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Panska L, Nedvedova S, Vacek V, Krivska D, Konecny L, Knop F, Kutil Z, Skultetyova L, Leontovyc A, Ulrychova L, Sakanari J, Asahina M, Barinka C, Macurkova M, Dvorak J. Uncovering the essential roles of glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20230502. [PMID: 38108122 PMCID: PMC10794815 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 (GCP2) from the M28B metalloprotease group is an important target for therapy in neurological disorders and an established tumor marker. However, its physiological functions remain unclear. To better understand general roles, we used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to genetically manipulate its three existing orthologous genes and evaluate the impact on worm physiology. The results of gene knockout studies showed that C. elegans GCP2 orthologs affect the pharyngeal physiology, reproduction, and structural integrity of the organism. Promoter-driven GFP expression revealed distinct localization for each of the three gene paralogs, with gcp-2.1 being most abundant in muscles, intestine, and pharyngeal interneurons, gcp-2.2 restricted to the phasmid neurons, and gcp-2.3 located in the excretory cell. The present study provides new insight into the unique phenotypic effects of GCP2 gene knockouts in C. elegans, and the specific tissue localizations. We believe that elucidation of particular roles in a non-mammalian organism can help to explain important questions linked to physiology of this protease group and in extension to human GCP2 involvement in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Panska
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Nedvedova
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Vacek
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Krivska
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Konecny
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Knop
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Skultetyova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Leontovyc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ulrychova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Judy Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, CA 94143, USA
| | - Masako Asahina
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Macurkova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dvorak
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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Capasso G, Stefanucci A, Tolomeo A. A systematic review on the current status of PSMA-targeted imaging and radioligand therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115966. [PMID: 37992520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been the subject of several studies in recent decades as a promising molecular target for prostate cancer (PCa), in fact it is considered an excellent molecular target for both PCa imaging (both for staging and follow-up), by means of PET/CT and for radioligand therapy. Its interesting molecular features have enabled the development of a new diagnostic and therapeutic approach for PCa, called "theranostics." Considering the abundance of PSMA-based probes that have appeared so far in the literature, the present work focuses the attention on radiopharmaceuticals with increasing clinical application, highlighting advantages and disadvantages in terms of different metabolization and excretion processes, pharmacokinetic, binding affinity and variable internalization rate, tumor-to-background ratio, residence times and toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Capasso
- ITEL TELECOMUNICAZIONI S.r.l - Radiopharmaceutical Division, Italy.
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
| | - Anna Tolomeo
- ITEL TELECOMUNICAZIONI S.r.l - Radiopharmaceutical Division, Italy.
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Temml V, Kollár J, Schönleitner T, Höll A, Schuster D, Kutil Z. Combination of In Silico and In Vitro Screening to Identify Novel Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1249-1259. [PMID: 36799916 PMCID: PMC9976286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a metalloprotease implicated in neurological diseases and prostate oncology. While several classes of potent GCPII-specific inhibitors exist, the development of novel active scaffolds with different pharmacological profiles remains a challenge. Virtual screening followed by in vitro testing is an effective means for the discovery of novel active compounds. Structure- and ligand-based pharmacophore models were created based on a dataset of known GCPII-selective ligands. These models were used in a virtual screening of the SPECS compound library (∼209.000 compounds). Fifty top-scoring virtual hits were further experimentally tested for their ability to inhibit GCPII enzymatic activity in vitro. Six hits were found to have moderate to high inhibitory potency with the best virtual hit, a modified xanthene, inhibiting GCPII with an IC50 value of 353 ± 24 nM. The identification of this novel inhibitory scaffold illustrates the applicability of pharmacophore-based modeling for the discovery of GCPII-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Temml
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jakub Kollár
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theresa Schönleitner
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Höll
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Laboratory
of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252
50 Vestec, Czech
Republic
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4
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Jedlickova L, Peterkova K, Boateng EM, Ulrychova L, Vacek V, Kutil Z, Jiang Z, Novakova Z, Snajdr I, Kim J, O’Donoghue AJ, Barinka C, Dvorak J. Characterization of glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 orthologs in trematodes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:480. [PMID: 36539882 PMCID: PMC9768917 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 (GCP2) belongs to the M28B metalloprotease subfamily encompassing a variety of zinc-dependent exopeptidases that can be found in many eukaryotes, including unicellular organisms. Limited information exists on the physiological functions of GCP2 orthologs in mammalian tissues outside of the brain and intestine, and such data are completely absent for non-mammalian species. Here, we investigate GCP2 orthologs found in trematodes, not only as putative instrumental molecules for defining their basal function(s) but also as drug targets. METHODS Identified genes encoding M28B proteases Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica genomes were analyzed and annotated. Homology modeling was used to create three-dimensional models of SmM28B and FhM28B proteins using published X-ray structures as the template. For S. mansoni, RT-qPCR was used to evaluate gene expression profiles, and, by RNAi, we exploited the possible impact of knockdown on the viability of worms. Enzymes from both parasite species were cloned for recombinant expression. Polyclonal antibodies raised against purified recombinant enzymes and RNA probes were used for localization studies in both parasite species. RESULTS Single genes encoding M28B metalloproteases were identified in the genomes of S. mansoni and F. hepatica. Homology models revealed the conserved three-dimensional fold as well as the organization of the di-zinc active site. Putative peptidase activities of purified recombinant proteins were assayed using peptidic libraries, yet no specific substrate was identified, pointing towards the likely stringent substrate specificity of the enzymes. The orthologs were found to be localized in reproductive, digestive, nervous, and sensory organs as well as parenchymal cells. Knockdown of gene expression by RNAi silencing revealed that the genes studied were non-essential for trematode survival under laboratory conditions, reflecting similar findings for GCP2 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers the first insight to our knowledge into M28B protease orthologs found in trematodes. Conservation of their three-dimensional structure, as well as tissue expression pattern, suggests that trematode GCP2 orthologs may have functions similar to their mammalian counterparts and can thus serve as valuable models for future studies aimed at clarifying the physiological role(s) of GCP2 and related subfamily proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jedlickova
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Peterkova
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Enoch Mensah Boateng
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ulrychova
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic ,grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Vacek
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Zora Novakova
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Snajdr
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Kim
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Cyril Barinka
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dvorak
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic ,grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic ,grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XFaculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Metamorphosis of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:303-315. [PMID: 35340601 PMCID: PMC8921357 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also called glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP(II)), is a Zn-dependent metalloprotease that is known as a well prostate cancer indication and a potential targeting towards anti-cancer medicines and drug delivery. Because of its centrality in the diagnostics and treatment of prostate cancer, several types of inhibitors are designed with particular scaffolds. In this study, important groups of related inhibitors as well as reported experimental and computational studies are being reviewed, in which we examined three functional groups on each group of structures. The importance of computational biochemistry and the necessity of extensive research in this area on PSMA and its effective ligands are recommended.
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6
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Bím D, Navrátil M, Gutten O, Konvalinka J, Kutil Z, Culka M, Navrátil V, Alexandrova AN, Bařinka C, Rulíšek L. Predicting Effects of Site-Directed Mutagenesis on Enzyme Kinetics by QM/MM and QM Calculations: A Case of Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:132-143. [PMID: 34978450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM-only (cluster model) modeling techniques represent the two workhorses in mechanistic understanding of enzyme catalysis. One of the stringent tests for QM/MM and/or QM approaches is to provide quantitative answers to real-world biochemical questions, such as the effect of single-point mutations on enzyme kinetics. This translates into predicting the relative activation energies to 1-2 kcal·mol-1 accuracy; such predictions can be used for the rational design of novel enzyme variants with desired/improved characteristics. Herein, we employ glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), a dizinc metallopeptidase, also known as the prostate specific membrane antigen, as a model system. The structure and activity of this major cancer antigen have been thoroughly studied, both experimentally and computationally, which makes it an ideal model system for method development. Its reaction mechanism is quite well understood: the reaction coordinate comprises a "tetrahedral intermediate" and two transition states and experimental activation Gibbs free energy of ∼17.5 kcal·mol-1 can be inferred for the known kcat ≈ 1 s-1. We correlate experimental kinetic data (including the E424H variant, newly characterized in this work) for various GCPII mutants (kcat = 8.6 × 10-5 s-1 to 2.7 s-1) with the energy profiles calculated by QM/MM and QM-only (cluster model) approaches. We show that the near-quantitative agreement between the experimental values and the calculated activation energies (ΔH⧧) can be obtained and recommend the combination of the two protocols: QM/MM optimized structures and cluster model (QM) energetics. The trend in relative activation energies is mostly independent of the QM method (DFT functional) used. Last but not least, a satisfactory correlation between experimental and theoretical data allows us to provide qualitative and fairly simple explanations of the observed kinetic effects which are thus based on a rigorous footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bím
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Michal Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 2120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Culka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Yuan W, Liu B, Sanda M, Wei R, Benicky J, Novakova Z, Barinka C, Goldman R. Glycoforms of human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in human cells and prostate tissue. Prostate 2022; 82:132-144. [PMID: 34662441 PMCID: PMC9646948 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous and variable posttranslational modification that regulates physiological functions of secretory and membrane-associated proteins and the dysregulation of glycosylation pathways is often associated with cancer growth and metastasis. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an established biomarker for prostate cancer imaging and therapy. METHODS Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the distribution of the site-specific glycoforms of PSMA in insect, human embryonic kidney, and prostate cancer cells, and in prostate tissue upon immunoaffinity enrichment. RESULTS While recombinant PSMA expressed in insect cells was decorated mainly by paucimannose and high mannose glycans, complex, hybrid, and high mannose glycans were detected in samples from human cells and tissue. We noted an interesting spatial distribution of the glycoforms on the PSMA surface-high mannose glycans were the dominant glycoforms at the N459, N476, and N638 sequons facing the plasma membrane, while the N121, N195, and N336 sites, located at the exposed apical PSMA domain, carried primarily complex glycans. The presence of high mannose glycoforms at the former sequons likely results from the limited access of enzymes of the glycosynthetic pathway required for the synthesis of the complex structures. In line with the limited accessibility of membrane-proximal sites, no glycosylation was observed at the N51 site positioned closest to the membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents initial descriptive analysis of the glycoforms of PSMA observed in cell lines and in prostate tissue. It will hopefully stimulate further research into PSMA glycoforms in the context of tumor staging, noninvasive detection of prostate tumors, and the impact of glycoforms on physicochemical and enzymatic characteristics of PSMA in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Baoqin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Renhuizi Wei
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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The development of a high-affinity conformation-sensitive antibody mimetic using a biocompatible copolymer carrier (iBody). J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101342. [PMID: 34710374 PMCID: PMC8600089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide display methods are a powerful tool for discovering new ligands of pharmacologically relevant targets. However, the selected ligands often suffer from low affinity. Using phage display, we identified a new bicyclic peptide binder of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a metalloprotease frequently overexpressed in prostate cancer. We show that linking multiple copies of a selected low-affinity peptide to a biocompatible water-soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer carrier (iBody) improved binding of the conjugate by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, using ELISA, enzyme kinetics, confocal microscopy, and other approaches, we demonstrate that the resulting iBody can distinguish between different conformations of the target protein. The possibility to develop stable, fully synthetic, conformation-selective antibody mimetics has potential applications for molecular recognition, diagnosis and treatment of many pathologies. This strategy could significantly contribute to more effective drug discovery and design.
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9
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PSMA Expression in 122 Treatment Naive Glioma Patients Related to Tumor Metabolism in 11C-Methionine PET and Survival. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070624. [PMID: 34209106 PMCID: PMC8305688 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its expression in benign and malignant prostate tissue, prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was shown to be expressed specifically in the neovasculature of solid tumors. For gliomas only little information exists. Therefore, we aimed to correlate PSMA expression in gliomas to tumor metabolism by L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine (MET) PET and survival. Therefore, immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H (IDH1-R132H) mutation and PSMA expression was performed on the paraffin embedded tissue samples of 122 treatment-naive glioma patients. The IHC results were then related to the pre-therapeutic semiquantitative MET PET data and patients' survival. Vascular PSMA expression was observed in 26 of 122 samples and was rather specific for high-grade gliomas ([HGG] 81% of glioblastoma multiforme, 10% of WHO grade III and just 2% of grade II gliomas). Significantly higher amounts of gliomas without verifiable IDH1-R132H mutation showed vascular PSMA expression. Significantly shorter median survival times were seen for patients with vascular PSMA staining in all tumors as well as HGG only. Additionally, significantly higher numbers of PSMA staining vessels were found in tumors with high amino acid metabolic rates. Vascular PSMA expression in gliomas was seen as a high-grade specific feature associated with elevated amino acid metabolism and short survival.
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10
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Siow A, Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Harris PWR. Evolution of Peptide-Based Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Inhibitors: An Approach to Novel Prostate Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3713-3752. [PMID: 33023429 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201006153847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with approximately 1.1 million cases diagnosed annually. The rapid development of molecular imaging has facilitated greater structural understanding, which can help formulate novel combinations of therapeutic regimens and more accurate diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary prostate biopsies. This accumulated knowledge also provides a greater understanding of the aggressive stages of the disease and tumor recurrence. Recently, much progress has been made on developing peptidomimetic-based inhibitors as promising candidates to effectively bind to the prostate- specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is expressed by prostate cancer cells. OBJECTIVE In this review, recent advances covering small-molecule and peptide-based PSMA inhibitors will be extensively reviewed, providing a base for the rational design of future PSMA inhibitors. METHOD Herein, the literature on selected PSMA inhibitors that have been developed from 1996 to 2020 were reviewed, emphasizing recent synthetic advances and chemical strategies whilst highlighting therapeutic potential and drawbacks of each inhibitor. RESULTS Synthesized inhibitors presented in this review demonstrate the clinical application of certain PSMA inhibitors, exhibited in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION This review highlights the clinical potential of PSMA inhibitors, analyzing the advantages and setbacks of the chemical synthetic methodologies utilized, setting precedence for the discovery of novel PSMA inhibitors for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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11
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Felber VB, Valentin MA, Wester HJ. Design of PSMA ligands with modifications at the inhibitor part: an approach to reduce the salivary gland uptake of radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors? EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:10. [PMID: 33638060 PMCID: PMC7910394 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether modifications of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiolabeled urea-based inhibitors could reduce salivary gland uptake and thus improve tumor-to-salivary gland ratios, several analogs of a high affinity PSMA ligand were synthesized and evaluated in in vitro and in vivo studies. METHODS Binding motifs were synthesized 'on-resin' or, when not practicable, in solution. Peptide chain elongations were performed according to optimized standard protocols via solid-phase peptide synthesis. In vitro experiments were performed using PSMA+ LNCaP cells. In vivo studies as well as μSPECT/CT scans were conducted with male LNCaP tumor xenograft-bearing CB17-SCID mice. RESULTS PSMA ligands with A) modifications within the central Zn2+-binding unit, B) proinhibitor motifs and C) substituents & bioisosteres of the P1'-γ-carboxylic acid were synthesized and evaluated. Modifications within the central Zn2+-binding unit of PSMA-10 (Glu-urea-Glu) provided three compounds. Thereof, only natLu-carbamate I (natLu-3) exhibited high affinity (IC50 = 7.1 ± 0.7 nM), but low tumor uptake (5.31 ± 0.94% ID/g, 1 h p.i. and 1.20 ± 0.55% ID/g, 24 h p.i.). All proinhibitor motif-based ligands (three in total) exhibited low binding affinities (> 1 μM), no notable internalization and very low tumor uptake (< 0.50% ID/g). In addition, four compounds with P1'-ɣ-carboxylate substituents were developed and evaluated. Thereof, only tetrazole derivative natLu-11 revealed high affinity (IC50 = 16.4 ± 3.8 nM), but also this inhibitor showed low tumor uptake (3.40 ± 0.63% ID/g, 1 h p.i. and 0.68 ± 0.16% ID/g, 24 h p.i.). Salivary gland uptake in mice remained at an equally low level for all compounds (between 0.02 ± 0.00% ID/g and 0.09 ± 0.03% ID/g), wherefore apparent tumor-to-submandibular gland and tumor-to-parotid gland ratios for the modified peptides were distinctly lower (factor 8-45) than for [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-10 at 24 h p.i. CONCLUSIONS The investigated compounds could not compete with the in vivo characteristics of the EuE-based PSMA inhibitor [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-10. Although two derivatives (3 and 11) were found to exhibit high affinities towards LNCaP cells, tumor uptake at 24 h p.i. was considerably low, while uptake in salivary glands remained unaffected. Optimization of the established animal model should be envisaged to enable a clear identification of PSMA-targeting radioligands with improved tumor-to-salivary gland ratios in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Barbara Felber
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Manuel Amando Valentin
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
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12
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Ptacek J, Zhang D, Qiu L, Kruspe S, Motlova L, Kolenko P, Novakova Z, Shubham S, Havlinova B, Baranova P, Chen SJ, Zou X, Giangrande P, Barinka C. Structural basis of prostate-specific membrane antigen recognition by the A9g RNA aptamer. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11130-11145. [PMID: 32525981 PMCID: PMC7641732 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-characterized tumor marker associated with prostate cancer and neovasculature of most solid tumors. PSMA-specific ligands are thus being developed to deliver imaging or therapeutic agents to cancer cells. Here, we report on a crystal structure of human PSMA in complex with A9g, a 43-bp PSMA-specific RNA aptamer, that was determined to the 2.2 Å resolution limit. The analysis of the PSMA/aptamer interface allows for identification of key interactions critical for nanomolar binding affinity and high selectivity of A9g for human PSMA. Combined with in silico modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, inhibition experiments and cell-based assays, the structure also provides an insight into structural changes of the aptamer and PSMA upon complex formation, mechanistic explanation for inhibition of the PSMA enzymatic activity by A9g as well as its ligand-selective competition with small molecules targeting the internal pocket of the enzyme. Additionally, comparison with published protein-RNA aptamer structures pointed toward more general features governing protein-aptamer interactions. Finally, our findings can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of future A9g-based derivatives with improved binding and stability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ptacek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Liming Qiu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sven Kruspe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lucia Motlova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, Prague 11519, Czech Republic
| | - Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Shambhavi Shubham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Baranova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Zou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Paloma Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
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13
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Imrankhan M, Shivashankar K. Iodine catalyzed one-pot four component synthesis of coumarinyl phosphoramidates via sequential addition of reactants. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04445h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented synthetic route for the preparation of a library of novel coumarinyl phosphoramidate derivatives via iodine catalysed one-pot four component reactions of ethyl 4-bromo-3-oxo-alkanoate, sodium azide, trialkyl phosphites, and phenols in ethanol is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Imrankhan
- P. G. Department of Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Bangalore University
- Bangalore
- India
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14
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Kawatani M, Yamamoto K, Yamada D, Kamiya M, Miyakawa J, Miyama Y, Kojima R, Morikawa T, Kume H, Urano Y. Fluorescence Detection of Prostate Cancer by an Activatable Fluorescence Probe for PSMA Carboxypeptidase Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10409-10416. [PMID: 31244179 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor among adult males, and convenient intraoperative detection of PCa would reduce the risk of leaving positive surgical margins, especially during nerve-sparing procedures. To achieve rapid, fluorescence-based visualization of PCa, we focused on the glutamate carboxypeptidase (CP) activity of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is attracting attention as a PCa biomarker. Based on our finding that aryl glutamate conjugates with an azoformyl linker are recognized by PSMA and have a sufficiently low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level to quench the fluorophore through photoinduced electron transfer, we designed and synthesized a first-in-class activatable fluorescence probe for CP activity of PSMA. The developed probe allowed us to visualize the CP activity of PSMA in living cells and in clinical specimens from PCa patients and is expected to be useful for rapid intraoperative detection and diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Jimpei Miyakawa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Yu Miyama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kojima
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , 1-7-1 Otemachi , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo , 100-0004 , Japan
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15
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Vorlová B, Sedlák F, Kašpárek P, Šrámková K, Malý M, Zámečník J, Šácha P, Konvalinka J. A novel PSMA/GCPII-deficient mouse model shows enlarged seminal vesicles upon aging. Prostate 2019; 79:126-139. [PMID: 30256431 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), is an important diagnostic and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. PSMA/GCPII is also expressed in many healthy tissues, but its function has only been established in the brain and small intestine. Several research groups have attempted to produce PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice to study the physiological role of PSMA/GCPII in detail. The outcomes of these studies differ dramatically, ranging from embryonic lethality to production of viable PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice without any obvious phenotype. METHODS We produced PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice (hereafter also referred as Folh1-/- mice) by TALEN-mediated mutagenesis on a C57BL/6NCrl background. Using Western blot and an enzyme activity assay, we confirmed the absence of PSMA/GCPII in our Folh1-/- mice. We performed anatomical and histopathological examination of selected tissues with a focus on urogenital system. We also examined the PSMA/GCPII expression profile within the mouse urogenital system using an enzyme activity assay and confirmed the presence of PSMA/GCPII in selected tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our Folh1-/- mice are viable, breed normally, and do not show any obvious phenotype. Nevertheless, aged Folh1-/- mice of 69-72 weeks exhibit seminal vesicle dilation, which is caused by accumulation of luminal fluid. This phenotype was also observed in Folh1+/- mice; the overall difference between our three cohorts (Folh1-/- , Folh1+/- , and Folh1+/+ ) was highly significant (P < 0.002). Of all studied tissues of the mouse urogenital system, only the epididymis appeared to have a physiologically relevant level of PSMA/GCPII expression. Additional experiments demonstrated that PSMA/GCPII is also present in the human epididymis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide the first evidence characterizing the reproductive tissue phenotype of PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice. These findings will help lay the groundwork for future studies to reveal PSMA/GCPII function in human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vorlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - František Sedlák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Šrámková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zámečník
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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16
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Šimon P, Knedlík T, Blažková K, Dvořáková P, Březinová A, Kostka L, Šubr V, Konvalinka J, Šácha P. Identification of Protein Targets of Bioactive Small Molecules Using Randomly Photomodified Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3333-3342. [PMID: 30489064 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying protein targets of bioactive small molecules often requires complex, lengthy development of affinity probes. We present a method for stochastic modification of small molecules of interest with a photoactivatable phenyldiazirine linker. The resulting isomeric mixture is conjugated to a hydrophilic copolymer decorated with biotin and a fluorophore. We validated this approach using known inhibitors of several medicinally relevant enzymes. At least a portion of the stochastic derivatives retained their binding to the target, enabling target visualization, isolation, and identification. Moreover, the mix of stochastic probes could be separated into fractions and tested for binding affinity. The structure of the active probe could be determined and the probe resynthesized to improve binding efficiency. Our approach can thus enable rapid target isolation, identification, and visualization, while providing information required for subsequent synthesis of an optimized probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Šimon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Knedlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Blažková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Březinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského n. 2, 16206, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského n. 2, 16206, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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DNA-linked inhibitor antibody assay (DIANA) as a new method for screening influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Biochem J 2018; 475:3847-3860. [PMID: 30404922 PMCID: PMC6292454 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza neuraminidase is responsible for the escape of new viral particles from the infected cell surface. Several neuraminidase inhibitors are used clinically to treat patients or stockpiled for emergencies. However, the increasing development of viral resistance against approved inhibitors has underscored the need for the development of new antivirals effective against resistant influenza strains. A facile, sensitive, and inexpensive screening method would help achieve this goal. Recently, we described a multiwell plate-based DNA-linked inhibitor antibody assay (DIANA). This highly sensitive method can quantify femtomolar concentrations of enzymes. DIANA also has been applied to high-throughput enzyme inhibitor screening, allowing the evaluation of inhibition constants from a single inhibitor concentration. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and structural characterization of a tamiphosphor derivative linked to a reporter DNA oligonucleotide for the development of a DIANA-type assay to screen potential influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. The neuraminidase is first captured by an immobilized antibody, and the test compound competes for binding to the enzyme with the oligo-linked detection probe, which is then quantified by qPCR. We validated this novel assay by comparing it with the standard fluorometric assay and demonstrated its usefulness for sensitive neuraminidase detection as well as high-throughput screening of potential new neuraminidase inhibitors.
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18
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Ptacek J, Nedvedova J, Navratil M, Havlinova B, Konvalinka J, Barinka C. The calcium-binding site of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II is critical for dimerization, thermal stability, and enzymatic activity. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1575-1584. [PMID: 30168215 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions are required for proper function of a wide spectrum of proteins within cells. X-ray crystallography of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) revealed the presence of a Ca2+ -binding site, but its importance for the structure and function of this metallopeptidase has not been elucidated to date. Here, we prepared a panel of mutants targeting residues that form the Ca2+ coordination sphere of GCPII and analyzed their structural and enzymatic properties using an array of complementary biophysical and biochemical approaches. Our data unequivocally show that even a slight disruption of the Ca2+ -binding site destabilizes the three-dimensional fold of GCPII and is associated with impaired secretion, a high propensity to form nonphysiological oligomers, and an inability to bind active site-targeted ligands. Additionally, the Ca2+ -binding site is critical for maintenance of the native homodimeric quaternary arrangement of GCPII, which is indispensable for its enzymatic activity. Overall, our results offer a clear picture of the importance of Ca2+ for the structural integrity and hydrolytic activity of human GCPII and by extension homologous members of the M28 zinc-dependent metallopeptidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ptacek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Nedvedova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Navratil
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
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19
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Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Structural Analysis of Drug Resistance Mutations in Neuraminidase from the 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070339. [PMID: 29933553 PMCID: PMC6071225 DOI: 10.3390/v10070339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase is the main target for current influenza drugs. Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir, the most widely prescribed neuraminidase inhibitor, has been repeatedly reported. The resistance substitutions I223V and S247N, alone or in combination with the major oseltamivir-resistance mutation H275Y, have been observed in 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. We overexpressed and purified the ectodomain of wild-type neuraminidase from the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus, as well as variants containing H275Y, I223V, and S247N single mutations and H275Y/I223V and H275Y/S247N double mutations. We performed enzymological and thermodynamic analyses and structurally examined the resistance mechanism. Our results reveal that the I223V or S247N substitution alone confers only a moderate reduction in oseltamivir affinity. In contrast, the major oseltamivir resistance mutation H275Y causes a significant decrease in the enzyme’s ability to bind this drug. Combination of H275Y with an I223V or S247N mutation results in extreme impairment of oseltamivir’s inhibition potency. Our structural analyses revealed that the H275Y substitution has a major effect on the oseltamivir binding pose within the active site while the influence of other studied mutations is much less prominent. Our crystal structures also helped explain the augmenting effect on resistance of combining H275Y with both substitutions.
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20
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Neburkova J, Sedlak F, Zackova Suchanova J, Kostka L, Sacha P, Subr V, Etrych T, Simon P, Barinkova J, Krystufek R, Spanielova H, Forstova J, Konvalinka J, Cigler P. Inhibitor-GCPII Interaction: Selective and Robust System for Targeting Cancer Cells with Structurally Diverse Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2932-2945. [PMID: 29389139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane protease overexpressed by prostate cancer cells and detected in the neovasculature of most solid tumors. Targeting GCPII with inhibitor-bearing nanoparticles can enable recognition, imaging, and delivery of treatments to cancer cells. Compared to methods based on antibodies and other large biomolecules, inhibitor-mediated targeting benefits from the low molecular weight of the inhibitor molecules, which are typically stable, easy-to-handle, and able to bind the enzyme with very high affinity. Although GCPII is established as a molecular target, comparing previously reported results is difficult due to the different methodological approaches used. In this work, we investigate the robustness and limitations of GCPII targeting with a diverse range of inhibitor-bearing nanoparticles (various structures, sizes, bionanointerfaces, conjugation chemistry, and surface densities of attached inhibitors). Polymer-coated nanodiamonds, virus-like particles based on bacteriophage Qβ and mouse polyomavirus, and polymeric poly(HPMA) nanoparticles with inhibitors attached by different means were synthesized and characterized. We evaluated their ability to bind GCPII and interact with cancer cells using surface plasmon resonance, inhibition assay, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Regardless of the diversity of the investigated nanosystems, they all strongly interact with GCPII (most with low picomolar Ki values) and effectively target GCPII-expressing cells. The robustness of this approach was limited only by the quality of the nanoparticle bionanointerface, which must be properly designed by adding a sufficient density of hydrophilic protective polymers. We conclude that the targeting of cancer cells overexpressing GCPII is a viable approach transferable to a broad diversity of nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Neburkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Katerinska 32 , 121 08 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Sedlak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Katerinska 32 , 121 08 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Zackova Suchanova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sacha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Subr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Barinkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Robin Krystufek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Spanielova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Forstova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
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21
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Nedelcovych M, Dash RP, Tenora L, Zimmermann SC, Gadiano AJ, Garrett C, Alt J, Hollinger KR, Pommier E, Jančařík A, Rojas C, Thomas AG, Wu Y, Wozniak K, Majer P, Slusher BS, Rais R. Enhanced Brain Delivery of 2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic Acid Following Intranasal Administration of Its γ-Substituted Ester Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3248-3257. [PMID: 28763226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) with efficacy in multiple neurological and psychiatric disease models, but its clinical utility is hampered by low brain penetration due to the inclusion of multiple acidic functionalities. We recently reported an improvement in the brain-to-plasma ratio of 2-PMPA after intranasal (IN) dosing in both rodents and primates. Herein, we describe the synthesis of several 2-PMPA prodrugs with further improved brain delivery of 2-PMPA after IN administration by masking of the γ-carboxylate. When compared to IN 2-PMPA in rats at 1 h post dose, γ-(4-acetoxybenzyl)-2-PMPA (compound 1) resulted in significantly higher 2-PMPA delivery to both plasma (4.1-fold) and brain (11-fold). Subsequent time-dependent evaluation of 1 also showed high brain as well as plasma 2-PMPA exposures with brain-to-plasma ratios of 2.2, 0.48, and 0.26 for olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum, respectively, as well as an improved sciatic nerve to plasma ratio of 0.84. In contrast, IV administration of compound 1 resulted in similar plasma exposure of 2-PMPA versus the IN route (AUCIV: 76 ± 9 h·nmol/mL versus AUCIN: 99 ± 24 h·nmol/mL); but significantly lower nerve and brain tissue exposures with tissue-to-plasma ratios of 0.21, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.04 in nerve, olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum, respectively. In primates, IN administration of 1 more than doubled 2-PMPA concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid relative to previously reported levels following IN 2-PMPA. The results of these experiments provide a promising strategy for testing GCPII inhibition in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrej Jančařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. , Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Knedlík T, Vorlová B, Navrátil V, Tykvart J, Sedlák F, Vaculín Š, Franěk M, Šácha P, Konvalinka J. Mouse glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) has a similar enzyme activity and inhibition profile but a different tissue distribution to human GCPII. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1362-1378. [PMID: 28904865 PMCID: PMC5586342 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or folate hydrolase, is a metallopeptidase expressed predominantly in the human brain and prostate. GCPII expression is considerably increased in prostate carcinoma, and the enzyme also participates in glutamate excitotoxicity in the brain. Therefore, GCPII represents an important diagnostic marker of prostate cancer progression and a putative target for the treatment of both prostate cancer and neuronal disorders associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. For the development of novel therapeutics, mouse models are widely used. However, although mouse GCPII activity has been characterized, a detailed comparison of the enzymatic activity and tissue distribution of the mouse and human GCPII orthologs remains lacking. In this study, we prepared extracellular mouse GCPII and compared it with human GCPII. We found that mouse GCPII possesses lower catalytic efficiency but similar substrate specificity compared with the human protein. Using a panel of GCPII inhibitors, we discovered that inhibition constants are generally similar for mouse and human GCPII. Furthermore, we observed highest expression of GCPII protein in the mouse kidney, brain, and salivary glands. Importantly, we did not detect GCPII in the mouse prostate. Our data suggest that the differences in enzymatic activity and inhibition profile are rather small; therefore, mouse GCPII can approximate human GCPII in drug development and testing. On the other hand, significant differences in GCPII tissue expression must be taken into account when developing novel GCPII-based anticancer and therapeutic methods, including targeted anticancer drug delivery systems, and when using mice as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Knedlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vorlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tykvart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic.,Present address: Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - František Sedlák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vaculín
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Franěk
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
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23
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Kasperkiewicz P, Poreba M, Groborz K, Drag M. Emerging challenges in the design of selective substrates, inhibitors and activity-based probes for indistinguishable proteases. FEBS J 2017; 284:1518-1539. [PMID: 28052575 PMCID: PMC7164106 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze the peptide bond of peptide substrates and proteins. Despite significant progress in recent years, one of the greatest challenges in the design and testing of substrates, inhibitors and activity‐based probes for proteolytic enzymes is achieving specificity toward only one enzyme. This specificity is particularly important if the enzyme is present with other enzymes with a similar catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity but completely different functionality. The cross‐reactivity of substrates, inhibitors and activity‐based probes with other enzymes can significantly impair or even prevent investigations of a target protease. In this review, we describe important concepts and the latest challenges, focusing mainly on peptide‐based substrate specificity techniques used to distinguish individual enzymes within major protease families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Groborz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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24
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Zhang Z, Bassam B, Thomas AG, Williams M, Liu J, Nance E, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Kannan S. Maternal inflammation leads to impaired glutamate homeostasis and up-regulation of glutamate carboxypeptidase II in activated microglia in the fetal/newborn rabbit brain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:116-28. [PMID: 27326668 PMCID: PMC5394739 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte dysfunction and excessive activation of glutamatergic systems have been implicated in a number of neurologic disorders, including periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy (CP). However, the role of chorioamnionitis on glutamate homeostasis in the fetal and neonatal brains is not clearly understood. We have previously shown that intrauterine endotoxin administration results in intense microglial 'activation' and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periventricular region (PVR) of the neonatal rabbit brain. In this study, we assessed the effect of maternal inflammation on key components of the glutamate pathway and its relationship to astrocyte and microglial activation in the fetal and neonatal New Zealand white rabbit brain. We found that intrauterine endotoxin exposure at gestational day 28 (G28) induced acute and prolonged glutamate elevation in the PVR of fetal (G29, 1day post-injury) and postnatal day 1 (PND1, 3days post-injury) brains along with prominent morphological changes in the astrocytes (soma hypertrophy and retracted processes) in the white matter tracts. There was a significant increase in glutaminase and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) NR2 subunit expression along with decreased glial L-glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) in the PVR at G29, that would promote acute dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis. This was accompanied with significantly decreased TGF-β1 at PND1 in CP kits indicating ongoing neuroinflammation. We also show for the first time that glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) was significantly increased in the activated microglia at the periventricular white matter area in both G29 and PND1 CP kits. This was confirmed by in vitro studies demonstrating that LPS activated primary microglia markedly upregulate GCPII enzymatic activity. These results suggest that maternal intrauterine endotoxin exposure results in early onset and long-lasting dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis, which may be mediated by impaired astrocyte function and GCPII upregulation in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bassam Bassam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Monica Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jinhuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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25
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Navrátil V, Schimer J, Tykvart J, Knedlík T, Vik V, Majer P, Konvalinka J, Šácha P. DNA-linked Inhibitor Antibody Assay (DIANA) for sensitive and selective enzyme detection and inhibitor screening. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:e10. [PMID: 27679479 PMCID: PMC5314793 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diseases are often diagnosed by determining levels of relevant enzymes and treated by enzyme inhibitors. We describe an assay suitable for both ultrasensitive enzyme quantification and quantitative inhibitor screening with unpurified enzymes. In the DNA-linked Inhibitor ANtibody Assay (DIANA), the target enzyme is captured by an immobilized antibody, probed with a small-molecule inhibitor attached to a reporter DNA and detected by quantitative PCR. We validate the approach using the putative cancer markers prostate-specific membrane antigen and carbonic anhydrase IX. We show that DIANA has a linear range of up to six logs and it selectively detects zeptomoles of targets in complex biological samples. DIANA's wide dynamic range permits determination of target enzyme inhibition constants using a single inhibitor concentration. DIANA also enables quantitative screening of small-molecule enzyme inhibitors using microliters of human blood serum containing picograms of target enzyme. DIANA's performance characteristics make it a superior tool for disease detection and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Navrátil
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schimer
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tykvart
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Knedlík
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Vik
- Department of Urology, Thomayer Hospital in Prague, Prague, 140 59, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
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26
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Navrátil M, Tykvart J, Schimer J, Pachl P, Navrátil V, Rokob TA, Hlouchová K, Rulíšek L, Konvalinka J. Comparison of human glutamate carboxypeptidases II and III reveals their divergent substrate specificities. FEBS J 2016; 283:2528-45. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tykvart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schimer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Tibor András Rokob
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Klára Hlouchová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
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27
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Kinetic, thermodynamic and structural analysis of tamiphosphor binding to neuraminidase of H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:100-109. [PMID: 27236066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes severe respiratory infections that are responsible for up to half a million deaths worldwide each year. Two inhibitors targeting viral neuraminidase have been approved to date (oseltamivir, zanamivir). However, the rapid development of antiviral drug resistance and the efficient transmission of resistant viruses among humans represent serious threats to public health. The approved influenza neuraminidase inhibitors have (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds designed to mimic the oxonium transition state during enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid. Their active forms contain a carboxylate that interacts with three arginine residues in the enzyme active site. Recently, the phosphonate group was successfully used as an isostere of the carboxylate in oseltamivir, and the resulting compound, tamiphosphor, was identified as a highly active neuraminidase inhibitor. However, the structure of the complex of this promising inhibitor with neuraminidase has not yet been reported. Here, we analyzed the interaction of a set of oseltamivir and tamiphosphor derivatives with neuraminidase from the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus. We thermodynamically characterized the binding of oseltamivir carboxylate or tamiphosphor to the neuraminidase catalytic domain by protein microcalorimetry, and we determined crystal structure of the catalytic domain in complex with tamiphosphor at 1.8 Å resolution. This structural information should aid rational design of the next generation of neuraminidase inhibitors.
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28
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Wagner L, Klemann C, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:265-83. [PMID: 26671446 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Klemann
- Centre of Paediatric Surgery.,Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Barinka C, Ptacek J, Richter A, Novakova Z, Morath V, Skerra A. Selection and characterization of Anticalins targeting human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:105-15. [PMID: 26802163 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prostate carcinoma (PCa) is by far the most commonly diagnosed neoplasia in men, corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have limited efficacy at present. Anticalins comprise a novel class of binding proteins based on a non-immunoglobulin scaffold that can be engineered to specifically address molecular targets of interest. Here we report the selection and characterization of Anticalins that recognize human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a membrane-tethered metallopeptidase constituting a disease-related target for imaging and therapy of PCa as well as solid malignancies in general. We used a randomized lipocalin library based on the human lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) scaffold together with phage display and ELISA screening to select PSMA-specific variants. Five Anticalin candidates from the original panning were expressed in Escherichia coli as soluble monomeric proteins, revealing affinities toward PSMA down to the low nanomolar range. Binding characteristics of the most promising candidate were further improved via affinity maturation by applying error-prone PCR followed by selection via phage display as well as bacterial surface display under more stringent conditions. In BIAcore measurements, the dissociation constant of the best Anticalin was determined as ∼500 pM, with a substantially improved dissociation rate compared with the first-generation candidate. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed specific staining of PSMA-positive tumor cell lines while flow cytometric analysis confirmed the ability of the selected Anticalins to detect PSMA on live cells. Taken together, Anticalins resulting from this study offer a viable alternative to antibody-based PSMA binders for biomedical applications, including in vivo imaging of PCa or neovasculature of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prumyslova 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ptacek
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prumyslova 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Antonia Richter
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Zora Novakova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prumyslova 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Morath
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
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30
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Naushad SM, Shree Divyya P, Janaki Ramaiah M, Alex Stanley B, Prasanna Lakshmi S, Vishnupriya J, Kutala VK. Clinical utility of genetic variants of glutamate carboxypeptidase II in predicting breast cancer and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:552-8. [PMID: 26471812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In view of documented evidence showing glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) inhibitors as promising anti-cancer agents, certain variants of GCPII modulate breast and prostate cancer risk, and we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model of GCPII variants and ascertained the risk associated with eight genetic variants of GCPII. In parallel, an in silico model was developed to substantiate the ANN simulations. The ANN model with modified sigmoid function was used for disease prediction, whereas the hyperbolic tangent function was used to predict folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. PyMOL models of GCPII variants were developed, and their affinity toward the folylpolyglutamate (FPG) ligand was tested using glide score analysis. Of the eight genetic variants of GCPII, p.P160S alone conferred protection against both of the cancers. This variant exhibited higher affinity toward FPG compared with wild GCPII (-2.06 vs. -1.69); and positive correlation was observed between the P160S variant and circulating folate (r = 0.60). The ANN model for disease prediction showed significant predictability associated with GCPII variants toward breast cancer (area under the curve (AUC): 1.00) and prostate cancer (AUC: 0.97), with clear distinguishing ability of healthy controls (AUC: 0.96). The ANN models for the expression of FOLH1 and PSMA explained 60.5% and 86.7% of the variability, respectively. Thus, GCPII variants are potential contributors of risk toward breast cancer and prostate cancer. Risk modulation appeared to be mediated through changes in the expression of FOLH1 and PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India.
| | - Parvathaneni Shree Divyya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Janaki Ramaiah
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Balraj Alex Stanley
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - S Prasanna Lakshmi
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - J Vishnupriya
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Tykvart J, Bařinka C, Svoboda M, Navrátil V, Souček R, Hubálek M, Hradilek M, Šácha P, Lubkowski J, Konvalinka J. Structural and biochemical characterization of a novel aminopeptidase from human intestine. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11321-36. [PMID: 25752612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase-like protein (NAALADase L), encoded by the NAALADL1 gene, is a close homolog of glutamate carboxypeptidase II, a metallopeptidase that has been intensively studied as a target for imaging and therapy of solid malignancies and neuropathologies. However, neither the physiological functions nor structural features of NAALADase L are known at present. Here, we report a thorough characterization of the protein product of the human NAALADL1 gene, including heterologous overexpression and purification, structural and biochemical characterization, and analysis of its expression profile. By solving the NAALADase L x-ray structure, we provide the first experimental evidence that it is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase with a catalytic mechanism similar to that of glutamate carboxypeptidase II yet distinct substrate specificity. A proteome-based assay revealed that the NAALADL1 gene product possesses previously unrecognized aminopeptidase activity but no carboxy- or endopeptidase activity. These findings were corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis and identification of bestatin as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. Analysis of NAALADL1 gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels revealed the small intestine as the major site of protein expression and points toward extensive alternative splicing of the NAALADL1 gene transcript. Taken together, our data imply that the NAALADL1 gene product's primary physiological function is associated with the final stages of protein/peptide digestion and absorption in the human digestive system. Based on these results, we suggest a new name for this enzyme: human ileal aminopeptidase (HILAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tykvart
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- the Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic, and
| | - Michal Svoboda
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Navrátil
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Radko Souček
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hubálek
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hradilek
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- the Center for Cancer Research, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
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Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, Leotta K, Eder M, Hoppe-Tich T, Youssoufian H, Kopka K, Babich JW, Haberkorn U. PMPA for Nephroprotection in PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:293-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.147181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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The Secretion and Action of Brush Border Enzymes in the Mammalian Small Intestine. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:59-118. [PMID: 26345415 DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are conventionally regarded as an extension of the small intestinal absorptive surface, but they are also, as latterly discovered, a launching pad for brush border digestive enzymes. Recent work has demonstrated that motor elements of the microvillus cytoskeleton operate to displace the apical membrane toward the apex of the microvillus, where it vesiculates and is shed into the periapical space. Catalytically active brush border digestive enzymes remain incorporated within the membranes of these vesicles, which shifts the site of BB digestion from the surface of the enterocyte to the periapical space. This process enables nutrient hydrolysis to occur adjacent to the membrane in a pre-absorptive step. The characterization of BB digestive enzymes is influenced by the way in which these enzymes are anchored to the apical membranes of microvilli, their subsequent shedding in membrane vesicles, and their differing susceptibilities to cleavage from the component membranes. In addition, the presence of active intracellular components of these enzymes complicates their quantitative assay and the elucidation of their dynamics. This review summarizes the ontogeny and regulation of BB digestive enzymes and what is known of their kinetics and their action in the peripheral and axial regions of the small intestinal lumen.
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Tykvart J, Navrátil V, Sedlák F, Corey E, Colombatti M, Fracasso G, Koukolík F, Bařinka C, Sácha P, Konvalinka J. Comparative analysis of monoclonal antibodies against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Prostate 2014; 74:1674-90. [PMID: 25262926 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), is generally recognized as a diagnostic and therapeutic cancer antigen and a molecular address for targeted imaging and drug delivery studies. Due to its significance in cancer research, numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against GCPII have been described and marketed in the past decades. Unfortunately, some of these mAbs are poorly characterized, which might lead to their inappropriate use and misinterpretation of the acquired results. METHODS We collected the 13 most frequently used mAbs against GCPII and quantitatively characterized their binding to GCPII by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Using a peptide library, we mapped epitopes recognized by a given mAb. Finally, we assessed the applicability of these mAbs to routine experimental setups, including Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. RESULTS ELISA and SPR analyses revealed that mAbs J591, J415, D2B, 107-1A4, GCP-05, and 2G7 bind preferentially to GCPII in native form, while mAbs YPSMA-1, YPSMA-2, GCP-02, GCP-04, and 3E6 bind solely to denatured GCPII. mAbs 24.4E6 and 7E11-C5.3 recognize both forms of GCPII. Additionally, we determined that GCP-02 and 3E6 cross-react with mouse GCPII, while GCP-04 recognizes GCPII and GCPIII proteins from both human and mouse. CONCLUSION This comparative analysis provides the first detailed quantitative characterization of the most commonly used mAbs against GCPII and can serve as a guideline for the scientific community to use them in a proper and efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tykvart
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
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Navrátil M, Ptáček J, Šácha P, Starková J, Lubkowski J, Bařinka C, Konvalinka J. Structural and biochemical characterization of the folyl-poly-γ-l-glutamate hydrolyzing activity of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II. FEBS J 2014; 281:3228-42. [PMID: 24863754 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its well-characterized role in the central nervous system, human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII; Uniprot ID Q04609) acts as a folate hydrolase in the small intestine, participating in the absorption of dietary polyglutamylated folates (folyl-n-γ-l-glutamic acid), which are the provitamin form of folic acid (also known as vitamin B9 ). Despite the role of GCPII as a folate hydrolase, nothing is known about the processing of polyglutamylated folates by GCPII at the structural or enzymological level. Moreover, many epidemiologic studies on the relationship of the naturally occurring His475Tyr polymorphism to folic acid status suggest that this polymorphism may be associated with several pathologies linked to impaired folate metabolism. In the present study, we report: (a) a series X-ray structures of complexes between a catalytically inactive GCPII mutant (Glu424Ala) and a panel of naturally occurring polyglutamylated folates; (b) the X-ray structure of the His475Tyr variant at a resolution of 1.83 Å; (c) the study of the recently identified arene-binding site of GCPII through mutagenesis (Arg463Leu, Arg511Leu and Trp541Ala), inhibitor binding and enzyme kinetics with polyglutamylated folates as substrates; and (d) a comparison of the thermal stabilities and folate-hydrolyzing activities of GCPII wild-type and His475Tyr variants. As a result, the crystallographic data reveal considerable details about the binding mode of polyglutamylated folates to GCPII, especially the engagement of the arene binding site in recognizing the folic acid moiety. Additionally, the combined structural and kinetic data suggest that GCPII wild-type and His475Tyr variant are functionally identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Navrátil
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Tykvart J, Schimer J, Bařinková J, Pachl P, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Majer P, Konvalinka J, Šácha P. Rational design of urea-based glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) inhibitors as versatile tools for specific drug targeting and delivery. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4099-108. [PMID: 24954515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), is an established prostate cancer marker and is considered a promising target for specific anticancer drug delivery. Low-molecular-weight inhibitors of GCPII are advantageous specific ligands for this purpose. However, they must be modified with a linker to enable connection of the ligand with an imaging molecule, anticancer drug, and/or nanocarrier. Here, we describe a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of GCPII inhibitors with linkers suitable for imaging and drug delivery. Structure-assisted inhibitor design and targeting of a specific GCPII exosite resulted in a 7-fold improvement in Ki value compared to the parent structure. X-ray structural analysis of the inhibitor series led to the identification of several inhibitor binding modes. We also optimized the length of the inhibitor linker for effective attachment to a biotin-binding molecule and showed that the optimized inhibitor could be used to target nanoparticles to cells expressing GCPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tykvart
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schimer
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Bařinková
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Knedlík T, Navrátil V, Vik V, Pacík D, Šácha P, Konvalinka J. Detection and quantitation of glutamate carboxypeptidase II in human blood. Prostate 2014; 74:768-80. [PMID: 24647901 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a transmembrane enzyme that cleaves N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAAG) in the brain. GCPII is highly expressed in the prostate and prostate cancer and might be associated with prostate cancer progression. Another exopeptidase, plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase (PGCP), was reported to be similar to GCPII and to share its NAAG-hydrolyzing activity. METHODS We performed a radioenzymatic assay with [(3) H]NAAG as a substrate to detect and quantify the enzymatic activity of GCPII in plasma. Using a specific antibody raised against native GCPII (2G7), we immunoprecipitated GCPII from human plasma. We also cloned two PGCP constructs, expressed them in insect cells, and tested them for their NAAG-hydrolyzing activity. RESULTS We detected GCPII protein in human plasma and found that its concentration ranges between 1.3 and 17.2 ng/ml in volunteers not diagnosed with prostate cancer. Recombinant PGCP was enzymatically active but exhibited no NAAG-hydrolyzing activity. CONCLUSION GCPII is present in human blood, and its concentration within a healthy population varies. Recombinant PGCP does not hydrolyze NAAG, suggesting that GCPII alone is responsible for the NAAG-hydrolyzing activity observed in human blood. The potential correlation between GCPII serum levels and the disease status of prostate cancer patients will be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Knedlík
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Oliveira FM, Barbosa LCA, Ismail FMD. The diverse pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of phosphoramidates – a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising examples of the phosphoramidates, which possess antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, antimalarial and anti-protozoal as well as enzyme inhibitor activity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz C. A. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa
- Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Institute for Health Research
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool, UK
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Lee SK, Kim H, Cheong YH, Kim MJ, Jo SA, Youn HS, Park SI. S1 pocket of glutamate carboxypeptidase II: A new binding site for amyloid-β degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:765-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alt J, Stathis M, Rojas C, Slusher B. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II is not an amyloid peptide-degrading enzyme. FASEB J 2013; 27:2620-5. [PMID: 23525278 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is an exopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetylated aspartate-glutamate (NAAG) to N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and glutamate. Consequently, GCPII inhibition has been of interest for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system diseases associated with excess glutamate. Recently, it was reported that GCPII can also serve as an endopeptidase cleaving amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and that its inhibition could increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease by increasing brain Aβ levels. This study aimed to corroborate and extend these new findings. We incubated Aβ peptides (20 μM) with human recombinant GCPII (300 ng/ml) and monitored the appearance of degradation products by mass spectrometry. Aβ peptides remained intact after 18 h incubation with GCPII. Under the same experimental conditions, Aβ1-40 (20 μM) was incubated with neprilysin (300 ng/ml), an endopeptidase known to hydrolyze Aβ1-40 and the expected cleavage products were observed. GCPII was confirmed active by catalyzing the complete hydrolysis of NAAG (100 μM). We also studied the hydrolysis of [(3)H]-NAAG (30 nM) catalyzed by GCPII (40 pM) in the presence of Aβ peptides (picomolar to micromolar range). The addition of Aβ peptides did not alter [(3)H]-NAAG hydrolysis. We conclude that GCPII is not an amyloid peptide-degrading enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Alt
- Brain Science Institute Neurotranslational Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Sedlák F, Šácha P, Blechová M, B&rnezinová A, Šafařík M, Šebestík J, Konvalinka J. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II does not process amyloid‐β peptide. FASEB J 2013; 27:2626-32. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Sedlák
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Anna B&rnezinová
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Šafařík
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Gilead SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) Research Center, IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Koochekpour S, Majumdar S, Azabdaftari G, Attwood K, Scioneaux R, Subramani D, Manhardt C, Lorusso GD, Willard SS, Thompson H, Shourideh M, Rezaei K, Sartor O, Mohler JL, Vessella RL. Serum glutamate levels correlate with Gleason score and glutamate blockade decreases proliferation, migration, and invasion and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5888-901. [PMID: 23072969 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During glutaminolysis, glutamine is catabolized to glutamate and incorporated into citric acid cycle and lipogenesis. Serum glutamate levels were measured in patients with primary prostate cancer or metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCa) to establish clinical relevance. The effect of glutamate deprivation or blockade by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1) antagonists was investigated on prostate cancer cells' growth, migration, and invasion to establish biologic relevance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum glutamate levels were measured in normal men (n = 60) and patients with primary prostate cancer (n = 197) or mCRPCa (n = 109). GRM1 expression in prostatic tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cell growth, migration, and invasion were determined using cell cytotoxicity and modified Boyden chamber assays, respectively. Apoptosis was detected using immunoblotting against cleaved caspases, PARP, and γ-H2AX. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses showed significantly higher serum glutamate levels in Gleason score ≥ 8 than in the Gleason score ≤ 7 and in African Americans than in the Caucasian Americans. African Americans with mCRPCa had significantly higher serum glutamate levels than those with primary prostate cancer or benign prostate. However, in Caucasian Americans, serum glutamate levels were similar in normal research subjects and patients with mCRPC. IHC showed weak or no expression of GRM1 in luminal acinar epithelial cells of normal or hyperplastic glands but high expression in primary or metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Glutamate deprivation or blockade decreased prostate cancer cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion and led to apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS Glutamate expression is mechanistically associated with and may provide a biomarker of prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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Alquicer G, Sedlák D, Byun Y, Pavlícek J, Stathis M, Rojas C, Slusher B, Pomper MG, Bartunek P, Barinka C. Development of a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay to identify novel ligands of glutamate carboxypeptidase II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:1030-40. [PMID: 22751730 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112451924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is an important target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions aimed at prostate cancer and neurologic disorders. Here we describe the development and optimization of a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay based on fluorescence polarization (FP) that facilitates the identification of novel scaffolds inhibiting GCPII. First, we designed and synthesized a fluorescence probe based on a urea-based inhibitory scaffold covalently linked to a Bodipy TMR fluorophore (TMRGlu). Next, we established and optimized conditions suitable for HTS and evaluated the assay robustness by testing the influence of a variety of physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, time) and additives. Using known GCPII inhibitors, the FP assay was shown to be comparable to benchmark assays established in the field. Finally, we evaluated the FP assay by HTS of a 20 000-compound library. The novel assay presented here is robust, highly reproducible (Z' = 0.82), inexpensive, and suitable for automation, thus providing an excellent platform for HTS of small-molecule libraries targeting GCPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Alquicer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Bařinka C, Rojas C, Slusher B, Pomper M. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II in diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders and prostate cancer. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:856-70. [PMID: 22214450 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799034888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane-bound binuclear zinc metallopeptidase with the highest expression levels found in the nervous and prostatic tissue. Throughout the nervous system, glia-bound GCPII is intimately involved in the neuron-neuron and neuron-glia signaling via the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the most abundant mammalian peptidic neurotransmitter. The inhibition of the GCPII-controlled NAAG catabolism has been shown to attenuate neurotoxicity associated with enhanced glutamate transmission and GCPII-specific inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in multiple preclinical models including traumatic brain injury, stroke, neuropathic and inflammatory pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. The second major area of pharmacological interventions targeting GCPII focuses on prostate carcinoma; GCPII expression levels are highly increased in androgen-independent and metastatic disease. Consequently, the enzyme serves as a potential target for imaging and therapy. This review offers a summary of GCPII structure, physiological functions in healthy tissues, and its association with various pathologies. The review also outlines the development of GCPII-specific small-molecule compounds and their use in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Tykvart J, Šácha P, Bařinka C, Knedlík T, Starková J, Lubkowski J, Konvalinka J. Efficient and versatile one-step affinity purification of in vivo biotinylated proteins: expression, characterization and structure analysis of recombinant human glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:106-15. [PMID: 22178733 PMCID: PMC3443621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Affinity purification is a useful approach for purification of recombinant proteins. Eukaryotic expression systems have become more frequently used at the expense of prokaryotic systems since they afford recombinant eukaryotic proteins with post-translational modifications similar or identical to the native ones. Here, we present a one-step affinity purification set-up suitable for the purification of secreted proteins. The set-up is based on the interaction between biotin and mutated streptavidin. Drosophila Schneider 2 cells are chosen as the expression host, and a biotin acceptor peptide is used as an affinity tag. This tag is biotinylated by Escherichia coli biotin-protein ligase in vivo. We determined that localization of the ligase within the ER led to the most effective in vivo biotinylation of the secreted proteins. We optimized a protocol for large-scale expression and purification of AviTEV-tagged recombinant human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (Avi-GCPII) with milligram yields per liter of culture. We also determined the 3D structure of Avi-GCPII by X-ray crystallography and compared the enzymatic characteristics of the protein to those of its non-tagged variant. These experiments confirmed that AviTEV tag does not affect the biophysical properties of its fused partner. Purification approach, developed here, provides not only a sufficient amount of highly homogenous protein but also specifically and effectively biotinylates a target protein and thus enables its subsequent visualization or immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tykvart
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - P Šácha
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - C Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - T Knedlík
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - J Starková
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J Lubkowski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Konvalinka
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Plechanovová A, Byun Y, Alquicer G, Škultétyová Ľ, Mlčochová P, Němcová A, Kim HJ, Navrátil M, Mease R, Lubkowski J, Pomper M, Konvalinka J, Rulíšek L, Bařinka C. Novel substrate-based inhibitors of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II with enhanced lipophilicity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7535-46. [PMID: 21923190 PMCID: PMC3222833 DOI: 10.1021/jm200807m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all low molecular weight inhibitors of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) are highly polar compounds that have limited use in settings where more lipophilic molecules are desired. Here we report the identification and characterization of GCPII inhibitors with enhanced liphophilicity that are derived from a series of newly identified dipeptidic GCPII substrates featuring nonpolar aliphatic side chains at the C-terminus. To analyze the interactions governing the substrate recognition by GCPII, we determined crystal structures of the inactive GCPII(E424A) mutant in complex with selected dipeptides and complemented the structural data with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. Results reveal the importance of nonpolar interactions governing GCPII affinity toward novel substrates as well as formerly unnoticed plasticity of the S1' specificity pocket. On the basis of those data, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of novel GCPII inhibitors with enhanced lipophilicity, with the best candidates having low nanomolar inhibition constants and clogD > -0.3. Our findings offer new insights into the design of more lipophilic inhibitors targeting GCPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Plechanovová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231,College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Yeongi-gun, Chungnam 339-700, South Korea
| | - Glenda Alquicer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Škultétyová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mlčochová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Němcová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hyung-Joon Kim
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Michal Navrátil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronnie Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Martin Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center at IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic,Address correspondence to: Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v.v.i., Laboratory of Structural Biology, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic; phone: +420-296-443-615; fax: +420-296-443-610;
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Lapi SE, Wahnishe H, Pham D, Wu LY, Nedrow-Byers JR, Liu T, Vejdani K, VanBrocklin HF, Berkman CE, Jones EF. Assessment of an 18F-labeled phosphoramidate peptidomimetic as a new prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted imaging agent for prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:2042-8. [PMID: 19910433 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.066589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein commonly found on the surface of late-stage and metastatic prostate cancer and a well-known imaging biomarker for staging and monitoring therapy. Although (111)In-labeled capropmab pendetide is the only approved agent available for PSMA imaging, its clinical use is limited because of its slow distribution and clearance that leads to challenging image interpretation. A small-molecule approach using radiolabeled urea-based PSMA inhibitors as imaging agents has shown promise for prostate cancer imaging. The motivation of this work is to explore phosphoramidates as a new class of potent PSMA inhibitors to develop more effective prostate cancer imaging agents with improved specificity and clearance properties. METHODS N-succinimidyl-4-(18)F-fluorobenzoate ((18)F-SFB) was conjugated to S-2-((2-(S-4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido)-S-2-carboxyethoxy)hydroxyphosphorylamino)-pentanedioic acid (Phosphoramidate (1)), yielding S-2-((2-(S-4-(4-(18)F-fluorobenzamido)-4-carboxybutanamido)-S-2-carboxyethoxy)hydroxyphosphorylamino)-pentanedioic acid (3). In vivo studies were conducted in mice bearing either LNCaP (PSMA-positive) or PC-3 (PSMA-negative) tumors. PET images were acquired at 1 and 2 h with or without a preinjection of a nonradioactive version of the fluorophosphoramidate. Tissue distribution studies were performed at the end of the 2 h imaging sessions. RESULTS Phosphoramidate (1) and its fluorobenzamido conjugate (2) were potent inhibitors of PSMA (inhibitory concentration of 50% [IC(50)], 14 and 0.68 nM, respectively). PSMA-mediated tumor accumulation was noted in the LNCaP versus the PC-3 tumor xenografts. The LNCaP tumor uptake was also blocked by the administration of nonradioactive (2) prior to imaging studies. With the exception of the kidneys, tumor-to-tissue and tumor-to-blood ratios were greater than 5:1 at 2 h. The strong kidney uptake may be due to the known PSMA expression in the mouse kidney, because significant reduction (>6-fold) in kidney activity was seen in mice injected with (2). CONCLUSION (18)F-labeled phosphoramidate (3) is a representative of a new class of PSMA targeting peptidomimetic molecules that shows great promise as imaging agents for detecting PSMA+ prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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Hlouchova K, Barinka C, Konvalinka J, Lubkowski J. Structural insight into the evolutionary and pharmacologic homology of glutamate carboxypeptidases II and III. FEBS J 2009; 276:4448-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Klusák V, Bařinka C, Plechanovová A, Mlčochová P, Konvalinka J, Rulíšek L, Lubkowski J. Reaction mechanism of glutamate carboxypeptidase II revealed by mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and computational methods. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4126-38. [PMID: 19301871 PMCID: PMC7289149 DOI: 10.1021/bi900220s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII, EC 3.4.17.21) is a zinc-dependent exopeptidase and an important therapeutic target for neurodegeneration and prostate cancer. The hydrolysis of N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate (N-Ac-Asp-Glu), the natural dipeptidic substrate of the GCPII, is intimately involved in cellular signaling within the mammalian nervous system, but the exact mechanism of this reaction has not yet been determined. To investigate peptide hydrolysis by GCPII in detail, we constructed a mutant of human GCPII [GCPII(E424A)], in which Glu424, a putative proton shuttle residue, is substituted with alanine. Kinetic analysis of GCPII(E424A) using N-Ac-Asp-Glu as substrate revealed a complete loss of catalytic activity, suggesting the direct involvement of Glu424 in peptide hydrolysis. Additionally, we determined the crystal structure of GCPII(E424A) in complex with N-Ac-Asp-Glu at 1.70 A resolution. The presence of the intact substrate in the GCPII(E424A) binding cavity substantiates our kinetic data and allows a detailed analysis of GCPII/N-Ac-Asp-Glu interactions. The experimental data are complemented by the combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations (QM/MM) which enabled us to characterize the transition states, including the associated reaction barriers, and provided detailed information concerning the GCPII reaction mechanism. The best estimate of the reaction barrier was calculated to be DeltaG(++) approximately 22(+/-5) kcal x mol(-1), which is in a good agreement with the experimentally observed reaction rate constant (k(cat) approximately 1 s(-1)). Combined together, our results provide a detailed and consistent picture of the reaction mechanism of this highly interesting enzyme at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtêch Klusák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center and IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, 539 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anna Plechanovová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center and IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mlčochová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center and IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center and IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center and IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic,Corresponding authors. L.R.: tel, +420-220-183-263; fax, + 420-220-183-578; . J.L.: tel, (301) 846-5494; fax, (301) 846-7517;
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, 539 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702,Corresponding authors. L.R.: tel, +420-220-183-263; fax, + 420-220-183-578; . J.L.: tel, (301) 846-5494; fax, (301) 846-7517;
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Mlcochová P, Barinka C, Tykvart J, Sácha P, Konvalinka J. Prostate-specific membrane antigen and its truncated form PSM'. Prostate 2009; 69:471-9. [PMID: 19107881 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II transmembrane protein overexpressed in prostate cancer as well as in the neovasculature of several non-prostatic solid tumors. In addition to full-length PSMA, several splice variants exist in prostatic tissue. Notably, the N-terminally truncated PSMA variant, termed PSM', is prevalent in healthy prostate, and the ratio of PSMA/PSM' mRNA has been shown to correlate with cancer progression. The widely accepted hypothesis is that the PSM' protein is a translation product arising from the alternatively spliced PSM' mRNA. METHODS Differential ultracentrifugation, cell surface biotinylation, Western blotting, and enzyme activity measurement were used to study the origin and localization of the PSMA/PSM' variants in prostatic (LNCaP; lymph-node carcinoma of the prostate) and non-prostatic (HEK293) cell lines. These experiments were further complemented by analysis of the N-glycosylation patterns of the PSMA/PSM' proteins and by site-directed mutagenesis. RESULTS We identified PSM' protein expression in both the LNCaP cell line and a non-cancerous HEK293 human cell line transfected with a plasmid encoding full-length PSMA. Differential centrifugation revealed that PSM' is localized predominantly to the cytosol of both these cell lines and is proteolytically active. Furthermore, the PSM' protein is N-glycosylated by a mixture of high-mannose and complex type oligosaccharides and therefore trafficked beyond the cis-Golgi compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the PSM' protein is likely not generated by alternative splicing of the PSMA gene but by different mechanism, probably via an endoproteolytic cleavage of the full-length PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mlcochová
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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