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Şirin S, Özkan Kırgın B, Özmen S, Akelma Z. Evaluation of Allergic Reactions and Tolerance with Fruit and Vegetable Allergy in Children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024; 185:939-946. [PMID: 38865980 DOI: 10.1159/000539216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the increasing prevalence of fruit and vegetable allergies in childhood over the past decades, the clinical course of reaction types and tolerance remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical course, demographic characteristics, and tolerance rate of allergic reactions induced by fruits or vegetables. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study on patients who presented with suspected allergic reactions to fruit or vegetables. We used patient records to identify demographic data, skin prick test, prick-to-prick test, and oral food challenge test results and laboratory findings. RESULTS The study included 78 children with a median age of 61.5 months. Class 1 and 2 allergies were found in 65 and 13 cases, respectively. The most common allergens were potato (21.8%), banana (15.4%), peach (14.1%), and tomato (12.8%). Clinical symptoms included urticaria (75.6%), oral allergy syndrome (15.4%), angioedema (7.7%), and anaphylaxis (1.3%). Thirteen children achieved tolerance, while 61.7% did not. The median time to tolerance was 13.5 months after diagnosis, with a minimum of 9 months. Significant differences in reaction type, clinical presentation, pan-allergy to aeroallergens, and serum total IgE levels were found between the tolerant and non-tolerant groups (p = 0.006, 0.009, 0.005, and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION This is the first study to provide guidance on the tolerance rate and resolution time of fruit and vegetable allergies based on demographic and diagnostic parameters. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of fruit and vegetable allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Şirin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Özkan Kırgın
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Özmen
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zülfikar Akelma
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zeindl R, Franzmann AL, Fernández-Quintero ML, Seidler CA, Hoerschinger VJ, Liedl KR, Tollinger M. Structural Basis of the Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Kiwi and Birch Pollen. Foods 2023; 12:3939. [PMID: 37959058 PMCID: PMC10649968 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies related to kiwi consumption have become a growing health concern, with their prevalence on the rise. Many of these allergic reactions are attributed to cross-reactivity, particularly with the major allergen found in birch pollen. This cross-reactivity is associated with proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) protein family. In our study, we determined the three-dimensional structures of the two PR-10 proteins in gold and green kiwi fruits, Act c 8 and Act d 8, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of both kiwi proteins closely resemble the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, providing a molecular explanation for the observed immunological cross-reactivity between kiwi and birch pollen. Compared to Act d 11, however, a kiwi allergen that shares the same architecture as PR-10 proteins, structural differences are apparent. Moreover, despite both Act c 8 and Act d 8 containing multiple cysteine residues, no disulfide bridges are present within their structures. Instead, all the cysteines are accessible on the protein's surface and exposed to the surrounding solvent, where they are available for reactions with components of the natural food matrix. This structural characteristic sets Act c 8 and Act d 8 apart from other kiwi proteins with a high cysteine content. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pyrogallol, the most abundant phenolic compound found in kiwi, binds into the internal cavities of these two proteins, albeit with low affinity. Our research offers a foundation for further studies aimed at understanding allergic reactions associated with this fruit and exploring how interactions with the natural food matrix might be employed to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Zeindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Annika L. Franzmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Clarissa A. Seidler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (C.A.S.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.Z.); (A.L.F.)
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Bringheli I, Brindisi G, Morelli R, Marchetti L, Cela L, Gravina A, Pastore F, Semeraro A, Cinicola B, Capponi M, Gori A, Pignataro E, Piccioni MG, Zicari AM, Anania C. Kiwifruit's Allergy in Children: What Do We Know? Nutrients 2023; 15:3030. [PMID: 37447357 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit allergy is an emerging pathological condition in both general and pediatric populations with a wide range of symptoms linked to variable molecular patterns, justifying systemic and cross-reactions with other allergens (i.e., latex, pollen, and fruit). Skin prick test (SPT), specific serum IgE (Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, Act d 8, and Act d 10) directed against five out of thirteen molecular allergens described in the literature, and oral test challenge with kiwifruit are available for defining diagnosis. The management is similar to that of other food allergies, mostly based on an elimination diet. Although kiwi allergy has been on the rise in recent years, few studies have evaluated the clinical characteristics and methods of investigating this form of allergy. Data collected so far show severe allergic reaction to be more frequent in children compared to adults. Therefore, the aim of this review is to collect the reported clinical features and the available association with specific molecular patterns of recognition to better understand how to manage these patients and improve daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bringheli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Brindisi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Morelli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Marchetti
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Cela
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gravina
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pastore
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Semeraro
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Cinicola
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Capponi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gori
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elia Pignataro
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piccioni
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zicari
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Anania
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Jin Y, Guzmán KE, Boss AP, Gangur V, Rockwell CE. The protective effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and 3-hydroxytyrosol on food allergy in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36606674 PMCID: PMC10323041 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2160732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effect of two dietary antioxidants: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 3-hydroxytyrosol (3-HT) in experimental food allergy. METHODS BALB/c mice maintained on control diet or diet with BHT or 3-HT were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline through transdermal exposure. Plasma OVA-specific IgE (OVA-IgE) and IgG1 (OVA-IgG1) antibody levels were determined using ELISA. Sensitized mice were challenged by oral gavage with OVA. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured before and after challenge. Mast cell degranulation was quantified by measuring the plasma levels of mouse mucosal mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1). Flow cytometry was carried out to evaluate the percentage Th2 cells from the spleen. RESULTS Mice on either a 3-HT or BHT diet showed a significantly decreased IgE response to OVA sensitization and less severe anaphylaxis, as evidenced by a diminished drop in body temperature, attenuated clinical signs, a more rapid recovery and decreased mast cell degranulation (as determined by lower plasma mMCP-1 levels). CONCLUSION The present study indicates two dietary antioxidants: BHT and 3-HT may be protective against experimental food allergy. These results suggest 3-HT and BHT could potentially be useful for prevention of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kimberly E Guzmán
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allison P Boss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Venugopal Gangur
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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5
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Lee J, Kim H, Jeong K, Jeon SA, Lee S. Additional diagnostic value of component resolved diagnosis in children with kiwifruit allergy. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2022.10.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyebo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyunguk Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Se-Ah Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Laha A, Panja AS, Bandopadhyay R. Structural Phylogeny of Different Allergens May Reveal Common Epitopic Footprint. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1099-1107. [PMID: 34161203 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210622145710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of allergy is increasing at an alarming rate for the last few decades. OBJECTIVE Our present study is focused on finding out the structurally homologous motifs present in different proteinaceous allergens Methods: Significant number of protein sequences and their corresponding structures of various pollen, fungal, bacterial, and food allergens were retrieved, and the sequence and structural identity were analyzed. RESULTS Intra- and inter-sequence and their structural analysis of the proteinaceous allergens, resulted in no significant relationships among them. A few, but not negligible number of high structural similarities were observed within different groups of allergens from fungus, angiosperms, and animals (Aves and Mammalia). CONCLUSION Our in silico study on thirty-six different allergens showed a significant level of structural similarities among themselves, regardless of their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhab Laha
- Department of Botany, Chandernagore College, Chandernagore-712136, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.,UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Panja
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Bandopadhyay
- UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
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7
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Wang J, Wang J, Kranthi Vanga S, Raghavan V. Influence of high-intensity ultrasound on the IgE binding capacity of Act d 2 allergen, secondary structure, and In-vitro digestibility of kiwifruit proteins. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 71:105409. [PMID: 33341536 PMCID: PMC8187882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit can trigger allergic reactions that can lead to death, causing public health concerns worldwide. In the present study, we treated kiwifruit samples with high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz, 400 W, 50% duty cycle) for 0 to 16 min to evaluate its effect on the IgE binding capacity of kiwifruit allergen Act d 2, secondary structure and in-vitro digestibility of kiwifruit proteins. The changes in the protein solubility and microstructures of kiwifruit were also analyzed. The results showed that treatment with powerful ultrasound caused a significant disruption in the microstructure of kiwifruit tissues, leading to the changes in the secondary structures of proteins, including a loss of alpha-helixes and an increase in beta-sheet structures. These structural changes were due to the ultrasound treatment, especially 16 min of treatment, resulted in a 50% reduction in Act d 2 allergen content and significantly improved in-vitro digestibility up to 62% from the initial level of 35%. Furthermore, the solubility of the total proteins present in kiwifruit samples was significantly decreased by 20% after 16-min ultrasound processing. The results of this work showed that high-intensity ultrasound treatment has a potential application in reducing the allergenicity of kiwifruit or related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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8
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Wang J, Vanga SK, Raghavan V. Structural responses of kiwifruit allergen Act d 2 to thermal and electric field stresses based on molecular dynamics simulations and experiments. Food Funct 2020; 11:1373-1384. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is considered to be the most common plant-based food causing allergic reactions, after peanuts, soybeans, and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Bioresource Engineering
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
| | - Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Department of Bioresource Engineering
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
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9
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Wang J, Vanga SK, McCusker C, Raghavan V. A Comprehensive Review on Kiwifruit Allergy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management, and Potential Modification of Allergens Through Processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:500-513. [PMID: 33336949 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is rich in bioactive components including dietary fibers, carbohydrates, natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants. These components are beneficial to boost the human immune system and prevent cancer and heart diseases. However, kiwifruit is emerging as one of the most common elicitors of food allergies worldwide. Kiwifruit allergy results from an abnormal immune response to kiwifruit proteins and occur after consuming this fruit. Symptoms range from the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to the life-threatening anaphylaxis. Thirteen different allergens have been identified in green kiwifruit and, among these allergens, Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 8, Act d 11, and Act d 12 are defined as the "major allergens." Act d 1 and Act d 2 are ripening-related allergens and are found in abundance in fully ripe kiwifruit. Structures of several kiwifruit allergens may be altered under high temperatures or strong acidic conditions. This review discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy and evaluates food processing methods including thermal, ultrasound, and chemical processing which may be used to reduce the allergenicity of kiwifruit. Management and medical treatments for kiwifruit allergy are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine McCusker
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Inst. of the McGill Univ. Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Asaumi T, Yanagida N, Sato S, Takahashi K, Ebisawa M. Negative Act d 8 indicates systemic kiwifruit allergy among kiwifruit-sensitized children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:291-294. [PMID: 28140468 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Asaumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N Yanagida
- Department of Pediatrics, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Sato
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Haktanir Abul M, Dereci S, Hacisalihoglu S, Orhan F. Is kiwifruit allergy a matter in kiwifruit-cultivating regions? A population-based study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:38-43. [PMID: 27732749 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although kiwifruit is known as a common cause of food allergy, population-based studies concerning the prevalence of kiwifruit allergy do not exist. We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of IgE-mediated kiwifruit allergy in 6-18-year-old urban schoolchildren in a region where kiwifruit is widely cultivated. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 20,800 of the randomly selected 6-18-year-old urban schoolchildren from the Rize city in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey during 2013. Following a self-administered questionnaire completed by the parents and the child, consenting children were invited for skin prick tests (SPTs) and oral food challenges (OFCs). Children with suspected IgE-mediated kiwifruit were skin prick tested with kiwifruit (commercial allergen and prick-to-prick test with fresh kiwifruit) and a pre-defined panel of allergens (banana, avocado, latex, sesame seed, birch, timothy, hazel, cat, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Dermatophagoides farinae). All children with a positive SPT to kiwifruit were invited for an open OFC. The prevalence of IgE-mediated kiwifruit allergy was established using open OFCs. RESULTS The response rate to the questionnaire was 75.9% (15783/20800). The estimated prevalence of parental-perceived IgE-mediated kiwifruit allergy was 0.5% (72/15783) (95% CI, 0.39-0.61%). Of the 72 children, 52 (72.2%) were skin tested, and 17 (32.7%) were found to be positive to kiwifruit with both commercial extract and kiwifruit. The most frequently reported symptoms in kiwifruit SPT-positive children were cutaneous (n = 10, 58.8%) followed by gastrointestinal (n = 6, 35.3%) and bronchial (n = 4, 23.5%). Oral symptoms were reported in six (35.3%) children. All children who were kiwifruit positive by SPT were found positive during the oral challenge. The confirmed prevalence of IgE-mediated kiwifruit allergy by means of open OFC in 6-18-year-old urban schoolchildren living in Rize city was 0.10% (95% CI, 0.06-0.16). CONCLUSION Prevalence of parental-perceived and clinically confirmed kiwifruit allergy is not consistent. In contrast to expectations, kiwifruit allergy prevalence was low in a city where it is cultivated and highly consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Haktanir Abul
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Selim Dereci
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sadan Hacisalihoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Fazil Orhan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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12
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Ozturk AB, Özyiğit LP. Familial kiwi fruit allergy: a case report. Allergol Int 2015; 64:190-1. [PMID: 25838097 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bilge Ozturk
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Leyla Pur Özyiğit
- Allergy and Immunology Department, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Uberti F, Peñas E, Manzoni Y, di Lorenzo C, Ballabio C, Fiocchi A, Terracciano L, Restani P. Molecular characterization of allergens in raw and processed kiwifruit. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:139-44. [PMID: 25640609 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of allergy to kiwifruit is increasing in Europe since the last two decades. Different proteins have been identified as kiwifruit allergens; even though with geographic differences, Act d 1, a cysteine protease protein of 30 kDa, and Act d 2, a thaumatin-like protein of 24 kDa, are normally considered the most important. The aim of this study was (i) to identify at molecular level the sensitization pattern in a group of well-characterized patients allergic to kiwifruit and (ii) to assess the role of technological treatments on kiwifruit allergenic potential. METHODS The differences in the pattern of antigenicity between fresh and processed kiwifruit were evaluated by both immunoelectrophoretic techniques and clinical tests. RESULTS In the group of patients included in this study, three proteins were identified as major allergens in fresh kiwifruit, as the specific sensitization was present in ≥50% of the subjects. These proteins corresponded to actinidin (Act d 1), pectin methyl aldolase (Act d 6), and thaumatin-like protein (Act d 2). Kiwellin (Act d 5) and proteins of Bet v 1 family (Act d 8/act d 11) were also recognized as minor allergens. Immunoreactivity was totally eliminated by industrial treatments used for the production of kiwifruit strained derivative. CONCLUSIONS In this group of allergic children, the technological treatments used in the production of kiwifruit strained product reduced drastically the allergenic potential of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Uberti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Grozdanovic MM, Ostojic S, Aleksic I, Andjelkovic U, Petersen A, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:3046-3052. [PMID: 24633720 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinidin is a cysteine protease and major allergen from kiwi fruit. When purified under specific native conditions, actinidin preparations from fresh kiwi fruit contain both an active and inactive form of this enzyme. In this study, biochemical and immunological properties upon simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, as well as thermal stability, were investigated for both active and E-64-inhibited actinidin. RESULTS Active actinidin retained its primary structure and proteolytic activity after 2 h of simulated gastric digestion, followed by 2 h of intestinal digestion, as assessed by SDS-PAGE, zymography and mass spectroscopy. Immunological reactivity of active actinidin was also preserved, as tested by immunoelectrophoresis. The E-64 inhibited actinidin was fully degraded after 1 h of pepsin treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that active actinidin has one transition maximum temperature (Tm ) at 73.9°C, whereas in the E-64-actinidin complex the two actinidin domains unfolded independently, with the first domain having a Tm value of only 61°C. CONCLUSION Active actinidin is capable of reaching the intestinal mucosa in a proteolytically active and immunogenic state. Inhibitor binding induces changes in the actinidin molecule that go beyond inhibition of proteolytic activity, also influencing the digestion stability and Tm values of actinidin, features important in the characterisation of food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica M Grozdanovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Johnson J, Malinovschi A, Alving K, Lidholm J, Borres MP, Nordvall L. Ten-year review reveals changing trends and severity of allergic reactions to nuts and other foods. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:862-7. [PMID: 24825328 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Over the past few decades, the incidence of food allergies has risen and Sweden has increased its import of peanuts and exotic nuts, such as cashew nuts, which may cause severe allergic reactions. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate paediatric emergency visits due to food reactions over a 10-year period, focusing on reactions to peanuts and tree nuts. METHODS Emergency visits to Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Sweden, between September 2001 and December 2010, were reviewed, and cases containing diagnostic codes for anaphylaxis, allergic reactions or allergy and hypersensitivity not caused by drugs or biological substances were retrieved. RESULTS We analysed 703 emergency visits made by 578 individuals with food allergies. Peanuts and tree nuts accounted for 50% of the food allergies and were more frequently associated with adrenaline treatment and hospitalisation than other foods. Cashew nut reactions increased over the study period, and together with peanuts, they were responsible for more anaphylactic reactions than hazelnuts. CONCLUSION Peanut and tree nut reactions were more likely to result in adrenaline treatment and hospitalisation than other food reactions. Peanut and cashew nut reactions were more likely to cause anaphylaxis than hazelnuts. Cashew nut reactions increased during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kjell Alving
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Magnus P Borres
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lennart Nordvall
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91341. [PMID: 24621613 PMCID: PMC3951349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Raphides, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in tissues of many plants, have been thought to play defensive roles against herbivores without detailed bioassays for their defensive roles and modes of function using purified raphides. In order to examine the defensive roles and modes of function of raphides in a clear experimental system, we performed bioassays giving the larvae of the Eri silkmoth, Samia ricini (Saturniidae), leaves of their host plant, the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), painted with the raphides purified from kiwifruits, Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae), in presence or absence of cysteine protease, which often coincide with raphides in plant tissues. Raphides alone or cysteine protease alone showed only weak defensive activities around experimental concentrations. However, when raphides and cysteine protease coexisted, they synergistically showed very strong growth-reducing activities, and the mortality of caterpillars was very high. In contrast, amorphous calcium oxalate did not show synergism with cysteine protease on defensive activities, indicating that the needle-shape of raphides is essential for the synergism. The present study provides the first clear experimental evidence for the synergism between raphides and other defensive factors. Further, the study suggests that “the needle effect”, which intensify the bioactivities of other bioactive factors by making holes to the barriers (cell membrane, cuticle, epithelium, the nuclear membrane, etc.) and facilitate the bioactive factors to go through them and reach the targets, is important in the defensive activities of raphides, and possibly in the allergy caused by raphides, and in the carcinogenic activities of other needle-shaped components including asbestos and plant derived silica needles.
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An insight into plant lipase research – challenges encountered. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ballmer-Weber BK, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. Update: molekulare Diagnose der Gemüse- und Fruchtallergie. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-014-0468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dearman RJ, Beresford L, Foster ES, McClain S, Kimber I. Characterization of the allergenic potential of proteins: an assessment of the kiwifruit allergen actinidin. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:489-97. [PMID: 23754484 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the potential allergenicity (IgE-inducing properties) of novel proteins is an important challenge in the overall safety assessment of foods. Resistance to digestion with pepsin is commonly measured to characterize allergenicity, although the association is not absolute. We have previously shown that specific IgE antibody production induced by systemic [intraperitoneal (i.p.)] exposure of BALB/c strain mice to a range of proteins correlates with allergenic potential for known allergens. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the utility of these approaches using the food allergen, actinidin. Recently, kiwifruit has become an important allergenic foodstuff, coincident with its increased consumption, particularly as a weaning food. The ability of the kiwifruit allergen actinidin to stimulate antibody responses has been compared with the reference allergen ovalbumin, and with the non-allergen bovine haemoglobin. Haemoglobin was rapidly digested by pepsin whereas actinidin was resistant unless subjected to prior chemical reduction (reflecting intracellular digestion conditions). Haemoglobin stimulated detectable IgG antibody production at relatively high doses (10%), but failed to provoke detectable IgE. In contrast, actinidin was both immunogenic and allergenic at relatively low doses (0.25% to 1%). Vigorous IgG and IgG1 antibody and high titre IgE antibody responses were recorded, similar to those provoked by ovalbumin. Thus, actinidin displays a marked ability to provoke IgE, consistent with allergenic potential. These data provide further encouragement that in tandem with analysis of pepsin stability, the induction of IgE after systemic exposure of BALB/c strain mice provides a useful approach for the prospective identification of protein allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Dearman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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20
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Stonehouse W, Gammon CS, Beck KL, Conlon CA, von Hurst PR, Kruger R. Kiwifruit: our daily prescription for health. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:442-7. [PMID: 23746068 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit are unequalled, compared with other commonly consumed fruit, for their nutrient density, health benefits, and consumer appeal. Research into their health benefits has focussed on the cultivars Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' (green kiwifruit) and Actinidia chinensis 'Hort 16A', ZESPRI(®) (gold kiwifruit). Compared with other commonly consumed fruit, both green and gold kiwifruit are exceptionally high in vitamins C, E, K, folate, carotenoids, potassium, fibre, and phytochemicals acting in synergy to achieve multiple health benefits. Kiwifruit, as part of a healthy diet, may increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decrease triglycerides, platelet aggregation, and elevated blood pressure. Consuming gold kiwifruit with iron-rich meals improves poor iron status, and green kiwifruit aids digestion and laxation. As a rich source of antioxidants, they may protect the body from endogenous oxidative damage. Kiwifruit may support immune function and reduce the incidence and severity of cold or flu-like illness in at-risk groups such as older adults and children. However, kiwifruit are allergenic, and although symptoms in most susceptible individuals are mild, severe reactions have been reported. While many research gaps remain, kiwifruit with their multiple health benefits have the potential to become part of our "daily prescription for health."
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand.
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21
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Foster ES, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Relationship between protein digestibility and allergenicity: comparisons of pepsin and cathepsin. Toxicology 2013; 309:30-8. [PMID: 23624183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An association between protein allergenicity and resistance to pepsin digestion in the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed. However, although widely accepted, such an association is inconsistent with known labile allergens and resistant nonallergens. Given the central role of antigen presenting cells, and in particular dendritic cells (DC), in the development of allergic responses, the stability of allergens to intracellular processing may be more relevant than resistance to extracellular pepsin digestion. We have characterised the expression by DC of cathepsins (proteolytic enzymes), and compared the proteolytic activity of the most highly expressed cathepsin with pepsin for a range of 9 allergens and 4 putative nonallergens. Cathepsin expression in bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC) derived from BALB/c strain mice was characterised by flow cytometry; cathepsins D, E and S were identified, with cathepsin D being the most highly expressed. Digestion studies revealed that the majority of allergens (5/9) were pepsin resistant, whereas non-allergens (3/4) were labile. If the generation of pepsin-resistant fragments was considered as a feature of allergenicity, this increased to 7/9 allergens and 4/4 nonallergens. In contrast, most of the proteins examined were resistant to cathepsin digestion, with significant digestion recorded for only 2/9 allergens and 2/4 non-allergens. Chemical reduction (to mimic intracellular reducing conditions) increased the susceptibility of proteins to digestion by cathepsins, but did not improve discrimination between allergens and nonallergens on this basis. These data confirm that there is a general relationship between resistance to digestion with pepsin and allergenicity. The relationship is not absolute, but the information gained from this characteristic does provide useful information in a weight of evidence approach for allergenicity assessment. The most abundant cathepsin detected in antigen processing BM-DC, cathepsin D, is not an appropriate substitute for pepsin. The hypothesis that pepsin stability may be a surrogate for stability to digestion within DC may still hold true, but consideration of a single enzyme in this context is possibly an oversimplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Foster
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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22
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Recently introduced foods as new allergenic sources: Sensitisation to Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Senthilkumaran S, Menezes RG, Jayaraman S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Epinephrine shot in kiwi anaphylaxis—yes but not yet. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31:626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Maddumage R, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Bulley SM, Cooney JM, Green SA, Atkinson RG. Diversity and relative levels of actinidin, kiwellin, and thaumatin-like allergens in 15 varieties of kiwifruit (Actinidia). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:728-739. [PMID: 23289429 DOI: 10.1021/jf304289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last 30 years the incidence of kiwifruit allergy has increased with the three major allergenic proteins being identified as actinidin, kiwellin, and thaumatin-like protein (TLP). We report wide variation in the levels of actinidin and TLP in 15 kiwifruit varieties from the four most widely cultivated Actinidia species. Acidic and basic isoforms of actinidin were identified in Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' and Actinidia arguta 'Hortgem Tahi', while only a basic isoform of actinidin was identified in Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A'. One isoform each of kiwellin and TLP were identified in ripe fruit. The cysteine protease activity of actinidin correlated with protein levels in all species except A. arguta. Protein modeling suggested that modifications to the S2 binding pocket influenced substrate specificity of the A. arguta enzyme. Our results indicate that care is necessary when extrapolating allergenicity results from single varieties to others within the same and between different Actinidia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnasiri Maddumage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Lee SY. IgE mediated food allergy in Korean children: focused on plant food allergy. Asia Pac Allergy 2013; 3:15-22. [PMID: 23403730 PMCID: PMC3563016 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2013.3.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is a worldwide problem, with increasing prevalence in many countries, and it poses a clearly increasing health problem in Korea. In Korea, as a part of International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC), a series of nation-wide population studies for prevalence of allergic disease in children were carried out, with the Korean version of ISAAC in 1995, 2000, and 2010. From the survey, the twelve-month prevalence of FA showed no significant differences from 1995 to 2000 in both age groups (6-12 years-old, 6.5% in 1995 and 5.7% in 2000; 12-15 year-olds, 7.4% in 1995 and 8.6% in 2000). The mean lifetime prevalence of FA which had ever been diagnosed by medical doctor was 4.7% in 6-12 year-olds and 5.1% in 12-15 year-olds respectively in 2000. In Korean children, the major causes of FA are almost same as in other countries, although the order prevalence may vary, a prime example of which being that peanut and tree nut allergies are not prevalent, as in western countries. Both pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and deaths relating to food induced anaphylaxis have also increased in western countries. From a study which based on data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (KHIRA) from 2001 to 2007, the incidence of anaphylaxis under the age of 19 was 0.7-1 per 100,000 person-year, and foods (24.9%) were the most commonly identified cause of childhood anaphylaxis. In another epidemiologic study, involving 78889 patients aged 0-18 years who visited the EDs of 9 hospitals during June 2008 to Mar 2009, the incidence of food related anaphylaxis was 4.56 per 10,000 pediatric ED visits. From these studies, common causes of food related anaphylaxis were seafood, buckwheat, cow's milk, fruits, peanut and tree nuts. Although systematic epidemiologic studies have not reported on the matter, recently, plant foods related allergy has increased in Korean children. Among 804 children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, we reveals that the peanut sensitization rate in Korea reaches 18%, and that, when sensitized to peanut, patients showed a significant tendency to have co-sensitization with house dust mites, egg white, wheat, and soybean. The higher specific IgE to peanut was related to the likelihood of the patient developing severe systemic reactions. In another study, based on the data analysis of 69 patients under 4 years of age who had suspected peanut and tree nut allergy, 22 (31.9%) were sensitized to walnut (>0.35 kU/L, 0.45-27.4 kU/L) and 6 (8.7%) experienced anaphylaxis due to a small amount of walnut exposure. Furthermore, in this review, clinical and immunological studies on plant food allergies, such as buckwheat allergy, rice allergy, barley allergy, and kiwi fruit allergy, in Korean children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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Lee JM, Jeon SA, Lee SY. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic value of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in children with kiwi fruit allergy. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Se-Ah Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
Both green and gold kiwifruit contain high concentrations of vitamin C, and much of the "health story" of kiwifruit involves this vitamin. Kiwifruit also contain other compounds that are bioactive and beneficial to health. In this chapter, the secondary metabolite composition of kiwifruit is presented. Although there are limited compositional data for kiwifruit published in the scientific literature, the concentrations of 42 compounds have been documented. Included are compounds that are often associated with "healthfulness," such as the vitamins (A, C, E, and K), carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene), folate, and antioxidant phenolic compounds. Metabolite discovery is advancing rapidly with the introduction of "metabolomic" studies where the goal is to identify and measure the complete metabolite composition of a sample. In a metabolomic experiment using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, it was possible to measure more than 500 metabolites in kiwifruit extracts. The large number of detectable metabolites present suggests that there is an abundance of kiwifruit metabolites still to be discovered. Such studies will provide a more complete understanding of the metabolite composition of kiwifruit that will lead to new and improved hypotheses as to the function and effects of kiwifruit metabolites, including their relevance to human health.
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Le TM, Bublin M, Breiteneder H, Fernández-Rivas M, Asero R, Ballmer-Weber B, Barreales L, Bures P, Belohlavkova S, de Blay F, Clausen M, Dubakiene R, Gislason D, van Hoffen E, Jedrzejczak-Czechowicz M, Kowalski ML, Kralimarkova T, Lidholm J, DeWitt AM, Mills CEN, Papadopoulos NG, Popov T, Purohit A, van Ree R, Seneviratne S, Sinaniotis A, Summers C, Vázquez-Cortés S, Vieths S, Vogel L, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Knulst AC. Kiwifruit allergy across Europe: clinical manifestation and IgE recognition patterns to kiwifruit allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:164-71. [PMID: 23141741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit is a common cause of food allergy. Symptoms range from mild to anaphylactic reactions. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate geographic differences across Europe regarding clinical patterns and sensitization to kiwifruit allergens. Factors associated with the severity of kiwifruit allergy were identified, and the diagnostic performance of specific kiwifruit allergens was investigated. METHODS This study was part of EuroPrevall, a multicenter European study investigating several aspects of food allergy. Three hundred eleven patients with kiwifruit allergy from 12 countries representing 4 climatic regions were included. Specific IgE to 6 allergens (Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, Act d 8, Act d 9, and Act d 10) and kiwifruit extract were tested by using ImmunoCAP. RESULTS Patients from Iceland were mainly sensitized to Act d 1 (32%), those from western/central and eastern Europe were mainly sensitized to Act d 8 (pathogenesis-related class 10 protein, 58% and 44%, respectively), and those from southern Europe were mainly sensitized to Act d 9 (profilin, 31%) and Act d 10 (nonspecific lipid transfer protein, 22%). Sensitization to Act d 1 and living in Iceland were independently and significantly associated with severe kiwifruit allergy (odds ratio, 3.98 [P = .003] and 5.60 [P < .001], respectively). Using a panel of 6 kiwifruit allergens in ImmunoCAP increased the diagnostic sensitivity to 65% compared with 20% for skin prick tests and 46% ImmunoCAP using kiwi extract. CONCLUSION Kiwifruit allergen sensitization patterns differ across Europe. The use of specific kiwifruit allergens improved the diagnostic performance compared with kiwifruit extract. Sensitization to Act d 1 and living in Iceland are strong risk factors for severe kiwifruit allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Čavić M, Grozdanović M, Bajić A, Srdić-Rajić T, Anđjus PR, Gavrović-Jankulović M. Actinidin, a protease from kiwifruit, induces changes in morphology and adhesion of T84 intestinal epithelial cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:46-52. [PMID: 22257750 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Actinidin belongs to the papain-like family of cysteine proteases and is a major kiwifruit allergen. In this study, the effect of actinidin on cellular morphology and adhesion of T84 intestinal cells was investigated. Both rounding and detachment of T84 cells were observed upon actinidin treatment. The morphological changes and cell desquamation was protease-dependent, as well as time- and concentration-dependent. Changes of intercellular adhesion and adhesion of epithelial cells to collagen upon actinidin treatment could be responsible for the cell rounding and give rise to discontinuous breaches in the epithelial monolayer observed in this study. Actinidin's action on cell morphology, adhesion and monolayer integrity were not due to compromised viability of T84 epithelial cells, as confirmed by MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle. Damage to the epithelial monolayer of the intestine induced by actinidin should be further evaluated as an important factor in the development of kiwifruit allergy and other intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Čavić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Zaknun D, Schroecksnadel S, Kurz K, Fuchs D. Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 157:113-24. [PMID: 21986480 DOI: 10.1159/000329137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of allergy and asthma has been observed during the past decades. The background of this phenomenon has not been well explained, but changes in lifestyle and habits are heavily discussed as contributing factors. Among these is a too clean environment, which may predispose individuals to increased sensitivity to allergic responses. Also the increase in dietary supplements including preservatives and colorants may contribute to this. In vitro, we and others have shown in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that antioxidant compounds like vitamins C and E as well as food preservatives and colorants exert significant suppressive effects on the Th1 immune activation cascade. The effects observed may be based on the interaction of antioxidant compounds with proinflammatory cascades involving important signal transduction elements such as nuclear factor-κB. Although only obtained in vitro, these results show an anti-inflammatory property of compounds which could shift the Th1-Th2-type immune balance towards Th2-type immunity. This review article discusses the potential role of increased use of antioxidant food supplements as well as preservatives and colorants in the increase in allergy and asthma in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zaknun
- Division of Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss studies on molecular diagnosis in fruit and vegetable allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Celeriac, carrot and tomato are the most prevalent allergenic vegetables, whereas fruit allergy is mainly induced by apple, peach and kiwi. Component-resolved molecular diagnosis has been recently applied in two well-defined patient groups with kiwifruit and celeriac allergy, respectively. In kiwifruit allergy Act d 1 and Act d 3 were identified as potential marker allergens for severe symptoms. For celeriac allergy, however, such markers are still missing. In both studies component-resolved molecular diagnosis approach improved in particular sensitivity compared to extract-based diagnostic test assays. SUMMARY Food and vegetable allergy can be acquired both via a direct sensitization over the gastrointestinal tract and via a primary sensitization to pollen or latex. The diagnosis of fruit and vegetable allergy in birch pollen-sensitized patients should not be excluded on a negative IgE testing to extracts. Bet v 1-related allergens are often under-represented in extracts. Few recombinant allergens derived from fruits and vegetables are nowadays commercially available and facilitate diagnosis of fruit and vegetable allergies.
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Mahoney EJ, Veling MC, Mims JW. Food Allergy in Adults and Children. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44:815-33, xii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Le TM, Fritsche P, Bublin M, Oberhuber C, Bulley S, van Hoffen E, Ballmer-Weber BK, Knulst AC, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. Differences in the allergenicity of 6 different kiwifruit cultivars analyzed by prick-to-prick testing, open food challenges, and ELISA. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:677-9.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akiyama H, Imai T, Ebisawa M. Japan food allergen labeling regulation--history and evaluation. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 62:139-171. [PMID: 21504823 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385989-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
According to a national survey of food allergy cases, the food-labeling system for specific allergenic ingredients (i.e., egg, milk, wheat, buckwheat, and peanut) in Japan was mandated under law on April 1, 2002. By Japanese law, labeling of allergens is designated as mandatory or recommended based on the number of cases of actual illness and the degree of seriousness. Mandatory labeling is enforced by the ministerial ordinance, and the ministerial notification recommends that foods containing walnut and soybean be labeled with subspecific allergenic ingredients. Additional labeling of shrimp/prawn and crab has also become mandatory since 2008. To monitor the validity of the labeling system, the Japanese government announced the official methods for detection of allergens in a November 2002 ministry notification. These official methods, including two kinds of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for screening, Western blotting analyses for egg and milk, and polymerase chain reaction analyses for wheat, buckwheat, peanut, shrimp/prawn and crab as confirmation tests, have provided a means to monitor the labeling system. To standardize the official methods, the Japanese government described the validation protocol criteria in the 2006 official guidelines. The guidelines stipulate that any food containing allergen proteins at greater than 10mg/kg must be labeled under the Law. This review covers the selection of the specific allergenic ingredients by the Japanese government, the implementation of regulatory action levels and the detection methods to support them, and the assessment of the effectiveness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Novel Foods and Immunochemistry, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Larocca M, Rossano R, Riccio P. Analysis of green kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) proteinases by two-dimensional zymography and direct identification of zymographic spots by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2411-2418. [PMID: 20672335 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinases present in kiwi fruits are potentially allergenic enzymes belonging to the papain family of cysteine proteinases. Actinidin is a prominent kiwi enzyme. The study of kiwi proteinases is important for the follow-up of fruit maturation, a deeper insight in the allergenic properties of individual proteins, and the application of kiwi proteinases for meat tenderisation and other industrial purposes. RESULTS Kiwi crude extracts were analysed by two-dimensional zymography on gelatin-containing gels. The digestion by the reactivated proteolytic enzymes after electrophoresis resulted in insights into kiwi proteinases. A mixture of several enzyme isotypes with the same pI but different molecular mass was observed. Clear spots, corresponding to the proteolytic activities, were excised, digested with trypsin, and submitted to MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry for protein identification. The most representative enzyme was actinidin. CONCLUSIONS The innovative achievements of the present study are the: (1) two-dimensional zymographic map of kiwi gelatinases without the need for extensive purification; and (2) direct identification of proteinase isotypes by means of direct MALDI-ToF MS analysis of the zymographic spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Larocca
- Department of Biology, Defence and Agro-Forestal Biotechnology, Center of Bioproteomics, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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O'Neil CE, Zanovec M, Nicklas TA. A Review of Food Allergy and Nutritional Considerations in the Food-Allergic Adult. Am J Lifestyle Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827610378348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the prevalence of adults with food allergies is approximately 2% to 3%. Theoretically, any food can cause an allergic reaction; however, some foods are clearly more allergenic than others. In adults, peanuts, tree nuts, finned fish, crustaceans, fruit, and vegetables account for 85% of the food-allergic reactions. Currently, the only ways to manage food allergies are to avoid the allergen and initiate therapy for an allergic reaction if ingestion does occur. The presence of homologous proteins among animal or plant foods and between foods and certain airborne allergens may account for cross-sensitization that may be clinically relevant. For inpatients or outpatients with food allergies, nutrient and fluid requirements are the same as for individuals without food allergies. Since patients with adverse reactions to food may self-restrict intake or have been counseled on food avoidance, it is particularly important to determine dietary adequacy and to provide patients with appropriate food substitutions to provide nutrients that may be missing from a patient’s diet. This is of particular concern for individuals with multiple food allergies. Eating away from home and traveling also pose special problems for those with food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. O'Neil
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,
| | | | - Theresa A. Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Popovic MM, Milovanovic M, Burazer L, Vuckovic O, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Knulst AC, Lindner B, Petersen A, Jankov R, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. Cysteine proteinase inhibitor Act d 4 is a functional allergen contributing to the clinical symptoms of kiwifruit allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:373-80. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bublin M, Pfister M, Radauer C, Oberhuber C, Bulley S, Dewitt AM, Lidholm J, Reese G, Vieths S, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Ballmer-Weber BK. Component-resolved diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy with purified natural and recombinant kiwifruit allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:687-94, 694.e1. [PMID: 20061012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit is one of the most common causes of food allergic reactions. Component-resolved diagnostics may enable significantly improved detection of sensitization to kiwifruit. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of individual allergens for component-resolved in vitro diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy. METHODS Thirty patients with a positive double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge to kiwifruit, 10 atopic subjects with negative open provocation to kiwifruit, and 5 nonatopic subjects were enrolled in the study. Specific IgE to 7 individual allergens (nAct d 1-5 and rAct d 8-9) and allergen extracts was measured by ImmunoCAP. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivities of the commercial extract and of the sum of single allergens were 17% and 77%, respectively, whereas diagnostic specificities were 100% and 30%. A combination of the kiwi allergens Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 4, and Act d 5 gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 40%, whereas diagnostic specificity remained high (90%). Exclusion of the Bet v 1 homolog recombinant (r) Act d 8 and profilin rAct d 9 from this allergen panel reduced sensitivity to 50% but increased specificity to 40%. Kiwifruit-monosensitized patients reacted more frequently (P < .001) with Act d 1 than polysensitized patients, whereas the latter group reacted more frequently with rAct d 8 (P = .004). CONCLUSION Use of single kiwifruit allergen ImmunoCAP increases the quantitative test performance and diagnostic sensitivity compared with the commercial extract. Bet v 1 homolog and profilin are important allergens in pollen-related kiwifruit allergy, whereas actinidin is important in monoallergy to kiwifruit, in which symptoms are often more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Aminlari M, Shekarforoush S, Gheisari H, Golestan L. Effect of Actinidin on the Protein Solubility, Water Holding Capacity, Texture, Electrophoretic Pattern of Beef, and on the Quality Attributes of a Sausage Product. J Food Sci 2009; 74:C221-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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UEBABA K, URATA T, SUZUKI N, ARAI T, STRONG JM, OONO S, HAYASHI H. Mild Laxative and QOL-improving Effects of Kiwi Fruit Extract in the Elderly -An Explanatory Study on Effectiveness and Safety-. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1625/jcam.6.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo UEBABA
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | | | - Nobutaka SUZUKI
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Takanari ARAI
- Endowed Center for the Advancement of Pregnancy, Perinatal and Infant Care, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Jeffry Michael STRONG
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Satoshi OONO
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Hirotaka HAYASHI
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
- Innovation Development Center, Kanazawa University
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Bublin M, Radauer C, Knulst A, Wagner S, Scheiner O, Mackie AR, Mills ENC, Breiteneder H. Effects of gastrointestinal digestion and heating on the allergenicity of the kiwi allergens Act d 1, actinidin, and Act d 2, a thaumatin-like protein. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:1130-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Palacin A, Quirce S, Sánchez-Monge R, Fernández-Nieto M, Varela J, Sastre J, Salcedo G. Allergy to kiwi in patients with baker's asthma: identification of potential cross-reactive allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:200-5. [PMID: 18727477 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baker's asthma is a frequent IgE-mediated occupational disorder mainly provoked by inhalation of cereal flour. Allergy to kiwifruit has being increasingly reported in the past few years. No association between both allergic disorders has been described so far. METHODS Twenty patients with occupational asthma caused by wheat flour inhalation were studied. Kiwi allergens Act d 1 and Act d 2 were purified by cation-exchange chromatography. Wheat, rye, and kiwi extracts, purified kiwi allergens, and model plant glycoproteins were analyzed by IgE immunodetection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and inhibition ELISAs. RESULTS Kiwifruit ingestion elicited oral allergy syndrome in 7 of the 20 patients (35%) with baker's asthma. Positive specific IgE and skin prick test responses to this fruit were found in all these kiwi allergic patients, and IgE to Act d 1 and Act d 2 was detected in 57% and 43%, respectively, of the corresponding sera. Actinidin Act d 1 and bromelain (harboring cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants) reached above 50% inhibition of the IgE binding to wheat and/or kiwi extracts. CONCLUSIONS A potential association between respiratory allergy to cereal flour and allergy to kiwifruit has been disclosed. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants and thiol-proteaseshomologous to Act d 1 are responsible for wheat-kiwi crossreactivity in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Palacin
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lack
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, King's College London, and the Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London.
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Warner JO. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. In this issue. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19:381-2. [PMID: 18713338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crowhurst RN, Gleave AP, MacRae EA, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Atkinson RG, Beuning LL, Bulley SM, Chagne D, Marsh KB, Matich AJ, Montefiori M, Newcomb RD, Schaffer RJ, Usadel B, Allan AC, Boldingh HL, Bowen JH, Davy MW, Eckloff R, Ferguson AR, Fraser LG, Gera E, Hellens RP, Janssen BJ, Klages K, Lo KR, MacDiarmid RM, Nain B, McNeilage MA, Rassam M, Richardson AC, Rikkerink EH, Ross GS, Schröder R, Snowden KC, Souleyre EJF, Templeton MD, Walton EF, Wang D, Wang MY, Wang YY, Wood M, Wu R, Yauk YK, Laing WA. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Actinidia: applications of a cross species EST database for gene discovery in the areas of flavor, health, color and ripening. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:351. [PMID: 18655731 PMCID: PMC2515324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) are a relatively new, but economically important crop grown in many different parts of the world. Commercial success is driven by the development of new cultivars with novel consumer traits including flavor, appearance, healthful components and convenience. To increase our understanding of the genetic diversity and gene-based control of these key traits in Actinidia, we have produced a collection of 132,577 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Results The ESTs were derived mainly from four Actinidia species (A. chinensis, A. deliciosa, A. arguta and A. eriantha) and fell into 41,858 non redundant clusters (18,070 tentative consensus sequences and 23,788 EST singletons). Analysis of flavor and fragrance-related gene families (acyltransferases and carboxylesterases) and pathways (terpenoid biosynthesis) is presented in comparison with a chemical analysis of the compounds present in Actinidia including esters, acids, alcohols and terpenes. ESTs are identified for most genes in color pathways controlling chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis. In the health area, data are presented on the ESTs involved in ascorbic acid and quinic acid biosynthesis showing not only that genes for many of the steps in these pathways are represented in the database, but that genes encoding some critical steps are absent. In the convenience area, genes related to different stages of fruit softening are identified. Conclusion This large EST resource will allow researchers to undertake the tremendous challenge of understanding the molecular basis of genetic diversity in the Actinidia genus as well as provide an EST resource for comparative fruit genomics. The various bioinformatics analyses we have undertaken demonstrates the extent of coverage of ESTs for genes encoding different biochemical pathways in Actinidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Crowhurst
- The Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, PB 92169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Lack G. Epidemiologic risks for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1331-6. [PMID: 18539191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews possible risk factors and theories for the development of food allergy. It is noted that previous strategies to prevent food allergy through allergen avoidance during pregnancy, breast-feeding, and infancy have more recently been called into question. Alternative hypotheses are examined with respect to food allergy, namely the hygiene hypothesis, the dietary fat hypothesis, the antioxidant hypothesis, and the vitamin D hypotheses. An alternative hypothesis is proposed, suggesting that sensitization to allergen occurs through environmental exposure to allergen through the skin and that consumption of food allergen induces oral tolerance. This hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the close link between eczema and the development of food allergies. It also suggests novel interventional strategies to prevent the development of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lack
- Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Children's Allergies Department, London, United Kingdom.
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Tuppo L, Giangrieco I, Palazzo P, Bernardi ML, Scala E, Carratore V, Tamburrini M, Mari A, Ciardiello MA. Kiwellin, a modular protein from green and gold kiwi fruits: evidence of in vivo and in vitro processing and IgE binding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3812-7. [PMID: 18442249 DOI: 10.1021/jf703620m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Kiwellin, an allergenic protein formerly isolated from green kiwi fruit, has been identified as the most abundant component of the gold kiwi species. A protein named KiTH, showing a 20 kDa band on reducing SDS-PAGE and 100% identity with the C-terminal region of kiwellin, has been identified in the extract of the ripe green species. In vitro treatment of purified kiwellin with the protease actinidin from green kiwi fruit originated KiTH and kissper, a recently described pore-forming peptide. Primary structure analysis and experimental evidence suggest that kiwellin is a modular protein with two domains. It may undergo in vivo proteolytic processing by actinidin, thus producing KiTH and kissper. When probed with sera recognizing kiwellin from green kiwi fruit, KiTH showed IgE binding, with reactivity levels sometimes different from those of kiwellin. The IgE-binding capacity of kiwellin from gold kiwi fruit appears to be similar to that of the green species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tuppo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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Knudsen I, Søborg I, Eriksen F, Pilegaard K, Pedersen J. Risk management and risk assessment of novel plant foods: Concepts and principles. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1681-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Food allergy is becoming an increasing problem worldwide with an estimated 6-8% of children affected at some point in their childhood. The perceived prevalence of food allergy is even higher with an estimated 20% of children adhering to some form of elimination diet. Against this background, accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent the imposition of unnecessarily restrictive diets on young children. Raising clinical awareness amongst health professionals as to the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, investigation, and management of food allergic disorders is key to tackling this growing problem. In this article, three separate cases of children with poor nutrition and secondary morbidity are presented, highlighting the varying scenarios in which these conditions can be encountered. In the first child, the features clinically displayed were hypocalcemic seizures and rickets due to prolonged breast feeding, poor weaning, and inadequate dietary supplementation. The second case reveals the dangers of complementary diagnostic allergy testing leading to poor nutrition as a consequence of an unsupervised elimination diet. The last report describes a child with multiple food allergies, failure to thrive, and protein losing enteropathy to highlight the diversity of nutritional problems faced by allergists and to underline the importance of specialist dietetic input in the management of a child with food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Noimark
- Department of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, St Mary's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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