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Miller HE, Kearney E, Nieto-Castañón A, Falsini R, Abur D, Acosta A, Chao SC, Dahl KL, Franken M, Heller Murray ES, Mollaei F, Niziolek CA, Parrell B, Perrachione T, Smith DJ, Stepp CE, Tomassi N, Guenther FH. Do Not Cut Off Your Tail: A Mega-Analysis of Responses to Auditory Perturbation Experiments. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4315-4331. [PMID: 37850867 PMCID: PMC10715843 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The practice of removing "following" responses from speech perturbation analyses is increasingly common, despite no clear evidence as to whether these responses represent a unique response type. This study aimed to determine if the distribution of responses to auditory perturbation paradigms represents a bimodal distribution, consisting of two distinct response types, or a unimodal distribution. METHOD This mega-analysis pooled data from 22 previous studies to examine the distribution and magnitude of responses to auditory perturbations across four tasks: adaptive pitch, adaptive formant, reflexive pitch, and reflexive formant. Data included at least 150 unique participants for each task, with studies comprising younger adult, older adult, and Parkinson's disease populations. A Silverman's unimodality test followed by a smoothed bootstrap resampling technique was performed for each task to evaluate the number of modes in each distribution. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were also performed for each distribution to confirm significant compensation in response to the perturbation. RESULTS Modality analyses were not significant (p > .05) for any group or task, indicating unimodal distributions. Our analyses also confirmed compensatory reflexive responses to pitch and formant perturbations across all groups, as well as adaptive responses to sustained formant perturbations. However, analyses of sustained pitch perturbations only revealed evidence of adaptation in studies with younger adults. CONCLUSION The demonstration of a clear unimodal distribution across all tasks suggests that following responses do not represent a distinct response pattern, but rather the tail of a unimodal distribution. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24282676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary E. Miller
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Elaine Kearney
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | | | - Riccardo Falsini
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Defne Abur
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Alexander Acosta
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Sara-Ching Chao
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Kimberly L. Dahl
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Matthias Franken
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Fatemeh Mollaei
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, England
| | - Caroline A. Niziolek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Benjamin Parrell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Tyler Perrachione
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Dante J. Smith
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Cara E. Stepp
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
| | - Nicole Tomassi
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, MA
| | - Frank H. Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
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Coughler C, Quinn de Launay KL, Purcell DW, Oram Cardy J, Beal DS. Pediatric Responses to Fundamental and Formant Frequency Altered Auditory Feedback: A Scoping Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:858863. [PMID: 35664350 PMCID: PMC9157279 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.858863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ability to hear ourselves speak has been shown to play an important role in the development and maintenance of fluent and coherent speech. Despite this, little is known about the developing speech motor control system throughout childhood, in particular if and how vocal and articulatory control may differ throughout development. A scoping review was undertaken to identify and describe the full range of studies investigating responses to frequency altered auditory feedback in pediatric populations and their contributions to our understanding of the development of auditory feedback control and sensorimotor learning in childhood and adolescence. Method Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search strategy of six academic databases for studies that included (a) real-time perturbation of frequency in auditory input, (b) an analysis of immediate effects on speech, and (c) participants aged 18 years or younger. Results Twenty-three articles met inclusion criteria. Across studies, there was a wide variety of designs, outcomes and measures used. Manipulations included fundamental frequency (9 studies), formant frequency (12), frequency centroid of fricatives (1), and both fundamental and formant frequencies (1). Study designs included contrasts across childhood, between children and adults, and between typical, pediatric clinical and adult populations. Measures primarily explored acoustic properties of speech responses (latency, magnitude, and variability). Some studies additionally examined the association of these acoustic responses with clinical measures (e.g., stuttering severity and reading ability), and neural measures using electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion Findings indicated that children above 4 years generally compensated in the opposite direction of the manipulation, however, in several cases not as effectively as adults. Overall, results varied greatly due to the broad range of manipulations and designs used, making generalization challenging. Differences found between age groups in the features of the compensatory vocal responses, latency of responses, vocal variability and perceptual abilities, suggest that maturational changes may be occurring in the speech motor control system, affecting the extent to which auditory feedback is used to modify internal sensorimotor representations. Varied findings suggest vocal control develops prior to articulatory control. Future studies with multiple outcome measures, manipulations, and more expansive age ranges are needed to elucidate findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Coughler
- Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Caitlin Coughler,
| | - Keelia L. Quinn de Launay
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W. Purcell
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- National Centre for Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Janis Oram Cardy
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- National Centre for Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Deryk S. Beal
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cheung ST, Thompson K, Chen JL, Yunusova Y, Beal DS. Response patterns to vowel formant perturbations in children. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:2647. [PMID: 34717445 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Auditory feedback is an important component of speech motor control, but its precise role in developing speech is less understood. The role of auditory feedback in development was probed by perturbing the speech of children 4-9 years old. The vowel sound /ɛ/ was shifted to /æ/ in real time and presented to participants as their own auditory feedback. Analyses of the resultant formant magnitude changes in the participants' speech indicated that children compensated and adapted by adjusting their formants to oppose the perturbation. Older and younger children responded to perturbation differently in F1 and F2. The compensatory change in F1 was greater for younger children, whereas the increase in F2 was greater for older children. Adaptation aftereffects were observed in both groups. Exploratory directional analyses in the two-dimensional formant space indicated that older children responded more directly and less variably to the perturbation than younger children, shifting their vowels back toward the vowel sound /ɛ/ to oppose the perturbation. Findings support the hypothesis that auditory feedback integration continues to develop between the ages of 4 and 9 years old such that the differences in the adaptive and compensatory responses arise between younger and older children despite receiving the same auditory feedback perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Cheung
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Kristen Thompson
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Joyce L Chen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Yana Yunusova
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Deryk S Beal
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M4G 1R8, Canada
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Cummine J, Huynh TKT, Cullum A, Ostevik A, Hodgetts W. Chew on this! Oral stereognosis predicts visual word recognition in typical adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kearney E, Nieto-Castañón A, Weerathunge HR, Falsini R, Daliri A, Abur D, Ballard KJ, Chang SE, Chao SC, Heller Murray ES, Scott TL, Guenther FH. A Simple 3-Parameter Model for Examining Adaptation in Speech and Voice Production. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2995. [PMID: 32038381 PMCID: PMC6985569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation experiments are commonly used to examine motor learning behavior and to uncover information about the underlying control mechanisms of many motor behaviors, including speech production. In the speech and voice domains, aspects of the acoustic signal are shifted/perturbed over time via auditory feedback manipulations. In response, speakers alter their production in the opposite direction of the shift so that their perceived production is closer to what they intended. This process relies on a combination of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms that are difficult to disentangle. The current study describes and tests a simple 3-parameter mathematical model that quantifies the relative contribution of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms to sensorimotor adaptation. The model is a simplified version of the DIVA model, an adaptive neural network model of speech motor control. The three fitting parameters of SimpleDIVA are associated with the three key subsystems involved in speech motor control, namely auditory feedback control, somatosensory feedback control, and feedforward control. The model is tested through computer simulations that identify optimal model fits to six existing sensorimotor adaptation datasets. We show its utility in (1) interpreting the results of adaptation experiments involving the first and second formant frequencies as well as fundamental frequency; (2) assessing the effects of masking noise in adaptation paradigms; (3) fitting more than one perturbation dimension simultaneously; (4) examining sensorimotor adaptation at different timepoints in the production signal; and (5) quantitatively predicting responses in one experiment using parameters derived from another experiment. The model simulations produce excellent fits to real data across different types of perturbations and experimental paradigms (mean correlation between data and model fits across all six studies = 0.95 ± 0.02). The model parameters provide a mechanistic explanation for the behavioral responses to the adaptation paradigm that are not readily available from the behavioral responses alone. Overall, SimpleDIVA offers new insights into speech and voice motor control and has the potential to inform future directions of speech rehabilitation research in disordered populations. Simulation software, including an easy-to-use graphical user interface, is publicly available to facilitate the use of the model in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kearney
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alfonso Nieto-Castañón
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Riccardo Falsini
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Defne Abur
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kirrie J. Ballard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Soo-Eun Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Cognitive Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sara-Ching Chao
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Terri L. Scott
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank H. Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Caudrelier T, Ménard L, Perrier P, Schwartz JL, Gerber S, Vidou C, Rochet-Capellan A. Transfer of sensorimotor learning reveals phoneme representations in preliterate children. Cognition 2019; 192:103973. [PMID: 31252327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reading acquisition is strongly intertwined with phoneme awareness that relies on implicit phoneme representations. We asked whether phoneme representations emerge before literacy. We recruited two groups of children, 4 to 5-year-old preschoolers (N = 29) and 7 to 8-year-old schoolchildren (N = 24), whose phonological awareness was evaluated, and one adult control group (N = 17). We altered speakers' auditory feedback in real time to elicit persisting pronunciation changes, referred to as auditory-motor adaptation or learning. Assessing the transfer of learning at phoneme level enabled us to investigate the developmental time-course of phoneme representations. Significant transfer at phoneme level occurred in preschoolers, as well as schoolchildren and adults. In addition, we found a relationship between auditory-motor adaptation and phonological awareness in both groups of children. Overall, these results suggest that phoneme representations emerge before literacy acquisition, and that these sensorimotor representations may set the ground for phonological awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Caudrelier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Ménard
- Laboratoire de Phonétique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Center For Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Perrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Schwartz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Silvain Gerber
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Vidou
- Laboratoire de Phonétique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Center For Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Araújo J, Flanagan S, Castro-Caldas A, Goswami U. The temporal modulation structure of illiterate versus literate adult speech. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205224. [PMID: 30356281 PMCID: PMC6200213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal modulation structure of speech plays a key role in neural encoding of the speech signal. Amplitude modulations (AMs, quasi-rhythmic changes in signal energy or intensity) in speech are encoded by neuronal oscillations (rhythmic variations in neural excitability in large cell networks) that oscillate at matching temporal rates. To date, however, all neural studies have investigated adult-directed speech (ADS) as produced and perceived by highly literate adults. Whether temporal features of ADS vary with the skills of the speaker, for example literacy skills, is currently unknown. Here we analyse the temporal structure of ADS spoken by illiterate, low literate (≤ 4 years of literacy) and highly literate (≥ 12 years of literacy) adults. We find that illiterates produce speech differently. Spontaneous conversational speech produced by illiterate adults showed significantly less synchronised coupling between AM bands (less phase synchronisation) than conversational speech produced by low literate and highly literate adults, and contained significantly fewer syllables per second. There was also a significant relationship between years of literacy and the amount of theta-band energy in conversational speech. When asked to produce rhythmic proverbs learned in childhood, all groups could produce speech with similar AM phase synchronisation, suggesting that the differences in spontaneous conversational speech were not caused by physiological constraints. The data suggest that the temporal modulation structure of spoken language changes with the acquisition of cultural skills like literacy that are usually a product of schooling. There is a cultural effect on the temporal modulation structure of spoken language.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Araújo
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Sheila Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Castro-Caldas
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Usha Goswami
- Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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van den Bunt MR, Groen MA, van der Kleij SW, Noordenbos MW, Segers E, Pugh KR, Verhoeven L. Deficient Response to Altered Auditory Feedback in Dyslexia. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:622-641. [PMID: 30001162 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1495723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although dyslexia is characterized by a deficit in phonological representations, the nature of this deficit is debated. Previously, it was shown that adults with dyslexia respond differently to online manipulations of auditory feedback. In the present study, we found that individual differences in reading and reading-related skills within a group of 30 children (10-13 years old) with dyslexia were associated with the response to altered feedback. The fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus was not directly related to the response to altered feedback. This study corroborates that speech perception-production communication is important for phonological representations and reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R van den Bunt
- a Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - M A Groen
- a Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - S W van der Kleij
- a Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - M W Noordenbos
- b Centre for Language Studies , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - E Segers
- a Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - K R Pugh
- c Haskins Laboratories , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - L Verhoeven
- a Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Abnormal Speech Motor Control in Individuals with 16p11.2 Deletions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1274. [PMID: 29352208 PMCID: PMC5775320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech and motor deficits are highly prevalent (>70%) in individuals with the 600 kb BP4-BP5 16p11.2 deletion; however, the mechanisms that drive these deficits are unclear, limiting our ability to target interventions and advance treatment. This study examined fundamental aspects of speech motor control in participants with the 16p11.2 deletion. To assess capacity for control of voice, we examined how accurately and quickly subjects changed the pitch of their voice within a trial to correct for a transient perturbation of the pitch of their auditory feedback. When compared to controls, 16p11.2 deletion carriers show an over-exaggerated pitch compensation response to unpredictable mid-vocalization pitch perturbations. We also examined sensorimotor adaptation of speech by assessing how subjects learned to adapt their sustained productions of formants (speech spectral peak frequencies important for vowel identity), in response to consistent changes in their auditory feedback during vowel production. Deletion carriers show reduced sensorimotor adaptation to sustained vowel identity changes in auditory feedback. These results together suggest that 16p11.2 deletion carriers have fundamental impairments in the basic mechanisms of speech motor control and these impairments may partially explain the deficits in speech and language in these individuals.
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