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ELKasar AO, Hussien FZ, Abdel-Hamied HE, Saleh IG, Mahgoup EM, El-Arabey AA, Abd-Allah AR. Effect of lithium on chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in Egyptian breast cancer patients; a prospective clinical study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024; 93:541-554. [PMID: 38324036 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myelosuppressive chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) remains a major limitation of cancer treatment efficacy, necessitating very expensive supportive care. Lithium carbonate, an inexpensive drug, can increase the number of neutrophils, possibly providing an efficacious and cost-effective alternative for treating CIN. The aim of this study was to determine whether lithium therapy can attenuate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and leukopenia in breast cancer patients. METHODS A total of 50 breast cancer patients were enrolled in this prospective, interventional, randomized, controlled, and single-blind study. The patients were divided into two groups: a control group (group 1, N = 25 patients) and a lithium-treated (treatment) group (group 2, N = 25 patients). Group 1 patients were further subclassified into a non-neutropenic control group (N = 16) and a neutropenic control (N = 9) based on the subsequent development of severe neutropenia, or not. The control group received 4 cycles of doxorubicin or epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by 2 cycles of paclitaxel. The treatment group received the same regimen as the control group as well as oral lithium carbonate throughout the chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS The results showed that the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was increased in the lithium-treated group, while it was markedly reduced in both the non-neutropenic and neutropenic control groups (by 55.56% and 65.42% post-4 chemotherapy cycles, and by 19.57% and 39.90% post-6 cycles, respectively). The same pattern of alterations was observed for the total white blood cell count in both the control and treatment groups. In addition, the incidence and period prevalence were greatly reduced in the lithium-treated group compared to non-neutropenic and neutropenic control groups. CONCLUSION Lithium therapy ameliorated chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and neutropenia in breast cancer patients. This may provide a new strategy for cost-effective treatment of CIN, particularly in Egyptian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O ELKasar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Fatma Z Hussien
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hala E Abdel-Hamied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim G Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M Mahgoup
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt.
| | - Amr A El-Arabey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Adel R Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt.
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Ponzer K, Millischer V, Schalling M, Gissler M, Lavebratt C, Backlund L. Lithium and risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia and venous thromboembolism. Bipolar Disord 2023; 25:391-401. [PMID: 36651280 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if long-term lithium treatment is associated with protective effects or increased risk of vascular, neurological, and renal disorders. METHODS Using nationwide registers, we included all citizens of Finland with dispensations of lithium for three or more consecutive years between 1995 and 2016. We identified 9698 cases and matched 96,507 controls without lithium treatment. Studied outcomes were vascular, neurological, renal disorders, and suicide. Analyses were performed applying Cox proportional hazards modeling in full cohort and in further subcohort analysis of individuals with a comparable diagnosis of mood or psychotic disorder. RESULTS Lithium users had a significantly higher overall disease burden compared to matched population controls, including a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders and dementia. However, compared to individuals with a diagnosis of mood or psychotic disorders without lithium treatment, we observed a lower risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders (HR = 0.80, 99% CI = 0.73-0.89), and no significant difference for dementia (HR = 1.15, 99% CI = 0.99-1.33), in lithium users. Pulmonary embolism was more common in the lithium-treated cases both in comparison to the general population (HR = 2.86, 99% CI = 2.42-3.37) and in comparison to the psychiatric subcohort (HR = 1.68, 99% CI = 1.31-2.17). Similarly, the risks of Parkinson's disease and kidney disease were higher in both comparisons. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that individuals prescribed lithium have a lower risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, but no marked effect on dementia, compared to individuals with a mood or psychotic disorder not prescribed lithium. Venous thromboembolism, Parkinson's disease, and kidney disease were significantly more prevalent in individuals prescribed lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ponzer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Gissler
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Martelli AM, Evangelisti C, Paganelli F, Chiarini F, McCubrey JA. GSK-3: a multifaceted player in acute leukemias. Leukemia 2021; 35:1829-1842. [PMID: 33811246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) consists of two isoforms (α and β) that were originally linked to glucose metabolism regulation. However, GSK-3 is also involved in several signaling pathways controlling many different key functions in healthy cells. GSK-3 is a unique kinase in that its isoforms are constitutively active, while they are inactivated mainly through phosphorylation at Ser residues by a variety of upstream kinases. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 emerged as a key player in cancer cell pathophysiology. Since active GSK-3 promotes destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins (e.g., β-catenin, c-Myc, Mcl-1) it was considered to be a tumor suppressor. Accordingly, GSK-3 is frequently inactivated in human cancer via aberrant regulation of upstream signaling pathways. More recently, however, it has emerged that GSK-3 isoforms display also oncogenic properties, as they up-regulate pathways critical for neoplastic cell proliferation, survival, and drug-resistance. The regulatory roles of GSK-3 isoforms in cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor metabolism, invasion, and metastasis reflect the therapeutic relevance of these kinases and provide the rationale for combining GSK-3 inhibitors with other targeted drugs. Here, we discuss the multiple and often conflicting roles of GSK-3 isoforms in acute leukemias. We also review the current status of GSK-3 inhibitor development for innovative leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Donor cell engineering with GSK3 inhibitor-loaded nanoparticles enhances engraftment after in utero transplantation. Blood 2020; 134:1983-1995. [PMID: 31570489 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell competition is a major barrier to engraftment after in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT). Here we describe a cell-engineering strategy using glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitor-loaded nanoparticles conjugated to the surface of donor hematopoietic cells to enhance their proliferation kinetics and ability to compete against their fetal host equivalents. With this approach, we achieved remarkable levels of stable, long-term hematopoietic engraftment for up to 24 weeks post-IUHCT. We also show that the salutary effects of the nanoparticle-released GSK3 inhibitor are specific to donor progenitor/stem cells and achieved by a pseudoautocrine mechanism. These results establish that IUHCT of hematopoietic cells decorated with GSK3 inhibitor-loaded nanoparticles can produce therapeutic levels of long-term engraftment and could therefore allow single-step prenatal treatment of congenital hematological disorders.
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Lithium + Colchicine: A Potential Strategy to Reduce Pro-inflammatory Effects of Lithium Treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 38:80-85. [PMID: 29232311 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rosenblat and McIntyre (Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132: 180-191) propose that immune disorders are important mediators between bipolar disorders and medical comorbidities. Rosenblat et al (Bipolar Disord. 2016;18:89-101) present a meta-analysis showing that adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents could evoke moderate antidepressant responses in bipolar disorders. We propose using the anti-inflammatory drug colchicine to improve the long-term safety and efficacy of lithium treatment for bipolar disorders. METHODS This report is based on searches of the PubMed and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Bipolar disorders are associated with significant medical comorbidities such as hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and arteriosclerosis, accompanied by enhanced release of pro-inflammatory markers during changes in mood state. During lithium therapy, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and neutrophil elastase enter the circulation with activated neutrophils to promote the extravascular migration of activated neutrophils and enhance tissue inflammation. Concurrent treatment with lithium and low-dose colchicine could facilitate the responsiveness of bipolar patients to lithium by reducing leukocyte tissue emigration, the release of neutrophil elastase, and the release of leukocyte pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β that are regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly complex. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent therapy with lithium and low-dose colchicine could reduce complications involving leukocyte-mediated inflammatory states in bipolar patients and promote patient acceptance and responsiveness to lithium therapy.
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Tatay-Manteiga A, Balanzá-Martínez V, Bristot G, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Kapczinski F, Cauli O. Clinical staging and serum cytokines in bipolar patients during euthymia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:194-201. [PMID: 28445689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Changes in serum cytokines and altered neutrophin concentration have been associated with bipolar disorder (BD). Our aim here was to analyze peripheral blood biomarkers according to the clinical stages of BD. METHOD Euthymic BD-I patients were grouped according to their level of functioning in early-stage (n=25) and late-stage (n=23), and compared to healthy siblings (n=23) and genetically unrelated healthy controls (n=21). Neurotrophin (neurotrophin-3 and BDNF) concentration and biomarkers of inflammation, including cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), leukocytes count and acute phase proteins, were measured. RESULTS IL-10 concentration was significantly increased in early-stage patients compared to late-stage patients, healthy siblings and controls whereas TNF-α concentration was significantly increased in late-stage patients compared to controls. Total leukocytes, neutrophil and monocyte count were significantly increased in late-stage patients compared to healthy siblings and controls. The concentration of IL-6, neurotrophin-3 and BDNF was unchanged in euthymia. Healthy siblings did not show significant changes in any biomarker. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of IL-10, TNF-α, neutrophil and monocytes subtype count in blood is altered in patients with BD during euthymic state. The link between peripheral inflammation and different stages in BD deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain; Service of Psychiatry, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovana Bristot
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), InstitutoNacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Medicina Translacional (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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McCubrey JA, Rakus D, Gizak A, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Scalisi A, Torino F, Fenga C, Neri LM, Marmiroli S, Cocco L, Martelli AM. Effects of mutations in Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and PI3K pathways on GSK-3 activity-Diverse effects on cell growth, metabolism and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2942-2976. [PMID: 27612668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steve L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP-Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section - Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Rybakowski JK. The effect of lithium on hematopoietic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Bertrand FE, Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Abrams SL, Montalto G, D'Assoro AB, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Maestro R, Basecke J, Rakus D, Gizak A, Demidenko ZN, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Cervello M. GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2881-911. [PMID: 24931005 PMCID: PMC4102778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858 USA
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Li L, Song H, Zhong L, Yang R, Yang XQ, Jiang KL, Liu BZ. Lithium Chloride Promotes Apoptosis in Human Leukemia NB4 Cells by Inhibiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:805-10. [PMID: 26516309 PMCID: PMC4615241 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With the application of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), APL becomes one of best prognosis of leukemia. However, ATRA and ATO are not effective against all APLs. Therefore, a new strategy for APL treatment is necessary. Here, we investigated whether lithium chloride (LiCl), a drug used for the treatment of mental illness, could promote apoptosis in human leukemia NB4 cells. We observed that treatment with LiCl significantly accelerated apoptosis in NB4 cells and led to cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Moreover, LiCl significantly increased the level of Ser9-phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β(p-GSK-3β), and decreased the level of Akt1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LiCl inhibition of c-Myc also enhanced cell death with a concomitant increase in β-catnin. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that LiCl promoted apoptosis in NB4 cells through the Akt signaling pathway and that G2/M phase arrest was induced by increase of p-GSK-3β(S9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Li
- 1. Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China. ; 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hao Song
- 1. Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Yang
- 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Yang
- 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai-Ling Jiang
- 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bei-Zhong Liu
- 1. Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China. ; 2. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chong-qing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Multifaceted roles of GSK-3 and Wnt/β-catenin in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis: opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Leukemia 2013; 28:15-33. [PMID: 23778311 PMCID: PMC3887408 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is well documented to participate in a complex array of critical cellular processes. It was initially identified in rat skeletal muscle as a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. This versatile protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that influence metabolism, embryogenesis, differentiation, migration, cell cycle progression and survival. Recently, GSK-3 has been implicated in leukemia stem cell pathophysiology and may be an appropriate target for its eradication. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis as how this pivotal kinase can interact with multiple signaling pathways such as: Wnt/β-catenin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Notch and others. Moreover, we will discuss how targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways can improve leukemia therapy and may overcome therapeutic resistance. In summary, GSK-3 is a crucial regulatory kinase interacting with multiple pathways to control various physiological processes, as well as leukemia stem cells, leukemia progression and therapeutic resistance. GSK-3 and Wnt are clearly intriguing therapeutic targets.
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12
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Huang J, Nguyen-McCarty M, Hexner EO, Danet-Desnoyers G, Klein PS. Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells through regulation of Wnt and mTOR pathways. Nat Med 2012; 18:1778-85. [PMID: 23142822 PMCID: PMC3518679 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self renewal and lineage commitment depend on complex interactions with the microenvironment. The ability to maintain or expand HSCs for clinical applications or basic research has been substantially limited because these interactions are not well defined. Recent evidence suggests that HSCs reside in a low-perfusion, reduced-nutrient niche and that nutrient-sensing pathways contribute to HSC homeostasis. Here we report that suppression of the mTOR pathway, an established nutrient sensor, combined with activation of canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling, allows for the ex vivo maintenance of human and mouse long-term HSCs under cytokine-free conditions. We also show that the combination of two clinically approved medications that together activate Wnt-β-catenin and inhibit mTOR signaling increases the number (but not the proportion) of long-term HSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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The combination of valproic acid and lithium delays hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell differentiation. Blood 2012; 119:3050-9. [PMID: 22327222 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-375386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge on the regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) self-renewal and differentiation, in vitro control of stem cell fate decisions has been difficult. The ability to inhibit HSPC commitment in culture may be of benefit to cell therapy protocols. Small molecules can serve as tools to manipulate cell fate decisions. Here, we tested 2 small molecules, valproic acid (VPA) and lithium (Li), to inhibit differentiation. HSPCs exposed to VPA and Li during differentiation-inducing culture preserved an immature cell phenotype, provided radioprotection to lethally irradiated recipients, and enhanced in vivo repopulating potential. Anti-differentiation effects of VPA and Li were observed also at the level of committed progenitors, where VPA re-activated replating activity of common myeloid progenitor and granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells. Furthermore, VPA and Li synergistically preserved expression of stem cell-related genes and repressed genes involved in differentiation. Target genes were collectively co-regulated during normal hematopoietic differentiation. In addition, transcription factor networks were identified as possible primary regulators. Our results show that the combination of VPA and Li potently delays differentiation at the biologic and molecular levels and provide evidence to suggest that combinatorial screening of chemical compounds may uncover possible additive/synergistic effects to modulate stem cell fate decisions.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The capacity of lithium to induce neutrophilia and increase circulating CD34(+) cells of marrow origin has long been known. Lithium has been the object of hematological investigations for many years, but no definitive use in hematology has yet emerged. RECENT FINDINGS We review the evidence that lithium increases granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and augments G-CSF effects, showing its potential use in stem cell mobilization and engraftment of stem cell transplantation. SUMMARY We suggest possible therapeutic uses of lithium in neutropenia. In bone marrow transplantation, preharvest lithium-assisted hematopoietic stem cell mobilization may be useful as well.
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Hinrichsen RD. The frequency of the behavioral response inParamecium tetraureliadisplays an ultradian rhythm: a regulatory role for the inositol signaling pathway. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010903411500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Clozapine mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and increases plasma concentration of interleukin 6 in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30:591-5. [PMID: 20814329 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181eeb7f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The blood of 8 European patients with schizophrenia without manifest comorbidity was studied whether the classical atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine altered the amount of circulating CD34(+) hematopoietic cells. As assessed by flow cytometry, the number of CD34(+) cells increased by 433% (from 1.49 ± 1.07 × 10(6)/L, mean ± SD pretreatment, to a peak of 6.45 ± 3.47 × 10(6)/L) following first-time therapy with clozapine for 12 weeks. The increase of CD34(+) cell, neutrophil, and leukocyte counts was statistically significant (P = 0.012). A transversal investigation of 23 long-term patients and 58 controls showed elevated neutrophil counts in the clozapine-monotreated group, whereas CD34(+) cell numbers were unaltered. A transversal investigation of 12 clozapine-monotreated long-term patients and 10 controls revealed a 1.3-fold elevation of plasma interleukin 6 levels in patients on clozapine (P = 0.017). In conclusion, clozapine treatment results in an initial mobilization of CD34(+) stem and progenitor cells into the peripheral blood and in a slight long-term elevation of interleukin 6.
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Leclerc A, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Kruth SA, Bienzle D. Effects of lithium carbonate on carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:555-63. [PMID: 20433382 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.5.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effects of lithium carbonate on thrombopoiesis in clinically normal dogs and in dogs treated with carboplatin. ANIMALS 18 young adult sexually intact female Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were assigned to each of 3 treatment groups (6 dogs/group). Group 1 received 150 mg of lithium carbonate (14 to 16 mg/kg), PO, every 12 hours on days 1 through 21. Group 2 received carboplatin (300 mg/m(2), IV) on day 0 and cephalexin (30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) on days 14 through 21. Group 3 received lithium, carboplatin, and cephalexin at the aforementioned doses and schedules. Plasma lithium and blood platelet concentrations were measured on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, and 21. Number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow specimens and the percentage of large unstained cells and CD34+ mononuclear cells in bone marrow aspirates were determined on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 by manual enumeration, automated hematologic analysis, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping, respectively. RESULTS Plasma lithium concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 2.41 mmol/L. All dogs given lithium achieved a concentration within the target interval of 0.5 to 1.5 mmol/L by days 4 to 7. Thrombopoiesis was increased in dogs receiving lithium alone. All dogs given carboplatin developed mild thrombocytopenia. There were no differences between group 2 and group 3 throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lithium stimulated thrombopoiesis in clinically normal dogs. Lithium administration at the doses and schedules used, with concurrent administration of cephalexin, did not prevent thrombocytopenia induced by carboplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Leclerc
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Huang J, Zhang Y, Bersenev A, O'Brien WT, Tong W, Emerson SG, Klein PS. Pivotal role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 119:3519-29. [PMID: 19959876 DOI: 10.1172/jci40572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis depends on the balance between self renewal and lineage commitment, but what regulates this decision is not well understood. Using loss-of-function approaches in mice, we found that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk3) plays a pivotal role in controlling the decision between self renewal and differentiation of HSCs. Disruption of Gsk3 in BM transiently expanded phenotypic HSCs in a betta-catenin-dependent manner, consistent with a role for Wnt signaling in HSC homeostasis. However, in assays of long-term HSC function, disruption of Gsk3 progressively depleted HSCs through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This long-term HSC depletion was prevented by mTOR inhibition and exacerbated by betta-catenin knockout. Thus, GSK-3 regulated both Wnt and mTOR signaling in mouse HSCs, with these pathways promoting HSC self renewal and lineage commitment, respectively, such that inhibition of Gsk3 in the presence of rapamycin expanded the HSC pool in vivo. These findings identify unexpected functions for GSK-3 in mouse HSC homeostasis, suggest a therapeutic approach to expand HSCs in vivo using currently available medications that target GSK-3 and mTOR, and provide a compelling explanation for the clinically prevalent hematopoietic effects observed in individuals prescribed the GSK-3 inhibitor lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafferany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Stem cell regulation via dynamic interactions of the nervous and immune systems with the microenvironment. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:484-92. [PMID: 18983964 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physiological interactions between the nervous and immune systems with components of the local microenvironment are needed to maintain homeostasis throughout the body. Dynamic regulation of bone remodeling, hematopoietic stem cells, and their evolving niches via neurotransmitter signaling are part of the host defense and repair mechanisms. This crosstalk links activated leukocytes, neuronal, and stromal cells, which combine to directly and indirectly regulate hematopoietic stem cells. Together, interactions between diverse systems create a regulatory "brain-bone-blood triad," contributing an additional dimension to the concept of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.
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Canonical Wnt pathway signaling suppresses VCAM-1 expression by marrow stromal and hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:19-30. [PMID: 18951693 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Wnt family may contribute to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in bone marrow, but many questions remain concerning mechanisms. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is expressed in cellular compartments of the bone marrow and might contribute to the HSC niche, but mechanisms concerning its constitutive expression are largely unknown. We now explore the influence of Wnt signaling on cellular adhesion molecule expression by bone marrow stromal and hematopoietic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant Wnt ligands, retroviral Wnt transductions and cocultures with Wnt-secreting cells were used to analyze the effect of Wnt on adhesion molecule expression by stromal and hematopoietic cells. In vivo experiments were also done to assess the ability of Wnt3a-induced, VCAM-1 deficient hematopoietic cells to engraft bone marrow. RESULTS We now report that the beta-catenin-dependent canonical Wnt signaling pathway negatively regulates VCAM-1 expression on two types of bone marrow cells. Wnt pathway inhibitors, Axin (intracellular) or Dickkopf-1 (extracellular) blocked the regulation of VCAM-1 by diffusible Wnt3a. Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide restored a substantial degree of VCAM-1 expression, suggesting functional cross-talk between Wnt and TLR4 signaling pathways. Decreasing VCAM-1 on HSC-enriched Lin(-) Sca-1(+) c-Kit(Hi) Thy1.1(Lo) cells by exposure to Wnt3a did not prevent their successful transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cells comprising and residing in the HSC niche can respond to Wnt ligands and extinguish VCAM-1. This response may be important for export of hematopoietic cells. Given the known contribution of VCAM-1 to inflammation, this may represent a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Nokhbatolfoghahai M, Parivar K. Teratogenic Effect of Lithium Carbonate in Early Development of Balb/C Mouse. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1088-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Focosi D, Kast RE, Galimberti S, Petrini M. Conditioning response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor via the dipeptidyl peptidase IV-adenosine deaminase complex. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:331-7. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kast RE. How lithium treatment generates neutrophilia by enhancing phosphorylation of GSK-3, increasing HIF-1 levels and how this path is important during engraftment. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 41:23-6. [PMID: 17906701 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is commonly used in psychiatry for mood stabilization. Lithium treatment results in neutrophilia, increased platelets and increased circulating CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells, HSC. This paper outlines the newly discovered mechanism by which this occurs. Glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3, phosphorylates and thereby inactivates hypoxia-induced factor-1, HIF-1. HIF-1 is a transcription factor triggering transcription of multiple genes related to adaptation to hypoxia, among which is CXCL12. CXCL12 forms the primary homing gradient for CD34+ HSCs towards the hypoxic, trophic bone marrow niche to which they must go to thrive. Lithium inhibits GSK-3 thereby increasing active HIF-1 that results in a stronger CXCL12 homing gradient. Trophic niche function is enhanced, ultimately resulting in increased production of neutrophils, platelets and CD34+ cells. Sitagliptin is a new drug to treat diabetes that coincidentally inhibits destruction of CXCL12. Thus, lithium and sitagliptin enhance CXCL12 by different paths, potentially increasing trophic niche function. Awareness of this path is important in HSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kast
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Abstract
Lithium is an effective drug for both the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. However, the precise mechanism of lithium action is not yet well understood. Extensive research aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium has revealed several possible targets. The behavioral and physiological manifestations of the illness are complex and are mediated by a network of interconnected neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, lithium's ability to modulate the release of serotonin at presynaptic sites and modulate receptor-mediated supersensitivity in the brain remains a relevant line of investigation. However, it is at the molecular level that some of the most exciting advances in the understanding of the long-term therapeutic action of lithium will continue in the coming years. The lithium cation possesses the selective ability, at clinically relevant concentrations, to alter the PI second-messenger system, potentially altering the activity and dynamic regulation of receptors that are coupled to this intracellular response. Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the limbic system may represent particularly sensitive targets in this regard. Likewise, preclinical data have shown that lithium regulates arachidonic acid and the protein kinase C signaling cascades. It also indirectly regulates a number of factors involved in cell survival pathways, including cAMP response element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bcl-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and may thus bring about delayed long-term beneficial effects via under-appreciated neurotrophic effects. Identification of the molecular targets for lithium in the brain could lead to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the discovery of a new generation of mood stabilizers, which in turn may lead to improvements in the long-term outcome of this devastating illness (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Corbella
- 1Clinical Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- 1Clinical Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Lithium is highly effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder and also has multiple effects on embryonic development, glycogen synthesis, hematopoiesis, and other processes. However, the mechanism of lithium action is still unclear. A number of enzymes have been proposed as potential targets of lithium action, including inositol monophosphatase, a family of structurally related phosphomonoesterases, and the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3. These potential targets are widely expressed, require metal ions for catalysis, and are generally inhibited by lithium in an uncompetitive manner, most likely by displacing a divalent cation. Thus, the challenge is to determine which target, if any, is responsible for a given response to lithium in cells. Comparison of lithium effects with genetic disruption of putative target molecules has helped to validate these targets, and the use of alternative inhibitors of a given target can also lend strong support for or against a proposed mechanism of lithium action. In this review, lithium sensitive enzymes are discussed, and a number of criteria are proposed to evaluate which of these enzymes are involved in the response to lithium in a given setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Phiel
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. USA.
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Capodicasa E, Russano AM, Ciurnella E, De Bellis F, Rossi R, Scuteri A, Biondi R. Neutrophil peripheral count and human leukocyte elastase during chronic lithium carbonate therapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2000; 22:671-83. [PMID: 11105780 DOI: 10.3109/08923970009016431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of human polymorphonuclear elastase (PMN-E) are considered a marker of granulocyte activation and can potentially complement the peripheral neutrophil count in laboratory and pathophysiological settings. Neutrophilic leukocytosis is a well known effect of lithium therapy, but there is no information about the concomitant behaviour of PMN-E in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate both polymorphonuclear leukocyte count and plasma PMN-E levels in depression patients undergoing chronic lithium therapy. Absolute and differential leukocyte count in venous peripheral blood was determined by an automated method, and PMN-E evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. 39 patients (11 males, 28 females; mean age 43. +/- 6.02) with depression disorders were studied, during lithium carbonate therapy. Neutrophilia (neutrophil count > 7.500x10(9) cells per liter) was found in 7 (18%) patients and an increase in plasma PMN-E levels (PMN-E > 56 microg per liter ) in 6 (15%). No correlations were found between neutrophil count, plasma concentration of PMN-E, plasma level of lithium and duration of therapy. The results show that in these patients, not only the PMN count but also elastase levels can exceed the normal range. The absence of correlation between these two parameters suggests that the state of PMN activation is not linked to their number in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capodicasa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universiá di Perugia, Italy
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Ikonomov OC, Petrov T, Soden K, Shisheva A, Manji HK. Lithium treatment in ovo: effects on embryonic heart rate, natural death of ciliary ganglion neurons, and brain expression of a highly conserved chicken homolog of human MTG8/ETO. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 123:13-24. [PMID: 11020546 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the action of the mood stabilizer lithium is dependent on availability of experimental models where lithium treatment at clinically relevant concentrations induces marked phenotypic and genotypic changes. Here we report on such changes in the chicken embryo. Lithium chloride (0.6 mM), applied in ovo 60 h after incubation, markedly delayed the heart rate increase observed from ED2.5 to ED5, and induced the brain expression of a new chicken gene cETO from ED7 to ED15. At the same time the overall developmental dynamics and embryo survival, or the expression of chicken gephyrin were not significantly affected. Furthermore, lithium treatment (0.3 mM, 48 h after incubation) abolished the difference in neuronal number between ED12 ciliary ganglia developing in the presence or absence of postganglionic target muscles. We show that cETO is a close homologue of the human transcription factor MTG8/ETO; named after its location on chromosome 8, and participation in chromosomal translocation 8;21 in myeloid leukemia. The mRNA and protein levels of ETO and gephyrin had a parallel course in chicken brain development suggesting that the expression of both genes is regulated mainly at the level of gene transcription. However, the patterns of expression were markedly different. ETO peaked at ED7 and decreased five-fold at ED15. In contrast, gephyrin levels increased five-fold from ED7 to ED15. We propose that the induction of ETO expression, in concert with lithium-induced upregulation of other genes, such as PEBP2beta and bcl-2, is participating in the neuroprotective effect of chronic lithium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Ikonomov
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 4237 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Papayannopoulou T. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization. A continuing quest for etiologic mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 872:187-97; discussion 197-9. [PMID: 10372122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physiologic egress of mature hemopoietic cells and of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow to the circulation are poorly understood processes. Likewise, the mechanism of their enforced emigration or mobilization through the use of several agents has not been unraveled. Although mobilization is suspected to be a multi-step process, involving sequential and/or overlapping changes in adhesion and migratory capacity, a model of molecular hierarchy, like the one governing the extravasation of mature leukocytes to tissues of inflammation, has not been worked out. Understanding the in vivo mechanism of mobilization has been a challenge. Signals emanating from both stromal cells and from hemopoietic cells are likely involved. However, dissecting out their roles, specificity, and interactions has been difficult. Nevertheless insightful information is rapidly emerging, especially with the current availability of many mouse models bearing targeted disruptions of cytoadhesion or signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Papayannopoulou
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7710, USA.
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