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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Valenzuela R, Pedrosa MA, Quijano A, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Drugs Modulating Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID-19 Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020502. [PMID: 35203711 PMCID: PMC8962306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A massive worldwide vaccination campaign constitutes the main tool against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, drug treatments are also necessary. Antivirals are the most frequently considered treatments. However, strategies targeting mechanisms involved in disease aggravation may also be effective. A major role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology and severity of COVID-19 has been suggested. The main link between RAS and COVID-19 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a central RAS component and the primary binding site for SARS-CoV-2 that facilitates the virus entry into host cells. An initial suggestion that the susceptibility to infection and disease severity may be enhanced by angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) because they increase ACE2 levels, led to the consideration of discontinuing treatments in thousands of patients. More recent experimental and clinical data indicate that ACEIs and, particularly, ARBs can be beneficial for COVID-19 outcome, both by reducing inflammatory responses and by triggering mechanisms (such as ADAM17 inhibition) counteracting viral entry. Strategies directly activating RAS anti-inflammatory components such as soluble ACE2, Angiotensin 1-7 analogues, and Mas or AT2 receptor agonists may also be beneficial. However, while ACEIs and ARBs are cheap and widely used, the second type of strategies are currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.L.-G.); (A.I.R.-P.)
| | - Carmen M. Labandeira
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Neurology Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloia Quijano
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.L.-G.); (A.I.R.-P.)
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López DE, Ballaz SJ. The Role of Brain Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) Beyond Neuroinflammation: Neuronal Homeostasis in Memory and Anxiety. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5167-5176. [PMID: 32860157 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases are a group of heme-containing isozymes (namely Cox-1 and Cox-2) that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to largely bioactive prostaglandins (PGs). Cox-1 is the ubiquitous housekeeping enzyme, and the mitogen-inducible Cox-2 is activated to cause inflammation. Interestingly, Cox-2 is constitutively expressed in the brain at the postsynaptic dendrites and excitatory terminals of the cortical and spinal cord neurons. Neuronal Cox-2 is activated in response to synaptic excitation to yield PGE2, the predominant Cox-2 metabolite in the brain, which in turn stimulates the release of glutamate and neuronal firing in a retrograde fashion. Cox-2 is also engaged in the metabolism of new endocannabinoids from 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol to modulate their actions at presynaptic terminals. In addition to these interactions, the induction of neuronal Cox-2 is coupled to the trans-synaptic activation of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system and some serotoninergic receptors, which might contribute to the development of emotional behavior. Although much of the focus regarding the induction of Cox-2 in the brain has been centered on neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, some evidence also suggests that Cox-2 release during neuronal signaling may be pivotal for the fine tuning of cortical networks to regulate behavior. This review compiles the evidence supporting the homeostatic role of neuronal Cox-2 in synaptic transmission and plasticity, since neuroinflammation is originally triggered by the induction of glial Cox-2 expression. The goal is to provide perspective on the roles of Cox-2 beyond neuroinflammation, such as those played in memory and anxiety, and whose evidence is still scant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E López
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Santiago J Ballaz
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.
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Shimada S, Abais-Battad JM, Alsheikh AJ, Yang C, Stumpf M, Kurth T, Mattson DL, Cowley AW. Renal Perfusion Pressure Determines Infiltration of Leukocytes in the Kidney of Rats With Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:849-858. [PMID: 32755400 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the extent to which leukocyte infiltration into the kidneys in Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension is determined by elevation of renal perfusion pressure (RPP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with carotid and femoral arterial catheters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and a femoral venous catheter for infusion. An inflatable aortic occluder cuff placed between the renal arteries with computer-driven servo-controller maintained RPP to the left kidney at control levels during 7 days of intravenous Ang II (50 ng/kg per minute) or vehicle (saline) infusion. Rats were fed a 0.4% NaCl diet throughout the study. Ang II-infused rats exhibited nearly a 50 mm Hg increase of RPP (carotid catheter) to the right kidney while RPP to the left kidney (femoral catheter) was controlled at baseline pressure throughout the study. As determined at the end of the studies by flow cytometry, right kidneys exhibited significantly greater numbers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes/macrophages compared with the servo-controlled left kidneys and compared with vehicle treated rats. No difference was found between Ang II servo-controlled left kidneys and vehicle treated kidneys. Immunostaining found that the density of glomeruli, cortical, and outer medullary capillaries were significantly reduced in the right kidney of Ang II-infused rats compared with servo-controlled left kidney. We conclude that in this model of hypertension the elevation of RPP, not Ang II nor dietary salt, leads to leukocyte infiltration in the kidney and to capillary rarefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Ammar J Alsheikh
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Megan Stumpf
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - David L Mattson
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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O'Connor AT, Clark MA. Angiotensin II induces cyclooxygenase 2 expression in rat astrocytes via the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Neuropeptides 2019; 77:101958. [PMID: 31378306 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that Angiotensin (Ang) II stimulated pro-inflammatory and mitogenic actions in astrocytes suggesting that astrocytes are emerging as key players in neuroinflammation. Evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may contribute to central sympathetic overactivity and elevated blood pressure. Further, cyclooxygenase (Cox)-derived prostanoids were implicated in Ang II-dependent hypertension. Cox2 is one of two Cox isoenzymes that is responsible for the formation of prostanoids from arachidonic acid. Constitutively expressed Cox2 has a protective and homeostatic role in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Inducible Cox2 has been associated with pathogenic stimuli resulting in inflammatory conditions and cancers. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ang II on Cox2 protein and mRNA expression in brainstem and cerebellum astrocytes, and determined whether any differences in Cox2 expression exist in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) astrocytes compared to their normotensive control Wistar rats. We demonstrated that Ang II increased Cox2 protein and mRNA levels relative to untreated controls in a time-dependent manner, in Wistar and SHR brainstem and cerebellum astrocytes. Increases in Cox2 protein expression were evident within 4 h, with subsequent sustained elevation for several hours followed by a decline at 48 h. Ang II-induced Cox2 protein levels were higher in Wistar compared to SHRs in both brainstem and cerebellum astrocytes for the majority of time points examined. The Ang II-induced Cox2 mRNA levels increased within 8 h followed by a rapid decline to almost basal levels at later time points. At the earlier time points, Cox2 mRNA elevation were higher in SHR compared to Wistar rat astrocytes. These Ang II actions were mediated by the Ang type I receptor. Our results corroborate previous reports of Ang II's ability to stimulate neuroinflammatory mediators in astrocytes. Cox2-derived prostaglandins might play a role in brain-renin angiotensin system associated hypertension, and astrocytes could be significant players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Tenneil O'Connor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States of America.
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Botzer A, Finkelstein Y, Grossman E, Moult J, Unger R. Iatrogenic hypertension: a bioinformatic analysis. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 19:337-346. [PMID: 30393374 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that a myriad of medications and substances can induce side effects that are related to blood pressure (BP) regulation. This study aims to investigate why certain drugs tend to cause iatrogenic hypertension (HTN) and focus on drug targets that are implicated in these conditions.Databases and resources such as SIDER, DrugBank, and Genomatix were utilized in order to bioinformatically investigate HTN-associated drug target-genes for which HTN is a side effect. A tree-like map was created, representing interactions between 198 human genes that relate to the blood pressure system. 72 HTN indicated drugs and 160 HTN-inducing drugs were investigated. HTN-associated genes affected by these drugs were identified. HTN indicated drugs, which target nearly all branches of the interaction tree, were shown to exert an effect on most functional sub-systems of the BP regulatory system; and specifically, for the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor pathways. High prevalence (25 genes) of shared targets between the HTN indicated and HTN-inducing drug categories was demonstrated. We focus on six drug families which are not indicated for HTN treatment, yet are reported as a major cause for blood pressure side effects. We show the molecular mechanisms that may lead to this iatrogenic effect. Such an analysis may have clinical implications that could allow for the development of tailored medicine with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Botzer
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Finkelstein
- Neurology and Toxicology Service and Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Grossman
- Department of Internal Medicine D and Hypertension Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - John Moult
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ron Unger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Prieto-García L, Pericacho M, Sancho-Martínez SM, Sánchez Á, Martínez-Salgado C, López-Novoa JM, López-Hernández FJ. Mechanisms of triple whammy acute kidney injury. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:132-145. [PMID: 27490717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI) results from glomerular haemodynamic alterations leading to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with no parenchymal compromise. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARAs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and diuretics, are highly prescribed drugs that are frequently administered together. Double and triple associations have been correlated with increased pre-renal AKI incidence, termed "double whammy" and "triple whammy", respectively. This article presents an integrative analysis of the complex interplay among the effects of NSAIDs, ACEIs/ARAs and diuretics, acting alone and together in double and triple therapies. In addition, we explore how these drug combinations alter the equilibrium of regulatory mechanisms controlling blood pressure (renal perfusion pressure) and GFR to increase the odds of inducing AKI through the concomitant reduction of blood pressure and distortion of renal autoregulation. Using this knowledge, we propose a more general model of pre-renal AKI based on a multi whammy model, whereby several factors are necessary to effectively reduce net filtration. The triple whammy was the only model associated with pre-renal AKI accompanied by a course of other risk factors, among numerous potential combinations of clinical circumstances causing hypoperfusion in which renal autoregulation is not operative or is deregulated. These factors would uncouple the normal BP-GFR relationship, where lower GFR values are obtained at every BP value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prieto-García
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Group of Theranostics for Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TERCARD), Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra M Sancho-Martínez
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Group of Theranostics for Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TERCARD), Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Sánchez
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Unidad de Hipertensión, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Group of Theranostics for Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TERCARD), Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Miguel López-Novoa
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Group of Theranostics for Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TERCARD), Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Hernández
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IECSCYL-IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182 - Hospital Virgen Vega, Planta 10, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Group of Theranostics for Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TERCARD), Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
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Yang Y, Gomez JA, Herrera M, Perez-Marco R, Repenning P, Zhang Z, Payne A, Pratt RE, Koller B, Beierwaltes WH, Coffman T, Mirotsou M, Dzau VJ. Salt restriction leads to activation of adult renal mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells via prostaglandin E2 and E-prostanoid receptor 4. Hypertension 2015; 65:1047-54. [PMID: 25776075 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of juxtaglomerular cell recruitment in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms that underlie renin production under conditions of chronic stimulation remain elusive. We have previously shown that CD44+ mesenchymal-like cells (CD44+ cells) exist in the adult kidney. Under chronic sodium deprivation, these cells are recruited to the juxtaglomerular area and differentiate to new renin-expressing cells. Given the proximity of macula densa to the juxtaglomerular area and the importance of macula densa released prostanoids in renin synthesis and release, we hypothesized that chronic sodium deprivation induces macula densa release of prostanoids, stimulating renal CD44+ cell activation and differentiation. CD44+ cells were isolated from adult kidneys and cocultured with the macula densa cell line, MMDD1, in normal or low-sodium medium. Low sodium stimulated prostaglandin E2 production by MMDD1 and induced migration of CD44+ cells. These effects were inhibited by addition of a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (NS398) or an E-prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist (AH23848) to MMDD1 or CD44+ cells, respectively. Addition of prostaglandin E2 to CD44+ cells increased cell migration and induced renin expression. In vivo activation of renal CD44+ cells during juxtaglomerular recruitment was attenuated in wild-type mice subjected to salt restriction in the presence of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor rofecoxib. Similar results were observed in E-prostanoid receptor 4 knockout mice subjected to salt restriction. These results show that the prostaglandin E2/E-prostanoid receptor 4 pathway plays a key role in the activation of renal CD44+ mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells during conditions of juxtaglomerular recruitment; highlighting the importance of this pathway as a key regulatory mechanism of juxtaglomerular recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Yang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Jose A Gomez
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Marcela Herrera
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Romelia Perez-Marco
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Peter Repenning
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Alan Payne
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Richard E Pratt
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Beverly Koller
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - William H Beierwaltes
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Thomas Coffman
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.).
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Beaudin AE, Pun M, Yang C, Nicholl DDM, Steinback CD, Slater DM, Wynne-Edwards KE, Hanly PJ, Ahmed SB, Poulin MJ. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 differentially regulate blood pressure and cerebrovascular responses to acute and chronic intermittent hypoxia: implications for sleep apnea. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000875. [PMID: 24815497 PMCID: PMC4309085 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease resulting from intermittent hypoxia (IH)‐induced inflammation. Cyclooxygenase (COX)‐formed prostanoids mediate the inflammatory response, and regulate blood pressure and cerebral blood flow (CBF), but their role in blood pressure and CBF responses to IH is unknown. Therefore, this study's objective was to determine the role of prostanoids in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to IH. Methods and Results Twelve healthy, male participants underwent three, 6‐hour IH exposures. For 4 days before each IH exposure, participants ingested a placebo, indomethacin (nonselective COX inhibitor), or Celebrex® (selective COX‐2 inhibitor) in a double‐blind, randomized, crossover study design. Pre‐ and post‐IH blood pressure, CBF, and urinary prostanoids were assessed. Additionally, blood pressure and urinary prostanoids were assessed in newly diagnosed, untreated OSA patients (n=33). Nonselective COX inhibition increased pre‐IH blood pressure (P≤0.04) and decreased pre‐IH CBF (P=0.04) while neither physiological variable was affected by COX‐2 inhibition (P≥0.90). Post‐IH, MAP was elevated (P≤0.05) and CBF was unchanged with placebo and nonselective COX inhibition. Selective COX‐2 inhibition abrogated the IH‐induced MAP increase (P=0.19), but resulted in lower post‐IH CBF (P=0.01). Prostanoids were unaffected by IH, except prostaglandin E2 was elevated with the placebo (P=0.02). Finally, OSA patients had elevated blood pressure (P≤0.4) and COX‐1 formed thromboxane A2 concentrations (P=0.02). Conclusions COX‐2 and COX‐1 have divergent roles in modulating vascular responses to acute and chronic IH. Moreover, COX‐1 inhibition may mitigate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity in OSA. Clinical Trial Registration URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01280006
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Beaudin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Schnermann J, Briggs JP. Tubular control of renin synthesis and secretion. Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:39-51. [PMID: 22665048 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intratubular composition of fluid at the tubulovascular contact site of the juxtaglomerular apparatus serves as regulatory input for secretion and synthesis of renin. Experimental evidence, mostly from in vitro perfused preparations, indicates an inverse relation between luminal NaCl concentration and renin secretion. The cellular transduction mechanism is initiated by concentration-dependent NaCl uptake through the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) with activation of NKCC2 causing inhibition and deactivation of NKCC2 causing stimulation of renin release. Changes in NKCC2 activity are coupled to alterations in the generation of paracrine factors that interact with granular cells. Among these factors, generation of PGE2 in a COX-2-dependent fashion appears to play a dominant role in the stimulatory arm of tubular control of renin release. [NaCl] is a determinant of local PG release over an appropriate concentration range, and blockade of COX-2 activity interferes with the NaCl dependency of renin secretion. The complex array of local paracrine controls also includes nNOS-mediated synthesis of nitric oxide, with NO playing the role of a modifier of the intracellular signaling pathway. A role of adenosine may be particularly important when [NaCl] is increased, and at least some of the available evidence is consistent with an important suppressive effect of adenosine at higher salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Schnermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm 4D50, NIDDK, NIH, 10 Center Drive MSC 1370, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Abraham F, Sacerdoti F, De León R, Gentile T, Canellada A. Angiotensin II activates the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway and induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat endometrial stromal cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37750. [PMID: 22662209 PMCID: PMC3360626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, plays a role in the process of uterine decidualization and blastocyst attachment. On the other hand, overexpression of COX-2 is involved in the proliferation of the endometrial tissue during endometriosis. Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-system plays a role in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and pre-eclampsia. Angiotensin II increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by targeting phospholypase C-gamma in endometrial stromal cells (ESC). A key element of the cellular response to Ca(2+) signals is the activity of the Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Our first aim was to study whether angiotensin II stimulated Cox-2 gene expression in rat ESC and to analyze whether calcineurin activity was involved. In cells isolated from non-pregnant uteri, COX-2 expression--both mRNA and protein--was induced by co-stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore (PIo), as well as by angiotensin II. Pretreatment with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A inhibited this induction. We further analyzed the role of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in the induction of Cox-2 gene expression in non-pregnant rat ESC. Cyclosporin A abolished NFATc1 dephosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus. Cyclosporin A also inhibited the transcriptional activity driven by the Cox-2 promoter. Exogenous expression of the peptide VIVIT -specific inhibitor of calcineurin/NFAT binding- blocked the activation of Cox-2 promoter and the up-regulation of COX-2 protein in these cells. Finally we analyzed Cox-2 gene expression in ESC of early-pregnant rats. COX-2 expression--both mRNA and protein--was induced by stimulation with PIo as well as by angiotensin II. This induction appears to be calcineurin independent, since it was not abrogated by cyclosporin A. In conclusion, angiotensin II induced Cox-2 gene expression by activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in endometrial stromal cells of non-pregnant but not of early-pregnant rats. These results might be related to differential roles that COX-2 plays in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Abraham
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Profesor Ricardo A. Margni” (CONICET-UBA), Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Profesor Ricardo A. Margni” (CONICET-UBA), Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina De León
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Profesor Ricardo A. Margni” (CONICET-UBA), Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teresa Gentile
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Profesor Ricardo A. Margni” (CONICET-UBA), Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Canellada
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Profesor Ricardo A. Margni” (CONICET-UBA), Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In the adult organism, systemically circulating renin almost exclusively originates from the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arterioles of the kidneys. These cells share similarities with pericytes and myofibro-blasts. They store renin in a vesicular network and granules and release it in a regulated fashion. The release mode of renin is not understood; in particular, the involvement of SNARE proteins is unknown. Renin release is acutely increased via the cAMP signaling pathway, which is triggered mainly by catecholamines and other G(s)-coupled agonists, and is inhibited by calcium-related pathways that are commonly activated by vasoconstrictors. Renin release from juxtaglomerular cells is directly modulated in an inverse fashion by the blood pressure inside the afferent arterioles and by the chloride content in the tubule fluid at the macula densa segment of the distal tubule. Renin release is stimulated by nitric oxide and by prostanoids released by neighboring endothelial and macula densa cells. Steady-state renin concentrations in the plasma are determined essentially by the number of renin-producing cells in the afferent arterioles, which changes in parallel with challenges to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kurtz
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität, Regensburg, Germany.
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Yamauchi H, Akino H, Ito H, Aoki Y, Nomura T, Yokoyama O. Urinary Prostaglandin E2 Was Increased in Patients With Suprapontine Brain Diseases, and Associated With Overactive Bladder Syndrome. Urology 2010; 76:1267.e13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Desch M, Schubert T, Schreiber A, Mayer S, Friedrich B, Artunc F, Todorov VT. PPARgamma-dependent regulation of adenylate cyclase 6 amplifies the stimulatory effect of cAMP on renin gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2139-51. [PMID: 20861226 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP plays an important role in the regulation of renin gene expression. Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is known to stimulate renin gene transcription acting through PPARγ-binding sequences in renin promoter. We show now that activation of PPARγ by unsaturated fatty acids or thiazolidinediones drastically augments the cAMP-dependent increase of renin mRNA in the human renin-producing cell line Calu-6. The underlying mechanism involves potentiation of agonist-induced cAMP increase and up-regulation of adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) gene expression. We identified a palindromic element with a 3-bp spacer (Pal3) in AC6 intron 1 (AC6Pal3). AC6Pal3 bound PPARγ and mediated trans-activation by PPARγ agonist. AC6 knockdown decreased basal renin mRNA level and attenuated the maximal PPARγ-dependent stimulation of the cAMP-induced renin gene expression. AC6Pal3 decoy oligonucleotide abrogated the PPARγ-dependent potentiation of cAMP-induced renin gene expression. Treatment of mice with PPARγ agonist increased AC6 mRNA kidney levels. Our data suggest that in addition to its direct effect on renin gene transcription, PPARγ "sensitizes" renin gene to cAMP via trans-activation of AC6 gene. AC6 has been identified as PPARγ target gene with a functional Pal3 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Desch
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Lamb GW, McArdle PA, Ramsey S, McNichol AM, Edwards J, Aitchison M, McMillan DC. The relationship between the local and systemic inflammatory responses and survival in patients undergoing resection for localized renal cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102:756-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Radi ZA, Ostroski R. Pulmonary and cardiorenal cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), -2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and -2 (mPGES-2) expression in a hypertension model. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2007:85091. [PMID: 17641732 PMCID: PMC1906712 DOI: 10.1155/2007/85091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive mice that express the human renin and angiotensinogen genes are used as a model for human hypertension because they develop hypertension secondary to increased renin-angiotensin system activity. Our study investigated the cellular localization and distribution of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2 in organ tissues from a mouse model of human hypertension. Male (n = 15) and female (n = 15) double transgenic mice (h-Ang 204/1 h-Ren 9) were used in the study. Lung, kidney, and heart tissues were obtained from mice at necropsy and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin followed by embedding in paraffin wax. Cut sections were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies to COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2 and analyzed by light microscopy. Renal expression of COX-1 was the highest in the distal convoluted tubules, cortical collecting ducts, and medullary collecting ducts; while proximal convoluted tubules lacked COX-1 expression. Bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and cardiac vascular endothelial cells also had strong COX-1 expression, with other renal, pulmonary, or cardiac microanatomic locations having mild-to-moderate expression. mPGES-2 expression was strong in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, mild to moderate in various renal microanatomic locations, and absent in cardiac tissues. COX-2 expression was strong in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, alveolar macrophages, and bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Marked mPGES-1 was present only in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells; while mild-to-moderate expression was present in other pulmonary, renal, or cardiac microanatomic locations. Expression of these molecules was similar between males and females. Our work suggests that in hypertensive mice, there are (a) significant microanatomic variations in the pulmonary, renal, and cardiac distribution and cellular localization of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2, and (b) no differences in expression between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A. Radi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 50-G0503,
Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- *Zaher A. Radi:
| | - Robert Ostroski
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road,
Building 50-G0503, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Kwon TH. Dysregulation of Renal Cyclooxygenase-2 in Rats with Lithium-induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Electrolyte Blood Press 2007; 5:68-74. [PMID: 24459504 PMCID: PMC3894518 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2007.5.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the expression of major prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is changed in the kidneys of the rats with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Li-NDI). Sprague-Dawley rats treated with lithium for 4 weeks were used as the NDI model and expression of renal COX-2 was determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In Li-NDI where urine output was markedly increased and urine osmolality was significantly decreased, COX-2 expression in the inner medulla was decreased (28% of control), while it increased 18-fold in the cortex and outer medulla. Consistent with this, labeling intensity of COX-2 in macula densa region was increased, whereas it was decreased in the interstitial cells in the inner medulla, indicating a differential regulation of COX-2 between the cortex and inner medulla in Li-NDI. Accordingly, urinary PGE2 excretion was significantly increased in Li-NDI. In conclusion, there is a differential regulation of COX-2 between cortex and inner medulla in Li-NDI and urinary PGE2 excretion is increased in Li-NDI, possibly due to an increased renal production. This may suggest that increased renal production of PGE2 could play a role in modulating water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct in Li-NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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18
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Chen S, Bartick T. Resection and use of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a cockatiel. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:69-73. [PMID: 16426169 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5-year-old sexually intact male cockatiel was examined because of progressive dyspnea of 1 week's duration. CLINICAL FINDINGS On auscultation of the lungs and air sacs, crackles were detected; the abdomen was distended and fluctuant on palpation. Eleven milliliters of clear yellow fluid was collected via abdominocentesis. Radiography (with and without contrast medium) and ultrasonography revealed a soft tissue mass in the caudoventral portion of the coelom. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Exploratory surgery of the coelomic cavity was performed and the neoplasm was excised. Histologic examination of the neoplasm was consistent with a high-grade pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma. Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, was administered for pain management and for potential antineoplastic activity. For 4.5 months after surgery, the bird had no recurrence of clinical signs; however, dyspnea recurred and during evaluation, the bird died. Necropsy findings indicated that the pancreatic adenocarcinoma had metastasized to surrounding tissues and vessels, which was not unexpected given the high grade assigned to the neoplasm during histologic analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pancreatic neoplasms are associated with a poor prognosis, regardless of treatment modality. Celecoxib can be administered as palliative treatment to affected birds, but as with any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, COX-2 inhibitors should be used cautiously because they can adversely affect renal function by decreasing renal prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chen
- Department of Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Bobst Hospital, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10021, USA
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19
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Stichtenoth DO, Marhauer V, Tsikas D, Gutzki FM, Frölich JC. Effects of specific COX-2-inhibition on renin release and renal and systemic prostanoid synthesis in healthy volunteers. Kidney Int 2005; 68:2197-207. [PMID: 16221219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in cardiovascular function, but little is known about the effects of specific cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition on this system in healthy humans under physiologic conditions. METHODS Twenty-one healthy female volunteers received, in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, celecoxib 200 mg twice a day, indomethacin 50 mg three times a day, or placebo for 4 days and a single dose, each, on day 5. On day 5 of each treatment, the following parameters were assessed with subjects in an upright position before and after administration of 20 mg furosemide intravenously: plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone, serum and urine electrolytes, and creatinine. Index metabolites of prostanoids were analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 24-hour urine on day 4 and in 2-hour urines before and after furosemide administration. RESULTS Baseline and furosemide-stimulated PRA were reduced to a similar degree by celecoxib and indomethacin. Plasma aldosterone and urinary excretion of potassium showed changes consistent with the alteration of PRA. Urinary excretion rates of prostaglandin E(2), (PGE(2)), 7alpha-hydroxy-5, 11-diketotetranor-prosta-1,16-dioic acid (PGE-M), and 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B(2) (TxB(2)) were not reduced by celecoxib, whereas indomethacin led to a decrease of 40%, 45%, and 80%, respectively. Both active treatments inhibited urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF(1alpha) and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) by 60% and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSION Renin-release in healthy humans with normal salt intake is COX-2 dependent. While COX-1 is critical for renal and systemic PGE(2) production, renal prostacyclin synthesis is apparently COX-2 dependent. Finally, the previously demonstrated shift of the thromboxane-prostacyclin balance toward prothrombotic thromboxane by specific COX-2 inhibition is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk O Stichtenoth
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
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Kotnik P, Nielsen J, Kwon TH, Krzisnik C, Frøkiaer J, Nielsen S. Altered expression of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES in rats with nephrogenic and central diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288:F1053-68. [PMID: 15644490 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00114.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins have an important role in renal salt and water reabsorption. PGE2is the main kidney prostaglandin and is thought to be mainly produced in the kidney inner medulla (IM). There are indications that PGE2synthesis in nephrogenic (NDI) and central (CDI) diabetes insipidus is altered. We hypothesize that the expression of the major PGE2synthesis enzymes cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2) and membrane-associated PGE2synthase (mPGES) is altered in the kidneys of rats with NDI and CDI. Wistar rats treated with lithium for 4 wk were used as the NDI model. One-half of the NDI model rats were additionally dehydrated for 48 h. Brattleboro (BB) rats that lack endogenous antidiuretic hormone were used as the CDI model. Expression and localization of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES in IM, inner stripe of outer medulla (ISOM), and cortex were determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In lithium-induced NDI, expression of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES was markedly decreased in IM. In ISOM and cortex, COX-1 expression was marginally reduced and mPGES expression was unaltered. COX-2 expression was undetected in ISOM and marginally increased in cortex. Consistent with this, the density of COX-2-expressing cells in macula densa was significantly increased, indicating differential regulation of COX-2 in IM and cortex. Dehydration of NDI rats resulted in a marked increase in COX-2 immunolabeling in IM interstitial cells, and there was no significant change in COX-1 and mPGES expression in any kidney zone. Treatment of DDAVP in BB rats for 6 days resulted in a markedly increased expression of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES in IM. In the cortex, there were no changes in the expression of COX-1 and mPGES, whereas COX-2 expression was decreased. These results identify markedly reduced expression of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES in IM in lithium-induced NDI. Furthermore, there were major changes in the expression of COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES in rats with CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primoz Kotnik
- The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Papel de los inhibidores selectivos de la COX-2 en la hipertensión arterial. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(04)71446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wagner C, Vitzthum H, Castrop H, Schumacher K, Bucher M, Albertin S, Coffman TM, Arendshorst WJ, Kurtz A. Differential regulation of renin and Cox-2 expression in the renal cortex of C57Bl/6 mice. Pflugers Arch 2003; 447:214-22. [PMID: 14504926 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-003-1157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on the controversy about the relevance of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-derived prostanoids from the macula densa for the control of the renin system, this study aimed to determine the interrelation between Cox-2 and renin expression in the mouse kidney. In control mice renin mRNA was readily detectable whilst renocortical Cox-2 mRNA abundance was at the detection limit of the RNase protection assay and no specific signals for Cox-2 were obtained by in situ hybridization or Western blot analysis. Experimental maneuvers such as low-salt diet, treatment with loop diuretics or angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors clearly increased renin mRNA abundance up to sevenfold, but under none of these conditions renocortical Cox-2 mRNA levels were significantly changed. Moreover, the strong stimulation of renin expression by angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition was not changed by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen, which in turn clearly lowered tissue prostanoid content. Our data suggest a marked divergence of renin and Cox-2 expression in the kidney cortex of C57Bl/6 mice with no clear evidence for a role of Cox-2-derived prostanoids from the macula densa in the regulation of renin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wagner
- Department of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Imig JD, Zhao X, Orengo SR, Dipp S, El-Dahr SS. The Bradykinin B2 receptor is required for full expression of renal COX-2 and renin. Peptides 2003; 24:1141-7. [PMID: 14612184 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition leads to increased levels of bradykinin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and renin. Since bradykinin stimulates prostaglandin release, renin synthesis may be regulated through a kinin-COX-2 pathway. To test this hypothesis, we examined the impact of bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) gene disruption in mice on kidney COX-2 and renin gene expression. Kidney COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in B2R-/- mice by 40-50%. On the other hand, renal COX-1 levels were similar in B2R-/- and +/+ mice. Renal renin protein was 61% lower in B2R-/- compared to B2R+/+ mice. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in renin mRNA levels in B2R-/- mice. Likewise, intrarenal angiotensin I levels were significantly lower in B2R-/- mice compared to B2R+/+ mice. In contrast, kidney angiotensin II levels were not different and averaged 261+/-16 and 266+/-15fmol/g in B2R+/+ and B2R-/- mice, respectively. Kidney angiotensinogen, AT1 receptor and ACE activity were not different between B2R+/+ and B2R-/- mice. The results of these studies demonstrate suppression of renal renin synthesis in mice lacking the bradykinin B2R and support the notion that B2R regulation of COX-2 participates in the steady-state control of renin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Vascular Biology Center, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA.
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