stress and inflammatory response, ciliary function, and keratinocyte development. Eight genes were selected for RT-qPCR validation. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) and macrophage cationic peptide 1 (MCP1) were significantly upregulated and an epithelial chloride channel protein (ECCP) was significantly downregulated after surface dehydration by RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR. Suprabasin (SPBN) and zinc activated cationic channel (ZACN) were marginally, but non-significantly down- and upregulated as evidenced by RT-qPCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The data together support the notion that surface dehydration induces physiological changes in the vocal folds and justifies targeted analysis to further explore the underlying biology of compensatory fluid/ion flux and inflammatory mediators in response to airway surface dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Bailey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Public Health, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Shaojun Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Tanner K, Anderson C, Smith ME. Nebulizer Use in Adults With Subglottic Stenosis: A Survey Study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 128:345-351. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489418823797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: People with subglottic stenosis (SGS) may experience laryngeal symptoms that pose significant challenges to management. This study surveyed the use and effects of nebulized treatments on laryngeal symptoms in a large cohort of adults with SGS. Methods: A survey of nebulized treatment practices was distributed to an online international community of over 2000 members; 316 individuals (298 female, 1 male, 17 declined to specify; age 25+ years) completed the survey. Results: Nearly half (144) of participants had tried a nebulizer in the past. Among those, half currently used nebulized treatments; the majority used these treatments regularly and for greater than 1 year. The most frequently reported treatments included isotonic saline (0.9% Na+Cl–) or hypertonic saline (3% Na+Cl–). Symptoms improved by these treatments included thick mucus (69%), cough (57%), throat dryness (31%), stridor (28%), and voice (15%). The most frequently reported limitations to nebulizer use included time, noise, and portability. Conclusion: Among those individuals with SGS who have tried nebulized treatments, nearly half experienced relief from secondary laryngeal symptoms. Additional efficacy research is needed, particularly with respect to treatment type and dosage. The results are encouraging given the adverse impact these laryngeal symptoms can have on activities of daily living and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Tanner
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Marshall E. Smith
- Division of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Sagiroglu S, Doganer A. The effect of electrolyte balance on the voice in hemodialysis patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:2755-2761. [PMID: 30132071 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of blood electrolytes on the voice in chronic hemodialysis patients. METHODS The study included a total of 59 hemodialysis patients. Pre- and post-dialysis voice recordings were performed. In the analysis of vocal acoustic parameters, fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, the noise-to-harmonics ratio (NHR), and F0 minimum and F0 maximum were measured. The Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), and maximum phonation time (MPT) were evaluated. For perceptual evaluation, the GRBAS scale was used. The duration of dialysis (years) and changes in weight during dialysis were recorded for each patient. From venous blood samples, measurements were taken of hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, Na+, K+, creatinine, uric acid, phosphorus, Ca++, and parathormone. RESULTS The difference in the pre and post-dialysis values of F0, shimmer, NHR and MPT were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). The only variable determined to have an effect on the change in F0 values was uric acid, and the change in the F0 values was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The only variable determined to have an effect on the change in shimmer values was sodium, and the change was statistically significant (p = 0.034). The only variable determined to have an effect on the change in NHR values was creatinine, and the change in the NHR values was statistically significant (p = 0.028). Hb and the duration of dialysis were determined to have a statistically significant effect on the change in MPT values (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that uric acid was the agent creating a reduction in vocal cord vibration, the agent increasing the difference between vibration waves was Na+, and creatinine increased the NHR rate. The effect of these variables can be considered important in the understanding of vocal cord physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saime Sagiroglu
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
| | - Adem Doganer
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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Durkes A, Sivasankar MP. A Method to Administer Agents to the Larynx in an Awake Large Animal. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:3171-3176. [PMID: 29098280 PMCID: PMC5945077 DOI: 10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research note describes an adapted experimental methodology to administer an exogenous agent to the larynx and upper airway of awake animals. The exogenous agent could be a perturbation. In the current study, the agent was isotonic saline. Isotonic saline was selected because it is safe, of similar composition to extracellular fluid, and used in voice studies. The described approach allowed large animals such as pigs to be comfortably restrained without chemical sedation or anesthesia for extended periods while receiving the agent. METHOD Six Sinclair pigs were successfully trained with positive reinforcement to voluntarily enter and then be restrained in a Panepinto Sling. Once restrained, the pigs accepted a nose cone that delivered nebulized isotonic saline. This procedure was repeated 3 times per day for 20 days. At the end of the study, the larynx and airway tissues were excised and examined using histology and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Pathology related to the procedure (i.e., nebulized inhaled isotonic saline or stress) was not identified in any examined tissues. CONCLUSIONS This methodology allowed for repeated application of exogenous agents to awake, unstressed animals. This method can be used repeatedly in the laboratory to test various therapeutics for safety, toxicity, and dosage. Future studies will specifically manipulate the type of agent to further our understanding of laryngeal pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Durkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Mizuta M, Kurita T, Kimball EE, Rousseau B. Structurally and functionally characterized in vitro model of rabbit vocal fold epithelium. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:427-434. [PMID: 28395914 PMCID: PMC5467526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a method for primary culture of a well differentiated electrically tight rabbit vocal fold epithelial cell multilayer and the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) for the evaluation of epithelial barrier function in vitro. Rabbit larynges were harvested and enzymatically treated to isolate vocal fold epithelial cells and to establish primary culture. Vocal fold epithelial cells were co-cultured with mitomycin C-treated feeder cells on collagen-coated plates. After 10-14 days in primary culture, cells were passaged and cultured until they achieved 70-90% confluence on collagen-coated plates. Epithelial cells were then passaged onto collagen-coated cell culture inserts using 4.5cm2 membrane filters (1.0μm pore size) with 10% fetal bovine serum or 30μg/mL bovine pituitary extract to investigate the effects of growth-promoting additives on TEER. Additional experiments were performed to investigate optimal seeding density (1.1, 2.2, 4.4, or 8.9×105 cells/cm2), the effect of co-culture with feeder cells, and the effect of passage number on epithelial barrier function. Characterization of in vitro cultures was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining for vocal fold epithelial cell markers and tight junctions. Results revealed higher TEER in cells supplemented with fetal bovine serum compared to bovine pituitary extract. TEER was highest in cells passaged at a seeding density of 2.2×104 cells/cm2, and TEER was higher in cells at passage two than passage three. Ultrastructural experiments revealed a well-differentiated epithelial cell multilayer, expressing the epithelial cell markers CK13, CK14 and the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Mizuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Medical Center East, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily E Kimball
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1215 21st Avenue South, Medical Center East, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Hearing and Speech Sciences and Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center East, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Sandage MJ, Rahn KA, Smith AG. Vocal Ergonomics in the Workplace: Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Method Influences on Vocal Comfort and Function. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:355-363. [PMID: 28124067 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning method on voice function following a voicing task using ecologically valid offices, one with radiant HVAC and one with forced air. METHOD A total of 12 consented participants (6 women, 6 men) narrated a video in each of 4 environmental conditions in a within-between repeated-measures design. Acoustic data were collected with an ambulatory phonation monitor and perceived phonatory effort was determined following the voicing task. Data were analyzed using a within-between repeated-measures analysis of variance with significance set at α < .05. RESULTS Perceived phonatory effort did not differ between environments; however, a significant difference in vocal amplitude between 2 trials was identified for the male participants and physiologically significant differences in vocal amplitude were identified for male and female participants. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that perceived phonatory effort may not be a sensitive measure of vocal function differences following a voicing task in ecologically valid office spaces despite significant acoustic findings. Future research should address longer exposure to environmental differences combined with a longer voicing task within ecologically valid work spaces as well as the recruitment of participants who have particular vulnerability to environmental perturbations.
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Laryngeal Desiccation Challenge and Nebulized Isotonic Saline in Healthy Male Singers and Nonsingers: Effects on Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Self-Perceived Effort and Dryness Measures. J Voice 2016; 30:670-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu X, Zheng W, Sivasankar MP. Acute Acrolein Exposure Induces Impairment of Vocal Fold Epithelial Barrier Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163237. [PMID: 27643990 PMCID: PMC5028054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a ubiquitous pollutant abundant in cigarette smoke, mobile exhaust, and industrial waste. There is limited literature on the effects of acrolein on vocal fold tissue, although there are clinical reports of voice changes after pollutant exposures. Vocal folds are responsible for voice production. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acrolein exposure on viable, excised vocal fold epithelial tissue and to characterize the mechanism underlying acrolein toxicity. Vocal fold epithelia were studied because they form the outermost layer of the vocal folds and are a primary recipient of inhaled pollutants. Porcine vocal fold epithelia were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 500, 900 or 1300 μM of acrolein for 3 hours; the metabolic activity, epithelial resistance, epithelial permeability, tight junction protein (occludin and claudin 3) expression, cell membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation were investigated. The data demonstrated that acrolein exposure at 500 μM significantly reduced vocal fold epithelial metabolic activity by 27.2% (p≤0.001). Incubation with 100 μM acrolein caused a marked increase in epithelial permeability by 130.5% (p<0.05) and a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) by 180.0% (p<0.001). While the expression of tight junctional protein did not change in acrolein-treated samples, the cell membrane integrity was significantly damaged with a 45.6% increase of lipid peroxidation as compared to controls (p<0.05). Taken together, these data provide evidence that acute acrolein exposure impairs vocal fold epithelial barrier integrity. Lipid peroxidation-induced cell membrane damage may play an important role in reducing the barrier function of the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Preeti Sivasankar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased vocal fold hydration is a popular target in the prevention and management of voice disorders. Current intervention strategies focus on enhancing both systemic (internal) and superficial (surface) hydration. We review relevant bench and human research on the role of hydration in vocal fold physiology. RECENT FINDINGS Bench and human studies provide converging evidence that systemic and superficial dehydration are detrimental to vocal fold physiology. Dehydration challenges increase the viscous properties of excised vocal fold tissue. Systemic, superficial, and combined drying challenges increase aerodynamic and acoustic measures of voice production in speakers. Emerging theoretical and clinical data suggest that increasing both systemic and superficial hydration levels may benefit voice production; however, robust evidence for positive outcomes of hydration treatments is lacking. SUMMARY Increased systemic and superficial vocal fold hydration as a component of vocal hygiene may improve overall health and efficiency of the vocal apparatus. However, continued exploration of biological mechanisms regulating vocal fold hydration is needed to optimize clinical hydration interventions. Specifically, the development of hydration treatments that maximize positive phonatory outcomes will necessitate understanding of the signaling pathways linking systemic and superficial hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.J. Verkerke
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - S.L. Thomson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602;
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Sandage MJ, Connor NP, Pascoe DD. Vocal function and upper airway thermoregulation in five different environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:16-25. [PMID: 23900031 PMCID: PMC3907455 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/13-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phonation threshold pressure and perceived phonatory effort were hypothesized to increase and upper airway temperature to decrease following exposure to cold and/or dry air. Greater changes were expected with mouth versus nose breathing. METHOD In a within-participant repeated measures design, 15 consented participants (7 men, 8 women) completed 20-min duration trials to allow for adequate thermal equilibration for both nose and mouth breathing in 5 different environments: 3 temperatures (°C) matched for relative humidity (% RH), cold (15 °C, 40% RH), thermally neutral (25 °C, 40% RH), and hot (35 °C, 40% RH); and 2 temperatures with variable relative humidity to match vapor pressure for the neutral environment (25 °C, 40% RH), cold (15 °C, 74% RH) and hot (35 °C, 23% RH). Following each equilibration trial, measures were taken in this order: upper airway temperature (transnasal thermistor probe), phonation threshold pressure, and perceived phonatory effort. RESULTS Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and no significant differences were established. CONCLUSIONS The study hypotheses were not supported. Findings suggest that the upper airway is tightly regulated for temperature when challenged by a realistic range of temperature and relative humidity environments. This is the first study of its kind to include measurement of upper airway temperature in conjunction with measures of vocal function.
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Tanner K, Roy N, Merrill RM, Kendall K, Miller KL, Clegg DO, Heller A, Houtz DR, Elstad M. Comparing nebulized water versus saline after laryngeal desiccation challenge in Sjögren's Syndrome. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2787-92. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Tanner
- Department of Communication Disorders; Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
- Voice Disorders Center; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | - Nelson Roy
- Voice Disorders Center; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | - Ray M. Merrill
- Department of Health Science (R.M.M.); Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | - Katherine Kendall
- Voice Disorders Center; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | | | | | - Amanda Heller
- Voice Disorders Center; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | | | - Mark Elstad
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine (M.E.); The University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
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Sivasankar MP, Carroll TL, Kosinski AM, Rosen CA. Quantifying the effects of altering ambient humidity on ionic composition of vocal fold surface fluid. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:1725-8. [PMID: 23529891 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vocal fold surface fluid (VFSF) is important in hydration and defense of underlying epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in the ionic composition of VFSF after altering the humidity of inhaled air. We tested the hypothesis that low humidity exposure would increase the concentration of VFSF sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl(-)) ions but that high humidity exposure would decrease the concentration of VFSF Na(+) and Cl(-) ions as compared to the low humidity challenge. STUDY DESIGN Prospective design. METHODS Eighteen healthy adults participated in this study. VFSF was collected from each subject at baseline and following exposure to low humidity and high humidity environments. VFSF Na(+) concentration was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. VFSF Cl(-) concentration was measured with indirect potentiometry. All analyses were completed by personnel blinded to the hypothesis being tested. RESULTS The low humidity environment increased Na(+) concentration in the majority of the subjects. Data for changes in Cl(-) concentrations were variable. Overall the data did not reach statistical significance (P > .05). Subjective impressions suggested that VFSF collection was more difficult in low humidity as compared to the high humidity and baseline conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first attempt to measure the ionic concentration of VFSF. The results from the current study have important implications for future programmatic research quantifying the effects of pollutants and laryngopharyngeal reflux on VFSF composition, epithelial hydration, and vocal fold defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Zhang Q, Fisher K. Tight junction-related barrier contributes to the electrophysiological asymmetry across vocal fold epithelium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34017. [PMID: 22442739 PMCID: PMC3307777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological homeostasis is indispensable to vocal fold hydration. We investigate tight junction (TJ)-associated components, occludin and ZO-1, and permeability with or without the challenge of a permeability-augmenting agent, histamine. Freshly excised ovine larynges are obtained from a local abattoir. TJ markers are explored via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Paracellular permeabilities are measured in an Ussing system. The gene expression of both TJ markers is detected in native ovine vocal fold epithelium. Luminal histamine treatment significantly decreases transepithelial resistance (TER) (N = 72, p<0.01) and increases penetration of protein tracer (N = 35, p<0.001), respectively, in a time-, and dose-dependent fashion. The present study demonstrates that histamine compromises TJ-related paracellular barrier across vocal fold epithelium. The detection of TJ markers indicates the existence of typical TJ components in non-keratinized, stratified vocal fold epithelium. The responsiveness of paracellular permeabilities to histamine would highlight the functional significance of this TJ-equivalent system to the electrophysiological homeostasis, which, in turn, regulates the vocal fold superficial hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- Experimental Center of Functional Subjects, College of Basic Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Welham NV, Yamashita M, Choi SH, Ling C. Cross-sample validation provides enhanced proteome coverage in rat vocal fold mucosa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17754. [PMID: 21423617 PMCID: PMC3057991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The vocal fold mucosa is a biomechanically unique tissue comprised of a densely cellular epithelium, superficial to an extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich lamina propria. Such ECM-rich tissues are challenging to analyze using proteomic assays, primarily due to extensive crosslinking and glycosylation of the majority of high Mr ECM proteins. In this study, we implemented an LC-MS/MS-based strategy to characterize the rat vocal fold mucosa proteome. Our sample preparation protocol successfully solubilized both proteins and certain high Mr glycoconjugates and resulted in the identification of hundreds of mucosal proteins. A straightforward approach to the treatment of protein identifications attributed to single peptide hits allowed the retention of potentially important low abundance identifications (validated by a cross-sample match and de novo interpretation of relevant spectra) while still eliminating potentially spurious identifications (global single peptide hits with no cross-sample match). The resulting vocal fold mucosa proteome was characterized by a wide range of cellular and extracellular proteins spanning 12 functional categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Welham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Tanner K, Roy N, Merrill RM, Muntz F, Houtz DR, Sauder C, Elstad M, Wright-Costa J. Nebulized isotonic saline versus water following a laryngeal desiccation challenge in classically trained sopranos. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2010; 53:1555-1566. [PMID: 20699338 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0249)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of nebulized isotonic saline (IS) versus sterile water (SW) on self-perceived phonatory effort (PPE) and phonation threshold pressure (PTP) following a surface laryngeal dehydration challenge in classically trained sopranos. METHOD In a double-blind, within-subject crossover design, 34 sopranos breathed dry air (relative humidity < 1%) transorally for 15 min and then nebulized 3 mL of IS or SW, or experienced a no-treatment control condition over 3 consecutive weeks. PPE and PTP were measured every 15 min from baseline through 2 hr postdesiccation. RESULTS PPE increased significantly following the laryngeal desiccation challenge in all 3 treatment conditions (p < .01). After nebulization, PPE returned to baseline for the IS condition only. For the SW and control conditions, PPE remained above baseline during the 2 hr after desiccation. No statistically significant changes in PTP following laryngeal desiccation were observed, although values for the IS condition remained below baseline for nearly 2 hr after nebulization. PPE and PTP were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Following a laryngeal surface dehydration challenge, classically trained sopranos reported increased vocal effort that persisted for at least 2 hr. Compared with SW, nebulized IS showed promise as an effective way to remediate the adverse, self-perceived effects of laryngeal desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Tanner
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Ling C, Raasch JL, Welham NV. E-cadherin and transglutaminase-1 epithelial barrier restoration precedes type IV collagen basement membrane reconstruction following vocal fold mucosal injury. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:158-69. [PMID: 20962500 DOI: 10.1159/000318605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vocal fold epithelium is critical to upper airway immunologic defense and water/ion transport; therefore, any form of physical trauma or insult increases the vulnerability of this structure to functional impairment and pathogen invasion/infection. In this study, we examined the reestablishment of epithelial and basement membrane barrier structures in a well-established rat model of vocal fold mucosal injury. We observed active cell recruitment culminating in peak hyperplasia at 3 days postinjury, the establishment of robust E-cadherin+ and transglutaminase-1+ biochemical barrier signals along the epithelial surface by 3 days postinjury, and the persistent absence of a type IV collagen+ basement membrane at 7 days postinjury. The distinct spatial and temporal immunoactivity of these molecules is consistent with a programmed repair process driving the restoration of vocal fold mucosal integrity and permeability. These data may inform future efforts to optimize functional mucosal recovery postinjury and avoid undesirable events such as barrier compromise or epithelial metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Erickson E, Sivasankar M. Simulated reflux decreases vocal fold epithelial barrier resistance. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1569-75. [PMID: 20564752 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The vocal fold epithelium provides a barrier to the entry of inhaled and systemic challenges. However, the location of the epithelium makes it vulnerable to damage. Past research suggests, but does not directly demonstrate, that exposure to gastric reflux adversely affects the function of the epithelial barrier. Understanding the nature of reflux-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction is necessary to better recognize the mechanisms for vocal fold susceptibility to this disease. Therefore, we examined the effects of physiologically relevant reflux challenges on vocal fold transepithelial resistance and gross epithelial and subepithelial appearance. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo, mixed design with between-group and repeated-measures analyses. METHODS Healthy, native porcine vocal folds (N = 52) were exposed to physiologically relevant acidic pepsin, acid-only, or pepsin-only challenges and examined with electrophysiology and light microscopy. For all challenges, vocal folds exposed to a neutral pH served as control. RESULTS Acidic pepsin and acid-only challenges, but not pepsin-only or control challenges significantly reduced transepithelial resistance within 30 minutes. Reductions in transepithelial resistance were irreversible. Challenge exposure produced minimal gross changes in vocal fold epithelial or subepithelial appearance as evidenced by light microscopy. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that acidic environments characteristic of gastric reflux compromise epithelial barrier function without gross structural changes. In healthy, native vocal folds, reductions in transepithelial resistance could reflect reflux-related epithelial disruption. These results might guide the development of pharmacologic and therapeutic recommendations for patients with reflux, such as continued acid-suppression therapy and patient antireflux behavioral education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Erickson
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Ling C, Yamashita M, Waselchuk EA, Raasch JL, Bless DM, Welham NV. Alteration in cellular morphology, density and distribution in rat vocal fold mucosa following injury. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 18:89-97. [PMID: 20002898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vocal fold mucosa plays an important role in voice production. Its cellular composition and density frequently change under various pathological conditions, often contributing to altered extracellular matrix production, tissue viscoelasticity, and voice quality. In this study, cellular changes in the rat mucosa following a unilateral stripping injury were investigated and analyzed semi-quantitatively. Distinctive and sequential changes in cellular morphology, composition, and density were observed in the mucosa post-injury. Cellular recruitment was a major event during the early stage of injury and reached its peak level by day 5 post-injury. Several types of cells, including neutrophil-like cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblast-like cells, were sequentially recruited. The sequential emergence of reactive cell populations following injury and subsequent reconstruction of the mucosa suggests their involvement in vocal fold tissue repair and scar formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Sivasankar M, Erickson E, Rosenblatt M, Branski RC. Hypertonic challenge to porcine vocal folds: effects on epithelial barrier function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 142:79-84. [PMID: 20096227 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dehydration challenges can increase the chemical composition of surface fluid overlying vocal fold epithelia (hypertonic surface fluid). The vocal fold epithelium is posited to act as a barrier, shielding the lamina propria from perturbations in the airway lumen. However, the effects of hypertonic surface fluid on the barrier functions of vocal fold epithelia have not been quantified. We, therefore, sought to investigate whether hypertonic surface fluid compromises epithelial barrier function. We examined the effects of hypertonic surface fluid on vocal fold epithelial resistance, paracellular pathway morphology, and tight junction protein integrity. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo, between group design. SETTING Laboratory. METHODS Porcine vocal folds (n = 24) were exposed to hypertonic or isotonic challenge and examined by electrophysiology, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Hypertonic, but not isotonic, challenge significantly reduced transepithelial resistance. This decrease in resistance was observed immediately after the challenge and was consistent with the appearance of dilated paracellular pathway morphology. However, hypertonic challenge did not alter protein levels of occludin, zona occludens-1, E-cadherin, or beta-catenin. CONCLUSION Hypertonic surface fluid alters epithelial barrier function in the vocal folds. Specifically, exposure to hypertonic challenges increases epithelial permeability. Given the important role of the vocal fold epithelium in shielding the underlying mucosa from inhaled pathogens and pollutants, our data provide the impetus for future studies on pharmacological treatments aimed at restoring the hydration level and chemical composition of vocal fold surface fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Leydon C, Sivasankar M, Falciglia DL, Atkins C, Fisher KV. Vocal fold surface hydration: a review. J Voice 2009; 23:658-65. [PMID: 19111440 PMCID: PMC2810851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vocal fold surface liquid homeostasis contributes to optimal vocal physiology. In this paper we review emerging evidence that vocal fold surface liquid is maintained in part by salt and water fluxes across the epithelium. Based on recent immunolocalization and electrophysiological findings, we describe a transcellular pathway as one mechanism for regulating superficial vocal fold hydration. We propose that the pathway includes the sodium-potassium pump, sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter, epithelial sodium channels, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator chloride channels, and aquaporin water channels. By integrating knowledge of the regulating mechanisms underlying ion and fluid transport with observations from hydration challenges and treatments using in vitro and in vivo studies, we provide a theoretical basis for understanding how environmental and behavioral challenges and clinical interventions may modify vocal fold surface liquid composition. We present converging evidence that clinical protocols directed at facilitating vocal fold epithelial ion and fluid transport may benefit healthy speakers, those with voice disorders, and those at risk for voice disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Leydon
- Department of Speech Communication Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, New York 12110, USA.
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Sivasankar M, Nofziger C, Blazer-Yost B. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulation of ion transport in porcine vocal fold mucosae. Laryngoscope 2008; 118:1511-7. [PMID: 18596479 PMCID: PMC3254585 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e3181772d63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important biological molecule that regulates ion transport and inflammatory responses in epithelial tissue. The present study examined whether the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, would increase cAMP concentration in porcine vocal fold mucosa and whether the effects of increased cAMP would be manifested as a functional increase in transepithelial ion transport. Additionally, changes in cAMP concentrations following exposure to an inflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) were investigated. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experimental design with matched treatment and control groups. METHODS Porcine vocal fold mucosae (N = 30) and tracheal mucosae (N = 20) were exposed to forskolin, TNFalpha, or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) treatment. cAMP concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ion transport was measured using electrophysiological techniques. RESULTS Thirty minute exposure to forskolin significantly increased cAMP concentration and ion transport in porcine vocal fold and tracheal mucosae. However, 30-minute and 2-hour exposure to TNFalpha did not significantly alter cAMP concentration. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that forskolin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is present in vocal fold mucosa, and further, that the product, cAMP increases vocal fold ion transport. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying vocal fold ion transport. As ion transport is important for maintaining superficial vocal fold hydration, data demonstrating forskolin-stimulated ion transport in vocal fold mucosa suggest opportunities for developing pharmacological treatments that increase surface hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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