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Peltonen J, Nikkilä R, Al-Samadi A, Mäkitie A, Martinsen JI, Kjaerheim K, Lynge E, Sparen P, Tryggvadottir L, Weiderpass E, Salo T, Pukkala E. Occupation and tongue cancer in Nordic countries. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:506. [PMID: 38685000 PMCID: PMC11059716 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Almost 200,000 tongue cancers were diagnosed worldwide in 2020. The aim of this study was to describe occupational risk variation in this malignancy. METHODS The data are based on the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study containing 14.9 million people from the Nordic countries with 9020 tongue cancers diagnosed during 1961-2005. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of tongue cancer in each occupational category was calculated using national incidence rates as the reference. RESULTS Among men, the incidence was statistically significantly elevated in waiters (SIR 4.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.13--5.92), beverage workers (SIR 3.42, 95% CI 2.02-5.40), cooks and stewards (SIR 2.55, 95% CI 1.82-3.48), seamen (SIR 1.66, 95% CI 1.36-2.00), journalists (SIR 1.85, 95% CI 1.18-2.75), artistic workers (SIR 2.05, 95% CI 1.54-2.66), hairdressers (SIR 2.17, 95% CI 1.39-3.22), and economically inactive persons (SIR 1.57, 95% CI 1.42-1.73). Among women, the SIR was statistically significantly elevated only in waitresses (SIR 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.81). Statistically significant SIRs ≤ 0.63 were observed in male farmers, gardeners, forestry workers and teachers, and in female launderers. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be related to consumption of alcohol and tobacco, but the effect of carcinogenic exposure from work cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Peltonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rayan Nikkilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Ivar Martinsen
- The Cancer Registry of Norway at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Kjaerheim
- The Cancer Registry of Norway at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsebeth Lynge
- Zealand University Hospital, Nykøbing Falster, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Par Sparen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Gerich J, Lehner R. Escape or activate? Pathways of work stress on substance use. Work 2023; 74:193-206. [PMID: 36245352 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the spillover effects of work stress on substance use have mainly focused on the concept of escapist substance. OBJECTIVE Building on the concept of self-endangering work behavior, we expand this stress-theoretic view with a presenteeism path of work-induced substance use. Contrary to emotion-based disengaging coping strategies associated with escapist use, we argue that high job demands may also promote problem-focused engagement coping, where substances are used for activation. METHODS A structural equation model was used to analyze both assumed pathways of stress-induced substance use with survey data from a random sample of n = 411 employees. RESULTS We confirmed that high job demands are directly related to escapist substance use, but indirectly related to activating substance use, mediated by presenteeism behavior. Both types of substance use are reduced in organizations with high psychosocial safety climate, but increase with higher competitive climate. Social support is related to reduced activating substance use. Males show a stronger tendency for the escapist path, whereas the presenteeism path is more prevalent in women. CONCLUSION Work stress may not only induce substance use as a disengaging emotional coping strategy, but also as an active problem-focused coping strategy, where employees engage in substance use to continue their efforts necessary for work-related goal attainment. A psychosocial safety climate may provide opportunities for intervening on the "cause of causes" of substance use. Moreover, due to the higher prevalence for activating substance use in female workers, previous research may have underestimated women's risks for work-induced substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Gerich
- Department of Sociology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Roland Lehner
- Institute for the Prevention of Addictions and Drug Abuse, Linz, Austria
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Gender Differences in the Association between Positive Drinking Attitudes and Alcohol-Related Problems. The WIRUS Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165949. [PMID: 32824384 PMCID: PMC7460403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol consumption is deeply integrated in people's social- and work lives and, thus, constitutes a serious public health challenge. Attitudes toward drinking stand out as important predictors of drinking, but have to date been sparsely studied in employee populations. This study explores the association of employees' attitudes toward drinking with their alcohol-related problems, and whether this association is moderated by gender and employment sector. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from a heterogeneous sample of employees (N = 4094) at 19 Norwegian companies. Drinking attitudes were assessed using the Drinking Norms Scale. The AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) scale was then used to assess any alcohol-related problems. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and multiple logistic regression. Results: Employees with predominantly positive drinking attitudes were almost three times as likely to report alcohol-related problems compared to employees with more negative drinking attitudes (OR = 2.75; 95% CI: 2.00-3.76). Gender moderated the association between positive drinking attitudes and alcohol-related problems (OR = 3.30; 95% CI: 2.10-5.21). The association was stronger in women (OR = 5.21; 95% CI: 3.34-8.15) than in men (OR = 3.10; 95% CI: 2.11-4.55). Employment sector did not moderate the association between drinking attitudes and alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: Employee attitudes toward alcohol should be monitored to better enable early workplace health promotion interventions targeting alcohol problems. These interventions might need to be gender-specific.
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Wigenstad S. ["The guests are never right" - Work-related self-understanding of bartenders working at hip venues]. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2019; 36:373-386. [PMID: 32934573 PMCID: PMC7434178 DOI: 10.1177/1455072518806093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Studies of bartenders often focus on over-serving and bartenders’ role in venues with a lot of violence and disorderly patrons. The aim of this article is to show how bartenders in hip venues in downtown Oslo experience bartender culture and what activities they themselves emphasize as important and distinctive to the profession. Method: The article is based on 11 interviews with bartenders working at popular and hip nightlife venues in an area of Oslo typically characterized by a culturally conscious clientele. The analysis is inspired by an open coding where the most important trends in the material are identified and classified. Result: The informants pay particular attention to three important activities when describing the bartender profession: defining the visitors as guests, correcting the guests’ behaviour, and “being themselves”. These highlighted practices are often overlooked in other bartender studies. Conclusion: The sum of these practices gives both great authority over the guests and a great freedom in how the profession is to be exercised. While several previous studies have largely demonstrated that the freedom and ability of the bartender to influence the workplace is limited, this study shows how bartenders in hip venues in downtown Oslo distance themselves from the traditional understanding of bartenders since they strongly emphasize that they are in control over what goes on in the venues.
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Thørrisen MM, Skogen JC, Aas RW. The associations between employees' risky drinking and sociodemographics, and implications for intervention needs. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:735. [PMID: 29898703 PMCID: PMC6000943 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Harmful alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for ill-health on an individual level, a global public health challenge, and associated with workplace productivity loss. This study aimed to explore the proportion of risky drinkers in a sample of employees, investigate sociodemographic associations with risky drinking, and examine implications for intervention needs, according to recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods In a cross-sectional design, sociodemographic data were collected from Norwegian employees in 14 companies (n = 3571) across sectors and branches. Risky drinking was measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The threshold for risky drinking was set at ≥8 scores on the AUDIT. Based on WHO guidelines, risky drinkers were divided into three risk categories (moderate risk: scores 8–15, high risk: scores 16–19, and dependence likely risk: scores 20–40). The association between sociodemographic variables and risky drinking were explored with chi square tests for independence and adjusted logistic regression. The risk groups were then examined according to the WHO intervention recommendations. Results 11.0% of the total sample reported risky drinking. Risky drinking was associated with male gender (OR = 2.97, p < .001), younger age (OR = 1.03, p < .001), low education (OR = 1.17, p < .05), being unmarried (OR = 1.38, p < .05) and not having children (OR = 1.62, p < .05). Risky drinking was most common among males without children (33.5%), males living alone (31.4%) and males aged ≤39 (26.5%). 94.6% of risky drinkers scored within the lowest risk category. Based on WHO guidelines, approximately one out of ten employees need simple advice, targeting risky drinking. In high-risk groups, one out of three employees need interventions. Conclusions A considerable amount of employees (one to three out of ten), particularly young, unmarried males without children and higher education, may be characterised as risky drinkers. This group may benefit from low-cost interventions, based on recommendations from the WHO guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Magnus Thørrisen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Alcohol & Drug Research Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Randi Wågø Aas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Presenter - Making Sense of Science, Stavanger, Norway
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Edvardsen HME, Moan IS, Christophersen AS, Gjerde H. Use of alcohol and drugs by employees in selected business areas in Norway: a study using oral fluid testing and questionnaires. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:46. [PMID: 26681976 PMCID: PMC4682215 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol or drug use and associated hangover may reduce workplace safety and productivity and also cause sickness absence. The aims of this study were to examine (i) the use of alcohol and drugs, and (ii) reduced efficiency at work and absence due to such use among employees. Methods Forty-four companies were invited; half of them agreed to participate. Employees filled in a questionnaire and provided a sample of oral fluid, which was analysed for alcohol, 12 psychoactive medicinal drugs and 6 illicit drugs. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Results Two thousand four hundred thirty-seven employees in eight business areas agreed to participate (92 % of those invited). By combining questionnaires and oral fluid testing, we found that 5.2 % had used psychoactive medication during the last couple of days, 1.4 % had used illicit drugs, 17.0 % had used alcohol during the last 24 h but only one person (0.04 %) was positive for alcohol in oral fluid. About 25 % reported reduced efficiency at work, and 5 % reported absence from work due to alcohol use during the past 12 months. The use of illicit drugs and binge drinking resulting in reduced efficiency and absence was most common among restaurant and bar workers and more common among men than women, whereas use of psychoactive medication was most common among healthcare, transportation and storage workers. Conclusion Impairment at work due to alcohol or drugs was rare, whereas reduced efficiency due to drinking was reported by a fairly large proportion. There were marked differences between some business areas, and across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inger Synnøve Moan
- Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), P. O. Box 565, Sentrum, NO-0105 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Hallvard Gjerde
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo Norway
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Moore RS, Ames GM, Duke MR, Cunradi CB. Food Service Employee Alcohol Use, Hangovers and Norms During and After Work Hours. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2011; 17:269-276. [PMID: 22844225 DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2011.580414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS: This paper presents analyses of norms and behavior concerning drinking before, during, and after work hours among U.S. bar-restaurant chain employees, with a focus on hangovers at work and their correlates. METHODS: A mixed method approach combined qualitative analysis of 64 face-to-face interviews held with randomly chosen service, managerial and kitchen staff and quantitative analyses (including multivariable linear regression and bivariate analyses) of data drawn from 1,286 completed telephone surveys (response rate 68%) with 18-29 year old employees. RESULTS: Relatively few survey respondents reported past-year drinking in the hour prior to work (5%) or during work hours (2.7%), but extensive drinking in non- work hours (85.5%), and 36.5% of respondents reported coming to work with a hangover at least once. Correlates of hangover at work were past year intoxication and holding positive norms for hangovers. These findings were elaborated by interview data describing heavy drinking after work at nearby bars, restaurants and employee homes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrated that employee drinking during work hours was not normative. However, study results portrayed widely-shared norms for heavy drinking outside of work, with hangovers and related harms appearing as the primary work time repercussions of after-work alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, 94704 USA
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Moore RS, Cunradi CB, Duke MR, Ames GM. Dimensions of problem drinking among young adult restaurant workers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2010; 35:329-33. [PMID: 20180660 DOI: 10.1080/00952990903075042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nationwide surveys identify food service workers as heavy alcohol users. OBJECTIVES This article analyzes dimensions and correlates of problem drinking among young adult food service workers. METHODS A telephone survey of national restaurant chain employees yielded 1,294 completed surveys. RESULTS Hazardous alcohol consumption patterns were seen in 80% of men and 64% of women. Multivariate analysis showed that different dimensions of problem drinking measured by the AUDIT were associated with workers' demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour, and job category. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These findings offer evidence of extremely high rates of alcohol misuse among young adult restaurant workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California 94704, USA.
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Larsen S, Jorgensen H. Better than their reputation? - Do hotel and restaurant students drink more? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-5740.2003.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bennett JB, Lehman WE, Reynolds GS. Team awareness for workplace substance abuse prevention: the empirical and conceptual development of a training program. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2000; 1:157-72. [PMID: 11525346 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010025306547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the empirical and theoretical development of a workplace training program to help reduce/prevent employee alcohol and drug abuse and enhance aspects of the work group environment that support ongoing prevention. The paper (1) examines the changing social context of the workplace (e.g., teamwork, privacy issues) as relevant for prevention, (2) reviews studies that assess risks and protective factors in employee substance abuse (work environment, group processes, and employee attitudes), (3) provides a conceptual model that focuses on work group processes (enabling, neutralization of deviance) as the locus of prevention efforts, (4) describes an enhanced team-oriented training that was derived from previous research and the conceptual model, and (5) describes potential applications of the program. It is suggested that the research and conceptual model may help prevention scientists to assess the organizational context of any workplace prevention strategy. The need for this team-oriented approach may be greater among employees who experience psychosocial risks such as workplace drinking climates, social alienation, and policies that emphasize deterrence (drug testing) over educative prevention. Limitations of the model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bennett
- Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Institute of Behavioral Research, 76129, USA.
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