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Crotty ED, Furlong LAM, Harrison AJ. Ankle and Plantar Flexor Muscle-Tendon Unit Function in Sprinters: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023:10.1007/s40279-023-01967-1. [PMID: 37989833 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Maximal sprinting in humans requires the contribution of various muscle-tendon units (MTUs) and joints to maximize performance. The plantar flexor MTU and ankle joint are of particular importance due to their role in applying force to the ground. This narrative review examines the contribution of the ankle joint and plantar flexor MTUs across the phases of sprinting (start, acceleration, and maximum velocity), alongside the musculotendinous properties that contribute to improved plantar flexor MTU performance. For the sprint start, the rear leg ankle joint appears to be a particularly important contributor to sprint start performance, alongside the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) action of the plantar flexor MTU. Comparing elite and sub-elite sprinters revealed that elite sprinters had a higher rate of force development (RFD) and normalized average horizontal block power, which was transferred via the ankle joint to the block. For the acceleration phase, the ankle joint and plantar flexor MTU appear to be the most critical of the major lower limb joints/MTUs. The contribution of the ankle joint to power generation and positive work is minimal during the first stance, but an increased contribution is observed during the second stance, mid-acceleration, and late-acceleration. In terms of muscular contributions, the gastrocnemius and soleus have distinct roles. The soleus acts mainly as a supporter, generating large portions of the upward impulse, whereas the gastrocnemius acts as both an accelerator and a supporter, contributing significantly to propulsive and upward impulses. During maximum velocity sprinting the ankle joint is a net dissipater of energy, potentially due to the greater vertical loading placed on the plantar flexors. However, the ankle joint is critical for energy transfer from proximal joints to ground force application to maintain velocity. In terms of the contribution of musculoskeletal factors to ankle joint and plantar flexor performance, an optimal plantar flexor MTU profile potentially exists, which is possibly a combination of several musculoskeletal factors, alongside factors such as footwear and technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Crotty
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Laura-Anne M Furlong
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Yamazaki K, Inoue K, Miyamoto N. Passive and active muscle elasticity of medial gastrocnemius is related to performance in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:447-457. [PMID: 34797438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on the association between muscle material properties and sprint performance. We aimed to identify whether and how the elasticity of passive and active muscle of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) is related to sprint performance. METHODS MG shear wave speed was measured under passive and active (20%, 50%, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) conditions, with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in 18 male sprinters. Passive and active ankle joint stiffness was assessed by applying a short-range fast stretch during 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% MVC of plantar flexion. Additionally, rate of torque development (RTD) during explosive plantar flexion was measured. RESULTS Passive and active MG shear wave speed was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. Passive MG shear wave speed was positively correlated with RTD, and RTD was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. MG shear wave speed at 50% and 80% MVC showed a positive correlation with ankle joint stiffness at the corresponding contraction level, and ankle joint stiffness at 50% and 80% MVC showed negative correlations with 100-m race time. These correlations were significant even after controlling for MVC torque. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that passive and active muscle elasticity of plantar flexor is important to achieve superior sprint performance. Specifically, high elasticity of passive MG could be related to superior sprint performance through high explosive torque production. In contrast, high elasticity of active MG at moderate-to-high intensity is likely related to high sprint performance through high ankle joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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3
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Schofield M, Tinwala F, Cronin J, Hébert-Losier K, Uthoff A. Multijoint Musculoarticular Stiffness Derived From a Perturbation Is Highly Variable. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2498-2503. [PMID: 31136551 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Schofield, M, Tinwala, F, Cronin, J, Hébert-Losier, K, and Uthoff, A. Multijoint musculoarticular stiffness derived from a perturbation is highly variable. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2498-2503, 2021-Testing musculoarticular stiffness may provide insights into multijoint elastic properties. Yet, most research has focused on quantifying stiffness, or elastic potential, at a single joint. The purpose of this study was to quantify the test-retest reliability of musculoarticular stiffness derived from the perturbation technique across the bench pull, bench press, and squat movements. Eight resistance-trained men performed bench pull, bench press, and squat repetition maximums, after which a perturbation protocol was tested over multiple days. During the 3 movements, a brief perturbation was applied to the bar. The resulting sinusoidal wave was measured by an underbench force plate and a linear position transducer attached to the bar. From the sinusoidal wave, stiffness was derived and found to be unreliable across movements and days (change in mean: -35.1 to 15.8%; coefficient of variation: 7.1-111%; intraclass correlation: -0.58 to -0.89). Squat data were removed from the analysis entirely because of the inability to consistently determine the perturbations on the force plate. Practitioners need to be aware that musculoarticular stiffness as measured using the perturbation technique on the movements performed in this study has considerable limitations in terms of reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Schofield
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPNZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mason L, Kirkland A, Steele J, Wright J. The relationship between isometric mid-thigh pull variables and athletic performance measures: empirical study of English professional soccer players and meta-analysis of extant literature. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:645-655. [PMID: 33146489 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently limited evidence available to support the use of the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) within professional soccer. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between IMTP variables, with common markers of athletic performance capability. METHODS Eleven professional development soccer players (age: 20±2 years, stature: 1.82±0.10 m, mass: 76.4±12.8 kg) performed IMTP, 5 m and 10 m accelerations, maximal sprint speed (MSS), countermovement jump (CMJ), and the 505 change of direction test (COD). RESULTS Relative and absolute peak force (PF) and force at 50, 100, 150 and 200 ms values were measured during the IMTP. Relative F150, F200, PF displayed large to very large correlations with MSS (r=0.51, r=0.66, and r=0.76 respectively), while absolute PF also displayed a large correlation with MSS (r=0.57). Relative and absolute PF showed large correlations with CMJ height (r=0.54 and r=0.55 respectively). Relative F150 and F200 highlighted large correlations with COD ability (r=-0.68 and r=-0.60 respectively). Relative F200 and PF had a large negative correlation with 10 m acceleration (r=-0.55 and r=-0.53 respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an important contribution to knowledge within the area of IMTP testing in professional soccer by evidencing the prominence of the isometric force generating capacity as an underpinning factor in relation to athletic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Mason
- University of Stirling, Stirling, UK - .,Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Lancashire, UK -
| | | | - James Steele
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Hampshire, UK
| | - James Wright
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Hampshire, UK
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Kubo K, Miyazaki D, Yata H, Tsunoda N. Mechanical properties of muscle and tendon at high strain rate in sprinters. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14583. [PMID: 33038067 PMCID: PMC7547534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of muscles and tendons at high strain rates between sprinters and untrained men. Fifteen sprinters and 18 untrained men participated in this study. Active muscle stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was calculated according to changes in the estimated muscle force and fascicle length during fast stretching at five different angular velocities (100, 200, 300, 500, and 600 deg·s-1 ) after submaximal isometric contractions. Stiffness and hysteresis of tendon structures were measured during ramp and ballistic contractions. Active muscle stiffness at 500 deg·s-1 (p = .070) and 600 deg·s-1 (p = .041) was greater in sprinters than untrained men, whereas no differences in those at 100, 200, and 300 deg·s-1 were found between the two groups. There were no differences in stiffness or hysteresis of tendon structures measured during ramp and ballistic contractions between the two groups. These results suggest that, for sprinters, greater active muscle stiffness at a high angular velocity is caused by exercising with a high angular velocity that is typical of their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life ScienceThe University of TokyoMeguroJapan
| | | | - Hideaki Yata
- Sports Science LaboratoryWako UniversityMachidaJapan
| | - Naoya Tsunoda
- Faculty of Physical EducationKokushikan UniversityTokyoJapan
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6
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Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Inoue K, Hashimoto T. Muscle Stiffness of the Vastus Lateralis in Sprinters and Long-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2080-2087. [PMID: 31525172 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The stiffness of muscle-tendon units and of tendons in the lower legs plays important roles in sprinting and long-distance running. However, the association of muscle stiffness with sprinting and running remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of muscle stiffness in sprinters and long-distance runners, and to determine how muscle stiffness is related to the performance of these athletes. METHODS In 22 male sprinters (SPR group), 22 male long-distance runners (LDR group), and 19 healthy untrained control male subjects (CON group), the muscle shear wave speed (a proxy for stiffness) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured under passive (resting) and active (contracting the knee extensors at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction) conditions, by using ultrasound shear wave elastography. RESULTS The passive VL shear wave speed in SPR group was significantly lower than that in LDR group (P = 0.039). The active VL shear wave speed in LDR group was significantly higher than that in SPR (P = 0.022) and CON (P < 0.001) groups. In SPR group, the 100-m race time was negatively correlated to the passive VL shear wave speed (r = -0.483, P = 0.023) and positively correlated to the active VL shear wave speed (r = 0.522, P = 0.013). In the LDR group, the 5000-m race time was positively correlated to the passive VL shear wave speed (r = 0.438, P = 0.047) but not to the active VL shear wave speed. CONCLUSION The muscles of sprinters and long-distance runners exhibit characteristic stiffness that can be beneficial to their athletic performance. Passive and active muscle stiffness may play different roles in human locomotion, depending on locomotion speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN.,Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, JAPAN
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, JAPAN.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, JAPAN
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, JAPAN
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Bissas A, Havenetidis K, Walker J, Hanley B, Nicholson G, Metaxas T, Christoulas K, Cronin NJ. Muscle-tendon morphology and function following long-term exposure to repeated and strenuous mechanical loading. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1151-1162. [PMID: 32246562 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We mapped structural and functional characteristics of muscle-tendon units in a population exposed to very long-term routine overloading. Twenty-eight military academy cadets (age = 21.00 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.1 ± 4.8 cm; mass = 73.8 ± 7.0 kg) exposed for over 24 months to repetitive overloading were profiled via ultrasonography with a senior subgroup of them (n = 11; age = 21.4 ± 1.0 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.8 cm; mass = 71.4 ± 6.6 kg) also tested while walking and marching on a treadmill. A group of eleven ethnicity- and age-matched civilians (age = 21.6 ± 0.7 years; height = 176.8 ± 4.3 cm; mass = 74.6 ± 5.6 kg) was also profiled and tested. Cadets and civilians exhibited similar morphology (muscle and tendon thickness and cross-sectional area, pennation angle, fascicle length) in 26 out of 29 sites including the Achilles tendon. However, patellar tendon thickness along the entire tendon was greater (P < .05) by a mean of 16% for the senior cadets compared with civilians. Dynamically, cadets showed significantly smaller ranges of fascicle length change and lower shortening velocity in medial gastrocnemius during walking (44.0% and 47.6%, P < .05-.01) and marching (27.5% and 34.3%, P < .05-.01) than civilians. Furthermore, cadets showed lower normalized soleus electrical activity during walking (22.7%, P < .05) and marching (27.0%, P < .05). Therefore, 24-36 months of continuous overloading, primarily occurring under aerobic conditions, leads to more efficient neural and mechanical behavior in the triceps surae complex, without any major macroscopic alterations in key anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josh Walker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Christoulas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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8
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Enomoto S, Oda T, Kaga M. Relationship between the morphological and mechanical properties of muscle‐tendon units and sprint performance in prepubescent sprinters. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Enomoto
- Joint Graduate School in Science of School Education Hyogo University of Teacher Education Kato Japan
| | - Toshiaki Oda
- Health and Life Sciences Hyogo University of Teacher Education Kato Japan
| | - Masaru Kaga
- Graduate School of Education Okayama University Okayama Japan
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9
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Comyns TM, Brady CJ, Molloy J. Effect of Attentional Focus Strategies on the Biomechanical Performance of the Drop Jump. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:626-632. [PMID: 30789857 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comyns, TM, Brady, CJ, and Molloy, J. Effect of attentional focus strategies on the biomechanical performance of the drop jump. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 626-632, 2019-Motor performance can be influenced by focusing an athlete's attention through the use of verbal instructions. There is limited research on the effect of internal, neutral, and external attentional focus strategies on drop jump (DJ) performance aimed at maximizing height jumped (HJ) and minimizing ground contact time (CT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of attentional focus strategies on biomechanical variables related to efficient DJ performance, namely HJ, CT, reactive strength index (RSI), leg-spring stiffness, and peak and relative peak ground reaction force (GRF). Seventeen male recreationally trained subjects performed 2 DJs after listening to instructions designed to evoke an internal, external, or neutral attentional focus. In total, 6 DJs were performed in the testing session, and the order of the instructions was randomly assigned. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results indicated that, compared with the neutral strategy, the external focus resulted in significantly higher RSI (p = 0.046), peak GRF (p = 0.025), relative GRF (p = 0.02), and leg-spring stiffness (p = 0.02). No significant difference was seen in DJ CT and HJ between all 3 conditions (p ≥ 0.05). These results indicate that the use of an external focus of attention may potentially result in a more effective and efficient fast stretch-shortening cycle performance because of the augmentation of RSI and leg stiffness. More research is warranted, however, because of the lack of significant results pertaining to CT and HJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Claire J Brady
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Molloy
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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10
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Massey GJ, Balshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Tillin NA, Folland JP. Tendinous Tissue Adaptation to Explosive- vs. Sustained-Contraction Strength Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 30233387 PMCID: PMC6131493 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of different strength training regimes, and in particular training utilizing brief explosive contractions, on tendinous tissue properties is poorly understood. This study compared the efficacy of 12 weeks of knee extensor explosive-contraction (ECT; n = 14) vs. sustained-contraction (SCT; n = 15) strength training vs. a non-training control (n = 13) to induce changes in patellar tendon and knee extensor tendon-aponeurosis stiffness and size (patellar tendon, vastus-lateralis aponeurosis, quadriceps femoris muscle) in healthy young men. Training involved 40 isometric knee extension contractions (three times/week): gradually increasing to 75% of maximum voluntary torque (MVT) before holding for 3 s (SCT), or briefly contracting as fast as possible to ∼80% MVT (ECT). Changes in patellar tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness, as well as quadriceps femoris muscle volume, vastus-lateralis aponeurosis area and patellar tendon cross-sectional area were quantified with ultrasonography, dynamometry, and magnetic resonance imaging. ECT and SCT similarly increased patellar tendon stiffness (20% vs. 16%, both p < 0.05 vs. control) and Young's modulus (22% vs. 16%, both p < 0.05 vs. control). Tendon-aponeurosis complex high-force stiffness increased only after SCT (21%; p < 0.02), while ECT resulted in greater overall elongation of the tendon-aponeurosis complex. Quadriceps muscle volume only increased after sustained-contraction training (8%; p = 0.001), with unclear effects of strength training on aponeurosis area. The changes in patellar tendon cross-sectional area after strength training were not appreciably different to control. Our results suggest brief high force muscle contractions can induce increased free tendon stiffness, though SCT is needed to increase tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness and muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry J Massey
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neale A Tillin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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11
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Murtagh CF, Stubbs M, Vanrenterghem J, O'Boyle A, Morgans R, Drust B, Erskine RM. Patellar tendon properties distinguish elite from non-elite soccer players and are related to peak horizontal but not vertical power. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1737-1749. [PMID: 29860681 PMCID: PMC6060780 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential differences in patellar tendon properties between elite and non-elite soccer players, and to establish whether tendon properties were related to power assessed during unilateral jumps performed in different directions. METHODS Elite (n = 16; age 18.1 ± 1.0 years) and non-elite (n = 13; age 22.3 ± 2.7 years) soccer players performed vertical, horizontal-forward and medial unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs) on a force plate. Patellar tendon (PT) cross-sectional area, elongation, strain, stiffness, and Young's modulus (measured at the highest common force interval) were assessed with ultrasonography and isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS Elite demonstrated greater PT elongation (6.83 ± 1.87 vs. 4.92 ± 1.88 mm, P = 0.011) and strain (11.73 ± 3.25 vs. 8.38 ± 3.06%, P = 0.009) than non-elite soccer players. Projectile range and peak horizontal power during horizontal-forward CMJ correlated positively with tendon elongation (r = 0.657 and 0.693, P < 0.001) but inversely with Young's modulus (r = - 0.376 and - 0.402; P = 0.044 and 0.031). Peak medial power during medial CMJ correlated positively with tendon elongation (r = 0.658, P < 0.001) but inversely with tendon stiffness (r = - 0.368, P = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS Not only does a more compliant patellar tendon appear to be an indicator of elite soccer playing status but it may also facilitate unilateral horizontal-forward and medial, but not vertical CMJ performance. These findings should be considered when prescribing talent selection and development protocols related to direction-specific power in elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall F Murtagh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
- Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Michael Stubbs
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew O'Boyle
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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12
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McCrum C, Oberländer KD, Epro G, Krauss P, James DC, Reeves ND, Karamanidis K. Loading rate and contraction duration effects on in vivo
human Achilles tendon mechanical properties. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:517-523. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrum
- Department of Human Movement Science; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University Medical Centre+; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Kai D. Oberländer
- Media School; Fresenius University of Applied Science; Cologne Germany
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre; School of Applied Sciences; London South Bank University; London UK
| | - Peter Krauss
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre; School of Applied Sciences; London South Bank University; London UK
| | - Darren C. James
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre; School of Applied Sciences; London South Bank University; London UK
| | - Neil D. Reeves
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre; School of Applied Sciences; London South Bank University; London UK
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13
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Pożarowszczyk B, Pawlaczyk W, Smoter M, Zarzycki A, Mroczek D, Kumorek M, Witkowski K, Adam K. Effects of Karate Fights on Achilles Tendon Stiffness Measured by Myotonometry. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:93-97. [PMID: 28469747 PMCID: PMC5384056 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of karate fights on Achilles tendon stiffness in karate competitors. Eleven male karate fighters participated in the present study. A handheld MyotonPRO device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Estonia) was applied to measure Achilles tendon stiffness in karate fighters. The Achilles tendon was tested 5 cm above the tuber calcanei. Stiffness measurements were performed before and after eight sparring fights. Each fight lasted 2 min and was separated by a 2 min rest period. Achilles tendon stiffness for the dominant leg increased significantly from before fights (751.57 ± 123.493 N/m) to immediately after fights (809.43 ± 160.425 N/m) (p = 0.012). Presented results should be used by strength and conditioning coaches in training programs as a way to decrease the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pożarowszczyk
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Paralympics Sports, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Weronika Pawlaczyk
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Paralympics Sports, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Smoter
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Biostructure, Wrocław Poland
| | - Andrzej Zarzycki
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mroczek
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Athletes Motor Skills, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martyna Kumorek
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Paralympics Sports, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Witkowski
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Sport Didactics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kawczyński Adam
- University School of Physical Education, Department of Paralympics Sports, Wrocław, Poland
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Maganaris CN, Chatzistergos P, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Quantification of Internal Stress-Strain Fields in Human Tendon: Unraveling the Mechanisms that Underlie Regional Tendon Adaptations and Mal-Adaptations to Mechanical Loading and the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Eccentric Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:91. [PMID: 28293194 PMCID: PMC5328946 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of their anatomical location between muscles and bones, tendons make it possible to transform contractile force to joint rotation and locomotion. However, tendons do not behave as rigid links, but exhibit viscoelastic tensile properties, thereby affecting the length and contractile force in the in-series muscle, but also storing and releasing elastic stain energy as some tendons are stretched and recoiled in a cyclic manner during locomotion. In the late 90s, advancements were made in the application of ultrasound scanning that allowed quantifying the tensile deformability and mechanical properties of human tendons in vivo. Since then, the main principles of the ultrasound-based method have been applied by numerous research groups throughout the world and showed that tendons increase their tensile stiffness in response to exercise training and chronic mechanical loading, in general, by increasing their size and improving their intrinsic material. It is often assumed that these changes occur homogenously, in the entire body of the tendon, but recent findings indicate that the adaptations may in fact take place in some but not all tendon regions. The present review focuses on these regional adaptability features and highlights two paradigms where they are particularly evident: (a) Chronic mechanical loading in healthy tendons, and (b) tendinopathy. In the former loading paradigm, local tendon adaptations indicate that certain regions may “see,” and therefore adapt to, increased levels of stress. In the latter paradigm, local pathological features indicate that certain tendon regions may be “stress-shielded” and degenerate over time. Eccentric exercise protocols have successfully been used in the management of tendinopathy, without much sound understanding of the mechanisms underpinning their effectiveness. For insertional tendinopathy, in particular, it is possible that the effectiveness of a loading/rehabilitation protocol depends on the topography of the stress created by the exercise and is not only reliant upon the type of muscle contraction performed. To better understand the micromechanical behavior and regional adaptability/mal-adaptability of tendon tissue it is important to estimate its internal stress-strain fields. Recent relevant advancements in numerical techniques related to tendon loading are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil D Reeves
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK
| | - Marco V Narici
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
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15
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Hashizume S, Fukutani A, Kusumoto K, Kurihara T, Yanagiya T. Comparison of the Achilles tendon moment arms determined using the tendon excursion and three-dimensional methods. Physiol Rep 2016. [PMCID: PMC5064132 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The moment arm of muscle‐tendon force is a key parameter for calculating muscle and tendon properties. The tendon excursion method was used for determining the Achilles tendon moment arm (ATMA). However, the accuracy of this method remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of error introduced in determining the ATMA using the tendon excursion method by comparing it with the reference three‐dimensional (3D) method. The tendon excursion method determined the ATMA as the ratio between the Achilles tendon displacement during foot rotation from 15° of dorsiflexion to 15° of plantarflexion and the joint rotation angle. A series of foot images was obtained at 15° of dorsiflexion, the neutral position, and 15° of plantarflexion. The 3D value of the ATMA was determined as the shortest distance between the talocrural joint axis and the line of action of the Achilles tendon force. The ATMA determined by the tendon excursion method was smaller by 3.8 mm than that determined using the 3D method. This error may be explained mainly by the length change in the Achilles tendon due to the change in the force applied to it, as passive plantarflexion torque was different by 11 Nm between 15° of dorsiflexion and 15° of plantarflexion. Furthermore, the ATMAs determined using the 3D and tendon excursion methods were significantly correlated but the coefficient of determination was not large (R2 = 0.352). This result suggests that the tendon excursion method may not be feasible to evaluate the individual variability of the ATMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hashizume
- Human Informatics Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science; Juntendo University; Chiba Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuki Fukutani
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
- The Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Shiga Japan
| | - Kazuki Kusumoto
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology; Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts; Okayama Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science; Ritsumeikan University; Shiga Japan
| | - Toshio Yanagiya
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science; Juntendo University; Chiba Japan
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Kubo K, Miyazaki D, Ikebukuro T, Yata H, Okada M, Tsunoda N. Active muscle and tendon stiffness of plantar flexors in sprinters. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:742-748. [PMID: 27211524 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1186814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare muscle and tendon stiffness under active conditions in sprinters and untrained participants. In total, 14 sprinters and 24 untrained men participated in this study. Active muscle stiffness in the medial gastrocnemius muscle was calculated based on changes in estimated muscle force and fascicle length during fast stretching after submaximal isometric contractions. Tendon stiffness was determined during isometric plantar flexion using ultrasonography. No significant differences were observed in active muscle stiffness between sprinters and untrained men at any torque levels. Furthermore, no significant difference was noted in tendon stiffness between the two groups. These results suggest that muscle and tendon mechanical properties in the plantar flexors under active conditions are similar in sprinters and untrained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- a Department of Life Science , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyazaki
- b Faculty of Physical Education , Kokushikan University , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Yata
- c Sports Science Laboratory , Wako University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masaji Okada
- b Faculty of Physical Education , Kokushikan University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naoya Tsunoda
- b Faculty of Physical Education , Kokushikan University , Tokyo , Japan
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17
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Seynnes OR, Bojsen-Møller J, Albracht K, Arndt A, Cronin NJ, Finni T, Magnusson SP. Ultrasound-based testing of tendon mechanical properties: a critical evaluation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:133-41. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 years, the use of ultrasound-based methods has become a standard approach to measure tendon mechanical properties in vivo. Yet the multitude of methodological approaches adopted by various research groups probably contribute to the large variability of reported values. The technique of obtaining and relating tendon deformation to tensile force in vivo has been applied differently, depending on practical constraints or scientific points of view. Divergence can be seen in 1) methodological considerations, such as the choice of anatomical features to scan and to track, force measurements, or signal synchronization; and 2) in physiological considerations related to the viscoelastic behavior or length measurements of tendons. Hence, the purpose of the present review is to assess and discuss the physiological and technical aspects connected to in vivo testing of tendon mechanical properties. In doing so, our aim is to provide the reader with a qualitative analysis of ultrasound-based techniques. Finally, a list of recommendations is proposed for a number of selected issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Arndt
- GIH, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. J. Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - T. Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - S. P. Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Musculotendinous Stiffness of Triceps Surae, Maximal Rate of Force Development, and Vertical Jump Performance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:797256. [PMID: 25710026 PMCID: PMC4325552 DOI: 10.1155/2015/797256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between ankle plantar flexor musculotendinous stiffness (MTS) and performance in a countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and maximal rate of torque development (MRTD) were studied in 27 active men. MTS was studied by means of quick releases at 20 (S0.2), 40 (S0.4), 60 (S0.6), and 80% (S0.8) of maximal voluntary torque (TMVC). CMJ was not correlated with strength indices but was positively correlated with MRTD/BM,S0.4/BM. The slopeα2and interceptβ2of the torque-stiffness relationships from 40 to 80%TMVCwere correlated negatively (α2) and positively (β2) with CMJ. The different stiffness indices were not correlated with MRTD. The prediction of CMJ was improved by the introduction of MRTD in multiple regressions between CMJ and stiffness. CMJ was also negatively correlated with indices of curvature of the torque-stiffness relationship. The subjects were subdivided in 3 groups in function of CMJ (groups H, M, and L for high, medium, and low performers, resp.). There was a downward curvature of the torque-stiffness relationship at high torques in group H or M and the torque-stiffness regression was linear in group L only. These results suggested that torque-stiffness relationships with a plateau at high torques are more frequent in the best jumpers.
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Lai A, Schache AG, Lin YC, Pandy MG. Tendon elastic strain energy in the human ankle plantar-flexors and its role with increased running speed. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:3159-68. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human ankle plantar-flexors, soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GAS), utilize tendon elastic strain energy to reduce muscle fiber work and optimize contractile conditions during running. However, studies to date have considered only slow to moderate running speeds up to 5 m/s. Little is known about how the human ankle plantar-flexors utilize tendon elastic strain energy as running speed is advanced towards maximum sprinting. We used data obtained from gait experiments in conjunction with musculoskeletal modeling and optimization techniques to calculate muscle-tendon unit (MTU) work, tendon elastic strain energy and muscle fiber work for the ankle plantar-flexors as participants ran at five discrete steady-state speeds ranging from jogging (~2 m/s) to sprinting (≥8 m/s). As running speed progressed from jogging to sprinting, the contribution of tendon elastic strain energy to the positive work generated by the MTU increased from 53% to 74% for SOL and from 62% to 75% for GAS. This increase was facilitated by greater muscle activation and the relatively isometric behavior of the SOL and GAS muscle fibers. Both of these characteristics enhanced tendon stretch and recoil, which contributed to the bulk of the change in MTU length. Our results suggest that as steady-state running speed is advanced towards maximum sprinting, the human ankle plantar-flexors continue to prioritize the storage and recovery of tendon elastic strain energy over muscle fiber work.
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20
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Dal Pupo J, Arins FB, Antonacci Guglielmo LG, Rosendo da Silva RC, Moro ARP, Dos Santos SG. Physiological and neuromuscular indices associated with sprint running performance. Res Sports Med 2013; 21:124-35. [PMID: 23541099 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2012.757225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationships among physiological and neuromuscular indices with the 200- and 400-m sprint running performance. Fourteen male sprinters performed the following tests: determination of 200- (P200) and 400-m (P400) running performance; determination of VO2max and the velocity associated at VO2max; squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ); and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Significant correlations were observed between SJ (r = -0.53), CMJ (r = -0.69), and MAOD (r = -0.65) with P200. Countermovement jump (CMJ) and MAOD explained 70% of the P200. The MAOD was the only variable to correlate significantly with P400 (r = -0.56); VO2max and CMJ were also selected in the regression together and explained 79% of P400. The indicators of muscular power and anaerobic capacity are capable of explaining P200. In the 400 m, the performance was determined by indices of anaerobic capacity, in conjunction with the athletes' aerobic and muscular power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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21
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Kubo K, Yata H, Tsunoda N. Effect of gene polymorphisms on the mechanical properties of human tendon structures. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:343. [PMID: 23961408 PMCID: PMC3728528 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that polymorphisms in alpha 1 chains of types I (COL1A1) and V (COL5A1) collagen, growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) genes were associated with injuries in tendons and ligaments (e.g., September et al. (Br J Sports Med 43: 357–365 2009)). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of injury-associated polymorphisms within these four genes on the mechanical properties of human tendon structures in vivo. One hundred Japanese males participated in this experiment. The mechanical properties of tendon structures in knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured using ultrasonography. All subjects were genotyped for COL1A1 rs1800012, COL5A1 rs12722, GDF5 rs143383, and MMP3 rs679620 single nucleotide polymorphisms. For COL1A1, all subjects had a GG genotype. For COL5A1, maximal tendon elongation and strain of individuals with a CC genotype were significantly greater than individuals with other genotypes (combined TT and CT) for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. For GDF5 and MMP3, there were no differences in the mechanical properties of tendon structures in knee extensors and plantar flexors among the three genotypes. The present study demonstrated that subjects with a CC genotype of the COL5A1 gene had more extensible tendon structures than those of subjects with other genotypes (combined TT and CT) for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. The results presented in this study need to be confirmed in a larger cohort of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science (Sports Sciences), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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22
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Gerus P, Rao G, Berton E. Ultrasound-based subject-specific parameters improve fascicle behaviour estimation in Hill-type muscle model. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 18:116-23. [PMID: 23520994 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.780047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The estimation of muscle fascicle behaviour is decisive in a Hill-type model as they are related to muscle force by the force-length-velocity relationship and the tendon force-strain relationship. This study was aimed at investigating the influence of subject-specific tendon force-strain relationship and initial fascicle geometry (IFG) on the estimation of muscle forces and fascicle behaviour during isometric contractions. Ultrasonography was used to estimate the in vivo muscle fascicle behaviour and compare the muscle fascicle length and pennation angle estimated from the Hill-type model. The calibration-prediction process of the electromyography-driven model was performed using generic or subject-specific tendon definition with or without IFG as constraint. The combination of subject-specific tendon definition and IFG led to muscle fascicle behaviour closer to ultrasound data and significant lower forces of the ankle dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles compared to the other conditions. Thus, subject-specific ultrasound measurements improve the accuracy of Hill-type models on muscle fascicle behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gerus
- a Institute of Movement Sciences E-J Marey, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
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Tardioli A, Malliaras P, Maffulli N. Immediate and short-term effects of exercise on tendon structure: biochemical, biomechanical and imaging responses. Br Med Bull 2012; 103:169-202. [PMID: 22279080 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tendons are metabolically active structures, and their biochemical, biomechanical and structural properties adapt to chronic exercise. However, abnormal adaptations may lead to the development of tendinopathy and pain. Acute and subacute adaptations might contribute to tendon pathology. Sources of data A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles was performed using a wide range of electronic databases. A total of 61 publications were selected. Areas of agreement Exercise induces acute responses in collagen turnover, blood flow, glucose, lactate and other inflammatory products (e.g. prostaglandins and interleukins). Mechanical properties are influenced by activity duration and intensity. Acute bouts of exercise affect tendon structure, with some of the changes resembling those reported in pathological tendons. Areas of controversy Given the variation in study designs, measured parameters and outcomes, it remains debatable how acute exercise influences overall tendon properties. There is discrepancy regarding which investigation modality and settings provide optimal assessment of each parameter. Growing points There is a need for greater homogeneity between study designs, including subject consortium and age, exercise protocols and time frames for parameter assessing. Areas timely for developing research Innovative methods, measuring each parameter simultaneously, would allow a greater understanding of how and when changes occur. This methodology is key to revealing pathological processes and pathways that alter tendon properties according to various activities. Optimal tendon properties differ between activities: more compliant tendons are beneficial for slow stretch shortening cycle (SSC) activities such as countermovement jumps, whereas stiffer tendons are considered beneficial for fast SSC movements such as sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tardioli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry,Mile End Hospital, London, UK
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24
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Kubo K, Yuki K, Ikebukuro T. Changes in bone alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type-1 C-peptide after static and dynamic exercises. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2012; 83:49-54. [PMID: 22428411 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2012.10599824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two types of nonweight-bearing exercise on changes in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and procollagen type 1 C-peptide (PIP). BAP is a specific marker of bone synthesis, whereas P1P reflects synthesis of type 1 collagen in other organs as well as bone. Eight participants performed static and dynamic unilateral knee extensions. BAP and PIP were measured before, and at 1, 2, 24, 48, and 72 hr after exercise. PIP increased at 24 hr after a static knee extension exercise, whereas BAP did not change during the experimental period. We found no changes in these markers after dynamic exercise. These results imply that type I collagen synthesis in tendons increases after static exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science (Sports Sciences) University of Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Influence of musculo-tendinous stiffness of the plantar ankle flexor muscles upon maximal power output on a cycle ergometre. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3721-8. [PMID: 22354446 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of maximal voluntary torque (T (MVC)), maximal rate of torque development (MRTD) and musculo-tendinous stiffness of the triceps surae for maximal power output on a cycle ergometre (Pmax) was studied in 21 healthy subjects by studying the relationships between maximal cycling power related to body mass (Pmax BM(-1)) with T (MVC), MRTD and different indices of musculo-tendinous stiffness of the ankle flexor. Pmax BM(-1) was calculated from the data of an all-out force-velocity test on a Monark cycle ergometre. T (MVC) and MRTD were measured on a specific ankle ergometre. Musculo-tendinous stiffness was estimated by means of quick releases at 20, 40, 60 and 80% T (MVC) on the same ankle ergometre. Pmax BM(-1) was significantly and positively correlated with MRTD related to body mass but the positive correlation between Pmax BM(-1) and T (MVC) did not reach the significance level (0.05). Pmax BM(-1) was significantly and positively correlated with the estimation of stiffness at 40% T (MVC) (S(0.4)), but not with stiffness at 20, 60 and 80% T (MVC). The results of the present study suggest that maximal power output during cycling is significantly correlated with the level of musculo-tendinous stiffness which corresponds to torque range around peak torque at optimal pedal rate. However, the low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.203) between Pmax BM(-1) and S (0.4) BM(-1) suggested that Pmax BM(-1) largely depended on other factors than the musculo-tendinous stiffness of the only plantar flexors.
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26
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Gerus P, Rao G, Berton E. A method to characterize in vivo tendon force–strain relationship by combining ultrasonography, motion capture and loading rates. J Biomech 2011; 44:2333-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon in highly trained sprinters. J Appl Biomech 2011; 27:336-44. [PMID: 21896950 DOI: 10.1123/jab.27.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle and tendon properties in highly trained sprinters and their relations to running performance. Fifteen sprinters and 15 untrained subjects participated in this study. Muscle thickness and tendon stiffness of knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured. Sprinter muscle thickness was significantly greater than that of the untrained subjects for plantar flexors, but not for knee extensors (except for the medial side). Sprinter tendon stiffness was significantly lower than that of the untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. The best official record of a 100-m race was significantly correlated to the muscle thickness of the medial side for knee extensors. In conclusion, the tendon structures of highly trained sprinters are more compliant than those of untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. Furthermore, a thicker medial side of knee extensors was associated with greater sprinting performance.
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Wadsworth DP, Walmsley A, Rowlands DS. Aquatitan garments extend joint range of motion without effect on run performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 42:2273-81. [PMID: 20421834 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e397a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of uniquely processed titanium-permeated garments (Aquatitan) on the performance of and recovery from a high-intensity intermittent exercise. METHODS In a crossover, 14 nationally and regionally competing male soccer/hockey players performed two 5-d trials composed of a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test on day 1, followed by 4 d of recovery assessment wearing randomly allocated Aquatitan- and placebo-treated clothing that covered their torso, limbs, and feet continuously throughout the study. Repeated sprint time was measured during the shuttle test, and muscle damage, joint range of motion, isometric strength, and running performance were measured during recovery. RESULTS The increase in sprint performance during the shuttle test (0.7%, 90% confidence interval = +/-0.9%) was likely trivial. During recovery, wearing of Aquatitan had a possible harmful effect on peak run velocity on day 3 (-1.1% +/- 1.6%) but a likely small benefit on day 5 (2.0% +/- 1.6%); combined (0.4% +/- 1.3%) and standardized outcomes suggest an overall trivial benefit. Aquatitan increased range of motion. For example, voluntary leg extension increased by 2.6% (+/-4.0%), hip flexion increased by 1.8% (+/-1.2%), plantarflexion increased by 4.8% (+/-2.8%), and shoulder extension and flexion increased by 4.2% (+/-3.0%) and 1.3% (+/-0.6%), respectively; forced voluntary differences at the hip and shoulder were trivial. Running efficiency was possibly increased on days 3 and 5. The effects on isometric strength were largely trivial, but a slight enhancement of the psychological state was observed. In a separate perception experiment, participants perceived tactile differences that were influenced by the knowledge of treatment. CONCLUSIONS For competitive subelite male soccer/hockey players, performance gains in response to wearing Aquatitan-treated garments are likely of trivial consequence. However, improved joint range of motion during recovery indicates that the garments reduced muscle–tendon stiffness, suggesting enhanced compliance, which warrants further investigation. Garment feel may also explain the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Wadsworth
- Division of Exercise and Sport Science, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Gastrocnemius tendon length and strain are different when assessed using straight or curved tendon model. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:3151-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kubo K, Tabata T, Ikebukuro T, Igarashi K, Tsunoda N. A longitudinal assessment of running economy and tendon properties in long-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1724-31. [PMID: 20543735 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ddf847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in tendon properties and running economy of long-distance runners (LDRs) in the preparatory periods of track season (TS) and road season (RS). Eleven well-trained LDRs and 6 untrained subjects participated in the present study. In each period, muscle strength, neural activation level, and tendon elongation for both knee extensors and plantar flexors, jump performances, and oxygen consumption during submaximal running velocities were measured. No significant differences observed in any measured variables between the 2 seasons for untrained subjects. For LDRs, the total running distance during 1 month preceding RS (832 +/- 95 km) was significantly longer than that during 1 month preceding TS (718 +/- 80 km). No significant differences in the muscle strength, neural activation level, and jump performances were found between TS and RS. The stiffness of tendon structures in RS was significantly lower than those in TS for both knee extensors (-14.4%, p = 0.023) and plantar flexors (-16.6%, p = 0.040). At 3 running velocities, the oxygen consumptions in RS were significantly lower than those in TS. These results suggested that the lower oxygen consumption during submaximal running velocities observed in the preparatory period of RS may be attributable to the more compliant tendon structures but not in the neuromuscular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
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Changes in tendon stiffness and running economy in highly trained distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1037-46. [PMID: 20683611 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in triceps-surae tendon stiffness (TST K) could affect running economy (RE) in highly trained distance runners. The intent was to induce increased TST K in a subgroup of runners by an added isometric training program. If TST K is a primary determinant of RE, then the energy cost of running (EC) should decrease in the trained subjects. EC was measured via open-circuit spirometry in 12 highly trained male distance runners, and TST K was measured using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Runners were randomly assigned to either a training or control group. The training group performed 4 × 20 s isometric contractions at 80% of maximum voluntary plantarflexion moment three times per week for 8 weeks. All subjects (V(O)₂(max)) = 67.4 ± 4.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) continued their usual training for running. TST K was measured every 2 weeks. EC was measured in both training and control groups before and after the 8 weeks at three submaximal velocities, corresponding to 75, 85 and 95% of the speed at lactate threshold (sLT). Isometric training did neither result in a mean increase in TST K (0.9 ± 25.8%) nor a mean improvement in RE (0.1 ± 3.6%); however, there was a significant relationship (r(2) = 0.43, p = 0.02) between the change in TST K and change in EC, regardless of the assigned group. It was concluded that TST K and EC are somewhat labile and change together.
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Kubo K, Ikebukuro T. Relationship between muscle fiber type and tendon properties in young males. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:127-9. [PMID: 20544942 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the estimated muscle fiber type and tendon properties in human knee extensors and plantar flexors (n = 50). Measurements included time-to-peak twitch torque (TPT) and tendon properties. TPT did not correlate significantly with the maximal elongation and stiffness of tendon. In conclusion, we found that the muscle fiber type was not related to the properties of tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science (Sports Sciences), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Effects of mechanical properties of muscle and tendon on performance in long distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:507-14. [PMID: 20535616 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon in long distance runners and their relations to running performance. Fifteen long distance runners (LDR) and 21 untrained subjects (CON) participated in this study. Muscle strength and activation level of knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured. Tendon elongation was determined using ultrasonography, while subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension and plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum. Relative MVC (to body mass) of LDR was significantly lower than that of CON for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. No significant difference in the neural activation levels was found between LDR and CON for both sites. Maximal tendon elongation of LDR was significantly lower than that of CON for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. Furthermore, faster running time in a 5,000 m race (best official record of LDR) was associated with lower tendon stiffness for both sites. In conclusion, the tendon of long distance runners is less extensible than those of untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. For both sites, however, the lower tendon stiffness may be in favor of the running performance in long distance runners.
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TILLIN NEALEA, JIMENEZ-REYES PEDRO, PAIN MATTHEWTG, FOLLAND JONATHANP. Neuromuscular Performance of Explosive Power Athletes versus Untrained Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:781-90. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181be9c7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hébert-Losier K, Schneiders AG, Newsham-West RJ, Sullivan SJ. Scientific bases and clinical utilisation of the calf-raise test. Phys Ther Sport 2009; 10:142-9. [PMID: 19897168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes commonly sustain injuries to the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. The calf-raise test (CRT) is frequently employed in sports medicine for the detection and monitoring of such injuries. However, despite being widely-used, a recent systematic review found no universal consensus relating to the test's purpose, parameters, and standard protocols. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to provide a clinical perspective on the anatomo-physiological bases underpinning the CRT and to discuss the utilisation of the test in relation to the structure and function of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. DESIGN Structured narrative review. METHODS Nine electronic databases were searched using keywords and MESH headings related to the CRT and the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit anatomy and physiology. A hand-search of reference lists and relevant journals and textbooks complemented the electronic search. SUMMARY There is evidence supporting the clinical use of the CRT to assess soleus and gastrocnemius, their shared aponeurosis, the Achilles tendon, and the combined triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. However, employing the same clinical test to assess all these structures and their associated functions remains challenging. CONCLUSIONS Further refinement of the CRT for the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit is needed. This is vital to support best practice utilisation, standardisation, and interpretation of the CRT in sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Kubo K, Ikebukuro T, Yaeshima K, Kanehisa H. Effects of different duration contractions on elasticity, blood volume, and oxygen saturation of human tendon in vivo. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:445-55. [PMID: 19306016 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science (Sports Sciences), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Bullock N, Martin DT, Ross A, Rosemond D, Jordan MJ, Marino FE. An acute bout of whole-body vibration on skeleton start and 30-m sprint performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390802579137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miyaguchi K, Demura S. Relationships Between Muscle Power Output Using the Stretch-Shortening Cycle and Eccentric Maximum Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:1735-41. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318182220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miyaguchi K, Demura S. Relationships between stretch-shortening cycle performance and maximum muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:19-24. [PMID: 18296951 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f2f94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationships between muscle power output using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and maximum strength, as measured by the 1 RM (1 repetition maximum) test and the isokinetic dynamometer under elbow flexion. Sixteen trained, young adult males pulled a constant load of 40% MVC (maximum voluntary elbow flexion contraction) by ballistic elbow flexion under the following two preliminary conditions: 1) the static relaxed muscle state (SR condition) and 2) using the SSC (SSC condition). Muscle power was determined from the product of the pulling velocity and load mass by a power measurement instrument with a rotary encoder. The 1 RM bench press (1RM BP) and isokinetic maximum strength under elbow flexion with the Cybex-325 were measured as indicators of dynamic maximum strength. 1) The early power output exerted under the SSC condition showed a significant and high correlation with the 1 RM BP (r = 0.83), but only moderate correlation with the isokinetic muscle strength (r = 0.50-0.67). 2) The contribution of the 1 RM BP to the early muscle contraction velocity exerted under the SSC condition was large. These results suggested that muscle power exerted using the SSC shows a stronger relationship with maximum muscle strength measured by a 1 RM test rather than isokinetic maximum strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Miyaguchi
- Liberal Arts Education Center, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Brughelli M, Cronin J. A review of research on the mechanical stiffness in running and jumping: methodology and implications. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 18:417-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Influence of training background on the relationships between plantarflexor intrinsic stiffness and overall musculoskeletal stiffness during hopping. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Brughelli
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
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Matsubayashi T, Kubo J, Matsuo A, Kobayashi K, Ishii N. Ultrasonographic Measurement of Tendon Displacement Caused by Active Force Generation in the Psoas Major Muscle. J Physiol Sci 2008; 58:323-32. [DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kubo K, Morimoto M, Komuro T, Yata H, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of Plyometric and Weight Training on Muscle-Tendon Complex and Jump Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1801-10. [PMID: 17909408 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31813e630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric and weight training protocols on the mechanical properties of muscle-tendon complex and muscle activities and performances during jumping. METHODS Ten subjects completed 12 wk (4 d.wk(-1)) of a unilateral training program for plantar flexors. They performed plyometric training on one side (PT; hopping and drop jump using 40% of 1RM) and weight training on the other side (WT; 80% of 1RM). Tendon stiffness was measured using ultrasonography during isometric plantar flexion. Three kinds of unilateral jump heights using only ankle joint (squat jump: SJ; countermovement jump: CMJ; drop jump: DJ) on sledge apparatus were measured. During jumping, electromyographic activities were recorded from plantar flexors and tibial anterior muscle. Joint stiffness was calculated as the change in joint torque divided by the change in ankle angle during eccentric phase of DJ. RESULTS Tendon stiffness increased significantly for WT, but not for PT. Conversely, joint stiffness increased significantly for PT, but not for WT. Whereas PT increased significantly jump heights of SJ, CMJ, and DJ, WT increased SJ only. The relative increases in jump heights were significantly greater for PT than for WT. However, there were no significant differences between PT and WT in the changes in the electromyographic activities of measured muscles during jumping. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the jump performance gains after plyometric training are attributed to changes in the mechanical properties of muscle-tendon complex, rather than to the muscle activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
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Stafilidis S, Arampatzis A. Muscle - tendon unit mechanical and morphological properties and sprint performance. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:1035-46. [PMID: 17497405 DOI: 10.1080/02640410600951589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether sprint performance is related to the mechanical (elongation - force relationship of the tendon and aponeurosis, muscle strength) and morphological (fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness) properties of the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscle - tendon units. Two groups of sprinters (slow, n = 11; fast, n = 17) performed maximal isometric knee extension and plantar flexion contractions on a dynamometer at 11 different muscle - tendon unit lengths. Elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius medialis and the vastus lateralis was measured using ultrasonography. We observed no significant differences in maximal joint moments at the ankle and knee joints or morphological properties of the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis between groups (P > 0.05). The fast group exhibited greater elongation of the vastus lateralis tendon and aponeurosis at a given tendon force, and greater maximal elongation of the vastus lateralis tendon and aponeurosis during maximum voluntary contraction (P < 0.05). Furthermore, maximal elongation of the vastus lateralis tendon and aponeurosis showed a significant correlation with 100-m sprint times (r = -0.567, P = 0.003). For the elongation - force relationship at the gastrocnemius medialis tendon and aponeurosis, the two groups recorded similar values. It is suggested that the greater elongation of the vastus lateralis tendon and aponeurosis of the fast group benefits energy storage and return as well as the shortening velocity of the muscle - tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Stafilidis
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Elliott MCCW, Wagner PP, Chiu L. Power athletes and distance training: physiological and biomechanical rationale for change. Sports Med 2007; 37:47-57. [PMID: 17190535 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of power lies at the foundation of all movement, especially athletic performance. Unfortunately, training programmes of athletes often seek to improve cardiovascular endurance through activities such as distance training that are detrimental for the performance of power athletes, rather than using other means of exercise. Performance decrements from continuous aerobic training can be a result of inappropriate neuromuscular adaptations, a catabolic hormonal profile, an increased risk for overtraining and an ineffective motor learning environment. However, long, sustained exercise continues to be employed at all levels of competition to obtain benefits that could be achieved more effectively through other forms of conditioning. While some advantageous effects of endurance training may occur, there are unequivocal drawbacks to distance training in the power athlete. There are many other types of conditioning that are more relevant to all anaerobic sports and will also avoid the negative consequences associated with distance training.
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Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch – shortening cycle exercise in vivo. J Sports Sci 2007; 23:851-60. [PMID: 16195037 DOI: 10.1080/02640410400022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch - shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force-tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad x s(-1) with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffness (P < 0.05) and hysteresis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index--that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P < 0.01)--than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
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