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Reali E, Ferrari D. From the Skin to Distant Sites: T Cells in Psoriatic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15707. [PMID: 37958689 PMCID: PMC10648543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin has long been known as a protective organ, acting as a mechanical barrier towards the external environment. More recent is the acquisition that in addition to this fundamental role, the complex architecture of the skin hosts a variety of immune and non-immune cells playing preeminent roles in immunological processes aimed at blocking infections, tumor progression and migration, and elimination of xenobiotics. On the other hand, dysregulated or excessive immunological response into the skin leads to autoimmune reactions culminating in a variety of skin pathological manifestations. Among them is psoriasis, a multifactorial, immune-mediated disease with a strong genetic basis. Psoriasis affects 2-3% of the population; it is associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, and in up to 30% of the cases, with psoriatic arthritis. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is due to the complex interplay between the genetic background of the patient, environmental factors, and both innate and adaptive responses. Moreover, an autoimmune component and the comprehension of the mechanisms linking chronic skin inflammation with systemic and joint manifestations in psoriatic patients is still a major challenge. The understanding of these mechanisms may offer a valuable chance to find targetable molecules to treat the disease and prevent its progression to severe systemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Reali
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Lu R, Peng Z, Lian P, Wazir J, Gu C, Ma C, Wei L, Li L, Pu W, Liu J, Wang H, Su Z. Vitamin D attenuates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by inhibiting immune response and restoring skin barrier function. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110558. [PMID: 37393836 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease causing erythema and itching. The etiology of AD is complex and not yet clear. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that promotes skin cell growth and differentiation and regulates immune function. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of calcifediol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, on experimental AD and the possible mechanism of action. We found that the levels of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in biopsy skin samples from AD patients decreased compared with controls. We used 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce an AD mouse model on the ear and back of BALB/c mice. A total of five groups were used: the control group, the AD group, the AD + calcifediol group, the AD + dexamethasone group, and the calcifediol alone group. Under calcifediol treatment, mice exhibited reduced spinous layer thickening, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, downregulated aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, and restored the barrier function of the skin. Simultaneous calcifediol treatment decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, inhibited inflammation and chemokine release, decreased AKT1 and mTOR phosphorylation, and suppressed epidermal cell proliferation and abnormal differentiation. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that calcifediol significantly protected mice against DNCB-induced AD. In a mouse model of AD, calcifediol may reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and chemokines by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3 and may restore skin barrier function through the downregulation of AQP3 protein expression and inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ziqi Peng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Panpan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junaid Wazir
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chaode Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chujun Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lulu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenyuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhonglan Su
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Bartko EA, Blom LH, Elberling J, Poulsen LK, Jensen BM. Expression of CCR8 and CCX-CKR on Basophils in Chronic Urticaria Is Amplified by IgE-Mediated Activation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1537. [PMID: 37371632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment to the local tissue and alerted phenotype are the hallmarks of basophils in chronic urticaria (CU). Chemokine receptors such as chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (CCR4) or CCR8 have been studied in skin diseases, e.g., atopic dermatitis, but not in CU. In this study, we aimed to define CU's basophil homing potential and receptor profile and the effect of Omalizumab treatment on these. Unstimulated and activated (anti-IgE, fMLP, C5a, and Substance P) whole blood basophils from 11 Omalizumab-treated CU patients and 10 healthy subjects were investigated with flow cytometry. Unstimulated basophils in CU showed higher expression of the skin-associated (CCR8) and scavenger (CCX-CKR) receptors and lower expression of the lung-associated (CCR3) receptor in contrast to healthy ones. IgE-mediated activation increased the percentage of CCR8 and CCX-CKR in CU compared to healthy group and elevated the expression of the lung-associated chemokine receptor, XCR1, in all groups. A trend of augmented expression of the coagulation cascade (CD87) and fMLP (FPR1) receptors was seen on basophils in CU, while a tendency of reduced expression was seen for itch (IL-31RA) and immunotolerance (CD109) receptors. fMLP and C5a increased the expression of CCR4, CCR8, CCX-CKR, and CD87 and decreased CCR2 and CCR3, though no changes between the groups were found. In conclusion, CU basophils exhibit skin-homing potential amplified by IgE-mediated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Bartko
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars H Blom
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Elberling
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bettina M Jensen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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Alsabbagh M, Ismaeel A. The role of cytokines in atopic dermatitis: a breakthrough in immunopathogenesis and treatment. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Napolitano M, Fabbrocini G, Cinelli E, Stingeni L, Patruno C. Profile of Baricitinib and Its Potential in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Short Review on the Emerging Clinical Evidence. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:89-94. [PMID: 32099414 PMCID: PMC6999549 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s206387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic cutaneous inflammatory disease of childhood, affecting up to 25% of children; its prevalence in adulthood is currently unknown, since studies reported that AD may affect 0.3-14.3% of adult population. In the last decade, the advanced understanding of AD molecular pathways along with patient's and physician's demand for more effective therapies, led to the introduction of new therapeutic agents. Baricitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor highly selective for JAK1 and JAK2. Treatment with baricitinib improved the signs and symptoms of moderate-to-severe AD compared to placebo, but it will be essential to better understand the safety profile of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cinelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atopic dermatitis (AD) is perhaps the most common inflammatory skin disorder worldwide, with an increasing incidence in developed countries. The mainstay treatment for patients with AD is topical therapies, which are used not only by the mild patients but also by the moderate-to-severe patients, in conjunction with systemic treatment. While topical steroids and calcineurin antagonists are widely used, these are associated with long-term cutaneous adverse effects (AEs) or a black box warning, preventing their chronic use. Areas covered: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of new and upcoming topical therapies currently in development and undergoing clinical trials, as well as their safety and efficacy profiles, and discuss current topicals used in the management of AD. Expert opinion: AD is a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology. Treatments available to date for AD provide disease control; however, patients struggle to find an optimized therapeutic regimen they may use long term and without severe effects. Novel therapies are currently under investigation, with the hope of shifting the paradigm of AD management from symptom control to disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisleen Diaz
- a Department of Dermatology , Icahn School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases , New York , NY , USA.,c Ponce Health Sciences University School of Medicine , Ponce , PR , USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- a Department of Dermatology , Icahn School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases , New York , NY , USA
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Otsuka A, Nomura T, Rerknimitr P, Seidel JA, Honda T, Kabashima K. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:246-262. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Judith A. Seidel
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Biopolis; Singapore
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Castan L, Magnan A, Bouchaud G. Chemokine receptors in allergic diseases. Allergy 2017; 72:682-690. [PMID: 27864967 DOI: 10.1111/all.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, as well as in various diseases, leukocyte migration is a crucial issue for the immune system that is mainly organized through the activation of bone marrow-derived cells in various tissues. Immune cell trafficking is orchestrated by a family of small proteins called chemokines. Leukocytes express cell-surface receptors that bind to chemokines and trigger transendothelial migration. Most allergic diseases, such as asthma, rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis, are generally classified by the tissue rather than the type of inflammation, making the chemokine/chemokine receptor system a key point of the immune response. Moreover, because small antagonists can easily block such receptors, various molecules have been developed to suppress the recruitment of immune cells during allergic reactions, representing potential new drugs for allergies. We review the chemokines and chemokine receptors that are important in asthma, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis and their respectively developed antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Castan
- INRA; UR1268 BIA; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR1087; lnstitut du thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR6291; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - A. Magnan
- INSERM; UMR1087; lnstitut du thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR6291; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; Service de Pneumologie; Institut du thorax; Nantes France
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Toda M, Nakamura T, Ohbayashi M, Ikeda Y, Dawson M, Aye CC, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ. Mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in allergic diseases: insights into new therapies targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:351-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Li W, Ma W, Zhong H, Liu W, Sun Q. Metformin inhibits proliferation of human keratinocytes through a mechanism associated with activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:389-392. [PMID: 24396411 PMCID: PMC3881035 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of metformin on the proliferation of human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. HaCaT cells in the logarithmic growth phase were treated with 50 mM metformin for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell morphology after 24 h of treatment was observed under a microscope. Cell proliferation was detected using a colorimetric cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay kit. Western blot analyses were performed to detect the protein phosphorylation levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Metformin treatment resulted in morphological changes of the HaCaT cells. The survival rates of HaCaT cells treated with metformin were 36.18, 12.70 and 10.12% at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. As the treatment time extended, the survival rates of HaCaT cells decreased. Western blot analysis results showed that the mean level of phosphorylated (p)-AMPK in the HaCaT cells without metformin treatment was 2.856±0.323. However, the mean p-AMPK level following metformin treatment for 24 h increased to 5.198±0.625, indicating a significant difference between these two groups (P<0.05). The mean absorbance ratio of p-ERK1/2 was 7.550±1.087 for the untreated cells, but the levels in cells following metformin treatment for 24 h increased to 10.430±1.217, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, metformin treatment upregulated the levels of p-AMPK and p-ERK1/2 in HaCaT cells, and significantly inhibited HaCaT cell proliferation in vitro by a mechanism associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Li
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Al-Ayadhi LY, Mostafa GA. Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived chemokine and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in autistic children. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:72. [PMID: 23782855 PMCID: PMC3704803 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In some autistic children, there is an imbalance of T helper (Th)1/Th2 lymphocytes toward Th2, which may be responsible for the induction of the production of autoantibodies in these children. Th2 lymphocytes express CCR4 receptors. CCR4 ligands include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). They direct trafficking and recruitment of Th2 cells. We are the first to measure serum levels of CCR4 ligands in relation to the degree of the severity of autism. Methods Serum concentrations of MDC and TARC were measured, by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique, in 56 autistic children and 32 healthy matched children. Results Autistic children had significantly higher serum levels of MDC and TARC than healthy controls (P <0.001 and P <0.001, respectively). Children with severe autism had significantly higher serum levels of MDC and TARC than patients with mild to moderate autism (P <0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). In addition, there were significant positive correlations between CARS and serum levels of both MDC (P <0.001) and TARC (P <0.001) in children with autism. There were significant positive correlations between serum levels of MDC and TARC in autistic children (P <0.001). Conclusions Serum levels of CCR4 ligands were elevated in autistic children and they were significantly correlated to the degree of the severity of autism. However, further research is warranted to determine the pathogenic role of CCR4 ligands in autism and to shed light on the therapeutic role of CCR4-ligand antagonism in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Yousef Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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CCR10 and its ligands in regulation of epithelial immunity and diseases. Protein Cell 2012; 3:571-80. [PMID: 22684736 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues covering the external and internal surface of a body are constantly under physical, chemical or biological assaults. To protect the epithelial tissues and maintain their homeostasis, multiple layers of immune defense mechanisms are required. Besides the epithelial tissue-resident immune cells that provide the first line of defense, circulating immune cells are also recruited into the local tissues in response to challenges. Chemokines and chemokine receptors regulate tissue-specific migration, maintenance and functions of immune cells. Among them, chemokine receptor CCR10 and its ligands chemokines CCL27 and CCL28 are uniquely involved in the epithelial immunity. CCL27 is expressed predominantly in the skin by keratinocytes while CCL28 is expressed by epithelial cells of various mucosal tissues. CCR10 is expressed by various subsets of innate-like T cells that are programmed to localize to the skin during their developmental processes in the thymus. Circulating T cells might be imprinted by skin-associated antigen- presenting cells to express CCR10 for their recruitment to the skin during the local immune response. On the other hand, IgA antibody-producing B cells generated in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues express CCR10 for their migration and maintenance at mucosal sites. Increasing evidence also found that CCR10/ligands are involved in regulation of other immune cells in epithelial immunity and are frequently exploited by epithelium-localizing or -originated cancer cells for their survival, proliferation and evasion from immune surveillance. Herein, we review current knowledge on roles of CCR10/ligands in regulation of epithelial immunity and diseases and speculate on related important questions worth further investigation.
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Gehad A, Al-Banna NA, Vaci M, Issekutz AC, Mohan K, Latta M, Issekutz TB. Differing requirements for CCR4, E-selectin, and α4β1 for the migration of memory CD4 and activated T cells to dermal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:337-46. [PMID: 22664869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CCR4 on T cells is suggested to mediate skin homing in mice. Our objective was to determine the interaction of CCR4, E-selectin ligand (ESL), and α(4)β(1) on memory and activated T cells in recruitment to dermal inflammation. mAbs to rat CCR4 were developed. CCR4 was on 5-21% of memory CD4 cells, and 20% were also ESL(+). Anti-TCR-activated CD4 and CD8 cells were 40-55% CCR4(+), and ∼75% of both CCR4(+) and CCR4(-) cells were ESL(+). CCR4(+) memory CD4 cells migrated 4- to 7-fold more to dermal inflammation induced by IFN-γ, TNF, TLR agonists, and delayed-type hypersensitivity than CCR4(-) cells. CCR4(+) activated CD4 cells migrated only 5-50% more than CCR4(-) cells to these sites. E-selectin blockade inhibited ∼60% of CCR4(+) activated CD4 cell migration but was less effective on memory cells where α(4)β(1) was more important. Anti-α(4)β(1) also inhibited CCR4(-) activated CD4 cells more than CCR4(+) cells. Anti-E-selectin reduced activated CD8 more than CD4 cell migration. These findings modify our understanding of CCR4, ESL, α(4)β(1), and dermal tropism. There is no strict relationship between CCR4 and ESL for skin homing of CD4 cells, because the activation state and inflammatory stimulus are critical determinants. Dermal homing memory CD4 cells express CCR4 and depend more on α(4)β(1) than ESL. Activated CD4 cells do not require CCR4, but CCR4(+) cells are more dependent on ESL than on α(4)β(1), and CCR4(-) cells preferentially use α(4)β(1). The differentiation from activated to memory CD4 cells increases the dependence on CCR4 for skin homing and decreases the requirement for ESL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gehad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation develops in tissues that have large epithelial surface areas that are exposed to the environment, such as the lung, skin and gut. In the steady state, antigen-experienced memory T cells patrol these peripheral tissues to facilitate swift immune responses against invading pathogens. In at least two allergy-prone organs, the skin and the gut, memory T cells are programmed during the initial antigen priming to express trafficking receptors that enable them to preferentially home to these organs. In this review we propose that tissue-specific memory and inflammation-specific T cell trafficking facilitates the development of allergic disease in these organs. We thus review recent advances in our understanding of tissue-specific T cell trafficking and how regulation of T cell trafficking by the chemokine system contributes to allergic inflammation in mouse models and in human allergic diseases of the skin, lung and gut. Inflammation- and tissue-specific T lymphocyte trafficking pathways are currently being targeted as new treatments for non-allergic inflammatory diseases and may yield effective new therapeutics for allergic diseases.
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Chimura N, Kondo N, Shibata S, Kimura T, Mori T, Hoshino Y, Murayama N, Nagata M, Ide K, Nishifuji K, Kamishina H, Maeda S. Gene transcription analysis in lesional skin of canine epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:329-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rabe H, Lundell AC, Andersson K, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, Rudin A. Higher proportions of circulating FOXP3+ and CTLA-4+ regulatory T cells are associated with lower fractions of memory CD4+ T cells in infants. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1133-40. [PMID: 21934066 PMCID: PMC3236549 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0511244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, a majority of FOXP3(+) T(regs) expresses CTLA-4, and this costimulatory molecule is essential to control the expansion of other T cells. However, it remains to be investigated whether FOXP3(+) and/or CTLA-4(+) T(regs) are associated with the expression of memory markers and homing receptors on CD4(+) T cells. Thus, in a prospective newborn-infant cohort study, we examined the proportions of FOXP3(+) and CTLA-4(+) T(regs) within the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell population and the fractions of CD4(+) T cells that expressed CD45RA, CD45RO, HLA-DR, α(4)β(7), CD62L, and CCR4 at several time-points during the first 3 years of life using flow cytometry. With the use of multivariate factor analysis, we found that a high proportion of FOXP3(+) or CTLA-4(+) T(regs) during the first 18 months of life was associated positively with the fraction of T cells that expressed a naïve phenotype (CD45RA and α(4)β(7)) and inversely related to the fraction of T cells that expressed a memory phenotype (CD45RO and CCR4) later in childhood. In conclusion, FOXP3(+) or CTLA-4(+) T(regs) may modulate CD4(+) T cell activation and homing receptor expression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardis Rabe
- Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Riis JL, Johansen C, Vestergaard C, Bech R, Kragballe K, Iversen L. Kinetics and differential expression of the skin-related chemokines CCL27 and CCL17 in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:789-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nakagami Y, Kawashima K, Etori M, Yonekubo K, Suzuki C, Jojima T, Kuribayashi T, Nara F, Yamashita M. A novel CC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist RS-1269 inhibits ovalbumin-induced ear swelling and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 107:793-7. [PMID: 20406201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chemokines recruit leukocytes in allergic, inflammatory and immune responses. CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is implicated as a preferential marker for T helper 2 cells, and the cells selectively respond to CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) and CCL22. We searched for compounds having a profile as a CCR4 antagonist from an in-house library and have previously reported that 3-{2-[(2R)-2-phenyl-4-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]ethyl}quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (named RS-1154) was capable of significantly inhibiting the binding of [(125) I]CCL17 to human CCR4-expressing CHO cells. From further synthesis of its derivatives, we newly focused on 3-(isobutyrylamino)-N-{2-[(2R)-2-phenyl-4-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]ethyl}benzamide (RS-1269), which showed potency comparable to RS-1154 in inhibiting CCL17-induced migration of DO11.10 mice-derived T helper 2 cells with an IC(50) value of 5.5 nM in vitro. We then investigated the pharmacological effects of RS-1269 on ovalbumin-induced ear swelling and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock in mice. The ear thickness was significantly decreased by oral administration of RS-1269 at the dose of 30 mg/kg. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide significantly increased the serum level of tumour necrosis factor-α. Compared with an anti-CCL17 antibody, RS-1269 significantly inhibited the production at the dose of 100 mg/kg. These results raise the possibility that RS-1269 or one of its derivatives has potential to serve as a prototype compound to develop therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakagami
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Jeong SI, Lee YE, Jang SI. (2S)-2′-methoxykurarinone from Sophora flavescens suppresses cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine/CCL27 expression induced by interleukin-ß/tumor necrosis factor-α via heme oxygenase-1 in human keratinocytes. J Med Food 2011; 13:1116-24. [PMID: 20883179 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the CC chemokines, cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK/CCL27), is a skin-specific CC chemokine that is produced constitutively by keratinocytes and is highly up-regulated in inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. (2S)-2′-Methoxykurarinone (MOK) from Sophora flavescens has been demonstrated to have antioxidant effects. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 has recently emerged as an important cytoprotective enzyme against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in many cell types. This study aimed to define whether and how MOK regulates skin specific CTACK/CCL27 chemokine production in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The level of CTACK/CCL27 and HO-1 expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and signaling was evaluated by western blot analysis. CTACK/CCL27 production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pretreatment with MOK suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)- and interleukin (IL)-1ß-induced CTACK/CCL27 production in human HaCaT keratinocytes. MOK inhibited TNF-α- and IL-1ß-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Interestingly, pretreatment with MOK significantly suppressed TNF-α- and IL-1ß-induced CTACK/CCL27 production through the induction of HO-1. This suppression was completely abolished by HO-1 small interfering RNA. Furthermore, carbon monoxide, but not other end products of HO-1 activity, also suppressed TNF-α- and IL-1ß-induced CTACK/CCL27 production. These results demonstrate that MOK attenuates TNF-α- and IL-1ß-induced production of CTACK/CCL27 in human HaCaT keratinocytes by inhibiting NF-κB activation and induction of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Jeong
- Jeonju Biomaterials Institute, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Nakagami Y, Kawashima K, Yonekubo K, Etori M, Jojima T, Miyazaki S, Sawamura R, Hirahara K, Nara F, Yamashita M. Novel CC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist RS-1154 inhibits ovalbumin-induced ear swelling in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 624:38-44. [PMID: 19818758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine: TARC) and CCL22 (macrophage-derived chemokine: MDC) selectively bind to CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). The CCR4 system is considered to be responsible for the pathology of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. To find and develop potential medicines against allergic diseases, we screened an in-house library to search for compounds having a profile as a CCR4 antagonist. From among the screening hits, we focused on 3-{2-[(2R)-2-phenyl-4-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]ethyl}quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (named RS-1154), which had been newly synthesized in our laboratory. This compound inhibited the binding of [(125)I]CCL17 to human CCR4-expressing CHO cells with an IC(50) value of 27.7 nM and moreover inhibited CCL17-induced migration of DO11.10 mice-derived T helper 2 cells with an IC(50) value of 1.5 nM in vitro. We then examined the effect of RS-1154 in an ovalbumin-induced ear swelling assay. The ear thickness was decreased by intravenous administration of anti-CCL17 or anti-CCL22 antibodies, suggesting that the CCR4 system is involved in the ear swelling. Though partially, the oral administration of RS-1154 also significantly ameliorated the ear swelling at the doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, the serum level of interleukin-4 decreased after the administration of RS-1154. In this study, we succeeded in obtaining a newly-synthesized compound, RS-1154, which has a potential to inhibit the chemotaxis of T helper 2 cells in vitro and to ameliorate ovalbumin-induced ear swelling in vivo. These results raise the possibility that RS-1154 or one of derivatives might become a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakagami
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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22
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Perros F, Hoogsteden HC, Coyle AJ, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Blockade of CCR4 in a humanized model of asthma reveals a critical role for DC-derived CCL17 and CCL22 in attracting Th2 cells and inducing airway inflammation. Allergy 2009; 64:995-1002. [PMID: 19630858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As Th2 type lymphocytes orchestrate the cardinal features of allergic asthma, inhibiting their recruitment to the lungs could be of therapeutic benefit. Although human Th2 cells express the CCR4 chemokine receptor and increased production of CCR4 ligands has been found in asthmatic airways, studies in animals have reached contradictory conclusions on whether blocking this pathway would be beneficial. OBJECTIVE As a lack of efficacy might be due to differences between mouse and man, we readdressed this question using a humanized severe combined immunodeficiency model of asthma. METHODS Mice received peripheral blood mononuclear cells from house dust mite (HDM) allergic asthmatic patients and then underwent bronchial challenge with HDM. RESULTS This resulted in marked allergic inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity. Administration of CCR4 blocking antibody abolished the airway eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, IgE synthesis and bronchial hyper-reactivity. In this chimeric system, human CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) were the predominant source of CCR4 ligands, suggesting that DC-derived chemokines attract Th2 cells. In separate experiments using human DCs, in vitro exposure to HDM of DCs from HDM allergic patients but not healthy controls caused CCL17 and CCL22 release that resulted in chemoattraction of polarized human Th2 cells in a CCR4-dependent way. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data provide proof of concept that CCR4 blockade inhibits the salient features of asthma and justify further clinical development of CCR4 antagonists for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perros
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Lonsdorf AS, Hwang ST, Enk AH. Chemokine receptors in T-cell-mediated diseases of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2552-66. [PMID: 19474804 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine/chemokine receptor network is an integral element of the complex system of homeostasis and immunosurveillance. Initially studied because of their role in coordinating tissue-specific migration and activation of leucocytes, chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases with strong inflammatory components. We discuss recent findings suggesting a critical involvement of chemokine receptor interactions in the immunopathogenesis of classical inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, as well as neoplastic diseases with a T-cell origin, such as mycosis fungoides. A deeper understanding of the underlying contribution of the chemokine network in the disease processes is key for the development of selective targeted immunotherapeutics that may meet the delicate balance between efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke S Lonsdorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Oyoshi MK, He R, Kumar L, Yoon J, Geha RS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Adv Immunol 2009; 102:135-226. [PMID: 19477321 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(09)01203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease associated with a personal or family history of allergy. The prevalence of AD is on the rise and estimated at approximately 17% in the USA. The fundamental lesion in AD is a defective skin barrier that results in dry itchy skin, and is aggravated by mechanical injury inflicted by scratching. This allows entry of antigens via the skin and creates a milieu that shapes the immune response to these antigens. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the abnormal skin barrier in AD, namely abnormalities in epidermal structural proteins, such as filaggrin, mutated in approximately 15% of patients with AD, epidermal lipids, and epidermal proteases and protease inhibitors. The review also dissects, based on information from mouse models of AD, the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune system to the pathogenesis of AD, including the effect of mechanical skin injury on the polarization of skin dendritic cells, mediated by keratinocyte-derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-6, and IL-1, that results in a Th2-dominated immune response with a Th17 component in acute AD skin lesions and the progressive conversion to a Th1-dominated response in chronic AD skin lesions. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms of susceptibility of AD skin lesions to microbial infections and the role of microbial products in exacerbating skin inflammation in AD. Based on this information, we discuss current and future therapy of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Mostafa GA, Tomoum HY, Salem SAA, Abd El-Aziz MM, Abou El-Maged DI, El-Sayed El-Far I. Serum concentrations of CCR4 ligands in relation to clinical severity of atopic dermatitis in Egyptian children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19:756-62. [PMID: 18435706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, the key effector cells in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), express CCR4 receptors. CCR4 ligands (macrophage-derived chemokine 'MDC' and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine 'TARC') direct trafficking and recruitment of Th2 cells into lesional skin in AD. These chemokines appear to be useful inflammatory markers for assessing severity of AD in adults. However, the same results have not been replicated in children. Therefore, we were stimulated to elucidate the expression of CCR4 ligands in children with AD and their relation to clinical disease severity. To investigate this, serum concentrations of CCR4 ligands were determined in 60 children, of whom 30 had AD and 30 were healthy matched subjects. Patients were classified into mild (n = 8), moderate (n = 12) and severe (n = 10) according to the objective scoring AD (obj-SCORAD) index. Serum concentrations of MDC and TARC were significantly increased in children with AD (2697 +/- 982.6 pg/ml and 945.5 +/- 494.7 pg/ml, respectively) compared with controls (357.2 +/- 233.2 pg/ml and 214.2 +/- 116.6 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.0001). Serum levels of both chemokines went hand in hand with disease severity as they were significantly higher in severe than moderate and in moderate than mild AD. In addition, they correlated positively with obj-SCORAD (r = 0.99 for both, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, both chemokines had significant positive correlations to blood eosinophil counts and serum immunoglobulin E. In conclusion, serum CCR4 ligands may be useful inflammatory markers for assessing AD severity in children. Further studies may pave way for CCR4 ligands antagonism among the adjuvant therapeutic strategies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Mira E, León B, Barber DF, Jiménez-Baranda S, Goya I, Almonacid L, Márquez G, Zaballos A, Martínez-A C, Stein JV, Ardavín C, Mañes S. Statins induce regulatory T cell recruitment via a CCL1 dependent pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3524-34. [PMID: 18714025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The statins, a group of inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, are reported to influence a variety of immune system activities through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. How statin treatment regulates immune system function in vivo nonetheless remains to be fully defined. We analyzed the immunomodulatory effects of lovastatin in a Candida albicans-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in mice. In this model, lovastatin administration reduced the acute inflammatory response elicited by C. albicans challenge. This anti-inflammatory activity of lovastatin was associated with a shift from a Th1 to a Th2 immune response, as well as an increase in the percentage of regulatory T cells at the inflammation site and in the regional draining lymph node. The lovastatin-induced increase in regulatory T cells in the inflamed skin was dependent on expression of CCL1, a chemokine that is locally up-regulated by statin administration. The anti-inflammatory effect of lovastatin was abrogated in CCL1-deficient mice. These results suggest that local regulation of chemokine expression may be an important process in statin-induced modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Kagami S, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Nakamura K, Kuwano Y, Komine M, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Tamaki K. CCL27-transgenic mice show enhanced contact hypers ensitivity to Th2, but not Th1 stimuli. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:647-57. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mirshahpanah P, Li YYY, Burkhardt N, Asadullah K, Zollner TM. CCR4 and CCR10 ligands play additive roles in mouse contact hypersensitivity. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:30-4. [PMID: 18095942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis are T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin diseases; chemokine receptors (CCR) 4 and 10 play an important role in the ligand-mediated recruitment of T cells into the skin in mice and humans, specifically with regards to tethering, firm adhesion and subsequent extravasation to the sight of injury. We utilized established murine models of dinitrofluorobenzene-, trimellitic acid anhydride- or oxazalone-induced contact hypersensitivity, to reflect the various Th-polarizations of different skin diseases, and investigated the functional effect of antibody blocking of single CCR ligands or combination therapy to block all CCR4 and CCR10 ligands. Our results indicate a greater reduction in inflammatory response--measured by oedema formation, myeloid cell and neutrophil infiltration and activity and CD3+ cell infiltration at the site of injury--with combination antibody therapy to CCR4 and CCR10 ligands versus controls, in nearly every tested condition. We conclude that blocking CCR4 and CCR10 simultaneously, or their ligands, should be beneficial in the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin diseases.
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MAEDA S, TSUCHIDA H, SHIBATA S, KAWAKAMI T, TSUKUI T, OHBA Y, FUKATA T, KITAGAWA H. Expression Analysis of CCL27 and CCL28 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin of Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:51-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadatoshi MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hiromi TSUCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Sanae SHIBATA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tetsuji KAWAKAMI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | | | - Yasunori OHBA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tsuneo FUKATA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hitoshi KITAGAWA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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de Groot M, Teunissen MBM, Ortonne JP, Lambert JR, Naeyaert JM, Picavet DI, Arreaza MG, Simon JS, Kraan M, Bos JD, de Rie MA. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in psoriasis and results of a randomized placebo controlled trial with a CCR5 inhibitor. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:305-13. [PMID: 17647003 PMCID: PMC1950346 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have indicated that the chemokine receptor CCR5 and its ligands, especially CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES), may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the expression of CCR5 and its ligands in chronic plaque psoriasis and to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical effect of a CCR5 receptor inhibitor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low but significant increased total numbers of CCR5 positive cells in epidermis and dermis of lesional skin in comparison to non-lesional skin. However, relative expression of CCR5 proportional to the cells observed revealed that the difference between lesional and non-lesional skin was only statistically significant in the epidermis for CD3 positive cells and in the dermis for CD68 positive cells. Quantification of mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction only showed an increased expression of CCL5 (RANTES) in lesional skin. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in 32 psoriasis patients revealed no significant clinical effect and no changes at the immunohistochemical level comparing patients treated with placebo or a CCR5 inhibitor SCH351125. We conclude that although CCR5 expression is increased in psoriatic lesions, this receptor does not play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan de Groot
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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31
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Naisbitt DJ, Pirmohamed M, Park BK. Immunological principles of T-cell-mediated adverse drug reactions in skin. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007; 6:109-24. [PMID: 17367257 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.6.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions in skin are an immune-mediated phenomenon associated with significant patient mortality and morbidity. Antigen-specific T cells, which have been isolated from the peripheral circulation and target organs of hypersensitive patients, are thought to propagate and regulate the development of clinical symptoms. The investigation of clinical cases with respect to the basic cellular and chemical mechanisms that underpin drug hypersensitivity has resulted in: i) the need to redress some aspects of present immunological dogma; and ii) additional fundamental immunological questions. Thus, the aim of this review article is to summarise present opinion on how and why drugs initiate a pathogenic T-cell response in a small section of the population and subsequently reflect on gaps in basic immunology and where future research might lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Naisbitt
- University of Liverpool, Department of Pharmacology, The Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK.
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32
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Wu Y, Farrell J, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Generation and characterization of antigen-specific CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T-cell clones from patients with carbamazepine hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:973-81. [PMID: 17320939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity is a serious manifestation of anticonvulsant therapy characterized by infiltration of the epidermis and dermis by activated CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cells, respectively. Attempts to characterize drug-specific CD8(+) T cells have been largely unsuccessful. OBJECTIVES The aim of these studies was to generate and characterize CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells in patients with carbamazepine hypersensitivity. METHODS Carbamazepine-specific T-cell clones were generated from 5 patients by using modified cloning methodologies. Cell surface receptor phenotype, functionality, and mechanisms of antigen presentation were then compared. RESULTS Ninety CD4(+), 23 CD8(+), and 14 CD4(+)CD8(+) carbamazepine-specific T-cell clones were generated. CD4(+) T-cell clones proliferated vigorously with carbamazepine associated with MHC class II but exhibited little cytotoxic activity. In contrast, most CD8(+) T cells proliferated weakly but effectively killed target cells via an MHC class I or MHC class II restricted, perforin-dependent pathway. CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells displayed characteristics similar to those of CD4(+) T cells; however, drug stimulation was demonstrable in the absence of antigen-presenting cells. Carbamazepine was presented to CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells in the absence of antigen processing. Drug stimulation resulted in the secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-5. A panel of CD11a(+)CD27(-) clones differentially expressed the receptors CXCR4, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10. CONCLUSION Carbamazepine-specific CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells exist in the peripheral circulation of hypersensitive patients, often many years after the resolution of clinical manifestations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Carbamazepine-specific CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells displaying different effector functions and homing characteristics persist in hypersensitive patients' blood for many years after resolution of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Fierro MT, Comessatti A, Quaglino P, Ortoncelli M, Osella Abate S, Ponti R, Novelli M, Bernengo MG. Expression pattern of chemokine receptors and chemokine release in inflammatory erythroderma and Sézary syndrome. Dermatology 2007; 213:284-92. [PMID: 17135733 DOI: 10.1159/000096191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroderma can be caused by inflammatory dermatoses or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Even if chemokines and their receptors are involved in the skin-selective lymphocyte recruitment, their role in inflammatory erythroderma is yet unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the chemokine release (TARC, MDC, IP-10) and to define the expression pattern of Th1- (CCR5, CXCR3) and Th2-related (CCR4) chemokine receptors in inflammatory erythroderma and Sézary syndrome (SS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Flow cytometry has been carried out on both circulating and skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes; serum chemokine levels have been evaluated using ELISA techniques. RESULTS CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR3 were expressed on about 40% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and on the majority of skin-infiltrating lymphocytes in the inflammatory erythroderma patients, whereas the leukemic CD4+CD26- subpopulation in SS was characterized by a high CCR4 expression without a concurrent increase in CCR5 or CXCR3. TARC, MDC and IP-10 serum levels were significantly increased in both erythrodermic and SS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that SS is a Th2 disorder with a selective expression of CCR4, whereas inflammatory erythroderma shares an overexpression of both Th1- and Th2-related chemokine receptors, suggesting an activation of different pathways driving reactive lymphocytes to the skin.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CCL17
- Chemokines/blood
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/blood
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/immunology
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/blood
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/blood
- Receptors, Cytokine/analysis
- Receptors, Cytokine/blood
- Sezary Syndrome/blood
- Sezary Syndrome/immunology
- Sezary Syndrome/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Fierro
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Weeraratna AT, Kalehua A, DeLeon I, Bertak D, Maher G, Wade MS, Lustig A, Becker KG, Wood W, Walker DG, Beach TG, Taub DD. Alterations in immunological and neurological gene expression patterns in Alzheimer's disease tissues. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:450-61. [PMID: 17188679 PMCID: PMC2565515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology was utilized to isolate disease-specific changes in gene expression by sampling across inferior parietal lobes of patients suffering from late onset AD or non-AD-associated dementia and non-demented controls. Primary focus was placed on understanding how inflammation plays a role in AD pathogenesis. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the most differentially expressed genes related to nervous system development and function and neurological disease followed by genes involved in inflammation and immunological signaling. Pathway analysis also implicated a role for chemokines and their receptors, specifically CXCR4 and CCR3, in AD. Immunohistological analysis revealed that these chemokine receptors are upregulated in AD patients. Western analysis demonstrated an increased activation of PKC, a downstream mediator of chemokine receptor signaling, in the majority of AD patients. A very specific cohort of genes related to amyloid beta accumulation and clearance were found to be significantly altered in AD. The most significantly downregulated gene in this data set was the endothelin converting enzyme 2 (ECE2), implicated in amyloid beta clearance. These data were subsequently confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Together, these findings open up new avenues of investigation and possible therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and amyloid clearance in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani T. Weeraratna
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Audrey Kalehua
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Isoke DeLeon
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dorothy Bertak
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gregory Maher
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael S. Wade
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Kevin G. Becker
- Research Resources Branch, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - William Wood
- Research Resources Branch, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis D. Taub
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Corresponding author. Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Room 4C02, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Fax: +1 410 558 8284. E-mail address: (D.D. Taub)
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35
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Faaij CMJM, Lankester AC, Spierings E, Hoogeboom M, Bowman EP, Bierings M, Révész T, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Annels NE. A possible role for CCL27/CTACK-CCR10 interaction in recruiting CD4 T cells to skin in human graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol 2006; 133:538-49. [PMID: 16681643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) affecting the skin, gut and liver. The involvement of distinct organs suggests a role for tissue-specific chemokines and their receptors in directing activated donor T cells to these sites. In this study the potential involvement of the skin-specific CCL27/CTACK-CCR10 interaction was investigated in 15 paediatric SCT patients with skin GvHD. During the course of skin GvHD, peripheral blood T cells from these patients contained a high proportion of CD4+ CCR10+ T cells that disappeared after the GvHD was resolved. These cells were CD45RO+, expressed additional skin homing markers (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen and CCR4), and produced the T-cell helper type 1-cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2. The increase in CD4+ CCR10+ T cells was absent in SCT patients without GvHD. Immunohistochemical investigations showed CD4+ CCR10+ T cells in the GvHD skin biopsies of the same patients, but not in the gut biopsies of patients also suffering from gut GvHD. The infiltration of CD4+ CCR10+ T cells in the GvHD-affected skin correlated with an enhanced epidermal expression of CCL27/CTACK, the ligand for CCR10. These findings support the involvement of CCL27/CTACK-CCR10 interaction in recruiting CD4+ T cells to the skin, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of acute GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M J M Faaij
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Immunology, Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmune Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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36
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Landgren E, Bråbäck L, Hedlin G, Hjern A, Rasmussen F. Psoriasis in Swedish conscripts: time trend and association with T-helper 2-mediated disorders. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:332-6. [PMID: 16433805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the T-helper (Th)1/Th2 paradigm, it has been argued that Th1-dominated diseases such as psoriasis and Th2-dominated diseases such as asthma and hay fever should be mutually exclusive, as the immune regulatory cells, Th1 and Th2, cross-regulate each other. An increase in asthma and hay fever has occurred in Sweden over the past four to five decades, but the time trend for psoriasis is not clear. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of psoriasis in young Swedish men over a period of three decades and the association between psoriasis and allergic disorders. METHODS Register study based on data from the Swedish Military Service Conscription Register and the Total Population and the Population and Housing Censuses. Psoriasis, asthma (with and without allergic rhinitis) and allergic rhinitis at conscription were studied in 1 226 193 male conscripts in successive cohorts born between 1952 and 1977. RESULTS The prevalence of psoriasis was about 0.5% and it remained stable over three decades. Conscripts with psoriasis and their siblings were less likely to have eczema. The reduced risk of eczema in conscripts with psoriasis was unchanged over time. A reduced risk of allergic rhinitis was also demonstrated in conscripts with psoriasis and their siblings but only in the most recent birth cohort born between 1970 and 1977. CONCLUSIONS A strong genetic influence may explain the unchanged prevalence of psoriasis in Swedish conscripts. A genetic predisposition for psoriasis may confer partial protection from eczema and allergic rhinitis. The inverse relationship between allergic rhinitis and psoriasis appeared to be a recent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Landgren
- Public Health and Research, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
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37
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King MR, Ismail AS, Davis LS, Karp DR. Oxidative stress promotes polarization of human T cell differentiation toward a T helper 2 phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2765-72. [PMID: 16493032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
These studies were conducted to determine the effects of oxidative stress on human T cell differentiation and polarization into Th1 or Th2 phenotypes. Highly purified naive CD4+ T cells were isolated from PBMC of healthy, nonatopic donors. CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAb in the presence or absence of oxidative stress as supplied by 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), which generates a low level of superoxide anion. Increases in cellular superoxide were observed by exposure to DMNQ. Exposure of unpolarized CD4+ T cells to IL-12 or IL-4 resulted in a Th1 or Th2 phenotype, respectively. T cells stimulated in the absence of polarizing cytokines secreted modest amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Cells stimulated in the continuous presence of 5 microM DMNQ, displayed a marked up-regulation in Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Th2 responses were blunted by concomitant exposure to thiol antioxidants. Long-term exposure of T cells to DMNQ resulted in growth of cells expressing CCR4, and a decrease in cells expressing CXCR3, indicating phenotypic conversion to Th2 cells. These results suggest that oxidative stress favors a Th2-polarizing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
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38
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Kagami S, Saeki H, Komine M, Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Tsunemi Y, Sasaki K, Asahina A, Tamaki K. CCL28 production in HaCaT cells was mediated by different signal pathways from CCL27. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:95-100. [PMID: 16433680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2005.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Both CCL27 and CCL28 are ligands for CCR10 and attract CCR10(+) lymphocytes. We previously demonstrated that CCL27 and CCL28 were strongly expressed in sera and lesional keratinocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. However, the regulation of CCL27 and CCL28 production in keratinocytes has not been well documented. In this study, we showed that CCL27 and CCL28 expression and production by a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells, were strongly induced by inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta. CCL27 production was downregulated by inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). By contrast, CCL28 production was downregulated by inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-kappaB. Our study results suggest that CCL28 produced by keratinocytes is mediated by different signal pathways from CCL27 and that both CCL27 and CCL28 are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kagami
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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39
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Hijnen D, Nijhuis E, Bruin-Weller M, Holstege F, Koerkamp MG, Kok I, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Knol E. Differential expression of genes involved in skin homing, proliferation, and apoptosis in CD4+ T cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 125:1149-55. [PMID: 16354184 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in allergic diseases, both in the affected tissue as well as systemically. Our objective was to investigate the in vivo activation state of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients by analyzing gene expression profiles of unstimulated CD4+ T cells. mRNA samples from blood CD4+ T cells, isolated from five AD patients and seven healthy controls (HC), were analyzed using oligonucleotide arrays. Differentially regulated genes were validated by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) in a larger group of patients with AD, in a group of patients with allergic asthma (AA), and HC subjects. In addition, "typical" T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-related genes were analyzed by Q-PCR. Microarray analysis revealed differential expression of 52 genes in AD patients. Q-PCR confirmed several differentially regulated genes in AD, including CCR10, CRTH2, C-JUN, and NR4A2. Two groups of genes with highly correlating gene expression levels involved in tissue homing and proliferation or apoptosis, respectively, were identified. No marked differences were found in gene expression levels of typical Th1 or Th2 genes in AD or in AA patients. This study demonstrates that peripheral blood, unstimulated CD4+ T cells in AD patients show differentially expressed genes involved in tissue homing, proliferation, and apoptosis. No marked expression differences of "typical" atopy genes were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Hijnen
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Healthy individuals initiate an immediate immune response to microbes by using a set of germline-encoded receptors that recognize common molecular patterns found on the surface of pathogens that are distinct from self-antigens. This innate immune response is the first line of defense against microorganisms in vertebrates, and constitutes the only immune response in plants and invertebrates. The innate immune system includes cellular components, as well as a host of soluble products (antimicrobial peptides, complement fragments, cytokines, and chemokines). The adaptive immune response, which provides long-lasting protection, takes days to develop and requires somatic mutations leading to the development of antigen-specific T cell receptors (cell-mediated immunity) and immunoglobulins (humoral immunity). Members of the chemokine superfamily are crucially involved in both innate and adaptive responses. We review the biological actions of the chemokine superfamily, focusing on several functions that are relevant for both immune responses, such as cell recruitment, microbicidal activity, cell activation, polarization of CD4+ T cells, and effects on structural cells. In particular, we will illustrate the central role that chemokines play in host defense, best demonstrated by the tremendous number of chemokine and chemokine receptor homologs found in microbial genomes, which deflect the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Esche
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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42
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Radeke HH, Ludwig RJ, Boehncke WH. Experimental approaches to lymphocyte migration in dermatology in vitro and in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:641-66. [PMID: 16098125 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte trafficking through the dermal compartment is part of the physiological surveillance process of the adaptive immune system. On the other hand, persistent or recurrent lymphocyte infiltrates are hallmarks of both types of chronic inflammatory skin diseases, Th1-type such as psoriasis or Th2/allergic-type like atopic dermatitis. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying lymphocyte movements is one of the key prerequisites for developing more effective therapies. In this review, we introduce a range of simple-to-sophisticated experimental in vitro and in vivo approaches to analyze lymphocyte migration. These methods start from static in vitro adhesion and chemotaxis assays, include dynamic endothelial flow chamber, intravital dual photon, and transcutaneous live-video microscopy, and finally encompass specific genetically deficient or engineered animal models. Discussing pros and cons of these assay systems hopefully generates both state-of-the-art knowledge about the factors involved in most common chronic skin diseases as well as an improved understanding of the limitations and chances of new biologic pharmaceuticals that are currently introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinfried H Radeke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Dr-Hans-Schleussner-Foundation Immune Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany.
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43
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Vestergaard C, Johansen C, Otkjaer K, Deleuran M, Iversen L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced CTACK/CCL27 (cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine) production in keratinocytes is controlled by nuclear factor kappaB. Cytokine 2005; 29:49-55. [PMID: 15598438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CTACK/CCL27 is pivotal in mediating the migration of lymphocytes into the skin, through the binding to the chemokine receptor CCR10. CCL27 is continuously expressed by keratinocytes, but highly upregulated in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. CCL27 can be induced in cultured keratinocytes by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is also known to induce activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB plays a vital role in controlling inflammation through its regulation of transcription of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We show here that inhibition of NF-kappaB with the non-specific NF-kappaB inhibitors SSC (sodium salicylate), DCIC (3,4-dichloroisocoumarin) and PAO (phenylarsine oxide) results in a downregulation of TNF-alpha-induced CCL27 production. To substantiate the result and to investigate the role of NF-kappaB we investigated if specific antisense oligonucleotides against the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB had the same effect. Inhibition of either p50 or p65 production with antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant downregulation of TNF-alpha-induced CCL27 production. These results indicate that CCL27 expression is under the control of NF-kappaB, and that NF-kappaB, as indicated by others, may be an attractive target for therapy in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vestergaard
- Department of Dermatology, Research Laboratory D, Marselisborg Centret, Aarhus Amtssygehus, University of Aarhus, PP Ørumsgade 11, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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44
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Kagami S, Kakinuma T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Sasaki K, Nakamura K, Takekoshi T, Kishimoto M, Mitsui H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K. Increased Serum CCL28 Levels in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis Vulgaris and Bullous Pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:1088-90. [PMID: 15854059 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Teraki Y, Miyake A, Takebayashi R, Shiohara T. Homing receptor and chemokine receptor on intraepidermal T cells in psoriasis vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 29:658-63. [PMID: 15550147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intraepidermal T lymphocytes found in psoriatic skin lesions are involved in the development and maintenance of lesional pathology. It has become clear that differential expression of homing and chemokine receptors determines the specific migration of T cells to distinct tissues and microenvironments, including psoriasis lesions. The aim of the present study was to clarify expression of homing (CLA, VLA-4, and LFA-1) and chemokine (CCR4, CCR6, CCR7, and CXCR3) receptors on intraepidermal T cells in psoriatic lesions using flow cytometry. The vast majority of intraepidermal T cells in psoriatic lesions expressed CLA and LFA-1, whereas 58% of CD4+ and 85% of CD8+ T cells expressed VLA-4. The majority of CD4+ T cells and about half of the CD8+ T cells expressed CCR4 and CCR6, whereas less than one-third of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CXCR3 or CCR7. In patients with psoriasis the percentages of T cells expressing CLA, CCR4, and CCR6 were much higher in the epidermis of psoriatic plaques than in the peripheral blood. Thus, CLA, CCR4, and CCR6 may play a more important role in the migration of T cells to psoriatic epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Teraki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Gombert M, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Winterberg F, Bünemann E, Kubitza RC, Da Cunha L, Haahtela A, Lehtimäki S, Müller A, Rieker J, Meller S, Pivarcsi A, Koreck A, Fridman WH, Zentgraf HW, Pavenstädt H, Amara A, Caux C, Kemeny L, Alenius H, Lauerma A, Ruzicka T, Zlotnik A, Homey B. CCL1-CCR8 Interactions: An Axis Mediating the Recruitment of T Cells and Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells to Sites of Atopic Skin Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5082-91. [PMID: 15814739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis represents a chronically relapsing skin disease with a steadily increasing prevalence of 10-20% in children. Skin-infiltrating T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and mast cells are thought to play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. We report that the expression of the CC chemokine CCL1 (I-309) is significantly and selectively up-regulated in atopic dermatitis in comparison to psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, or normal skin. CCL1 serum levels of atopic dermatitis patients are significantly higher than levels in healthy individuals. DC, mast cells, and dermal endothelial cells are abundant sources of CCL1 during atopic skin inflammation and allergen challenge, and Staphylococcus aureus-derived products induce its production. In vitro, binding and cross-linking of IgE on mast cells resulted in a significant up-regulation of this inflammatory chemokine. Its specific receptor, CCR8, is expressed on a small subset of circulating T cells and is abundantly expressed on interstitial DC, Langerhans cells generated in vitro, and their monocytic precursors. Although DC maintain their CCR8+ status during maturation, brief activation of circulating T cells recruits CCR8 from intracytoplamic stores to the cell surface. Moreover, the inflammatory and atopy-associated chemokine CCL1 synergizes with the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) resulting in the recruitment of T cell and Langerhans cell-like DC. Taken together, these findings suggest that the axis CCL1-CCR8 links adaptive and innate immune functions that play a role in the initiation and amplification of atopic skin inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokine CCL17
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Child
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/pathology
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gombert
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Yun AJ, Bazar KA, Lee PY. Autonomic dysfunction may be an under-recognized cause of female fertility disorders. Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:172-7. [PMID: 15193372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Female conditions of impaired fertility comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders that are attributed to various anatomic, hormonal and immunologic disturbances. We hypothesize that autonomic dysfunction may be a previously unrecognized factor in female fertility disorders. Emerging physiologic and molecular evidence suggests that autonomic balance varies during normal menstrual cycles with a shift to sympathetic bias during the luteal phase. Furthermore, many diseases associated with autonomic dysfunction show catamenial variations in patterns consistent with a shift to sympathetic bias occurs during the second half of normal menstrual cycles. The shift to sympathetic bias during the normal luteal phase may be an evolutionary adaptation to address the immunologic and physiologic demands for successful implantation and gestation. Through direct modulation of the lymphoid system and activation of the cortisol pathway, sympathetic bias promotes a shift to relative T helper (Th)-2 biased immunity which may favor maternal tolerance of the embryo by attenuating Th-1 mediated interference of implantation. Indeed, a growing body of evidence has implicated abnormal Th balance in fertility disorders, but the link has been attributed to factors other than autonomic function, such as hormonal factors. After implantation, maternal sympathetic bias may further support gestation through physiologic changes necessary to maintain placental perfusion pressure. We propose that insufficient shift to sympathetic bias during the luteal phase, which manifests in inadequate shift towards Th-2 bias and down-regulation of Th-1 function, may be the mechanism of impaired fertility in certain patients. Our hypothesis portends new potential methods to treat fertility disorders by modulating autonomic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joon Yun
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 470 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
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48
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49
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Vestergaard C, Johansen C, Christensen U, Just H, Hohwy T, Deleuran M. TARC augments TNF-alpha-induced CTACK production in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:551-7. [PMID: 15335355 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK)/CCL27 are both pivotal mediators of the inflammatory reaction of atopic dermatitis (AD). TARC attracts CCR4 positive T cells known to be mainly of Th2 subtype whereas CTACK attracts skin-homing T cells of both Th1 and Th2 subtype that express CCR10. We found that CTACK can be induced in cultured human keratinocytes by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but not by TARC alone. However, if the keratinocytes were preincubated with TNF-a for 6 h, TARC was able to augment the CTACK-inducing effect of TNF-a. Performing immunohistochemical stainings, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting, we found that TNF-a-induced CCR4 mRNA production, but that stimulated as well as non-stimulated keratinocytes expressed CCR4. In order to see if these results had any clinical relevance, we investigated the plasma concentrations of TARC and CTACK from 48 patients suffering from AD. This revealed that TARC and CTACK concentrations in plasma correlate with each other. Surprisingly, p-CTACK correlated inversely with SCORAD scores of the patients, which most likely is due to the treatment the patients received. Our results suggest that the primary Th2-dominated inflammatory reaction in AD induced by TARC leads to an augmented skin-specific inflammatory reaction through CTACK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vestergaard
- Department of Dermatology, The Marselisborg Centre, Aarhus County Hospital, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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50
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Lee PY, Bazar KA, Yun AJ. Menstrual variation of autonomic balance may be a factor in exacerbations of certain diseases during the menstrual cycle. Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:163-7. [PMID: 15193370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbation of certain medical conditions during specific phases of the menstrual cycle has long been recognized. Mechanisms of the cyclic variations are poorly understood, but are often attributed to fluctuations in reproductive hormones. We hypothesize that normal variations in autonomic balance during the menstrual cycle, which likely evolved as adaptations for reproduction, may contribute to catamenial variations in diseases independent of hormonal variations. Emerging evidence suggests that autonomic balance shifts towards sympathetic bias during the second half of the menstrual cycle. This shift can be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to address the immunologic and physiologic demands for successful implantation and gestation. Through direct modulation of lymphoid system and activation of the cortisol pathway, sympathetic bias promotes a shift to relative T helper (Th)-2-biased immunity which may favor maternal tolerance of the embryo by attenuating Th-1-mediated interference of implantation. Immune variance during the menstrual cycle has been implicated in menstrual fluctuations of many diseases, but until now the immune variance has been attributed to female hormonal changes. We propose that shifts in autonomic balance independently contribute to fluctuations in diseases by modulating the immune system. Still further, we propose that many other diseases fluctuate due to the direct nervous system actions of shifts in autonomic balance. Our hypothesis portends new therapeutic paradigms based on cyclical modulation of autonomic balance to address catamenial variations of medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Lee
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 470 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
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