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Périco LL, Vegso AJ, Baggio CH, MacNaughton WK. Protease-activated receptor 2 drives migration in a colon cancer cell line but not in noncancerous human epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G525-G542. [PMID: 38440826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00284.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The inflamed mucosa contains a complex assortment of proteases that may participate in wound healing or the development of inflammation-associated colon cancer. We sought to determine the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epithelial wound healing in both untransformed and transformed colonic epithelial cells. Monolayers of primary epithelial cells derived from organoids cultivated from patient colonic biopsies and of the T84 colon cancer cell line were grown to confluence, wounded in the presence of a selective PAR2-activating peptide, and healing was visualized by live cell microscopy. Inhibitors of various signaling molecules were used to assess the relevant pathways responsible for wound healing. Activation of PAR2 induced an enhanced wound-healing response in T84 cells but not primary cells. The PAR2-enhanced wound-healing response was associated with the development of lamellipodia in cells at the wound edge, consistent with sheet migration. The response to PAR2 activation in T84 cells was completely dependent on Src kinase activity and partially dependent on Rac1 activity. The Src-associated signaling molecules, focal adhesion kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor, which typically mediate wound-healing responses, were not involved in the PAR2 response. Experiments repeated in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ revealed a synergistically enhanced PAR2 wound-healing response in T84s but not primary cells. The epithelial response to proteases may be different between primary and cancer cells and is accentuated in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings have implications for understanding epithelial restitution in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammation-associated colon cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances wound healing in the T84 colon cancer cell line, but not in primary cells derived from patient biopsies, an effect that is synergistically enhanced in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lucena Périco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Vegso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cristiane H Baggio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chen H, Smith M, Herz J, Li T, Hasley R, Le Saout C, Zhu Z, Cheng J, Gronda A, Martina JA, Irusta PM, Karpova T, McGavern DB, Catalfamo M. The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions. iScience 2021; 24:103387. [PMID: 34841225 PMCID: PMC8605340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1−/− mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function. PAR1 signaling in human CD8 T cells accelerates TCR-induced calcium mobilization PAR1 participates in the repositioning of the MTOC at the immunological synapse PAR1 facilitates polarized secretion of cytotoxic granules at the immunological synapse PAR1−/− Gp33-specific CD8 T cells show reduced expansion and effector function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Smith
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andres Gronda
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo M Irusta
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The serine protease activated protein C (aPC) was initially characterized as an endogenous anticoagulant, but in addition conveys anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. Its endogenous anticoagulant function hampered the successful and continuous implantation of aPC as a therapeutic agent in septic patients. However, it became increasingly apparent that aPC controls cellular function largely independent of its anticoagulant effects through cell-specific and context-specific receptor complexes and intracellular signaling pathways. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanisms of aPC-dependent cell signaling and its intracellular molecular targets. RECENT FINDINGS With the advent of new therapeutic agents either modulating directly and specifically the activity of coagulation proteases or interfering with protease-activated receptor signaling a better understanding not only of the receptor mechanisms but also of the intracellular signaling mechanisms controlled by aPC in a disease-specific and context-specific fashion, is required to tailor new therapeutic approaches based on aPC's anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent insights into the intracellular signaling pathways controlled by aPC in a cell-specific and context-specific fashion. We focus on aPC-mediated barrier protection, inhibition of inflammation, and cytoprotecting within this review.
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Transcriptome Analysis and Emerging Driver Identification of CD8+ T Cells in Patients with Vitiligo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2503924. [PMID: 31885781 PMCID: PMC6899274 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2503924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated CD8+ T cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, driving factors about the activation and migration of CD8+ T cells remain obscure. In this study, we aim to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and uncover potential factors that drive the disease in melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells in vitiligo. A total of 1147 DEGs were found through transcriptome sequencing in CD8+ T cells from lesional skin of vitiligo patients and normal controls. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and PPI, 16 upregulated and 23 downregulated genes were identified. Ultimately, 3 genes were figured out after RT-qPCR verification. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PIK3CB, HIF-1α, and F2RL1 were all elevated in CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood in vitiligo. HIF-1α and PIK3CB were significantly increased in lesional skin of vitiligo. Two CpG sites of the HIF-1α promoter were hypomethylated in vitiligo CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, HIF-1α, F2RL1, and PIK3CB may act as novel drivers for vitiligo, which are all closely associated with reactive oxygen species and possibly contribute to the activation and/or migration of melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells in vitiligo. In addition, we uncovered a potential role for DNA hypomethylation of HIF-1α in CD8+ T cells of vitiligo.
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Eftekhari R, de Lima SG, Liu Y, Mihara K, Saifeddine M, Noorbakhsh F, Scarisbrick IA, Hollenberg MD. Microenvironment proteinases, proteinase-activated receptor regulation, cancer and inflammation. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1023-1039. [PMID: 29924723 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose that in the microenvironment of inflammatory tissues, including tumours, extracellular proteinases can modulate cell signalling in part by regulating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We have been exploring this mechanism in a variety of inflammation and tumour-related settings that include tumour-derived cultured cells from prostate and bladder cancer, as well as immune inflammatory cells that are involved in the pathology of inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis. Our work showed that proteinase signalling via the PARs affects prostate and bladder cancer-derived tumour cell behaviour and can regulate calcium signalling in human T-cell and macrophage-related inflammatory cells as well as in murine splenocytes. Further, we found that the tumour-derived prostate cancer cells and immune-related cells (Jurkat, THP1, mouse splenocytes) can produce PAR-regulating proteinases (including kallikreins: kallikrein-related peptidases), that can control tissue function by both a paracrine and autocrine mechanism. We suggest that this PAR-driven signalling process involving secreted microenvironment proteinases can play a key role in cancer and inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Stacy G de Lima
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yu Liu
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Francis N, Ayodele BA, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Birchmeier W, Pike RN, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of protease-activated receptor 2 prevents gingival inflammation and bone loss in a mouse model of periodontal disease. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12891. [PMID: 30009515 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is characterised by gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. A major aetiological agent is Porphyromonas gingivalis, which secretes proteases that activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ). PAR2 expressed on oral keratinocytes is activated by proteases released by P. gingivalis, inducing secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), and global knockout of PAR2 prevents bone loss and inflammation in a periodontal disease model in mice. To test the hypothesis that PAR2 expressed on gingival keratinocytes is required for periodontal disease pathology, keratinocyte-specific PAR2 -null mice were generated using K14-Cre targeted deletion of the PAR2 gene (F2rl1). These mice were subjected to a model of periodontitis involving placement of a ligature around a tooth, combined with P. gingivalis infection ("Lig + Inf"). The intervention caused a significant 44% decrease in alveolar bone volume (assessed by microcomputed tomography) in wildtype (K14-Cre:F2rl1wt/wt ), but not littermate keratinocyte-specific PAR2 -null (K14-Cre:F2rl1fl/fl ) mice. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of PAR2 prevented the significant Lig + Inf-induced increase (2.8-fold) in the number of osteoclasts in alveolar bone and the significant up-regulation (2.4-4-fold) of the inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, interferon-γ, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b in gingival tissue. These data suggest that PAR2 expressed on oral epithelial cells is a critical regulator of periodontitis-induced bone loss and will help in designing novel therapies with which to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhish Francis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Babatunde A Ayodele
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Robert N Pike
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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A T cell-specific knockout reveals an important role for protease-activated receptor 2 in lymphocyte development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Ranjan S, Goihl A, Kohli S, Gadi I, Pierau M, Shahzad K, Gupta D, Bock F, Wang H, Shaikh H, Kähne T, Reinhold D, Bank U, Zenclussen AC, Niemz J, Schnöder TM, Brunner-Weinzierl M, Fischer T, Kalinski T, Schraven B, Luft T, Huehn J, Naumann M, Heidel FH, Isermann B. Activated protein C protects from GvHD via PAR2/PAR3 signalling in regulatory T-cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:311. [PMID: 28827518 PMCID: PMC5566392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell(HSC) transplantation. GvHD is associated with loss of endothelial thrombomodulin, but the relevance of this for the adaptive immune response to transplanted HSCs remains unknown. Here we show that the protease-activated protein C (aPC), which is generated by thrombomodulin, ameliorates GvHD aPC restricts allogenic T-cell activation via the protease activated receptor (PAR)2/PAR3 heterodimer on regulatory T-cells (Tregs, CD4+FOXP3+). Preincubation of pan T-cells with aPC prior to transplantation increases the frequency of Tregs and protects from GvHD. Preincubation of human T-cells (HLA-DR4-CD4+) with aPC prior to transplantation into humanized (NSG-AB°DR4) mice ameliorates graft-vs.-host disease. The protective effect of aPC on GvHD does not compromise the graft vs. leukaemia effect in two independent tumor cell models. Ex vivo preincubation of T-cells with aPC, aPC-based therapies, or targeting PAR2/PAR3 on T-cells may provide a safe and effective approach to mitigate GvHD.Graft-vs.-host disease is a complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here the authors show that activated protein C signals via PAR2/PAR3 to expand Treg cells, mitigating the disease in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein C/immunology
- Protein C/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptor, PAR-2/chemistry
- Receptor, PAR-2/immunology
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/chemistry
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/immunology
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thrombin/immunology
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Ranjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Goihl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pierau
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bock
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39108, Germany
| | - Jana Niemz
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Tina M Schnöder
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Monika Brunner-Weinzierl
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Institute for Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Thomas Luft
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kang S, Moon NR, Kim DS, Lee NR, Kim KS, Park S. Topical treatments of Saussurea costus root and Thuja orientalis L. synergistically alleviate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by inhibiting protease-activated receptor-2 and NF-κB signaling in HaCaT cells and Nc/Nga mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:97-105. [PMID: 28159725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Saussurea costus (Aucklandia lappa Decne, Aucklandiae Radix, SC) and Thuja orientalis L. (TOL) have been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory agents in Korea. However, they have not been studied for the efficacy of atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment, a chronic inflammatory skin disease. We investigated the efficacy of topical applications with 1,3-butyleneglycol extracts of SC and TOL to alleviate the symptoms of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells and the dorsal skin of Nc/Nga mice had a local exposure of house mite extracts and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), respectively. After lesions developed, we topically applied 1,3-butylen glycol (vehicle; control), SC (30%), TOL (30%), or SC (15%)+TOL (15%) to the skin lesions for 5 weeks. The normal-control was not exposed to DNCB. The skin thickness, mast cell infiltration, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG1 and gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ in the dorsal skin and HaCaT cells were measured. RESULTS Chlorogenic acid (129.6±10.2μg/g) for SC and catechin and apigenin (93.4±13.2 and 16.9±1.3μg/g, respectively) for TOL were used as indicator compounds for the strength of the extracts. SC+TOL decreased the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 and ICAM-1 and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in HaCaT cells activated by 3μg/mL house mite extracts in comparison to either of SC or TOL alone. In Nc/Nga mice challenged with DNCB, SC+TOL synergistically attenuated clinical symptoms of AD such as erythema, hemorrhage, edema, excoriation and dryness in the dorsal skin better than either SC or TOL alone. Histological analysis of the dorsal skin also showed that SC+TOL treatment significantly and additively decreased the inflammatory cellular infiltrate, including mast cells and eosinophils in comparison to either of SC or TOL. SC+TOL also decreased serum IgE and IgG1 levels and the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13 mRNA in dorsal skin in DNCB-treated Nc/Nga mice. CONCLUSION SC+TOL relieved the symptoms of AD by reducing pro-inflammatory activity and over-activated immune responses. These data suggest that SC+TOL may be an effective alternative intervention for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Yang
- Division of Strategic Food Industry Research, Korea Food Research Institute, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Yong In University, South Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Korea Food Research Institute, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Yong In University, South Korea.
| | - Suna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
| | - Na Rang Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
| | - Da Sol Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
| | - Na Ra Lee
- Department of Nanobiomechatronics, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
| | - Kang Sung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Yong In University, South Korea.
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
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10
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Hansbro PM, Hamilton MJ, Fricker M, Gellatly SL, Jarnicki AG, Zheng D, Frei SM, Wong GW, Hamadi S, Zhou S, Foster PS, Krilis SA, Stevens RL. Importance of mast cell Prss31/transmembrane tryptase/tryptase-γ in lung function and experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and colitis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18214-27. [PMID: 24821729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease serine member S31 (Prss31)/transmembrane tryptase/tryptase-γ is a mast cell (MC)-restricted protease of unknown function that is retained on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane when MCs are activated. We determined the nucleotide sequences of the Prss31 gene in different mouse strains and then used a Cre/loxP homologous recombination approach to create a novel Prss31(-/-) C57BL/6 mouse line. The resulting animals exhibited no obvious developmental abnormality, contained normal numbers of granulated MCs in their tissues, and did not compensate for their loss of the membrane tryptase by increasing their expression of other granule proteases. When Prss31-null MCs were activated with a calcium ionophore or by their high affinity IgE receptors, they degranulated in a pattern similar to that of WT MCs. Prss31-null mice had increased baseline airway reactivity to methacholine but markedly reduced experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and colitis, thereby indicating both beneficial and adverse functional roles for the tryptase. In a cigarette smoke-induced model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WT mice had more pulmonary macrophages, higher histopathology scores, and more fibrosis in their small airways than similarly treated Prss31-null mice. In a dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis model, WT mice lost more weight, had higher histopathology scores, and contained more Cxcl-2 and IL-6 mRNA in their colons than similarly treated Prss31-null mice. The accumulated data raise the possibility that inhibitors of this membrane tryptase may provide additional therapeutic benefit in the treatment of humans with these MC-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- From the Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew J Hamilton
- the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael Fricker
- From the Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- From the Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Andrew G Jarnicki
- From the Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Dominick Zheng
- the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sandra M Frei
- the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - G William Wong
- the Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Sahar Hamadi
- the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Saijun Zhou
- the Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital and the University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- From the Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- the Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital and the University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia
| | - Richard L Stevens
- the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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Aerts L, Hamelin MÈ, Rhéaume C, Lavigne S, Couture C, Kim W, Susan-Resiga D, Prat A, Seidah NG, Vergnolle N, Riteau B, Boivin G. Modulation of protease activated receptor 1 influences human metapneumovirus disease severity in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72529. [PMID: 24015257 PMCID: PMC3755973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection causes acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) which can result in hospitalization of both children and adults. To date, no antiviral or vaccine is available for this common viral infection. Immunomodulators could represent an interesting strategy for the treatment of severe viral infection. Recently, the role of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in inflammation, coagulation and infection processes has been of growing interest. Herein, the effects of a PAR1 agonist and a PAR1 antagonist on hMPV infection were investigated in BALB/c mice. Intranasal administration of the PAR1 agonist resulted in increased weight loss and mortality of infected mice. Conversely, the PAR1 antagonist was beneficial to hMPV infection by decreasing weight loss and clinical signs and by significantly reducing pulmonary inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (including IL-6, KC and MCP-1) and recruitment of immune cells to the lungs. In addition, a significant reduction in pulmonary viral titers was also observed in the lungs of PAR1 antagonist-treated mice. Despite no apparent direct effect on virus replication during in vitro experiments, an important role for PAR1 in the regulation of furin expression in the lungs was shown for the first time. Further experiments indicated that the hMPV fusion protein can be cleaved by furin thus suggesting that PAR1 could have an effect on viral infectivity in addition to its immunomodulatory properties. Thus, inhibition of PAR1 by selected antagonists could represent an interesting strategy for decreasing the severity of paramyxovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - WooJin Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Beatrice Riteau
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Lyon, France
- Centre de Tours-Nouzilly Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Steven R, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Ferrell WR, McInnes IB. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulates human macrophage differentiation and effector function. Innate Immun 2013; 19:663-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425913479984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) was shown to influence immune regulation; however, its role in human macrophage subset development and function has not been addressed. Here, PAR-2 expression and activation was investigated on granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF(M1) and macrophage (M)-CSF(M2) macrophages. In both macrophages, the PAR-2-activating peptide, SLIGKV, increased PAR-2 expression and regulated TNF-α and IL-10 secretion in a manner similar to LPS. In addition, HLA-DR on M1 cells also increased. Monocytes matured to an M1 phenotype in the presence of SLIGKV had reduced cell area, and released less TNF-α after LPS challenge compared with vehicle ( P < 0.05, n = 3). Cells matured to an M2 phenotype with SLIGKV also had a reduced cell area and made significantly more TNF-α after LPS exposure compared to vehicle ( P < 0.05, n = 3) with reduced IL-10 secretion ( P < 0.05, n = 3). Thus, PAR-2 activation on macrophage subsets regulates HLA-DR and PAR-2 surface expression, and drives cytokine production. In contrast, PAR-2 activation during M1 or M2 maturation induces altered cell morphology and skewing of phenotype, as evidenced by cytokine secretion. These data suggest a complex role for PAR-2 in macrophage biology and may have implications for macrophage-driven disease in which proteinase-rich environments can influence the immune process directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Steven
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Science, School of
Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Anne Crilly
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Science, School of
Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Science, School of
Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - William R Ferrell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Expression, function and cooperating partners of protease-activated receptor type 3 in vascular endothelial cells and B lymphocytes studied with specific monoclonal antibody. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:319-26. [PMID: 23352962 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-specific antibodies can both prevent ligand-receptor interaction and initiate receptor signaling. Previously we generated monoclonal antibody 8E8 (mAb 8E8) against protease-activated receptor type 3 (PAR3) which inhibited proliferation of B cell hybridoma. Here we used mAb 8E8 and PAR1-specific polyclonal antibody to reveal the functions and cooperating partners of PAR3 in endothelial cells and in B lymphocytes. MAb 8E8 or PAR1 agonist peptide stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production and VCAM-1 expression in HPMEC-ST1.6R cells. PAR1 antibody stimulated only VCAM-1 expression, while ICAM-1 expression was stimulated with mAB 8E8 or PAR3 peptide. MAb 8E8 stimulated weak mitogenic response, while PAR1 antibody inhibited it in normal but not in malignant B lymphocytes. Sandwich ELISA assay demonstrated the interaction of PAR3 with PAR1 in malignant cell lines and with IgM in normal B lymphocytes. It is concluded that PAR3 cooperates with PAR1 to mediate the effect of thrombin on cytokine production and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells and on cell proliferation in malignant B cells. ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells requires PAR3 without PAR1. The inhibitory effect of thrombin in normal B lymphocytes is mediated by PAR1 alone, while mitogenic and pro-survival signaling in B lymphocytes is provided through PAR3 in cooperation with BCR.
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14
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Cytoprotective signaling by activated protein C requires protease-activated receptor-3 in podocytes. Blood 2011; 119:874-83. [PMID: 22117049 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-365973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective effects of activated protein C (aPC) are well established. In contrast, the receptors and signaling mechanism through which aPC conveys cytoprotection in various cell types remain incompletely defined. Thus, within the renal glomeruli, aPC preserves endothelial cells via a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and endothelial protein C receptor-dependent mechanism. Conversely, the signaling mechanism through which aPC protects podocytes remains unknown. While exploring the latter, we identified a novel aPC/PAR-dependent cytoprotective signaling mechanism. In podocytes, aPC inhibits apoptosis through proteolytic activation of PAR-3 independent of endothelial protein C receptor. PAR-3 is not signaling competent itself as it requires aPC-induced heterodimerization with PAR-2 (human podocytes) or PAR-1 (mouse podocytes). This cytoprotective signaling mechanism depends on caveolin-1 dephosphorylation. In vivo aPC protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced podocyte injury and proteinuria. Genetic deletion of PAR-3 impairs the nephroprotective effect of aPC, demonstrating the crucial role of PAR-3 for aPC-dependent podocyte protection. This novel, aPC-mediated interaction of PARs demonstrates the plasticity and cell-specificity of cytoprotective aPC signaling. The evidence of specific, dynamic signaling complexes underlying aPC-mediated cytoprotection may allow the design of cell type specific targeted therapies.
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15
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Protein kinase C-theta in platelet activation. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3208-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Wee JLK, Chionh YT, Ng GZ, Harbour SN, Allison C, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ, Mitchell HM, Ferrero RL, Sutton P. Protease-activated receptor-1 down-regulates the murine inflammatory and humoral response to Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:573-82. [PMID: 19706295 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection results in a diversity of pathologies, from asymptomatic gastritis to adenocarcinoma. The reason for these diverse outcomes is multifactorial and includes host factors that regulate severity of Helicobacter-induced gastritis. Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are environmental sensors that can detect tissue damage and pathogens. Whereas PAR-2 has proinflammatory activity and PAR-1 can protect the gastric mucosa against chemical damage, neither has previously been examined for their potential roles in regulating Helicobacter pathogenesis. METHODS PAR-1(-/-), PAR-2(-/-), and wild-type mice were infected with H pylori for up to 2 months then colonization levels determined by colony-forming assay, gastritis by histology, and serum antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Responsiveness of primary epithelial cells to PAR-1 activation was assessed by calcium mobilization assay. Primary epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells were cocultured with H pylori and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and cytokine secretion was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Two months postinfection, H pylori levels were significantly reduced in PAR-1(-/-) and increased in PAR-2(-/-) mice. This effect on colonization was inversely correlated with inflammation severity. Infection of PAR-1(-/-) mice induced an increased serum antibody response. Primary epithelial cells were activated by a PAR-1-activating peptide. H pylori stimulation of primary epithelial cells, but not macrophages or dendritic cells, from PAR-1(-/-) mice induced increased levels of NF-kappaB and the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-2. PAR-1 also down-regulated MIP-2 secretion in response to cag pathogenicity island activity. CONCLUSIONS PAR-1 protects the host against severe Helicobacter-induced gastritis. This may be mediated by suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as MIP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L K Wee
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Cho H, Kehrl JH. Chapter 9 Regulation of Immune Function by G Protein‐Coupled Receptors, Trimeric G Proteins, and RGS Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 86:249-98. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)86009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Proteinases and signalling: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications via PARs and more. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S263-82. [PMID: 18059329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and tissue kallikreins are now known to regulate cell signaling by cleaving and activating a novel family of G-protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PARs 1-4) via exposure of a tethered receptor-triggering ligand. On their own, short synthetic PAR-selective PAR-activating peptides (PAR-APs) mimicking the tethered ligand sequences can activate PARs 1, 2 and 4 and cause physiological responses both in vitro and in vivo. Using the PAR-APs as sentinel probes in vivo, it has been found that PAR activation can affect the vascular, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems (both central and peripheral nervous system) and can promote cancer metastasis and invasion. In general, responses triggered by PARs 1, 2 and 4 are in keeping with an innate immune inflammatory response, ranging from vasodilatation to intestinal inflammation, increased cytokine production and increased or decreased nociception. Further, PARs have been implicated in a number of disease states, including cancer and inflammation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. In addition to activating PARs, proteinases can cause hormone-like effects by other signalling mechanisms, like growth factor receptor activation, that may be as important as the activation of PARs. We, therefore, propose that the PARs themselves, their activating serine proteinases and their associated signalling pathways can be considered as attractive targets for therapeutic drug development. Thus, proteinases in general must now be considered as 'hormone-like' messengers that can signal either via PARs or other mechanisms.
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Abstract
Coagulation proteases are involved in generating fibrin after vascular injury (hemostasis) but they also have multiple other effects, many of which are mediated independently of fibrin generation, via interactions with specific cell membrane-expressed "protease activated receptors". In inflammation, this family of proteins has a complex influence, the facets of which are still incompletely understood, though a common feature in different models appears to be amplification of innate signals that are initially generated by pathogenic elements or, in the context of transplantation, ischemia or anti-graft antibodies, for instance. There is increasing evidence that these proteases may also have specific effects on cells involved in adaptive immunity and on cells that mediate chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Understanding whether these effects are relevant in the responses generated against transplanted organs is important, as it could lead ultimately to the development of novel ways to promote long-term graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shrivastava
- Department of Immunology, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W120NN, UK
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20
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Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR) have been recognized as playing an important role in inflammation and immune response. However, little is known of the expression and function of PAR on human T cells. In this study, the expression of PAR on highly purified human T cells was determined and the secretion of IL-6 from cultured T cells in response to serine proteinases and agonist peptides of PAR was examined. The results showed that T cells express PAR-1, PAR-2 and PAR-3 proteins and genes. Thrombin, trypsin and tryptase, but not elastase, were able to stimulate concentration-dependent secretion of IL-6 from T cells following a 16 h incubation period. The specific inhibitors of thrombin, trypsin and tryptase inhibited the actions of these proteinases on T cells, indicating that the enzymatic activity is essential for their actions. Agonist peptides of PAR SFLLR-NH2, TFLLRN-NH2 and SLIGKV-NH2, but not TFRGAP-NH2, GYPGQV-NH2 and AYPGKF-NH2, are also capable of inducing IL-6 release from T cells. In conclusion, induction of IL-6 secretion from T cells by thrombin, trypsin and tryptase is probably through the activation of PAR, suggesting that serine proteinases are involved in the regulation of immune response of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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21
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Shichijo M, Kondo S, Ishimori M, Watanabe S, Helin H, Yamasaki T, Stevens ME, Gantner F, Bacon KB. PAR-2 deficient CD4+ T cells exhibit downregulation of IL-4 and upregulation of IFN-gamma after antigen challenge in mice. Allergol Int 2006; 55:271-8. [PMID: 17075267 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the functional role of protease activated receptor (PAR) -2 in T lymphocytes, we analyzed TCR-mediated inflammatory cytokine production using PAR-2 deficient (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. METHODS Production of serum IgE and cytokines by spleen CD4+ T cells was determined in OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice of PAR-2 KO in contrast to WT mice. Phosphorylation of JNK1 and 2 was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS A reduction in serum levels of IgE and IL-4 production by splenic CD4+ T cells from OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged KO mice compared to WT mice was observed. By contrast, IFN-gamma production was upregulated after antigen stimulation in KO mice. Anti-CD3-mediated phosphorylation of JNK1 was upregulated in splenic CD4+ T cells from KO mice compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 participates in the regulation of T cell cytokine production that may be caused by modulation of JNK1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Shichijo
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Research Center Kyoto, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Feistritzer C, Mosheimer BA, Sturn DH, Riewald M, Patsch JR, Wiedermann CJ. Endothelial protein C receptor-dependent inhibition of migration of human lymphocytes by protein C involves epidermal growth factor receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 176:1019-25. [PMID: 16393989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein C pathway is an important regulator of the blood coagulation system. Protein C may also play a role in inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. Whether protein C or activated protein C affects lymphocyte migration and possible mechanisms involved was tested. Lymphocyte migration was studied by micropore filter assays. Lymphocytes that were pretreated with protein C (Ceprotin) or activated protein C (Xigris) significantly reduced their migration toward IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1, and substance P, but not toward sphingosine-1-phosphate. The inhibitory effects of protein C or activated protein C were reversed by Abs against endothelial protein C receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Evidence for the synthesis of endothelial protein C receptor by lymphocytes is shown by demonstration of receptor mRNA expression and detection of endothelial protein C receptor immunoreactivity on the cells' surface. Data suggest that an endothelial protein C receptor is expressed by lymphocytes whose activation with protein C or activated protein C arrests directed migration. Exposure of lymphocytes to protein C or activated protein C stimulates phosphorylation of Tyr845 of epidermal growth factor receptor, which may be relevant for cytoprotective effects of the protein C pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Feistritzer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Cenac N, Cellars L, Steinhoff M, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Wallace JL, Fiorucci S, Vergnolle N. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 is an anti-inflammatory signal for colitis mediated by a type 2 immune response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:792-8. [PMID: 16116312 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000177506.71784.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of colonic proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR1) provokes colonic inflammation and increases mucosal permeability in mice. The mechanism of inflammation is not neurogenic like in the paw of rats but depends on PAR1-mediated activation monocytic cells. PAR1 activation in the colon increases the release of lymphocyte T helper-1 (TH1) cytokines. Moreover, PAR1 expression is increased in biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and its activation during TH1-mediated colitis in mice increases all of the hallmarks of inflammation. METHODS This study aimed to characterize the effects of PAR1 activation in oxazolone-mediated colitis, involving a TH2 cytokine profile. RESULTS Intracolonic administration of oxazolone increased myeloperoxidase activity, damage score, and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA expression but lowered interferon-gamma mRNA expression, indicating colonic inflammation of a TH2 profile. The concurrent intracolonic administration of a PAR1 agonist in oxazolone-treated mice inhibited colitis, resulting in a reduction of myeloperoxidase activity, damage score, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. Using PAR1-deficient mice, we confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effects of PAR1 agonists were mediated by PAR1. Moreover, in PAR1-deficient mice or in mice treated with a PAR1 antagonist, oxazolone-induced colitis was exacerbated, showing an endogenous modulatory role for PAR1 in this TH2 cytokine profile of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Thus, as opposed to a previously shown proinflammatory role for PAR1 in a TH1 cytokine-mediated colitis, our new data show anti-inflammatory role for PAR1 activation in the setting of TH2 cytokine colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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24
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Yun PLW, Decarlo AA, Chapple CC, Collyer CA, Hunter N. Binding of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains to human CD4(+) T cells preferentially down-regulates surface CD2 and CD4 with little affect on co-stimulatory molecule expression. Microb Pathog 2005; 38:85-96. [PMID: 15748810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) in the evasion of host cell-mediated immunity has not been fully determined. In this study, modulation by gingipains of accessory and co-stimulatory molecule expression on human CD4(+) T cells was evaluated. Arg-gingipain rather than Lys-gingipain binds to resting CD4(+) T cells in the presence of serum. The constitutive expression of CD28 on T cells was slightly up-regulated following challenge with gingipains, whereas CD45 and CD3 were not affected. Binding of anti-CD2 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was reduced after challenge of T cells with gingipains, but restored to 50 and 100%, respectively, of control levels, after 48h of incubation in medium depleted of gingipains. The induced expression, by anti-CD3 mAb, of CTLA-4, CD25, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) was decreased following incubation of T cells with gingipains which also led to decreased response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs as shown by reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Cumulatively, these results indicate that activated gingipains attach to T cells and preferentially cleave CD2 and CD4 molecules, with potential to impair T cell responses at periodontal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, P. O. Box 533 Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Kaufmann R, Schulze B, Krause G, Mayr LM, Settmacher U, Henklein P. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs)--the PAR3 Neo-N-terminal peptide TFRGAP interacts with PAR1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 125:61-6. [PMID: 15582715 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin activates proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)1, PAR3 and PAR4 by a unique mechanism that involves cleavage of the receptor and exposure of a new N-terminal domain acting as a tethered ligand. Synthetic peptides based on the proteolytically revealed receptor sequence can selectively activate PAR1 or PAR4 independently of receptor cleavage. However, corresponding peptides for PAR3 have not been identified thus far. Here, we demonstrate that the synthetic peptide TFRGAP representing the 1st six residues of the new amino terminus of PAR3 induced ERK activation in human A-498 carcinoma cells endogeneously expressing PAR1 and PAR3. This effect was completely abolished by single alanine substitution at positions 3, 4 and 6 in the peptide. Since the specific PAR1 antagonist RWJ 56110 completely abolished TFRGAP-induced ERK activation in A-498 cells we speculate that TFRGAP does signal MAPK via interaction with PAR1. This was underlined by experiments on PAR1-/- mouse lung fibroblasts (KOLF cells) that stably overexpress human PAR1 and PAR3, respectively. While TFRGAP was without effect on ERK activation in PAR3+ KOLF cells, it induced MAPK activation in KOLF cells transfected with PAR1. These studies provide evidence that analogues of the PAR3 tethered ligand can mediate cell signaling by interaction with PAR1-type thrombin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Research Center Lobeda, Medical Faculty at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Shpacovitch V, Rattenholl A, Moormann C, Vergnolle N, Luger TA, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated receptors: transducers of proteinase-mediated signaling in inflammation and immune response. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:1-43. [PMID: 15689571 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteinases such as thrombin, mast cell tryptase, trypsin, or cathepsin G, for example, are highly active mediators with diverse biological activities. So far, proteinases have been considered to act primarily as degradative enzymes in the extracellular space. However, their biological actions in tissues and cells suggest important roles as a part of the body's hormonal communication system during inflammation and immune response. These effects can be attributed to the activation of a new subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, termed proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Four members of the PAR family have been cloned so far. Thus, certain proteinases act as signaling molecules that specifically regulate cells by activating PARs. After stimulation, PARs couple to various G proteins and activate signal transduction pathways resulting in the rapid transcription of genes that are involved in inflammation. For example, PARs are widely expressed by cells involved in immune responses and inflammation, regulate endothelial-leukocyte interactions, and modulate the secretion of inflammatory mediators or neuropeptides. Together, the PAR family necessitates a paradigm shift in thinking about hormone action, to include proteinases as key modulators of biological function. Novel compounds that can modulate PAR function may be potent candidates for the treatment of inflammatory or immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Vergnolle N, Cellars L, Mencarelli A, Rizzo G, Swaminathan S, Beck P, Steinhoff M, Andrade-Gordon P, Bunnett NW, Hollenberg MD, Wallace JL, Cirino G, Fiorucci S. A role for proteinase-activated receptor-1 in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1444-56. [PMID: 15545995 PMCID: PMC526028 DOI: 10.1172/jci21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor activated by thrombin, is highly expressed in different cell types of the gastrointestinal tract. The activity of thrombin and of other proteinases is significantly increased in the colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Since PAR1 activation in tissues other than the gut provoked inflammation, we hypothesized that PAR1 activation in the colon is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Here, we demonstrate that PAR1 is overexpressed in the colon of IBD patients. In mice, intracolonic administration of PAR1 agonists led to an inflammatory reaction characterized by edema and granulocyte infiltration. This PAR1 activation-induced inflammation was dependent on B and T lymphocytes. Moreover, PAR1 activation exacerbated and prolonged inflammation in a mouse model of IBD induced by the intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), while PAR1 antagonism significantly decreased the mortality and severity of colonic inflammation induced by TNBS and dextran sodium sulfate. In these 2 models, colitis development was strongly attenuated by PAR1 deficiency. Taken together, these results imply an important role for PAR1 in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis, supporting the notion that PAR1 inhibition may be beneficial in the context of IBD and possibly in other chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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28
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Hansen KK, Saifeddine M, Hollenberg MD. Tethered ligand-derived peptides of proteinase-activated receptor 3 (PAR3) activate PAR1 and PAR2 in Jurkat T cells. Immunology 2004; 112:183-90. [PMID: 15147561 PMCID: PMC1782474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) can activate a number of signalling events, including T-cell signal-transduction pathways. Recent data suggest that the activation of PARs 1, 2 and 3 in Jurkat T-leukaemic cells induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the haematopoietic signal transducer protein, VAV1. To activate the PARs, this study used the agonist peptides SFLLRNPNDK, SLIGKVDGTS and TFRGAPPNSF, which are based on the sequences of the tethered ligand sequences of human PARs 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Here, we show that peptides based on either the human or murine PAR(3)-derived tethered ligand sequences (TFRGAP-NH(2) or SFNGGP-NH(2)) do not activate PAR(3), but rather activate PARs 1 and 2, either in Jurkat or in other PAR-expressing cells. Furthermore, whilst thrombin activates only Jurkat PAR(1), trypsin activates both PARs 1 and 2 and also disarms Jurkat PAR(1) for thrombin activation. We conclude therefore that in Jurkat or related T cells, signalling via PARs that can affect VAV1 phosphorylation is mediated via PAR 1 or 2, or both, and that distinct serine proteinases may potentially differentially affect T-cell function in the settings of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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29
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and immune function. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Abstract
We examined whether neuronal proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may be involved in pruritus of human skin. The endogenous PAR-2 agonist tryptase was increased up to fourfold in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. PAR-2 was markedly enhanced on primary afferent nerve fibers in skin biopsies of AD patients. Intracutaneous injection of endogenous PAR-2 agonists provoked enhanced and prolonged itch when applied intralesionally. Moreover, itch upon mast cell degranulation was abolished by local antihistamines in controls but prevailed in AD patients. Thus, we identified enhanced PAR-2 signaling as a new link between inflammatory and sensory phenomena in AD patients. PAR-2 therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation and pruritus.
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31
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Steinhoff M, Neisius U, Ikoma A, Fartasch M, Heyer G, Skov PS, Luger TA, Schmelz M. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skin. J Neurosci 2003; 23:6176-80. [PMID: 12867500 PMCID: PMC6740542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether neuronal proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may be involved in pruritus of human skin. The endogenous PAR-2 agonist tryptase was increased up to fourfold in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. PAR-2 was markedly enhanced on primary afferent nerve fibers in skin biopsies of AD patients. Intracutaneous injection of endogenous PAR-2 agonists provoked enhanced and prolonged itch when applied intralesionally. Moreover, itch upon mast cell degranulation was abolished by local antihistamines in controls but prevailed in AD patients. Thus, we identified enhanced PAR-2 signaling as a new link between inflammatory and sensory phenomena in AD patients. PAR-2 therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation and pruritus.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Biopsy
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Codeine/pharmacology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/physiopathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intralesional
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Male
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Microdialysis
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Pruritus/etiology
- Pruritus/physiopathology
- Receptor, PAR-2
- Receptors, Thrombin/agonists
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Reference Values
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/physiopathology
- Tryptases
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Yin YJ, Salah Z, Maoz M, Even Ram SC, Ochayon S, Neufeld G, Katzav S, Bar-Shavit R. Oncogenic transformation induces tumor angiogenesis: a role for PAR1 activation. FASEB J 2003; 17:163-74. [PMID: 12554695 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0316com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is a critical determinant of tumor progression. We find that Par1 gene expression plays a central role in blood vessel recruitment in animal models. By in vivo injection of either Matrigel plugs containing Par1-expressing cells or of rat prostatic carcinoma cells transfected with tetracycline-inducible Par1 expression vectors, we show that Par1 significantly enhances both angiogenesis and tumor growth. Several vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) splice forms are induced in cells expressing Par1. Activation of PAR1 markedly augments the expression of VEGF mRNAs and of functional VEGFs as determined by in vitro assays for endothelial tube alignment and bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation. Because neutralizing anti-VEGF antibodies potently inhibited Par1-induced endothelial cell proliferation, we conclude that Par1-induced angiogenesis requires VEGF. Specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), Src, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibit Par1-induced VEGF expression, suggesting the participation of these kinases in the process. We also show that oncogenic transformation by genes known to be part of PAR1 signaling machinery is sufficient to increase VEGF expression in NIH 3T3 cells. These data support the novel notion that initiation of cell signaling either by activating PAR1 or by the activated forms of oncogenes is sufficient to induce VEGF and hence angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Genes, src/genetics
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, PAR-1
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombin/physiology
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Yin
- Department of Oncology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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