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Tian Y, Wu Z, Lui H, Zhao J, Kalia S, Seo I, Ou-Yang H, Zeng H. Precise Serial Microregistration Enables Quantitative Microscopy Imaging Tracking of Human Skin Cells In Vivo. Cells 2024; 13:1158. [PMID: 38995009 PMCID: PMC11240548 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed an automated microregistration method that enables repeated in vivo skin microscopy imaging of the same tissue microlocation and specific cells over a long period of days and weeks with unprecedented precision. Applying this method in conjunction with an in vivo multimodality multiphoton microscope, the behavior of human skin cells such as cell proliferation, melanin upward migration, blood flow dynamics, and epidermal thickness adaptation can be recorded over time, facilitating quantitative cellular dynamics analysis. We demonstrated the usefulness of this method in a skin biology study by successfully monitoring skin cellular responses for a period of two weeks following an acute exposure to ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Tian
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Harvey Lui
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sunil Kalia
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - InSeok Seo
- Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Hao Ou-Yang
- Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Emmanuel T, Ignatov B, Bertelsen T, Litman T, Nielsen MM, Brent MB, Touborg T, Rønsholdt AB, Petersen A, Boye M, Kaaber I, Sortebech D, Lybæk D, Steiniche T, Bregnhøj A, Eidsmo L, Iversen L, Johansen C. Secukinumab and Dead Sea Climatotherapy Impact Resolved Psoriasis Skin Differently Potentially Affecting Disease Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6086. [PMID: 38892277 PMCID: PMC11172747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secukinumab and Dead Sea treatment result in clear skin for many psoriasis patients, through distinct mechanisms. However, recurrence in the same areas after treatments suggests the existence of a molecular scar. We aimed to compare the molecular and genetic differences in psoriasis patients who achieved complete response from secukinumab and Dead Sea climatotherapy treatments. We performed quantitative immunohistochemical and transcriptomic analysis, in addition to digital spatial profiling of skin punch biopsies. Histologically, both treatments resulted in a normalization of the lesional skin to a level resembling nonlesional skin. Interestingly, the transcriptome was not normalized by either treatments. We revealed 479 differentially expressed genes between secukinumab and Dead Sea climatotherapy at the end of treatment, with a psoriasis panel identifying SERPINB4, SERPINB13, IL36G, IL36RN, and AKR1B10 as upregulated in Dead Sea climatotherapy compared with secukinumab. Using digital spatial profiling, pan-RAS was observed to be differentially expressed in the microenvironment surrounding CD103+ cells, and IDO1 was differentially expressed in the dermis when comparing the two treatments. The differences observed between secukinumab and Dead Sea climatotherapy suggest the presence of a molecular scar, which may stem from mechanistically different pathways and potentially contribute to disease recurrence. This may be important for determining treatment response duration and disease memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Emmanuel
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Borislav Ignatov
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.I.); (D.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Trine Bertelsen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Thomas Litman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Muhlig Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Toke Touborg
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Anders Benjamin Rønsholdt
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Annita Petersen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Mette Boye
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Ida Kaaber
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Daniel Sortebech
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.I.); (D.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Dorte Lybæk
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Bregnhøj
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.I.); (D.S.); (L.E.)
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Claus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.B.); (T.T.); (A.B.R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (I.K.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (L.I.); (C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.M.N.); (T.S.)
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De Los Santos Gomez P, Costello L, Goncalves K, Przyborski S. Comparison of photodamage in non-pigmented and pigmented human skin equivalents exposed to repeated ultraviolet radiation to investigate the role of melanocytes in skin photoprotection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1355799. [PMID: 38698778 PMCID: PMC11063240 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1355799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Daily solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has an important impact on skin health. Understanding the initial events of the UV-induced response is critical to prevent deleterious conditions. However, studies in human volunteers have ethical, technical, and economic implications that make skin equivalents a valuable platform to investigate mechanisms related to UV exposure to the skin. In vitro human skin equivalents can recreate the structure and function of in vivo human skin and represent a valuable tool for academic and industrial applications. Previous studies have utilised non-pigmented full-thickness or pigmented epidermal skin equivalents to investigate skin responses to UV exposure. However, these do not recapitulate the dermal-epidermal crosstalk and the melanocyte role in photoprotection that occurs in vivo. In addition, the UV radiation used in these studies is generally not physiologically representative of real-world UV exposure. Methods Well-characterised pigmented and non-pigmented skin equivalents that contain human dermal fibroblasts, endogenous secreted extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and a well-differentiated and stratified epidermis have been developed. These constructs were exposed to UV radiation for ×5 consecutive days with a physiologically relevant UV dose and subsequently analysed using appropriate end-points to ascertain photodamage to the skin. Results We have described that repeated irradiation of full-thickness human skin equivalents in a controlled laboratory environment can recreate UV-associated responses in vitro, mirroring those found in photoexposed native human skin: morphological damage, tanning, alterations in epidermal apoptosis, DNA lesions, proliferation, inflammatory response, and ECM-remodelling. Discussion We have found a differential response when using the same UV doses in non-pigmented and pigmented full-thickness skin equivalents, emphasising the role of melanocytes in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Goncalves
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Reprocell Europe Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Zamudio Díaz DF, Klein AL, Guttmann M, Zwicker P, Busch L, Kröger M, Klose H, Rohn S, Schleusener J, Meinke MC. Skin optical properties from 200 to 300 nm support far UV-C skin-safety in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 247:112784. [PMID: 37690371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing threat of multi-drug resistant pathogens and airborne microbial diseases has highlighted the need to improve or develop novel disinfection methods for clinical environments. Conventional ultraviolet C (UV-C) lamps effectively inactivate microorganisms but are harmful to human skin and eyes upon exposure. The use of new 233 nm far UV-C LEDs as an antiseptic can overcome those limitations. In this research, the light penetration into the skin was elucidated for the UV-C region (<300 nm) by measuring the scattering and absorption of skin layers and inverse Monte Carlo simulation, and further confirmed by the first clinical pilot trial in which healthy volunteers were irradiated with a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 at 233 nm. The radiation is strongly absorbed in the stratum corneum, resulting in minimal skin damage without inducing inflammatory responses. The results suggest that 233 nm far UV-C light emitting diodes (LEDs) could effectively inactivate microorganisms, while being safe and soft for the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Guttmann
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Zwicker
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Loris Busch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- artMED Private Practice for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Friedrichstraße 61, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. The CaSR Modulator NPS-2143 Reduced UV-Induced DNA Damage in Skh:hr1 Hairless Mice but Minimally Inhibited Skin Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054921. [PMID: 36902353 PMCID: PMC10002576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an important regulator of epidermal function. We previously reported that knockdown of the CaSR or treatment with its negative allosteric modulator, NPS-2143, significantly reduced UV-induced DNA damage, a key factor in skin cancer development. We subsequently wanted to test whether topical NPS-2143 could also reduce UV-DNA damage, immune suppression, or skin tumour development in mice. In this study, topical application of NPS-2143 (228 or 2280 pmol/cm2) to Skh:hr1 female mice reduced UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) (p < 0.05) and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05) to a similar extent as the known photoprotective agent 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 1,25D). Topical NPS-2143 failed to rescue UV-induced immunosuppression in a contact hypersensitivity study. In a chronic UV photocarcinogenesis protocol, topical NPS-2143 reduced squamous cell carcinomas for only up to 24 weeks (p < 0.02) but had no other effect on skin tumour development. In human keratinocytes, 1,25D, which protected mice from UV-induced skin tumours, significantly reduced UV-upregulated p-CREB expression (p < 0.01), a potential early anti-tumour marker, while NPS-2143 had no effect. This result, together with the failure to reduce UV-induced immunosuppression, may explain why the reduction in UV-DNA damage in mice with NPS-2143 was not sufficient to inhibit skin tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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von Stebut E, Helbig D. [Anatomical and functional differences of the skin in various ethnic groups]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 74:80-83. [PMID: 36607359 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-05100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides the differences in skin and hair color among different ethnic groups, morphological and functional differences in skin and hair have also been demonstrated. The color of skin and hair is determined by two types of melanin, eumelanin (brown to black pigment) and phaeomelanin (red to yellow pigment). In addition to the individual mixture of these pigment types, there are also differences in the melanosome arrangement of Caucasian, Asian, and African skin. Although the epidermis thickness is the same in all people, darker skin has a higher number of stratum corneum layers and a thicker dermis with a higher number of fibroblasts. The hairs of different ethnic groups also vary regarding shape and thickness: they are round in Asians, elliptical in Blacks and intermediate in Whites. Hair diameter is the greatest in Asians, followed by Blacks and is the smallest in Whites, whereas the number of hairs is highest in Whites, followed by that in Asians and Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinikum Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland.
| | - Doris Helbig
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinikum Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
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Schmalwieser AW, Eschenbacher S, Schreder J. UV-Biometer - The usage of erythemal weighted broadband meters for other biological effects. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 230:112442. [PMID: 35429827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we pick up the idea of the "UV-Biometer": the use of erythemal weighted broadband meters for other photobiological endpoints. Therefore, nine different types of broadband meters were considered. A necessity for their calibration is the availability of an action spectrum for the respective effect over the complete solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation range. Unfortunately, such action spectra are rather rare. Here we used the action spectra for non-melanoma skin cancer, DNA-damage, clearing of psoriasis, ICNIRP's workers protection and persistent pigmentation. The action spectrum for vitamin D photosynthesis is taken to estimate the effect of missing effectiveness values in the UV-A range. Application shows that high uncertainties occur especially at low solar elevations. Calibration factors in dependence of total ozone and solar elevation were calculated for all broadband meters and all effects. Analysis shows, that not all of these effects are as appropriate as erythema. The calibration for all effects was applied for a broadband meter that measures the UV-Index operationally within the Austrian UV-Index network. As most of these action spectra have threshold limit values or minimum dose equivalents, irradiance was converted into threshold exposure times. Uncertainties from total ozone during routine operation are estimated. Additionally, we derived conversion factors for erythemally effective irradiance to these effective irradiances. This delivers an easy way to gain biologically effective irradiance without the need of knowing the properties of the instrument. However, this introduces additional uncertainties and not all conversions should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - S Eschenbacher
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Naik PP, Farrukh SN. Influence of Ethnicities and Skin Color Variations in Different Populations: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:65-76. [PMID: 34515229 DOI: 10.1159/000518826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the world scientific tradition, skin color is the primary physical characteristic used to divide humans into groups. Human skin has a wide range of tones and colors, which can be seen in a wide range of demographic populations. Many factors influence the color of people's skin, but the pigment melanin is by far the most important. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in the skin and is the primary determinant of skin color in people with darker skin. Indeed, >150 genes have now been identified as having a direct or indirect effect on skin color. Vitamin D has recently been discovered to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues, including the skin. The mechanisms through which the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or calcitriol) affects keratinocyte development are numerous and overlap with the mechanisms by which calcium influences keratinocyte differentiation. Ultraviolet (UV) is the most major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmental-influenced skin disorders when it is abundant in the environment. Although the UV component of sunlight is known to cause skin damage, few researches have looked at the impact of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology in terms of inflammation, and there is less information on the role of visible light in pigmentation. SUMMARY The quantity and quality of melanin are regulating by the expression of genes. The enzyme tyrosinase is primarily responsible for the genetic mechanism that controls human skin color. Genetics determines constitutive skin color, which is reinforced by facultative melanogenesis and tanning reactions. High quantities of melanin and melanogenic substances are typically accepted in darker skin to protect against UV radiation-induced molecular damage. Previous research has proposed that skin color variation is caused by a dynamic genetic mechanism, contributing to our understanding of how population demographic history and natural selection shape human genetic and phenotypic diversity. However, the most significant ethnic skin color difference is determined by melanin content. This current review aimed to assess the influence of skin color variations in skin structure and functions as well as difference in dermatological disease patterns. Also, this article reviewed several cases of skin color adaptation in different populations. Key Messages: Skin color impacts the composition and activity. Therefore, the contrast of dermatological ailments between distinct race-related categories is remarkable. Skin color adaptation is a challenging procedure. Refinement of skin color is an age-old craving of humans with ever-evolving drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital & Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Nadir Farrukh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adam-Vital Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Diffey B. Erythema and Acclimatization Following Repeated Sun Exposure: A Modeling Study. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1558-1567. [PMID: 34118062 DOI: 10.1111/php.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a computational model is described that allows time-varying erythema and acclimatization to be determined following repeated exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Good agreement was observed between experimental data and model predictions. Results are presented that illustrate how daily, adventitious sun exposure over the course of a year can result in occasional erythema generally in the late spring/early summer, while at the same time showing how the photoadaptive response of the skin changes throughout the year at different latitudes and for different sun-reactive skin types. The model is predicated on three physiological responses; the erythemal response as a function of increasing UV dose, the time courses of erythema and adaptation in response to a single UV exposure. Mathematical models complement observational data and the outputs from the model may help in planning future experimental studies, as well as providing insights into mechanistic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Schmalwieser AW. Possibilities to estimate the personal UV radiation exposure from ambient UV radiation measurements. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1249-1261. [PMID: 32794538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) throughout their entire lives. Exposure to UVR is vital but also poses serious risks. The quantification of human UVR exposure is a complex issue. Personal UVR exposure is related to ambient UVR as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. This is mainly determined by personal behaviour. A variety of efforts have been made in the past to measure or model the personal UVR exposure of people and often personal UVR exposure has been expressed as the percentage of ambient UVR. On the other hand, ambient UVR is being monitored at a variety of places and measurements are available even online. This suggests that both the knowledge of personal UVR exposure and measurements of ambient UVR is required. In this paper, a summary on the different methods, which use ambient UVR measurements to estimate personal UVR exposure of people, as well as a few examples, are given. Advantages and disadvantages will be discussed as well as possibilities and limitations. This also includes an overview of appropriate terminology, units and basic statistic parameters to describe personal UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Institute of Biophysics and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Fajuyigbe D, Douki T, Dijk A, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Dark cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are formed in the epidermis of Fitzpatrick skin types I/II and VI in vivo after exposure to solar‐simulated radiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:575-584. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antony R. Young
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology King’s College London London UK
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12
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Felton SJ, Shin BB, Watson REB, Kift R, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:810-818. [PMID: 33856672 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Felton
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B B Shin
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R E B Watson
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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13
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Wäster P, Eriksson I, Vainikka L, Öllinger K. Extracellular vesicles released by melanocytes after UVA irradiation promote intercellular signaling via miR21. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:542-555. [PMID: 31909885 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is controlled by complex crosstalk between melanocytes and keratinocytes and is primarily induced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Several aspects of UVA-induced signaling remain to be explored. In skin cells, UVA induces plasma membrane damage, which is repaired by lysosomal exocytosis followed by instant shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the plasma membrane. The released EVs are taken up by neighboring cells. To elucidate the intercellular crosstalk induced by UVA irradiation, EVs were purified from UVA-exposed melanocytes and added to keratinocytes. Transcriptome analysis of the keratinocytes revealed the activation of TGF-β and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways and subsequent upregulation of microRNA (miR)21. EVs induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, reduced protein levels of PDCD4 and PTEN, and augment antiapoptotic signaling. Consequently, keratinocyte proliferation and migration were stimulated and UV-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced. Interestingly, melanoma cells and melanoma spheroids also generate increased amounts of EVs with capacity to stimulate proliferation and migration upon UVA. In conclusion, we present a novel intercellular crosstalk mediated by UVA-induced lysosome-derived EVs leading to the activation of proliferation and antiapoptotic signaling via miR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wäster
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ida Eriksson
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda Vainikka
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L Stein
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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15
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Ultraviolet Exposure Scenarios: Balancing Risks of Erythema and Benefits of Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:387-405. [PMID: 32918230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight is a major source of vitamin D for most people. Yet public health advice has focused overwhelmingly on avoiding exposure of unprotected skin because of the risks of erythema and skin cancer. Given that there are also health risks associated with low vitamin D status, we explore the possibilities of achieving a range of targets associated with vitamin D and the accompanying erythema risk. We have calculated the exposure required to gain a number of proposed oral-equivalent doses of vitamin D, as functions of latitude, season, skin type and skin area exposed, together with the associated risk of erythema, expressed in minimum erythema doses. The model results show that a recommended daily intake of 400 IU is readily achievable through casual sun exposure in the midday lunch hour, with no risk of erythema, for all latitudes some of the year, and for all the year at some (low) latitudes. We also show that such daily, sub-erythemal doses at lunchtime during the summer months is sufficient to avoid winter-time vitamin D deficiency for the UK all-weather climate, provided that lower arms and legs are exposed in the warmer months. At the higher proposed vitamin D dose of 1000 IU, lunchtime sun exposure is still a viable route to the vitamin but requires the commitment to expose greater areas of skin and is effective for a shorter period of the year. The highest vitamin D requirement considered was 4000 IU per day. For much of the globe and much of the year, this is not achievable in a lunchtime hour and where it is possible large areas of skin must be exposed to prevent erythema. When the only variable considered was skin type, latitudinal and seasonal limits on adequate vitamin D production were more restrictive for skin type 5 than skin type 2.
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16
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Lucas RM, Yazar S, Young AR, Norval M, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, Rhodes LE, Sinclair CA, Neale RE. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:641-680. [PMID: 30810559 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has limited increases in the UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nevertheless, the incidence of skin cancers continues to increase in most light-skinned populations, probably due mainly to risky sun exposure behaviour. In locations with strong sun protection programs of long duration, incidence is now reducing in younger age groups. Changes in the epidemiology of UV-induced eye diseases are less clear, due to a lack of data. Exposure to UV radiation plays a role in the development of cataracts, pterygium and possibly age-related macular degeneration; these are major causes of visual impairment world-wide. Photodermatoses and phototoxic reactions to drugs are not uncommon; management of the latter includes recognition of the risks by the prescribing physician. Exposure to UV radiation has benefits for health through the production of vitamin D in the skin and modulation of immune function. The latter has benefits for skin diseases such as psoriasis and possibly for systemic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The health risks of sun exposure can be mitigated through appropriate sun protection, such as clothing with both good UV-blocking characteristics and adequate skin coverage, sunglasses, shade, and sunscreen. New sunscreen preparations provide protection against a broader spectrum of solar radiation, but it is not clear that this has benefits for health. Gaps in knowledge make it difficult to derive evidence-based sun protection advice that balances the risks and benefits of sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. and Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - M Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - F R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Y Takizawa
- Akita University School of Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Nakadai, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - R E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia and School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Australia
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17
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Garmyn M, Young AR, Miller SA. Mechanisms of and variables affecting UVR photoadaptation in human skin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1932-1940. [PMID: 29926025 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been exposed to solar UV radiation since their appearance on Earth and evolution has enabled most individuals to adapt to this exposure, to some degree. UV radiation produces several deleterious effects in human skin and light-skinned individuals are at greatest risk for both acute and long-term negative effects such as DNA damage, sunburn, immune suppression and skin cancer. The benefits of photoadaptation, which leads to a decreased response after acclimatization, are that humans who have skin that is capable of photoadaptation can work and play in the sun with reduced fear of painful sunburn. However, the effects of photoadaptation on DNA damage and development of skin cancer are quite complex and less well-understood. In this article, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge of UVR photoadaptation in human skin. However, more studies are needed to explore the use of UVR photoadaptation to protect against critical endpoints, such as skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garmyn
- Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Tanaka H, Yamashita Y, Umezawa K, Hirobe T, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. The Pro-Oxidant Activity of Pheomelanin is Significantly Enhanced by UVA Irradiation: Benzothiazole Moieties Are More Reactive than Benzothiazine Moieties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2889. [PMID: 30249034 PMCID: PMC6213070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that eumelanin (EM) is photoprotective while pheomelanin (PM) is phototoxic. A recent study using a mouse model demonstrated that PM produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause DNA damage and eventually lead to melanomagenesis. A biochemical study showed that PM possesses a pro-oxidant activity. PM consists of benzothiazine (BT) and benzothiazole (BZ) moieties, BT moieties being transformed to BZ moieties by heat or light. In this study, we compared the effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation using synthetic PMs with different BT to BZ ratios and using various coat color mouse hairs. We found that UVA irradiation of BZ-PM increased glutathione (GSH) depletion and generated more H₂O₂ than UVA irradiation of BT-PM. Non-irradiated controls did not exhibit strong pro-oxidant activities. Upon UVA irradiation, yellow mouse hairs oxidized GSH and produced H₂O₂ faster than black or albino mouse hairs. Next, to examine the mechanism of the pro-oxidant activity of BT-PM and BZ-PM, we examined the pro-oxidant activities of 7-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBTCA) and 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-4-hydroxybenzothiazole (BZ-AA) as BT and BZ monomers, respectively. Their pro-oxidant activities were similar, but a large difference was seen in the effects of ROS scavengers, which suggests that the redox reactions may proceed via singlet oxygen in BZ-AA and via superoxide anions in DHBTCA. These results show that UVA enhances the pro-oxidant activity of PM, in particular BZ-PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Kana Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Hirobe
- Laboratory for Cell Culture and Pathology, Shinjuku Skin Clinic, Kawase Building BF1, Shinjuku 3-17-5, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan.
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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19
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Del Bino S, Duval C, Bernerd F. Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092668. [PMID: 30205563 PMCID: PMC6163216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Del Bino
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Christine Duval
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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20
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Kimball SM, Lee J, Vieth R. Sunbeds with UVB radiation can produce physiological levels of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 9:e1375635. [PMID: 29484099 PMCID: PMC5821157 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2017.1375635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is produced in the skin in response to UVB irradiation, from either sun exposure or UVB sunbeds. The objective of the current study was to characterize serum 25(OH)D response to regular sunbed use from several lamp outputs following their respective time exposure recommendations. There were three groups that tanned over 12 weeks during the winter months in dedicated sunbeds based on lamp outputs (100 W and 160 W low pressure fluorescent and 700 W high pressure filtered metal halide lamps) and a control group provided serum 25(OH)D samples at baseline and end-of-study. Tanning session lengths were calculated based on Health Canada guidelines to stay below the erythema levels. Mean 25(OH)D were increased by an average of 42 nmol/L in the sunbeds that used 100 W and 160 W fluorescents. Change in 25(OH)D was dependent on baseline 25(OH)D levels and sunbed (p = 0.003) and age (p = 0.03), but was not affected by gender, BMI, Fitzpatrick type or cumulative length of tanning sessions. There was no significant increase in 25(OH)D levels in participants using the 700 W filtered metal halide lamp sunbed or in the control participants. Skin pigmentation, ITA°, was markedly increased in all tanners and skin lightness, L*, significantly decreased at 12 weeks. Both L* and ITA° were significantly correlated with 25(OH)D concentrations for the sunbeds with fluorescent lamps emitting UVB (100 W and 160W). Participants following standardized exposure schedules meeting Health Canada regulations in sunbeds irradiating adequate UVB showed continuous increases of 25(OH)D to physiological levels even after producing a tan in a controlled manner. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT02334592
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Kimball
- Department of Research Pure North S'Energy Foundation, 800 - 326 11th Avenue SW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 326.75 - 209 Victoria St. Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Reinhold Vieth
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Morse NL, Reid AJ, St-Onge M. An open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula on minimal erythema dose in skin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:152-161. [PMID: 28884844 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sunburn and other health risks associated with excess sun exposure place huge economic burdens on societies, and create discomfort and disease within susceptible individuals. Oral supplements that reduce sunburn may be advantageous. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula to ameliorate sunburn induced with a solar simulator. METHODS Subjects (n = 28) with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I, II, or III took 4 capsules daily of the supplement providing 1400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 120 mg of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 5 mg of lutein, 2.5 mg of zeaxanthin, and 1000 IU of vitamin D3 for 8 weeks. Skin on each subject's back was exposed to a progressive sequence of timed ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure doses at baseline, and after 4- and 8-week treatment to determine their minimal erythema dose (MED). Results were compared before and after treatment using 3 paired t tests and subsequently 3 linear mixed models. RESULTS Treatment significantly improved tolerance to UV exposure as evidenced by increased MED at 4 and 8 weeks compared with baseline (P < .001). This protection increased with prolonged use of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula as demonstrated by progressively increased MED between baseline and 4 weeks, and again between 4 and 8 weeks (P < .001). Nearly 86% of patients responded to treatment within 4 weeks and 100% of patients responded by the end of the study, resulting in a 39% mean increase in MED at 4 weeks, and an 84% mean increase in MED at 8 weeks compared with baseline. Treatment was well tolerated with no product associated adverse events (AE) and only a few mild and expected side effects. CONCLUSION Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula safely and effectively provides significant skin photoprotection that increases with continued use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Morse
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Berwick, NS, Canada
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22
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Kim HJ, Langenhan JL, Robinson ES, Privette E, Achtman JC, Mitrani RA, Zeidi M, Sharma MR, Feng R, Nevas JL, Calianno C, Okawa J, Taylor L, Pappas-Taffer L, Werth VP. Effect of long-term treatment with tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors on single-dose ultraviolet-induced changes in human skin. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1762-1764. [PMID: 28815549 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - J L Langenhan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - E S Robinson
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - E Privette
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J C Achtman
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - R A Mitrani
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - M Zeidi
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - M R Sharma
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - R Feng
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J L Nevas
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - C Calianno
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J Okawa
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - L Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - L Pappas-Taffer
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - V P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
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23
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Miller SA, Coelho SG, Yamaguchi Y, Hearing VJ, Beer JZ, de Gruijl F. The Evaluation of Noninvasive Measurements of Erythema as a Potential Surrogate for DNA Damage in Repetitively UV-exposed Human Skin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1282-1288. [PMID: 28380699 DOI: 10.1111/php.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythema (i.e. visible redness) and DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in human skin have similar action spectra and show good correlation after a single exposure to UVR. We explored the potential to use instrumental assessments of erythema as a surrogate for DNA damage after repeated exposures to UVR. We exposed 40 human subjects to three different exposure schedules using two different UVR sources. Cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in skin biopsies were measured by immunofluorescence, and erythema was assessed by both the Erythemal Index (EI) and the Oxy-hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) content. Surprisingly, the skin with the highest cumulative dose ended up with the lowest level of DNA damage, and with the least erythema, as assessed by Oxy-Hb (but not EI) 24 h after the last UV exposure. Although the level of CPDs, on average, paralleled Oxy-Hb (R2 = 0.80-0.94, P = 0.03-0.11), the correlation did not hold for the pooled individual measurements (R2 = 0.009, P = 0.37) due to potential individual differences in UV-induced photoadaptation. We suggest that the methodology may be optimized to improve the correlation between DNA damage level and erythema to enable noninvasive risk assessment based on erythema/Oxy-Hb content for individual human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vincent J Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janusz Z Beer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Frank de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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de Gruijl FR. UV adaptation: Pigmentation and protection against overexposure. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:557-562. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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Fleury N, Feelisch M, Hart PH, Weller RB, Smoothy J, Matthews VB, Gorman S. Sub-erythemal ultraviolet radiation reduces metabolic dysfunction in already overweight mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:81-92. [PMID: 28154004 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight may limit cardiometabolic risk. In our previous studies, regular exposure to sub-erythemal (non-burning) ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reduced signs of adiposity and cardiometabolic dysfunction in mice fed a high-fat diet. Some of the observed effects were dependent on skin release of nitric oxide after UVR exposure. Here, we examine the effects of sub-erythemal UVR on signs of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in already overweight mice, comparing the effects of two sunlamps with distinct emitted light spectra. Mice were fed a high-fat diet from 8 weeks of age, with UVR administered twice a week from 14 weeks of age until they were killed at 20 weeks of age. Mice were irradiated with the same dose of UVB radiation (1 kJ/m2) from either FS40 (65% UVB, 35% UVA) or CLEO (4% UVB, 96% UVA) sunlamps, but substantially more UVA from the latter. FS40 UVR (but not CLEO UVR) significantly reduced mouse weights and weight gain, compared to mice fed a high-fat diet (only). These effects were dependent on nitric oxide. Conversely, CLEO UVR (but not FS40 UVR) significantly reduced circulating LDL cholesterol. Both light sources reduced fasting insulin levels, and the extent of hepatic steatosis; the latter was reversed by topical application of cPTIO, suggesting an important role for skin release of nitric oxide in preventing hepatic lipid accumulation. These results suggest that there may be a number of benefits achieved by regular exposure to safe (non-burning) levels of sunlight or UV-containing phototherapy, with effects potentially dependent on the predominance of the wavelengths of UVR administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental SciencesFaculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard B Weller
- University of EdinburghMRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jordan Smoothy
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Vance B Matthews
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology - Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Felton SJ, Cooke MS, Kift R, Berry JL, Webb AR, Lam PMW, de Gruijl FR, Vail A, Rhodes LE. Concurrent beneficial (vitamin D production) and hazardous (cutaneous DNA damage) impact of repeated low-level summer sunlight exposures. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1320-1328. [PMID: 27411377 PMCID: PMC5215649 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The concurrent impact of repeated low‐level summer sunlight exposures on vitamin D production and cutaneous DNA damage, potentially leading to mutagenesis and skin cancer, is unknown. Objectives This is an experimental study (i) to determine the dual impact of repeated low‐level sunlight exposures on vitamin D status and DNA damage/repair (via both skin and urinary biomarkers) in light‐skinned adults; and (ii) to compare outcomes following the same exposures in brown‐skinned adults. Methods Ten white (phototype II) and six South Asian volunteers (phototype V), aged 23–59 years, received 6 weeks’ simulated summer sunlight exposures (95% ultraviolet A/5% ultraviolet B, 1·3 standard erythemal doses three times weekly) wearing summer clothing exposing ~35% body surface area. Assessments made were circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], immunohistochemistry for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)‐positive nuclei and urinary biomarkers of direct and oxidative (8‐oxo‐deoxyguanosine) DNA damage. Results Serum 25(OH)D rose from mean 36·5 ± 13·0 to 54·3 ± 10·5 nmol L−1 (14·6 ± 5·2 to 21·7 ± 4·2 ng mL−1) in phototype II vs. 17·2 ± 6·3 to 25·5 ± 9·5 nmol L−1 (6·9 ± 2·5 to 10·2 ± 3·8 ng mL−1) in phototype V (P < 0·05). Phototype II skin showed CPD‐positive nuclei immediately postcourse, mean 44% (range 27–84) cleared after 24 h, contrasting with minimal DNA damage and full clearance in phototype V (P < 0·001). The findings did not differ from those following single ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Urinary CPDs remained below the detection threshold in both groups; 8‐oxo‐deoxyguanosine was higher in phototype II than V (P = 0·002), but was unaffected by UVR. Conclusions Low‐dose summer sunlight exposures confer vitamin D sufficiency in light‐skinned people concurrently with low‐level, nonaccumulating DNA damage. The same exposures produce minimal DNA damage but less vitamin D in brown‐skinned people. This informs tailoring of sun‐exposure policies. What's already known about this topic? Repeated low‐level exposures to simulated U.K. sunlight can produce vitamin D sufficiency in light‐skinned people, but the concurrent impact on cutaneous DNA damage is unknown.
What does this study add? Low‐level simulated sunlight exposures in people of skin phototype II conferred vitamin D sufficiency concurrently with DNA damage, which showed partial clearance at 24 h and no evidence of accumulated damage after 6 weeks of exposures. The same exposures produced minimal DNA damage but less vitamin D in brown‐skinned people (phototype V). The findings are informative for sun‐exposure guidance.
Plain language summary available online
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Felton
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - M S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - R Kift
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - J L Berry
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, U.K
| | - A R Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - P M W Lam
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - F R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A Vail
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
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van der Rhee HJ, de Vries E, Coebergh JW. Regular sun exposure benefits health. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:34-37. [PMID: 27876126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since it was discovered that UV radiation was the main environmental cause of skin cancer, primary prevention programs have been started. These programs advise to avoid exposure to sunlight. However, the question arises whether sun-shunning behaviour might have an effect on general health. During the last decades new favourable associations between sunlight and disease have been discovered. There is growing observational and experimental evidence that regular exposure to sunlight contributes to the prevention of colon-, breast-, prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Initially, these beneficial effects were ascribed to vitamin D. Recently it became evident that immunomodulation, the formation of nitric oxide, melatonin, serotonin, and the effect of (sun)light on circadian clocks, are involved as well. In Europe (above 50 degrees north latitude), the risk of skin cancer (particularly melanoma) is mainly caused by an intermittent pattern of exposure, while regular exposure confers a relatively low risk. The available data on the negative and positive effects of sun exposure are discussed. Considering these data we hypothesize that regular sun exposure benefits health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van der Rhee
- Department of Dermatology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545 CH Den Haag, The Netherlands.
| | - E de Vries
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Colombia; Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J W Coebergh
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fajuyigbe D, Young AR. The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:607-618. [PMID: 27454804 PMCID: PMC5132026 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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29
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Bae SH, Park JJ, Song EJ, Lee JA, Byun KS, Kim NS, Moon TK. The comparison of the melanin content and UV exposure affecting aging process: seven countries in Asia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016; 15:335-342. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Krzyścin JW, Guzikowski J, Rajewska-Więch B. Optimal vitamin D3 daily intake of 2000IU inferred from modeled solar exposure of ancestral humans in Northern Tanzania. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 159:101-5. [PMID: 27043260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (~110nmol/L) was found in the Hadza tribe still keeping ancient hunter-gather life style. This level could serve as optimal vitamin D level that was built during millennia of human evolution. The personal vitamin D3 effective solar exposures of the Hadza adults are estimated using radiative model simulations with input from the satellite observations over lake Eyasi (3.7°S, 35.0°E). The calculations are carried out assuming the Hadza typical clothing habits and specific scenarios of the out-door activity comprising early morning and late afternoon working time in sun and prolonged midday siesta in the shade. The modeled doses received by the Hadza are converted to the vitamin D3 effective daily doses pertaining to the lighter skinned persons. We propose a novel formula to get adequate vitamin D level - exposure of 1/3 MED around local noon to 1/3 part of the whole body during warm sub-period of the year in the low- and mid-latitude regions. Such daily solar exposure is equivalent to ~2000IU of vitamin D3 taken orally. For many contemporary humans with limited out-door activity habit achieving such daily norm requires vitamin D3 supplementation of 2000IU throughout the whole year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz W Krzyścin
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Guzikowski
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Koehler MJ, Kellner K, Kaatz M, Hipler UC. Epidermal changes during UVB phototherapy assessed by multiphoton laser tomography. Skin Res Technol 2016; 22:437-442. [PMID: 26853735 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiphoton laser tomography (MPT) is a non-invasive technique that allows imaging of skin in vivo with very high spatial resolution and contrast. Previous work of our group has demonstrated that known morphological changes due to erythematogenic ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation may be imaged in vivo by MPT. The present work investigated if morphological skin changes known from experimental erythematogenic UVB irradiation are also demonstrable in the course of a standard phototherapy regime that implies suberythematogenic doses of narrow band UVB. METHODS Sixteen patients with psoriasis vulgaris receiving a narrow band phototherapy were included. A test field and a light-protected control field were measured with the multiphoton tomograph DermaInspect® at four time points: at baseline, the next day, after 3 days and at the day of the last exposure. RESULTS In the course of the UVB phototherapy, spongiosis and pleomorphy as parameters of inflammation and cellular damage did not show significant changes. By contrast, an adaptive skin reaction with significant changes of keratosis and pigmentation was observed. CONCLUSION MPT is a suitable technique for the investigation of qualitative and quantitative skin changes after UVB irradiation. After suberythematogenic UVB irradiation, photoadaptive skin changes, but no cellular damage can be observed with MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Koehler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - K Kellner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,ENT Department, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Kaatz
- Department of Dermatology, SRH Waldklinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - U-C Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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32
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Khazova M, O'Hagan JB, Robertson S. Survey of UV Emissions from Sunbeds in the UK. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:545-52. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Khazova
- Centre for Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards; Public Health England; Chilton Didcot UK
| | - John B. O'Hagan
- Centre for Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards; Public Health England; Chilton Didcot UK
| | - Stewart Robertson
- Centre for Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards; Public Health England; Chilton Didcot UK
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Breunig HG, Weinigel M, König K. In Vivo Imaging of ZnO Nanoparticles from Sunscreen on Human Skin with a Mobile Multiphoton Tomograph. BIONANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-014-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Malley RC, Muller HK, Norval M, Woods GM. Dietary vitamin D alters the response of the skin to UVB-irradiation depending on the genetic background of the mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:536-45. [PMID: 23258584 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of the skin has the benefit of causing the local production of previtamin D3 but also results in cutaneous DNA damage and suppression of the skin immune system (SIS). Strains of mice differ in their ability to be suppressed by UVB irradiation: BALB/c mice are considered "resistant" and C57BL/6 "sensitive". This study evaluated whether vitamin D-replete (D+) and deficient (D-) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice differed in their cutaneous response to UVB irradiation. Immunosuppression was assessed by measuring the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, DNA damage and repair determined by counting thymine dimer positive keratinocyte nuclei, and cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia evaluated by light microscopy. The suppression in the CHS response induced by the UVB irradiation was reduced in the D+ C57BL/6 mice compared with the D- C57BL/6 mice. Similarly there was a reduction in DNA damage and promotion of its repair in the D+ C57BL/6 mice compared with the D- C57BL/6 mice. A reduction in inflammation in female D+ C57BL/6 mice compared with D- C57BL/6 females also occurred. In contrast, the suppression in the CHS response, DNA damage and its repair, and inflammation induced by UVB irradiation were similar in the D+ and D- BALB/c mice. These results indicate that dietary vitamin D3 can reduce UVB-induced suppression of the CHS response depending on the genetic background of the mice, an effect that may relate to the reduction in DNA damage and an increase in its rate of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Malley
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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Abstract
Photodermatoses are a group of skin diseases primarily caused by, or exacerbated by exposure to ultraviolet and or visible radiation. The effect of sunlight on skin depends on a number of factors including skin colour, skin phototype and the content and type of melanin in the skin. There are only a few studies describing photodermatoses in populations with dark skin. A PubMed search was conducted to summarize currently available information on differences in biology of melanin in dark and light skin and photodermatoses in dark skin. Dark skin is characterised by higher content of melanin, higher eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio, lower tyrosinase activity, and more effective distribution of melanin for protection against ultraviolet light. Photodermatoses are common in dark skinned patients with some variation in the spectrum of photodermatoses. Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is the commonest, followed by chronic actinic dermatitis. Pin-point papular and lichenoid variants of PMLE and actinic lichen planus are more frequent in dark skin whereas actinic prurigo, solar urticaria and hydroa vacciniforme are uncommon. Photodermatoses are common in dark skinned patients despite better natural photoprotection. It is proposed that lichenoid photodermatoses may be added to the classification of photodermatoses in dark skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India.
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Ili P, Keskin N. A histochemical study of ultraviolet B irradiation and Origanum hypericifolium oil applied to the skin of mice. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88:272-9. [PMID: 23521612 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.773077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) rays cause skin damage. Chronic exposure to UV irradiation causes decreased collagen synthesis, degenerative changes in collagen bundles, accumulation of elastotic material and increased epidermal thickness. Origanum hypericifolium, an endemic Turkish plant, belongs to Lamiaceae family. The main constituents of its oil are monoterpenes including cymene, carvacrol, thymol and γ-terpinene. The effects of undiluted O. hypericifolium oil on UVB irradiated skin of mice were investigated histochemically. Four groups of female BALB/c mice, whose dorsal hair was shaved, were allocated as follows: non-UVB irradiated (Group 1), UVB-irradiated (Group 2), O. hypericifolium oil treated (Group 3), and O. hypericifolium oil treated and UVB irradiated (Group 4). Sections of dorsal skin samples were stained with Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin for collagen fibers and Taenzer-Unna orcein for elastic fibers. Sections also were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to measure epidermal thickness. We observed intense staining of collagen and homogeneous, scattered thin elastic fibers in Group 1; scattered and weakly stained collagen and curled, amorphous, accumulate elastic fibers in Group 2; and intense staining of collagen in Groups 3 and 4. Accumulation of elastic fibers in the dermis was unremarkable in Groups 3 and 4. In Groups 3 and 4, O. hypericifolium oil treatment thickened the epidermis. Epidermal thickness was greatest in Group 4. We suggest that O. hypericifolium oil may block UVB induced alterations of collagen and elastic fibers, and increase epidermal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ili
- Pamukkale University, Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Department of Histologyand Embryology, 20070, Denizli, Turkey
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37
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Miller SA, Coelho SG, Miller SW, Yamaguchi Y, Hearing VJ, Beer JZ. Evidence for a new paradigm for ultraviolet exposure: a universal schedule that is skin phototype independent. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 28:187-95. [PMID: 23017171 PMCID: PMC3462367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2012.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration has published guidelines for manufacturer-recommended exposure schedules for ultraviolet (UV) tanning, intended to limit acute and delayed damage from UV exposure. These guidelines recommend that exposure schedules be adjusted for skin phototype. However, it has been shown that the dose necessary to produce tanning is similar for phototypes 2-4. METHODS We observed tanning in phototypes 2 and 3 from repeated UV exposures over a 5-week period. Pigmentation was evaluated visually, instrumentally, and through Fontana-Masson staining of biopsies. RESULTS The resultant pigmentation was equal or greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2 - both visually and instrumentally - measured on day 31 of the exposure protocol. The amount of melanin measured in biopsies taken 24 h postexposure was also greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2. CONCLUSION Published data on tanning in phototypes 4 and 5 support our findings that higher phototypes can develop pigmentation more efficiently than lower phototypes. Therefore, a universal exposure schedule (based on sensitivity of phototype 2) can be used for all phototypes that are expected to engage in indoor tanning. This approach will result in a reduction of the UV burden for skin phototypes 3 and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Wu Y, Jia LL, Zheng YN, Xu XG, Luo YJ, Wang B, Chen J, Gao XH, Chen HD, Matsui M, Li YH. Resveratrate protects human skin from damage due to repetitive ultraviolet irradiation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:345-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mason RS, Sequeira VB, Gordon-Thomson C. Vitamin D: the light side of sunshine. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:986-93. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lim HW, James WD, Rigel DS, Maloney ME, Spencer JM, Bhushan R. Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation from the use of indoor tanning equipment: time to ban the tan. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:893-902. [PMID: 21496701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma skin cancer is increasing rapidly, particularly among young women in the United States. Numerous studies have documented an association between the use of indoor tanning devices and an increased risk of skin cancer, especially in young women. Studies have shown that ultraviolet exposure, even in the absence of erythema or burn, results in DNA damage. Countries and regulatory bodies worldwide have recognized the health risks associated with indoor tanning. In the United States, 32 states have passed legislation to regulate the indoor tanning industry, but there is an urgent need to restrict the use of indoor tanning devices at the federal level. The Food and Drug Administration is currently reviewing the classification of these devices. For all of these reasons, the Food and Drug Administration should prohibit the use of tanning devices by minors and reclassify tanning devices to at least class II to protect the public from the preventable cancers and other adverse effects caused by ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation from the use of indoor tanning equipment: Time to ban the tan. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:e51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Casetti F, Miese A, Mueller M, Simon J, Schempp C. Double Trouble from Sunburn: UVB-Induced Erythema Is Associated with a Transient Decrease in Skin Pigmentation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:160-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000323274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schmalwieser AW, Cabaj A, Schauberger G, Rohn H, Maier B, Maier H. Facial Solar UV Exposure of Austrian Farmers During Occupation. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:1404-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu Z, Guo Z, Zhuang Z, Zhai J, Xiong H, Zeng C. Quantitative optical coherence tomography of skin lesions induced by different ultraviolet B sources. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:6175-85. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Reus AA, van Meeuwen RNC, de Vogel N, Maas WJM, Krul CAM. Development and characterisation of an in vitro photomicronucleus test using ex vivo human skin tissue. Mutagenesis 2010; 26:261-8. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Svobodová A, Vostálová J. Solar radiation induced skin damage: review of protective and preventive options. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:999-1030. [PMID: 20807180 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar energy has a number of short- and long-term detrimental effects on skin that can result in several skin disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on endogenous systems within the skin for protection from solar radiation and present research findings to date, on the exogenous options for such skin photoprotection. RESULTS Endogenous systems for protection from solar radiation include melanin synthesis, epidermal thickening and an antioxidant network. Existing lesions are eliminated via repair mechanisms. Cells with irreparable damage undergo apoptosis. Excessive and chronic sun exposure however can overwhelm these mechanisms leading to photoaging and the development of cutaneous malignancies. Therefore exogenous means are a necessity. Exogenous protection includes sun avoidance, use of photoprotective clothing and sufficient application of broad-spectrum sunscreens as presently the best way to protect the skin. However other strategies that may enhance currently used means of protection are being investigated. These are often based on the endogenous protective response to solar light such as compounds that stimulate pigmentation, antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants. CONCLUSION More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of new alternatives to photoprotection such as use of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes and plant polyphenols and to find an efficient way for their delivery to the skin. New approaches to the prevention of skin damage are important especially for specific groups of people such as (young) children, photosensitive people and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Changes in public awareness on the subject too must be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Verschooten L, Declercq L, Garmyn M. Adaptive response of the skin to UVB damage: role of the p53 protein. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 28:1-7. [PMID: 18492196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Different adaptation mechanisms like heat shock response, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, melanin pigmentation and thickening of the epidermis are present in the human skin to protect against the adverse effects of solar UV irradiation. When DNA damage is beyond repair, cells undergo apoptosis to prevent their replication. We discuss the current knowledge on these different adaptation mechanisms to UVB damage, the most energetic fraction of solar UV that reaches the skin. As p53 protein, the guardian of the genome, plays a key role in protective response to genotoxic damage, its role in this adaptive response of the skin to UV will be further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschooten
- Department of Dermatology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Development and characterization of an in vivo skin photomicronucleus assay in rats. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:407-16. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bertrand-Vallery V, Boilan E, Ninane N, Demazy C, Friguet B, Toussaint O, Poumay Y, Debacq-Chainiaux F. Repeated exposures to UVB induce differentiation rather than senescence of human keratinocytes lacking p16INK-4A. Biogerontology 2009; 11:167-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Altintas MA, Altintas AA, Guggenheim M, Busch KH, Niederbichler AD, Aust MC, Vogt PM. Is superficial burn caused by ultraviolet radiation (sunburn) comparable to superficial burn caused by heat - a histomorphological comparison byin vivoReflectance-Mode-Confocal Microscopy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:1389-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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